The-Accountant-Jan-Feb-2018

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COVER STORY BITCOIN THE ENIGMA VARIATIONS EQUIVALENT OF MONEY By Clive Mutiso One of the most frequently performed works of music is Sir Edward Elgar’s Variations On A Common Theme, but although the work is so well-known, more than a hundred years after it was published, experts are still struggling to fully understand the work and to discover its hidden meaning. Elgar himself gave his Opus 38 the alternative title The Enigma Variations and the name has proved apt. What The Enigma Variations are to music, Bitcoin digital currency is to money. The more that we learn about Bitcoin, the more we discover how little we really understand, and how much more there is still to be learned. The need to learn as much as possible, as quickly as possible, is emphasised by the fact that, incredibly, Bitcoin has become the most highly priced currency in the world, at well over ten thousand United States Dollars per unit. There are predictions that it will hit $20,000 per Bitcoin before the end of 2018. Despite all the sudden interest due to the soaring price, some things are still completely unknown about Bitcoin, including, improbable though it might seem, who invented it. Satoshi Nakamoto is credited with being the inventor, but no-one knows whether that is the name of a real person, the team name of a group of people, or just another part of the puzzle. As recently as November of this year, Elon 18 JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2018
COVER STORY Musk, the billionaire South African-born founder of Tesla, was constrained to deny that he is Satoshi Nakamoto. From the name, everyone assumes that there is some sort of Japanese connection. What we know for certain is that there is no official issuing authority for Bitcoin, that it has no physical substance, there is no way of regulating it, there is no central repository, no single administrator. The concept of Bitcoin was first made public in 2008, one year before the concept went live, in a scholarly paper that initially attracted limited interest outside the world of computer geeks. The author contended: “Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model.” So the basic proposition was that, for e-commerce to take off, the line community needed a new form of money, outside the traditional banking system, that could give an online seller the assurance that, once he had received a payment, that payment would be final. Or, as the author of the original Bitcoin paper explained it: “Completely nonreversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non-reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. “Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.” Having summarised the challenge as he saw it, the author proposed a solution that, over the next eight years, was to make him, or her, or them, or whoever Satoshi Nakamoto might be, a Dollar billionaire many times over: “What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other With other forms of monetary transaction, there is a transfer of something traceable. It can be a metal coin, a paper note issued by a bank, a registered bond, a cheque or draft drawn on a bank, with an account being debited and another account credited for each transaction. without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. “ Within one year of the publication of the original paper, Bitcoin was a reality, and its growth, although slow at first, has suddenly exploded during 2017. Increasingly, Bitcoin is being used for online purchases and payments without having to go through the banking system. Some users are especially attracted by the anonymity, untraceability, and secrecy of Bitcoin. The increasing popularity of the product has made it a target of investors looking for untraceable profits, and there are several hedge funds that have been set up and attracted millions of Dollars of subscriptions for investment solely in Bitcoin. It is this speculative investment that has been largely responsible for the increase in the price of a single Bitcoin from around $1,000 at the beginning of 2017 to more than $10,000 at the end of the year. In the short time between my having started this article and right now, the price has increased by another $1,000. The success of Bitcoin has led to an explosion of “me-too” products being brought to market, with some of them, in the space of just weeks, or days, or even hours, appreciating in price by hundreds of a per cent. This phenomenal growth is now raising concern, not least because there are no standards at all for accounting for crypto-currency transactions. The biggest risk inherent in Bitcoin, or any other crypto-currency, is the anomaly of double spending, and for anyone trained in the management of conventional money, that is a difficult concept to grasp. With other forms of monetary transaction, there is a transfer of something traceable. It can be a metal coin, a paper note issued by a bank, a registered bond, a cheque or draft drawn on a bank, with an account being debited and another account credited for each transaction. But crypto-currency is not physical, and there is no centralised accounting system behind it, it is a self-contained electronic script of computer code. It is all too easy for the code to be cloned, and sent to more than one party, in exchange for value more than once. Satoshi Nakamoto claimed to have solved this inherent Challenge: “The problem of course is the payee can’t verify that one of the owners did not double- JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2018 19
Page 1 and 2: LEARN • EXPLORE • SHARE JANUARY
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS 18 COVER STORY BI
Page 5 and 6: EDITORIAL Dear Reader, Happy New Ye
Page 7 and 8: Financial Reporting and Assurance o
Page 9 and 10: Financial Reporting and Assurance o
Page 11 and 12: BUSINESS PRACTICE AND DEVELOPMENT d
Page 13 and 14: BUSINESS PRACTICE AND DEVELOPMENT a
Page 15 and 16: ECONOMY in GDP that actually don’
Page 17 and 18: MANAGEMENT “insubordination” an
Page 19: MANAGEMENT in terms of systems for
Page 23 and 24: COVER STORY profession are applying
Page 25 and 26: COVER STORY instantaneous completio
Page 27 and 28: The FiRe AWARD 2017 In the 16th edi
Page 29 and 30: The FiRe AWARD 2017 (a) there is, s
Page 31 and 32: The FiRe AWARD 2017 annual report w
Page 33 and 34: The FiRe AWARD 2017 Chief Guest, Ja
Page 35 and 36: The FiRe AWARD 2017 The guest of ho
Page 37 and 38: FINANCE AND INVESTMENT in the comin
Page 39 and 40: Governance Granted, Kenya will be a
Page 41 and 42: CPA CENTRE Available to let Structu
Page 43 and 44: Governance The board of directors i
Page 45 and 46: with your ICPAK Smart Card ICPAK Sm
Page 47 and 48: WORK PLACE • Clear in communicati
Page 49 and 50: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Types of Cyb
Page 51 and 52: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10. Sabotage
Page 53 and 54: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY JANUARY - FE
Page 55 and 56: ENVIRONMENT convecting clouds take
Page 57 and 58: Society President John F. Kennedy a
Page 59 and 60: Society and discover the opening th
Page 61 and 62: HEALTH Researchers have always been
Page 63 and 64: HEALTH which can cause plaque build
Page 65 and 66: INSPIRATION Mentors inspire, give s
Page 67 and 68: INSPIRATION a Mentor in a First Job
Page 69 and 70: TID BITS Sample some of Africa.com
Page 71 and 72:
MEMORABLE QUOTES “Despicable” t
Page 73 and 74:
TRAVEL Raffles, who had been born a
Page 75 and 76:
TRAVEL doormen set the tone, and it
Page 77 and 78:
PEN OFF on other things. On the oth
Page 80:
ICPAK UNIVERSITY Scholarship HELP O
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The-Accountant-Jan-Feb-2018

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