West Coast Nut September 2019

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PREPARING WALNUT TREES FOR WINTER By KATHY COATNEY | Editor FULLY DORMANT MATURE walnut trees can tolerate temperatures into the low 20’s or below, so long as trees are in full dormancy, according to University of California Cooperative Extension (UCCE) farm advisor, emeritus, Wilbur Reil. While it’s tempting to push young tree growth as long as possible in the fall, it’s also risky. Freezing temperatures can cause die back in young trees, sometimes almost to the roots. Freeze events can also severely damage trees in mid-winter if the soil is dry. Fully dormant walnut trees can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but young trees are more susceptible to damage. 44 West Coast Nut September 2019
North Valley Nut Conference see page 55 January 21, 2020 | 7:00AM - 1:00PM | Orland, CA It can be particularly damaging for young trees when temperatures drop to 28 degrees F or below before they’ve experienced a few nights near 32 degrees F to become acclimated. Trees can be managed for cold hardiness by: •Stop nitrogen fertilizer applications after September first to avoid new growth. •Stop irrigation in mid-September until terminal vegetative bud set. •Once the terminal vegetative bud has set by mid- to late-October, another irrigation can take place if there has been no rain. On both mature and young trees this will moisten the soil and prevent premature defoliation without pushing new growth. •Use protective white latex paint on the trunks. •Delay pruning until March after the threat of frost is past. New, vigorous growth on young trees is especially sensitive to frost injury. Photo courtesy of Janine Hasey. vegetation bud is set water can be applied without resuming growth. Higher Elevations Rachel Elkins, UCCE pomology farm advisor and county director in Lake County, said, her growers typically get a certain amount of late fall or winter injury every year because they’re at a higher elevation. Continued on Page 46 Mature Trees Luke Milliron, UCCE orchard systems advisor for Butte, Glenn and Tehama counties said, the concern for fall freeze damage has historically been young walnuts, but mature trees can be susceptible, too, under the right circumstances. Previously young trees, in particular, were associated with autumn early freeze events, but in November 2018 young and mature trees were severely impacted with freeze damage in early November, Milliron said. Whether mature or young trees, the advice remains the same, with increased caution for young trees, Milliron said. “With young trees you don’t want all this new tender growth that gets freeze damage, so you start that process of not heading into autumn with a bunch of brand new growth,” Milliron said. Water Management Water management is a critical step to encouraging terminal bud set. Growers are advised to avoid irrigating in September until growth at the tips of the branches has stopped. Stop water until there is no new growth and red leaves, but not until the leaves yellow and defoliation occurs. Resume irrigation in October if there is no rainfall to ensure the soil is moist before a November freeze event. “Withholding irrigation beginning in roughly mid-September until you see that a terminal vegetative bud has formed on the trunk,” Milliron said, is the best protection. Milliron reminds growers that once the terminal September 2019 www.wcngg.com 45
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