ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging - sample

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standardized data acquisition in transthoracic echocardiography 17 Fig. 1.17 The colour-coded 4-chamber view for qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of tricuspid valve regurgitation during systole (a) and diastole (b). The continuous wave Doppler spectrum of tricuspid valve regurgitation is given in (c). For semiquantification of moderate and severe tricuspid valve regurgitation two views are necessary. In an example of a combined tricuspid valve disease the colour-coded 4-chamber view is displayed during systole (d) and diastole (e), as well as the view of the right ventricular inflow tract by medial tilting from the apical long-axis view during systole (g) and diastole (h). In both views the vena contracta of a tricuspid valve regurgitation has to be determined for semiquantification during systole. The corresponding continuous wave Doppler spectra of the tricuspid valve regurgitation are given in (f) and (i). Additional comments in the text. for grey scale and colour-coded imaging of the upper right pulmonary vein for documentation of the pulsed wave Doppler spectrum of the pulmonary vein flow for analysis of diastolic function. The sample volume has to be positioned into the left atrium 10–15 mm ahead of the entry of the pulmonary vein. The pulsed wave Doppler spectrum has to be acquired in low pulse repetition frequency mode to prevent overlapping of the signals of the flow through the mitral valve and the signals of the pulmonary vein ( Fig. 1.19a–e). For the documentation of the anterolateral and posteromedial commissure of the mitral valve, two further oblique views of the apical 4-chamber view have to be adjusted ( Fig. 1.20). The documentation of the P3/A3 scallops of the mitral valve (= posteromedial commissure) is performed by tilting the transducer to the dorsal region of the left ventricle, which will show the dorsal mitral annulus with the target structure of a longitudinal section of the coronary sinus ( Fig. 1.20a–d). The documentation of the P1/A1 scallops of the mitral valve (= anterolateral commissure) is possible by tilting the transducer to the ventral region of the left ventricle, which will show the 5-chamber view ( Fig. 1.20e–h). In the 5-chamber view the left ventricular outflow tract and parts of the aortic valve are visualized. The 5-chamber view is an oblique view through the left ventricle, which shows the anteroseptal and anterolateral basal segments of the left ventricular wall and the inferoseptal and lateral apical segments of the left ventricle. The target structure of the 5-chamber view is the left ventricular outflow tract. Both views should also be documented using colour-coded Doppler to analyse the localization of mitral valve regurgitation. Subcostal and suprasternal scanning should be performed with the patient in strict supine position. Subcostal scanning should start with the subcostal 4-chamber view, which is easily adjusted by holding the transducer with the
18 chapter 1 conventional echocardiography—basic principles Fig. 1.18 Illustration of a colour-coded tissue Doppler 4-chamber view during systole (a) and diastole (b) and the corresponding tissue pulsed wave Doppler spectra at the basal septal (c) and lateral (d) myocardium near the mitral annulus. Additional comments in the text. Fig. 1.19 Illustration of a deep grey scale 4-chamber view during systole (a) and diastole (b) and the corresponding colour-coded 4-chamber view during systole (c) and diastole (d). The pulsed wave Doppler spectrum of the flow in the right upper pulmonary vein is displayed in (e). Additional comments in the text.
Page 2 and 3: The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular
Page 4 and 5: The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular
Page 6 and 7: Contents Abbreviations vii Contribu
Page 8 and 9: Abbreviations video cross referenc
Page 10 and 11: Contributors Stephan Achenbach Depa
Page 12 and 13: contributors xi Philip Kilner CMR U
Page 14: Section I Technical aspects of imag
Page 17 and 18: 4 chapter 1 conventional echocardio
Page 23 and 24: 10 chapter 1 conventional echocardi
Page 29: 16 chapter 1 conventional echocardi
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Nuclear cardiology (PET a
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 CMR—basic principles Je
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 5 New developments in echoc
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 7 New technical development
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 9 Imaging during cardiac in
Page 55 and 56: Section IV Coronary artery disease
Page 57 and 58: Section VI Cardiomyopathies 33 Hype
Page 59 and 60: Section VIII Adult congenital heart
Page 61 and 62: Index A A1-A3 scallops 11, 13, 14,
Page 63 and 64: myocardial viability 363-4, 381-94
Page 65 and 66: sarcoidosis 462 Takayasu’s arteri
Page 67 and 68: nuclear imaging; see also specific
Page 69: left ventricular diastolic function

ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging - sample

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