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DECEMBER 2011 The venue of G-20 Summit, India to be represented by Dr. Manmohan Singh The Red Bull driver who has won the Indian Grand Prix held at Buddh International Circuit on 30 Oct 2011 The drug used globally for treatment of breast cancer which has been banned in India for its misuse in treatment of infertility among women The renowned nephrologist from Apollo Hospitals, Chennai who has been awarded the 40th Dhanvantari Award recently The country in which a plaque of Rabindranath Tagore has been unveiled in its parliament The 37 tonne inter-continental nuclear-capable Bulava ballistic missile were recently test fired by The railway station which will be developed as the best station in the country by the Indian Railways The second of Kamorta-class Anti-Submarine Warfare corvetted launched by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers, Kolkata is named The venue of CHOGM Summit 2011, where India is being represented by Vice-President Hamid Ansari The type of helicopter which strayed into Pakistan occupied Kashmir and was force-landed at Skardu while flying from Leh to Bhimbad was The place at which the government has decided to set up National Institute of Mountaineering & Allied Sports (NIMAS) The Committee set up to prepare a comprehensive policy to deal with corrupt practices in the private sector is headed by The 1,000-year-old Lord Bhavanarayana Swami temple, constructed during the reign of Chalukyas, whose tower collapsed on 23 Oct 11 is located in India’s first F1 race scheduled to begin on Oct 28 is being organised by The Indian singer who has entered the Guiness Book of World Records for the most single studio recordings The four day joint exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO) which was conducted at Air Force Station Jamnagar was named The military training exercise Shakti 11, which is being held in Ranikhet, Uttarakhand is joint exercise of the armies of India and SIMRAN (Satellite Imaging for Rail Navigation) based Real Time Information System launched recently to provide train location and train running position through SMS and internet has been jointly developed by Indian Railways and The venue of 5th IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) Summit held on 18 and 19 Oct 2011. The theme for World Food Day observed on 16 October 2011 The state which has launched web based Social Security Pension System for effective and timely disbursement of pension to aged people, widows and disabled persons of deprived and weaker sections of the society. The British novelist who has been awarded the Man Booker prize, 2011 for his novella, The Sense of an Ending. The 5.14 km Budh International Circuit which was inaugrated at Noida on 18 Oct 2011 was designed by The actor who has been awarded NDTV Lifetime Achievement Award The boxer from Manipur who has been adjudged the best boxer at the 12th Senior National Women Boxing Championships held in Bhopal in Oct 2011 Recently President Thein Sein of Myanmar announced that the work on Myitsone dam project was to be suspended during his tenure. The river on which the dam is located is The team which has won the 2011 Durand Cup defeating Prayag United in the finals on 15 Oct 2011 Andha Yug, a play was recently staged in Delhi’s Firoz Shah Kotla after a gap of about 50 years. Andha Yug is a famous play written by The Nimoo Bazgo Hydro-electric Project to which Pakistan has recently raised objections is located on river South Asian Beach Games at which India topped the medals tally with 11 gold, 9 silver and 7 bronze were held at The developer of C language and UNIX operating system, who died in Oct 2011 EVENTS OF THE MONTH (National & International) Cannes, France Sebastian Vettel Letrozole Dr. M.K. Mani Iran Russia Habibgunj INS Kadmatt Perth, Australia Cheetah Dirang in Arunachal Pradesh Kiran Karnik Bapatla, A.P. Jaypee Sports International Asha Bhonsle Ex Eastern Bridge - 2011 France IIT, Kanpur Pretoria, South Africa Food Prices – From Crisis to Stability. Rajasthan Julian Barnes Hermann Tilke Dev Anand Mary Kom Irrawady Churchill Brothers Dharamveer Bharti Indus Hambantota (Sri Lanka) Dennis Ritchie The Indian cities which have won the Environmentally Sustainable City Awards (ESCA), 2011 at the 5th Euro-India Summit The venue of 5th Euro-India Summit held on 13-14 Oct 2011. Ai Weiwei, who has been named as the most powerful figure in the art world by Art Review magazine belongs to The activist who has been selected for Avicenna Leadership Award constituted by Avicenna Academy for Leadership, Netherlands. The ship Montecristo which was hijacked in the Indian Ocean by Somalian pirates in Oct 2011 and rescued by the British forces belonged to Yulia V. Tymoshenko, who was sentenced to seven years imprisonment in Oct 2011 is the former Prime Minister of The luxury tourism train run by Maharashtra Tourism which has resumed operations earliet stopped following Mumbai terror attack Odyssey Marine Exploration Inc has found the wreckage of another ship laden with silver and torpedoed by the Germans in World War I, the name of the ship is (SS Gairsoppa was the first ship whose wreck was found last month) The language which has become the first Indian language to join the Unicode Consortium as a full member, paving the way for standardised, user-friendly fonts and scripts for the language on computers. (Hindi and Tamil are institutional members of the consortium). The German Formula 1 driver who has become the youngest to win Double F1 titles back to back (in 2010 and 2011). The person who has been chosen for the 26th Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration for his yeoman’s service in promoting and preserving the 0spirit of national integration. The noted Ghazal singer, who died on Oct 10, 2011. (He is known to have composed and recorded the poetry written by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee) The 1000 cr scheme launched by the Odisha government to construct at least 400 bridges in next three years in order to provide connectivity to all the villages in the state is named The noted Malayalam writer who has been selected for the prestigious Vayalar Rama Varma literary award for his novel “Jeevathathinte Pusthakam (Book of Life). (The award is instituted in memory of eminent poet and lyricist Vayalar Rama Varma) The veteran actor who has been chosen to receive the Kalidas Samman award by the Madhya Pradesh government The first ever India Bangladesh military exercise scheduled to commence from Oct 8 is named Akash, the cheapest tablet PC in the world launched by the Union Minister for HRD is manufactured by. The Indian Double-trap shooter who has won the gold medal at the World Cup finals at Al Ain in United Arab Emirates on 04 Oct 2011. The Indian public sector bank whose rating has been downgraded from C- to D+ by rating agency Moody’s. The place at which country’s first Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre devoted to the hearing impaired has been set up The typhoon which lashed Phillipines within a week after Typhoon Nesat had devastated its island Luzon. India’s first AC Double-decker train which was flagged off on 02 Oct 2011 by the Railway Minister Dinesh Trivedi runs from Howrah to The state which has been declared the first total banking state in India, the declaration being made as every household in all the 14 districts in the state has at least one bank account and the facility for need-based credit. The second of Deepak class tanker manufactured by Italy to be inducted by the Indian Navy is named. (The India Navy also has two Jyoti class fleet tankers, Jyoti and Aditya, thus taking the total number of fleet tankers to four). The theme for World Habitat Day 2011 to be observed on October 3rd, 2011 The day which has been designated as World Habitat Day by the UN A 30 MW solar power plant, claimed to be the largest project of its kind in Asia, was inaugurated by Chief Minister Narendra Modi in Oct at Gunthawada in Banaskantha (Gujarat). The project has been set up by India’s longest Railway Tunnel (10.96 km) from Quazigund to Banihal, whose excavation was completed recently is under the An Endevour of Our Magazine to Extend Support to the Student from All Over India ATTENTION Are You Stuck with the Enigma of Civil Services Exam.? Drop A Call or meet Our Editor Mysore and Vijayawada Leuven, Belgium Mr. Forid Taimur 9810741828 9910520863 CHANGE THE ONLY CONSTANT THING : We Bring You More Informative And Detailed Coverage Every Month 34 China Kiran Bedi Italy Ukraine Deccan Odyssey SS Mantola Telugu Sebastian Vettel Mohan Dharia Jagjit Singh Biju Setu Yojana K P Ramanunni Anupam Kher Op. Sampriti Datawind Ronjan Sodhi State Bank of India New Delhi Nalgae Dhanbad Kerala INS Shakti Cities and Climate Change 1st Monday of October Moser Baer Clean Energy Limited (MBCEL) Pir Panjal mountain range
DECEMBER 2011 SPECIAL COVERAGE: BASIC COMPUTERS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE: A computer programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involve a computer performing some kind of computation or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots, and so on. Some languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications. For example, COBOL is still strong in the corporate data center, often on large mainframes; FORTRAN in engineering applications; C in embedded applications and operating systems; and other languages are regularly used to write many different kinds of applications. EKA (SUPERCOMPUTER): EKA is a supercomputer built by the Computational Research Laboratories with technical assistance and hardware provided by Hewlett-Packard. When it was installed in November 2007, it was the 4th fastest in the world and fastest in Asia. As of June 2010, it is ranked as the 33th fastest in the world and fourth fastest in Asia. Eka is the Sanskrit name for number one. It was reported to have cost $30 million dollars to build.EKA has 1,794 computing nodes and has a theoretical peak performance of 172.2 Teraflops (tflops or trillion floating point operations per second) and a sustained performance of 132.8 teraflops based on the LINPACK benchmarks which are used by the worldwide community to rank supercomputers based on performance. EKA follows a near-circular layout of the data center unlike the traditional hot aisle and cold aisle rows. This near-circular layout enables the building of densely packed supercomputers, and this is the first time this architecture has been tried out on this scale. PARAM: PARAM is a series of supercomputers designed and assembled by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) in Pune, India. The latest machine in the series is the PARAM Yuva, which reached no. 109 on the TOP500 in June 2009. Others include PARAM 10000 and PARAM 9000/SS and the PARAM Padma. The PARAM 10000 was India’s first Teraflop supercomputer. Currently, C-DAC is developing a Petaflop Supercomputer which is expected to be in operation by 2012. The major applications of PARAM are in long-range weather forecasting, remote sensing, drug design and molecular modelling. PARAM is also used in many major scientific research institutes in India and may also see use in India’s space programme. In addition, collaborative research and experimentation is enabled by a national computing grid known as Garuda which connects 45 institutions across 17 cities. As of 2008, 44 PARAM systems have been deployed in India. An additional 8 systems are in operation in Russia, Singapore, Germany and Canada. COMPUTER CLUSTER: A computer cluster is a collection of computers that are highly interconnected via a high-speed network or switching fabric. Each computer runs under a separate instance of an Operating System (OS). SUPERCOMPUTER: A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation. The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today’s supercomputer tends to become tomorrow’s ordinary computer. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion). A particular class of problems, known as Grand Challenge problems, are problems whose full solution requires semi-infinite computing resources. Supercomputers using custom CPUs traditionally gained their speed over conventional computers through the use of innovative designs that allow them to perform many tasks in parallel, as well as complex detail engineering. They tend to be specialized for certain types of computation, usually numerical calculations, and perform poorly at more general computing tasks. Their memory hierarchy is very carefully designed to ensure the processor is kept fed with data and instructions at all times — in fact, much of the performance difference between slower computers and supercomputers is due to the memory hierarchy. Their I/O systems tend to be designed to support high bandwidth, with latency less of an issue, because supercomputers are not used for transaction processing. Specialpurpose supercomputers are high-performance computing devices with a hardware architecture dedicated to a single problem. This allows the use of specially programmed FPGA chips or even custom VLSI chips, allowing higher price/ performance ratios by sacrificing generality. They are used for applications such as astrophysics computation and brute-force codebreaking. Historically a new special-purpose supercomputer has occasionally been faster than the world’s fastest generalpurpose supercomputer, by some measure. For example, GRAPE- 6 was faster than the Earth Simulator in 2002 for a particular special set of problems. In general, the speed of a supercomputer is measured in “FLOPS” (FLoating Point Operations Per Second), commonly used with an SI prefix such as tera-, combined into the shorthand “TFLOPS” (1012 FLOPS, pronounced teraflops), or peta-, combined into the shorthand “PFLOPS” (1015 FLOPS, pronounced petaflops.) This measurement is based on a particular benchmark, which does LU decomposition of a large matrix. “Petascale” supercomputers can process one quadrillion (1015) (1000 trillion) FLOPS. Exascale is computing performance in the exaflops range. An exaflop is one quintillion (1018) FLOPS (one million teraflops). SPAM: Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is unlawful to varying degrees. As applied to email, specific anti-spam laws are relatively new, however limits on unsolicited electronic communications have existed in some forms for some time. COMPUTER VIRUS: A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer. The term “virus” is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have the reproductive ability. The first PC virus in the wild was a boot sector virus dubbed Brain, created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakista. A true virus can spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. As stated above, the term “computer virus” is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware, even those that do not have the reproductive ability. Malware includes computer viruses, computer worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware and other malicious and unwanted software, including true viruses. Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself automatically to other computers through networks, while a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but hides malicious functions. Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a computer system’s data or performance. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious or simply do nothing to call attention to them. Some viruses do nothing beyond reproducing themselves. In order to avoid detection by users, some viruses employ different kinds of deception. Some old viruses, especially on the MS-DOS platform, make sure that the “last modified” date of a host file stays the same when the file is infected by the virus. This approach does not fool anti-virus software, however, especially those which maintain and date Cyclic redundancy checks on file changes. Some viruses can infect files without increasing their sizes or damaging the files. They accomplish this by overwriting unused areas of executable files. These are called cavity viruses. For example, the CIH virus, or Chernobyl Virus, infects Portable Executable files. Because those files have many empty gaps, the virus, which was 1 KB in length, did not add to the size of the file. Some viruses try to avoid detection by killing the tasks associated with antivirus software before it can detect them. As computers and operating systems grow larger and more complex, old hiding techniques need to be updated or replaced. Defending a computer against viruses may demand that a file system migrate towards detailed and explicit permission for every kind of file access. Many users install anti-virus software that can detect and eliminate known viruses after the computer downloads or runs the executable. There are two common methods that an anti-virus software application uses to detect viruses. The first, and by far the most common method of virus detection is using a list of virus signature definitions. This works by examining the content of the computer’s memory (its RAM, and boot sectors) and the files stored on fixed or removable drives (hard drives, floppy drives), and comparing those files against a database of known virus “signatures”. The disadvantage of this detection method is that users are only protected from viruses that predate their last virus definition update. The second method is to use a heuristic algorithm to find viruses based on common behaviors. This method has the ability to detect novel viruses that anti-virus security firms have yet to create a signature for. FRAUD: Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by: Altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes; 1. Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect; 2. Altering or deleting stored data;3. Altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes. Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud, identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information. A variety of Internet scams target consumers direct. CYBERCRIME: Computer crime, or cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a crime. Netcrime refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the Internet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. On the global level, both governments and non-state actors continue to grow in importance, with the ability to engage in such activities as espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes sometimes referred to as cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions, with the International Criminal Court among the few addressing this threat. Computer crime encompasses a broad range of potentially illegal activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into one of two types of categories: (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices directly; (2) crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device. Examples of crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices would include: 1. Computer viruses 2. Denial-of-service attacks 3. Malware (malicious code) Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include: 1. Cyber stalking 2. Fraud and identity theft 3. Information warfare 4. Phishing scams A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators. Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms. The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away. Furthermore, traditional drug recipes were carefully kept secrets. But with modern computer technology, this information is now being made available to anyone with computer access. Government officials and Information Technology security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. But there is a growing concern among federal officials that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyberterrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyberterrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack against computers, network, and the information stored on them. Cyberterrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources. As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organised by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples’ lives, robberies, blackmailing etc. CYBER WARFARE: The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) notes that cyberspace has emerged as a national-level concern through several recent events of geo-strategic significance. Among those are included the attack on Estonia’s infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. “In August 2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyber attacks, this time in a coordinated and synchronized kinetic and non-kinetic campaign against the country of Georgia. Fearing that such attacks may become the norm in future warfare among nation-states, the concept of cyberspace operations impacts and will be adapted by warfighting military commanders in the future. OBSCENE OR OFFENSIVE CONTENT: The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may be illegal. Many jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes. The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with entrenched beliefs. One area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is child pornography. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE: In computer science and computer engineering, computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It’s a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories: 1. Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. 2. Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete and detailed, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. The size of a computer’s cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. 3. System Design which includes all of the other hardware components within a computing system such as: i. System interconnects such as computer buses and switches ii. Memory controllers and hierarchies iii. CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA) iv. Issues like multiprocessing. Once both ISA and microarchitecture have been specified, the actual device needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called the implementation. Implementation is usually not consideredarchitectural definition, but rather hardware design engineering. Implementation can be further broken down into three (not fully distinct) pieces: 1. Logic Implementation — design of blocks defined in the microarchitecture at (primarily) the register-transfer and gate levels. 2. Circuit Implementation — transistor-level design of basic elements (gates, multiplexers, latches etc) as well as of some larger blocks (ALUs, caches etc) that may be implemented at this level, or even (partly) at the physical level, for performance reasons. 3. Physical Implementation — physical circuits are drawn out, the different circuit components are placed in a chip floorplan or on a board and the wires connecting them are routed. For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design. SPAMMING: the act of sending unsolicited email, or posting many useless messages in a forum or such website. (Possibly derived from a Monty Python sketch, in which Vikings repetitively sing about Spam, annoying the other customers.) 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KAMLA NAGAR, DELHI - 110007 ANIMATION | VFX tel. - CHANGE

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