ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging - sample

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640 index arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia 488–97 conduction abnormalities 496–7 diagnostic criteria 488–9, 490–1 family history 497 genetics 488 global or regional dysfunction 489–95 histology 496 repolarization and depolarization abnormalities 496–7 triangle of dysplasia 488, 489, 491 ventricular arrhythmias 497 arterial switch 579, 595 atherosclerotic plaques automated analysis 104 cap thickness 303, 309 erosion-prone 303 imaging 104, 277–80 inflammation 304 intraplaque haemorrhage 304 rupture-prone 303 vulnerable 302–9 atrial CMR 109–11 atrial fibrillation ablation 124–5 atrial flutter ablation 125 atrial septal defects 566–7, 590 closure 76, 117–19 atrial switch 578–9, 595 atrioventricular dyssynchrony 406 atrioventricular septal defects 569–70, 591 autonomic dysfunction 402 B balanced steady-state free precession, see steadystate free precession sequences Barlow syndrome 212 Becker muscular dystrophy 481 Bernoulli equation 131, 187–8 berry aneurysm 592 beta-blockers, 11 C-labelled 41–2 binary sign 464 black-blood sequences 463, 493, 530, 611, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617 blunt chest trauma 617, 634 BMIPP imaging 43, 268 C cardiac amyloidosis 109, 457–61 cardiac angiosarcoma 555 cardiac catheterization left ventricular diastolic function 324 prosthetic valve function 194 cardiac CT aortic regurgitation 145 aortic stenosis 136 automated plaque analysis 104 basic principles 47–53 cardiac gating 49 cardiac tamponade 515 collimation 48 comparison of systems 100 constrictive pericarditis 529–30 contrast resolution 48 convolution kernal 52 coronary angiography, see CT coronary angiography coronary artery assessment 101, 103–5 coronary calcification 277–8 coverage resolution 48 dual-energy 103 dual-source 100 effective slice width 49, 52 field of view 49, 52 fractional flow reserve 104 haemangiomas 554 hardware improvements 100 historical development 99–100 image evaluation 52–3 image matrix 49 image quality 101 image reconstruction 52 interpolation 49 iterative reconstruction 52, 102–3 kernels 49 kV 49 lipomas 553 maximum intensity projections 53 milliampere per second 49 multi-detector, see multi-detector computed tomography multi-planar reconstructions 53 multi-slice, see multi-slice computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging 103–4 ‘pad’ 51 papillary fibroelastoma 552 parameters 48–9 patient selection 49 pericardial effusion 514–15 pitch 48 prerequisites 100 prospective ECG-triggering 51, 101–2 radiation dose 51–2, 101 reconstruction increment 49 retrospective gating 49–50, 99, 101 sarcomas 555 scan parameters 49 scan pitch 48 single-beat acquisition 102 spatial resolution 47, 48 step-and-shoot 101–2 table feed 49 temporal resolution 48 transluminal attenuation gradient 104 cardiac devices-related infective endocarditis 237, 238, 239 cardiac fibroma 554–5 cardiac haemangioma 553–4 cardiac implantable electric devices 56, 111–13 cardiac innervation imaging 396–402 arrhythmogenesis 397 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia 495 cardiac resynchronization therapy 401 coronary artery disease 397 diabetes mellitus 402 dilated cardiomyopathy 474 dysautonomias 402 heart failure 399–402 implantable cardioverter defibrillators 400–1 ventricular assist devices 401–2 cardiac lipoma 553 cardiac lymphoma 555–6, 557 cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) adult congenital heart disease 566, 588–98 amyloidosis 109, 460 Anderson–Fabry disease 464–5 angiosarcoma 555 aortic regurgitation 145, 593 aortic stenosis 134–6 arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia 492–5 arterial switch 595 atrial 109–11 atrial septal defects 590 atrial switch 595 atrioventricular septal defects 591 balanced steady-state free precession, see steady-state free precession sequences basic principles 55–61 black-blood sequences 463, 493, 530 breath-holds 57 cardiac function 57–8 cardiac morphology and tissue characterization 58 cardiac motion synchronization 56 cardiac tamponade 516 cardiac tumours 550 cardiotoxic drugs 482 Chagas’ disease 478–9 cine images 56 coarctation of the aorta 591 common arterial trunk 595 congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries 581, 595 congenital mitral valve dysfunction 594 constrictive pericarditis 530–3 contraindications 55–6, 296, 297 contrast agents 56 coronary artery anomalies 597 coronary artery disease 286–98 coronary artery imaging 61 coronary disease 597 cor triatriatum sinister 594 delayed contrast enhancement 58–9, 364, 559; see also late gadolinium enhanced CMR dilated cardiomyopathy 469, 475 double-chambered right ventricle 592 double-outlet right ventricle 595 early myocardial gadolinium enhancement ratio 540 Ebstein’s anomaly 593–4 Eisenmenger syndrome 597 fast-spin echo 56 fibroma 554–5 Fontan circulation 597 functionally univentricular heart 595–6 gadolinium-containing contrast agents 56; see also late gadolinium enhanced CMR gradient-echo 56 haemangiomas 553–4 high-resolution 297 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 453–4 implantable cardiac devices 56, 111–13 inversion time 59 iron load 466 K-space 55 left ventricular diastolic function 328 left ventricular dyssynchrony 409, 411 left ventricular non-compaction 483–4, 500 left ventricular outflow tract obstruction 593 left ventricular systolic function 319–21 lipomas 553 lymphoma 555–6 metastatic tumours 557–9 mitral inflow 328 mitral regurgitation 168–9 mitral stenosis 150, 153 multi-phase acquisitions 56 Mustard operation 595 myocardial blood flow 60 myocardial fibrosis 107–9 myocardial perfusion 60, 286–7, 291–8 myocardial tagging 58, 328, 386, 411 myocardial tissue imaging 328
myocardial viability 363–4, 381–94 myocarditis 476, 539–47 myxoma 551 navigator-echo 57 neuromuscular disorders 480–1 papillary fibroelastoma 552 parallel imaging 56 patent ductus arteriosus 591 pericardial effusion 515–16 peripartum cardiomyopathy 482 phase-contrast flow quantification 60 phase-sensitive inversion-recovery 59 physics of 55 prospective triggering 56 prosthetic valve function 194 pulmonary hypertension 597 pulmonary regurgitation 181 pulmonary stenosis 177 pulmonary valve 174–5 pulmonary venous flow 328 pulse sequences 56 radiofrequency catheter ablation 109–11 Rastelli procedure 595 repaired tetralogy of Fallot 594 respiratory motion 57 rhabdomyoma 554 right ventricular ejection fraction 437 right ventricular function 348 right ventricular outflow tract obstruction 592 Ross operation 593 sarcoidosis 462–3, 477–8 sarcomas 555 Senning operation 595 spatial encoding 55 spin-echo 56 T1 55 T1 mapping 107–9, 460–1, 465, 482 T1 scout sequence 59, 391 T2 55 T2* 58 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 484, 502 TAVI 207 tetralogy of Fallot 578 3D acquisition 59, 297 thrombus 559 transposition of the great arteries 595 tricuspid regurgitation 180, 593–4 tricuspid stenosis 175 tricuspid valve 174–5 turbo-spin echo 56 2D sequences 59 velocity-encoded 60, see velocity-encoded CMR ventricular septal defects 590 cardiac masses, differential diagnosis 549; see also cardiac tumours cardiac metastases 549, 556–9 cardiac myxoma 550–1 cardiac resynchronization therapy candidate selection 405–17 cardiac innervation imaging 401 follow-up 424–9 integrative evaluation approach 416–17 left ventricular diastolic function 427 left ventricular dyssynchrony 406–12 left ventricular reverse modelling 424–6, 427–9 mitral regurgitation 427 myocardial scar 414–16 optimization 125, 420–4 right ventricular function 427 super-responders 426 venous anatomy 413–14 cardiac rhabdomyoma 554 cardiac sarcomas 555 cardiac tamponade 440, 510, 513, 515, 516 cardiac tumours angiosarcoma 555 fibroma 554–5 haemangioma 553–4 lipoma 553 lymphoma 555–6, 557 metastatic 549, 556–9 myxoma 550–1 papillary fibroelastoma 551–2 primary 549–56 rhabdomyoma 554 sarcomas 555 secondary 549, 556–9 cardiotoxic agents 481–2 Carillon Mitral Contour System 215 Carpentier’s classification 158, 211 catheter ablation 109–11, 124–5 catheterization laboratory procedures 116–23 Chagas’ disease 478–9 chest pain 275–6 chest X-ray adult congenital heart disease 565 constrictive pericarditis 524 pericardial effusion 510–11 pericardiocentesis 518 cholesterol 303, 304 chordae tendinae 158 Churg–Strauss syndrome 479 cinefluoroscopy 189, 193, 200 circumferential uniformity ratio estimate (CURE) 411 11 C-labelled tracers 41–2 coarctation of the aorta 571–2, 591, 618 collagen volume fraction 104 colour Doppler imaging aortic regurgitation 143 data acquisition 77 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 447, 449–50 mitral regurgitation 163 myocardial function 78–80 post-processing 78 right ventricular systolic function 345 3D 69 common arterial trunk 595 congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries 580–1, 595 congestive heart failure 318–19 constrictive pericarditis 520–34 effusive 533–4 history 523–4 Kussmaul’s sign 522, 524 non-invasive imaging 524–33 pathophysiology 520–3 physical examination 524 regional 534 septal bouncing 522, 525, 532 transient 534 without pericardial thickening 534 continuity equation 74, 132–3, 149, 188 continuous wave Doppler aortic regurgitation 144–5 coarctation of the aorta 571–2 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 450 isovolumic relaxation time 325 left ventricular diastolic function 325–6 measurements 31 mitral regurgitation 166 index 641 right ventricular outflow tract obstruction 573 tricuspid stenosis 175 contractile reserve 133 contraction front map 72 contrast-enhanced MR angiography 612, 614, 615, 616, 618 contrast enhanced MRI, see late gadolinium enhanced CMR Cormier score 152 coronary artery bypass grafts 276 coronary artery disease adult congenital heart disease 597 cardiac innervation imaging 397 CMR 61, 286–98 coronary calcium scoring 263–4, 277–8, 280 CT coronary angiography 101, 103–5, 271–7 detection by echocardiography 247–55 hybrid imaging 95–6 myocardial dysfunction 352–3 nuclear cardiology 258–68 pre-test likelihood of 259 spectrum 258 vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques 302–9 coronary artery stents 276–7 coronary calcium scoring 263–4, 277–8, 280 coronary flow reserve 247, 251–4 cor triatriatum sinister 594 CT coronary angiography accuracy 272–5 acute chest pain 275–6 appropriateness criteria 281 atherosclerotic plaques 104, 277–80, 304–5 bypass grafts and stents 276–7 coronary artery disease 101, 103–5, 271–7 data interpretation 272 ECG-gating 272 hybrid imaging 93–4, 95–6 image evaluation 52–3 iodine contrast 305 ischaemia 277 limitations 53, 90 multi-vessel disease 96 pre-medication 272 prerequisites 272 radiation dose 95 retrospective gating 49–50 D Danon disease 465 dead time 37 De Bakey classification 606 deformation imaging 77–85 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 451 left ventricular architecture 77 left ventricular diastolic function 327 left ventricular regional systolic function 316–17 delayed contrast enhancement, see late gadolinium enhanced CMR diabetes mellitus 402 diastolic stress test 331 diastolic wall strain 331 dilated cardiomyopathy 468–85 aetiology 469 cardiotoxic drugs 481–2 Chagas’ disease 478–9 definition 468 familial 469 idiopathic 469–75 isolated left ventricular non-compaction 482–4 left ventricular dysfunction 468–9 myocarditis 475–6
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The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular
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The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular
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Contents Abbreviations vii Contribu
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Abbreviations video cross referenc
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Contributors Stephan Achenbach Depa
Page 12 and 13: contributors xi Philip Kilner CMR U
Page 14: Section I Technical aspects of imag
Page 17 and 18: 4 chapter 1 conventional echocardio
Page 23 and 24: 10 chapter 1 conventional echocardi
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 2 Nuclear cardiology (PET a
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 4 CMR—basic principles Je
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 5 New developments in echoc
Page 51 and 52: Chapter 7 New technical development
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 9 Imaging during cardiac in
Page 55 and 56: Section IV Coronary artery disease
Page 57 and 58: Section VI Cardiomyopathies 33 Hype
Page 59 and 60: Section VIII Adult congenital heart
Page 61: Index A A1-A3 scallops 11, 13, 14,
Page 65 and 66: sarcoidosis 462 Takayasu’s arteri
Page 67 and 68: nuclear imaging; see also specific
Page 69: left ventricular diastolic function
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