Engineering Chemistry S Datta

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CHROMATOGRAPHY 505WeakMediumStrongAdsorbent (stationary phase)RS|T|RS|T|RS|T|Table 23.1 Adsorbents and solventsSucroseStarchInsulinTalc.Sodium carbonateCalcium carbonateCalcium phosphateMagnesium carbonateMagnesium oxideCalcium hydroxideActivated magnesium silicateActivated aluminaActivated charcoalActivated magnesiaActivated silicaAdsorbate (mobile phase)Petroleum etherCarbon tetrachlorideCyclohexaneCarbon disulphideEtherAcetoneBenzeneTolueneEstersAcetonitrileChloroformAlcoholsWaterPyridineetc.Schematic representation of apparatus for column chromatographyIncreasing eluting powerReservoir ofmobile phaseMobile phaseSand or filterpaper discAdsorbentSinter discColumn CharacteristicsReceiver(Conical flask,test tube etc.)Fig. 23.1 A set-up for column chromatography.Adsorbent/adsorbate weight ratio 30:1Length/diameter ratio 10-15:1Column length:(i) Multicomponent system(ii) Components with similar affinities for adsorbent(iii) Components with different affinities for adsorbentLong columnLong columnShort column
506 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDetection and Recovery of Components• For those mixtures which are coloured, visual examination is sufficient.• Colourless components may be detected visually if they fluoresce normally or underUV light.It is usual practice to complete the chromatogram by eluting the various componentswith solvents. For colourless compounds the eluate is collected as a large number of fractions,each of small volume.Advantages of Column Chromatography• Separation and collection of components of a mixture in the pure form both in laboratoryand industry.• Very efficient method of separation of mixtures of components.Example. Separation of leaf pigments of spinach leaves viz. chlorophyll and carotenoids.Paper ChromatographyPaper chromatography is a type of chromatography in which the stationary phase iswater in the fibres of paper and the mobile phase is another solvent. During paperchromatography the chemicals in a mixture partition themselves between two solvents, viz.water and mobile solvent. Each component in the mixture has a different equilibrium constant(partition constant), which determines whether it has a greater tendency to dissolve in thestationary phase or in the moving phase. As a result the mixture separates as the chemicalsmove at different speeds. The technique is, therefore, closely related to column partitionchromatography.Partition constant (partition or distribution coefficient) is defined as: the ratio of twoconcentrations in the two layers is a constant when a solid is shaken with two immiscibleliquids as an equilibrium is set up to which the equilibrium law applies.Concentration of the solid in solvent IK =Concentration of the solid in solvent IIPaper chromatography is employed to analyse mixtures such as inks, food, colours, dyes,and amino acids.The movement of components on the paper depends on the amount and nature ofstationary phase compared with the amount of mobile phase in the same part of the paper andalso on the partition coefficient.If the conditions are kept same, each component in a mixture moves a fixed fraction ofthe distance moved by the solvent. The R fvalue for the substance is a measure of this fraction.R fis defined as:Distance travelled by centre of componentR f=Distance travelled by the solvent frontR fvalues are of considerable importance in paper chromatography and thin layerchromatography (tlc).There are two types of paper chromatography:• Ascending chromatography• Descending chromatographyThe origin of the name depends on the nature of solvent movement.MethodAscending chromatography• A pencil line is drawn about 3 cm from one end of the selected paper.• 2-5 µl volumes of solutions of sample and reference compounds at about 2 cm intervalsof the line.
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PrefaceThe object of the present bo
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Contents1 Atoms and Molecules .....
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(ix)Solved Examples................
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(xi)Gaseous Fuels .................
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1Atoms and MoleculesWAVE MECHANICAL
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 3Heisenberg’s
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 5spherical pola
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 7∴ a sin kl +
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 9The angular pr
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 11EXERCISES1. W
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 13Some
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 15This
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 17High
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++++++++++++VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BO
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 21HHCH
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 23In t
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 25d 2
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 27bp -
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 29(b)
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 31So,
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 33[Ene
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 35So,
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 37Q. 9
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 39C—
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VALENCY AND CHEMICAL BONDING 41Q. 3
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3Nuclear ChemistryNuclear Chemistry
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 45The graph (Fig.
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 47Artificial Radi
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 49So, the mass lo
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 51• Types of fu
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 536. Shielding: I
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 55Hence, the age
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 57Example 4. A ra
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 59Pbor, 1 = 1 +Uo
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 61Example 14. Sho
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 63Q. 2. How does
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 65Q.13.What do yo
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY 6729. A piece of
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THERMODYNAMICS 69If, as a result of
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THERMODYNAMICS 71Joule and Thomson
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THERMODYNAMICS 73Then,W = nRT ln V
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76 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYor,Thus, fo
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78 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYWhen two ga
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80 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) ∆G
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82 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) Heat
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84 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYVariation o
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86 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYequilibrium
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88 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYcyclic proc
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90 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYApplying th
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92 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSubstitutin
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94 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. Given,
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96 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∆H 150°=
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98 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. From V
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100 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 16. Def
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102 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY11. Show t
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5Reaction Dynamics/Chemical Kinetic
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106 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHighlights
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108 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYExamples o
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110 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYororTaking
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112 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYororAgain
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114 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPseudo Uni
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116 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDisturbing
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118 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYof light.
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120 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYpossible.
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122 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSince the
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124 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYExample 7.
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126 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSo, the re
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128 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSo, % of A
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130 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThese phot
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132 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYInstantane
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134 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY1Ans. When
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136 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY18. The ha
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138 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCharacteri
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140 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(v) Dehydr
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142 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYintermedia
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144 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYNumber of
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146 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTo illustr
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148 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe mechan
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7Mechanism of Organic ReactionsREAC
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152 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYreaction i
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T.S 1T.S 2154 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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156 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe mechan
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158 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYGraphical
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160 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIsomerismD
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162 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY3.5 Kcal4.
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164 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYStereoisom
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166 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYStereoisom
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168 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• A doub
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170 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) For
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172 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIn S N1mec
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::-:::-::-:-:174 ENGINEERING CHEMIS
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176 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAs the pla
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:178 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOHCOOH +
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::180 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY:Ph NH 2
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182 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 42. Wha
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8Ionic EquilibriumLaw of Mass Actio
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186 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRole of So
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188 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYH + ions t
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190 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYMechanism
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192 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTherefore,
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194 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY+ −4[NH
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196 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∴ x 2 ×
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198 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSome conju
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200 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe graphs
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9ElectrochemistryINTRODUCTIONSubsta
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206 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThat is to
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208 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTransport
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210 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe total
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212 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∴R = ρ
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214 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRTRSCAaXbB
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216 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHighlight:
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222 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. Accor
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224 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOtherwise
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228 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 28. Spe
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10Electrochemical CellsELECTRODE PO
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232 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFor genera
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234 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYorLikewise
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236 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYMnO-4+ 4H
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238 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYother hand
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240 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAg | AgNO
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242 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY∴0.045C
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244 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCalomel El
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248 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCurrent de
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250 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYof blottin
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252 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYsemiconduc
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254 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYE° cell=
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256 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYor log K =
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262 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY+6+5+4+3Mn
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264 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY20. Distin
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11Phase RuleINTRODUCTIONThe phase r
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268 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYExamples 1
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270 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPressure (
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272 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIf the com
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274 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTemperatur
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276 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAns. (a) S
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12ColloidsINTRODUCTIONThomas Graham
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280 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPreparatio
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282 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iv) Pepti
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284 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(ii) Colli
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286 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) Addi
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288 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHence, the
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290 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAns. As 2S
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13Transition Metal ChemistryTRANSIT
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294 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Every
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296 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYAnion liga
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298 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYgives a li
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300 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOptical or
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302 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTetrahedra
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304 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYdz 2dx-y 2
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306 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYApplicatio
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14MetallurgyINTRODUCTION TO THE STU
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310 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Halide
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312 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYLumps (ore
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314 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSelection
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316 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYWelding. I
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318 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(i) Pyrome
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320 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYreach the
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322 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYUsesIn mak
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324 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) Nick
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326 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe ores a
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328 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY22. (a) St
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330 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY3. Some ad
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332 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCleaning a
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334 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYforms bond
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336 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSHORT QUES
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16Explosives and PropellantsExplosi
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340 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThis exces
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342 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYbelonging
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344 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(iii) RDX:
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346 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYform a lar
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17Water TreatmentThe nature’s mos
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352 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY1 Fr. degr
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354 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThese are
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356 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPriming an
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358 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHot Lime-S
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360 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYdestroy th
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362 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRegenerati
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364 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe use of
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366 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(b) Revers
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368 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYErichrome
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370 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. 15.6
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372 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. Stren
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374 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 11. Dif
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376 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOBJECTIVE
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378 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY7. 1,00,00
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380 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYtemperatur
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382 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSol. HCV =
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384 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCoalCoal i
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386 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(ii) Nitro
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388 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYDistinctio
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390 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRecovery o
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392 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(a) Gasoli
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394 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFlue gases
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396 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSimilar to
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398 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHeavyoilPo
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400 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYNatural Ga
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402 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThis gas b
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404 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFilterStop
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408 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 2. What
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412 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYCoalDistil
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414 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY5. Analysi
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416 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIt may be
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418 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThese type
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420 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYmay be emp
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422 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYSetting or
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424 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Colour
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426 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThis yello
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428 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPottery: (
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430 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYGlazing: T
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432 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYProperties
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434 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY• Resist
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438 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY14. What a
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440 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe next p
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442 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYand halide
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446 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(ii) Fille
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448 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPlastic fe
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450 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYRecycle et
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452 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYproperties
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Page 495 and 496: 482 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYFundamenta
Page 497 and 498: 484 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe law of
Page 499 and 500: 486 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYTable 22.1
Page 501 and 502: 488 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY(i) Simple
Page 503 and 504: 490 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY4raaaFig.
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Page 517: 23ChromatographyINTRODUCTIONChromat
Page 521 and 522: 508 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYGeneral me
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Page 525 and 526: 24Instrumental Methods of AnalysisI
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Page 529 and 530: 516 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYExample 1.
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Page 541 and 542: 528 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThe transi
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Page 561 and 562: 25PhotochemistryIn almost all chemi
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556 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIn this ca
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558 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPS-II to P
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560 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYPerception
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562 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYIronIron i
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564 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYManganeseM
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566 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYThree type
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568 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYdehydrogen
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570 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYQ. 7. In w
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572 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYoxidation
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574 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYVenus is 6
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576 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYLead is ma
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578 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYOutlet for
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580 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYControl of
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582 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYMunicipal
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584 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY7. Soil is
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586 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYEffects of
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Engineering Chemistry S Datta

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