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Fo Conclusion Combining moderate volumes of organised childhood soccer practice/training with variable engagement in non-organised soccer play and organised practice/training in diverse sports was associated with greater improvement of skilled matchplay performance in German youth elite players. Fo Fo Acknowledgements Práctica Sincere thanks to the young footballers deliberada who participated in this study and to their coaches. We are also grateful to Keith Davids, Michael Fröhlich and the anonymous reviewers for their fruitful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Fra Gü Disclosure statement Güllich, A., Kovar, P., Zart, S., & Reimann, A. (2016). Sport acNviNes differenNaNng match-‐play improvement in elite youth footballers – a 2-‐year longitudinal study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–9. h`p://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1161206 Gü
Size in Terms of Percentage of Total Growth 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Birth 2 4 FIGURE 8.2 the same time, preschoolers improve in a wide variety of skills—physical coordination, pe ception, attention, memory, language, logical thinking, and imagination. In addition to increasing in weight, the brain undergoes much reshaping and refining. age 4, many parts of the cortex have overpr Lymph tissue Brain and head General growth curve Genitals 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age in Years Growth of three different organ systems and tissues contrasted with the body’s general growth. Growth is plotted in terms of percentage of change from birth to 20 years. Note that the growth of lymph tissue rises to nearly twice its adult level by the end of childhood. Then it declines. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher from J. M. Tanner, 1990, Foetus into Man, 2nd ed., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 16. Copyright © 1990 by J. M. Tanner. All rights reserved.) duced synapses. In some regions, such as t frontal lobes, the number of synapses is nea double the adult value. Together, synap growth and myelination of neural fibers res in a high energy need. In fact, fMRI eviden reveals that energy metabolism in the cereb cortex reaches a peak around this age (Hutte • Las curvas de crecimiento del locher, 2002; Johnson, 1998). desarrollo Recall from de la Chapter cabeza/encéfalo 5 that overabu y dance del cuerpo of synaptic en general connections tienen suppo plasticity of the young brain, helping to ensu un that transcurso the child will muy acquire diferente. certain abilit even if some areas are damaged. Synap alcanza pruning follows: el 90-‐95 Neurons % del that tamaño are seldo adulto. stimulated lose their connective fibers, a the number of synapses is reduced (see pa 000). As the structures of stimulated neuro become more elaborate and require mo space, surrounding neurons die, and bra plasticity declines. By age 8 to 10, energy co sumption of most cortical regions declines near-adult levels (Nelson, 2002). EEG and fMRI measures of neural act ity in various cortical regions reveal especia rapid growth from 3 to 6 years in frontal-lo • El encéfalo a los 6 años
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