Engineering Chemistry S Datta

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METALLURGY 315Limestone (CaCO 3), ore (Fe2O 3)& cock are added at the topChargingholesConeMolten slag250 °C2FeO 2 3+CO2FeOCO3 4 2Fe 3 O 4 + CO 3FeO + COFeO + CO FeO + CO2Spongy ironCaCO3 CO 2+ CaO—13K CalC + CO2 2COSiO 2 + CaO CasiO 3SlagFe Metal & Mixed withCPSiMnetc.2 4 2SiO 2 + 2C Si + 2COF OIC + 10CTP + 10CO4 CO + C + 2CO2C + CO2COWaste gases exitUpper zone (250 °C–700 °C)Middle zone (800 °C–1000 °C)Lower zone (1200 °C–1600 °C)Fusable slagTuyer for hot air(form Cowper’s Stoves)Molten ironFig. 14.8 Blast furnace (displaying reactions of iron extraction in various zones of the furnace).Feed hopperP&COCoke, sand & rockCarbon electrodesCOFig. 14.9 Electric arc furnace.Smelting. The process by which a metal is extracted in the fused state is called smelting.
316 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYWelding. It is the operation of joining the two pieces of a metal either by pressure or byfusion to one compact mass.Alloy. An alloy is a mixture or compound or both of two or more metals. When one ofthese metals is mercury, the alloy is called an amalgam. So, an alloy may be considered as solidsolution or an intermetallic compound or both. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, a non-metal.An alloy is often more useful than a pure metal. Controlling the composition of an alloy makesit possible to vary its properties. Generally, alloys are classified as:• Non-ferrous alloys• Ferrous alloysNon-ferrous alloys do not contain iron as one of the constituents of the alloys, e.g., Brasswhich is composed of Zn and Cu. Whereas ferrous alloys always contain iron as one of theconstituents of the alloys, e.g., Stainless steel contains Fe, Ni, Cr.Importance of alloy preparation• to increase the hardness and tensile strength• to improve the casting property• to increase the resistance to corrosion• to decrease the thermal and electrical conductivities.• to lower the melting and boiling points of individual metal.General methods of preparation of alloys• By fusion. Component metals are mixed together in the desired ratio and meltedfollowed by cooling.• By compression. Finely divided metals are compressed in the desired ratio.• By reduction of the mixture of oxides to get mixture of metals in the proper ratio.Examples of important alloys are• Mild steel. An alloy of iron with carbon (0.1-0.25%). It is relatively cheap, can be easilyrolled into sheets, and can be pressed into shape.• Stainless steel (Chromium steel) (10-15% Cr, 90-85% Fe). It is mainly used in makingutensils as well as reactors in industries.• Manganese steel contains Mn 12-14% and the rest is iron. It is used in making rolls.• Molybdenum and Tungsten steel or High speed tool steel are mainly used forhigh speed machines.• Wrought iron (C = 0.1-0.25%), is mainly used in making household furnitures.• Ferro-titanium is used as deoxidisers to avoid formation of ‘blow holes’ from moltensteel.• Brass, an alloy of copper (Cu:Zn = 60:40), has a gold colour and does not corrode.• Bronze, an alloy of copper with upto 12% tin (Sn), a strong, hard wearing and resistantto corrosion.• Solder. An alloy of Pb and Sn that melts at low temperature, can be used to join metals.• Duralumin. An alloy of 95% Al with 4% Cu and smaller amounts of Mg, Fe, Si, it isstronger, harder, more resistant to corrosion than pure Al, used mainly in making thebody of aeroplanes.
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PrefaceThe object of the present bo
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Contents1 Atoms and Molecules .....
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(ix)Solved Examples................
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(xi)Gaseous Fuels .................
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1Atoms and MoleculesWAVE MECHANICAL
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 3Heisenberg’s
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 5spherical pola
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 7∴ a sin kl +
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 9The angular pr
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 11EXERCISES1. W
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 13Some
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 15This
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 17High
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++++++++++++VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BO
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 21HHCH
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 23In t
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 25d 2
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 27bp -
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 29(b)
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 31So,
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 33[Ene
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 35So,
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 37Q. 9
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 39C—
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 41Q. 3
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3Nuclear ChemistryNuclear Chemistry
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 45The graph (Fig.
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 47Artificial Radi
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 49So, the mass lo
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 51• Types of fu
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 536. Shielding: I
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 55Hence, the age
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 57Example 4. A ra
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 59Pbor, 1 = 1 +Uo
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 61Example 14. Sho
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 63Q. 2. How does
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 65Q.13.What do yo
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 6729. A piece of
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THERMODYNAMICS 69If, as a result of
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THERMODYNAMICS 71Joule and Thomson
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THERMODYNAMICS 73Then,W = nRT ln V
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76 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYor,Thus, fo
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78 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYWhen two ga
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80 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) ∆G
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82 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) Heat
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84 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYVariation o
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86 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYequilibrium
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88 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYcyclic proc
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90 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYApplying th
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92 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSubstitutin
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94 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. Given,
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96 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∆H 150°=
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98 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. From V
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100 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 16. Def
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102 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY11. Show t
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5Reaction Dynamics/Chemical Kinetic
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106 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHighlights
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108 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYExamples o
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110 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYororTaking
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112 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYororAgain
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114 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPseudo Uni
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116 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDisturbing
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118 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYof light.
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120 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYpossible.
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122 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSince the
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124 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYExample 7.
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126 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSo, the re
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128 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSo, % of A
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130 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThese phot
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132 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYInstantane
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134 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY1Ans. When
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136 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY18. The ha
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138 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCharacteri
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140 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(v) Dehydr
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142 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYintermedia
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144 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYNumber of
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146 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTo illustr
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148 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe mechan
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7Mechanism of Organic ReactionsREAC
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152 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYreaction i
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T.S 1T.S 2154 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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156 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe mechan
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158 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYGraphical
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160 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIsomerismD
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162 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY3.5 Kcal4.
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164 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYStereoisom
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166 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYStereoisom
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168 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• A doub
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170 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) For
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172 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIn S N1mec
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::-:::-::-:-:174 ENGINEERING CHEMIS
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176 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAs the pla
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:178 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOHCOOH +
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::180 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY:Ph NH 2
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182 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 42. Wha
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8Ionic EquilibriumLaw of Mass Actio
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186 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRole of So
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188 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYH + ions t
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190 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYMechanism
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192 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTherefore,
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194 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY+ −4[NH
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196 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∴ x 2 ×
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198 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSome conju
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200 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe graphs
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9ElectrochemistryINTRODUCTIONSubsta
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206 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThat is to
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208 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTransport
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210 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe total
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212 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∴R = ρ
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214 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRTRSCAaXbB
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216 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHighlight:
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222 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. Accor
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224 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOtherwise
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228 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 28. Spe
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10Electrochemical CellsELECTRODE PO
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232 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFor genera
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234 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYorLikewise
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236 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYMnO-4+ 4H
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238 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYother hand
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240 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAg | AgNO
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242 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∴0.045C
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244 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCalomel El
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248 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCurrent de
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250 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYof blottin
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252 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYsemiconduc
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254 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYE° cell=
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256 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYor log K =
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262 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY+6+5+4+3Mn
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Page 291 and 292: 12ColloidsINTRODUCTIONThomas Graham
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Page 305 and 306: 13Transition Metal ChemistryTRANSIT
Page 307 and 308: 294 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Every
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Page 351 and 352: 16Explosives and PropellantsExplosi
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Page 361 and 362: 348 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHighlights
Page 363 and 364: 17Water TreatmentThe nature’s mos
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366 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(b) Revers
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368 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYErichrome
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370 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. 15.6
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372 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. Stren
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374 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 11. Dif
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376 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOBJECTIVE
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378 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY7. 1,00,00
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380 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYtemperatur
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382 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. HCV =
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384 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCoalCoal i
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386 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(ii) Nitro
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388 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDistinctio
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390 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRecovery o
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392 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(a) Gasoli
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394 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFlue gases
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396 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSimilar to
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398 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHeavyoilPo
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400 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYNatural Ga
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402 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThis gas b
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404 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFilterStop
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408 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 2. What
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412 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCoalDistil
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414 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY5. Analysi
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416 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIt may be
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418 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThese type
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420 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYmay be emp
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422 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSetting or
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424 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Colour
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426 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThis yello
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428 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPottery: (
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430 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYGlazing: T
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432 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYProperties
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434 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Resist
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438 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY14. What a
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440 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe next p
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442 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYand halide
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446 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(ii) Fille
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448 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPlastic fe
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450 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRecycle et
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452 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYproperties
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454 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOHOHCH OH
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456 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYProperties
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458 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRRR⏐⏐
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460 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAt a certa
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462 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYComparativ
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464 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSynthetic
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466 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCondensati
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468 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPolymer is
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470 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY24. Write
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472 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• It sho
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474 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCommon pig
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476 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) ‘m
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478 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYlitharge a
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480 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYReactions
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482 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFundamenta
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484 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe law of
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486 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTable 22.1
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488 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(i) Simple
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490 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY4raaaFig.
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492 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRole of Si
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494 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYaggregate
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496 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOEConducti
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498 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(i) Pure o
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500 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFor conduc
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502 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYProblem 2.
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23ChromatographyINTRODUCTIONChromat
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506 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDetection
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508 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYGeneral me
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510 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHighlight:
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24Instrumental Methods of AnalysisI
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514 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYBathochrom
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518 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHere, the
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520 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYor - ln I
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522 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYInfrared s
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524 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYbut the sh
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526 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY100Wavelen
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528 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe transi
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530 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYEach set o
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532 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRing curre
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534 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCH ⎯CH
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536 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSignal fro
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538 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSchematic
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540 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Alkylb
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542 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe follow
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544 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYone to the
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546 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(ii) The s
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25PhotochemistryIn almost all chemi
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550 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYA transiti
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552 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTypes of P
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554 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThis energ
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556 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIn this ca
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558 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPS-II to P
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560 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPerception
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562 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIronIron i
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564 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYManganeseM
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566 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThree type
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568 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYdehydrogen
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570 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 7. In w
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572 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYoxidation
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574 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYVenus is 6
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576 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYLead is ma
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578 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOutlet for
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580 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYControl of
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582 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYMunicipal
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584 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY7. Soil is
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586 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYEffects of
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Engineering Chemistry S Datta

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