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DECEMBER 2011
UPSTREAM: In computer networking,
upstream refers to the direction in which data
can be transferred from the client to the server
(uploading). This differs greatly from
downstream not only in theory and usage, but
also in that upstream speeds are usually at a
premium. Whereas downstream speed is
important to the average home user for
purposes of downloading content, uploads are
used mainly for web server applications and
similar processes where the sending of data is
critical. Upstream speeds are also important to
users of peer-to-peer software. ADSL and cable
modems are asymmetric, thereby rendering the
upstream speed to be much lower than that of
its downstream. Symmetric connections such
as SDSL and T1, however, offer identical
upstream and downstream speeds.
TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original
components of the suite, complementing the
Internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the entire
suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP
provides the service of exchanging data directly
between two network hosts, whereas IP handles
addressing and routing message across one or
more networks. In particular, TCP provides
reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes
from a program on one computer to another
program on another computer. TCP is the
protocol that major Internet applications rely
on, applications such as the World Wide Web,
e-mail, and file transfer.
T CARRIER: In telecommunications, Tcarrier,
sometimes abbreviated as T-CXR, is the
generic designator for any of several digitally
multiplexed telecommunications carrier systems
originally developed by Bell Labs and used in
North America, Japan, and South Korea. The
basic unit of the T-carrier system is the DS0,
which has a transmission rate of 64 kbit/s, and
is commonly used for one voice circuit.
SYNCHRONIZATION: Synchronization
is timekeeping which requires the coordination
of events to operate a system in unison.
Systems operating with all their parts in
synchrony are said to be synchronous or in
sync. Some systems may be only approximately
synchronized, or plesiochronous. For some
applications relative offsets between events
need to be determined, for others only the order
of the event is important. Today,
synchronization can occur on a global basis due
to GPS-enabled timekeeping systems.
SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(SDSL) can have two meanings: In the wider
sense it is a collection of Internet access
technologies based on DSL that offer symmetric
bandwidth upstream and downstream. It is
considered the opposite of Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL) technologies where the
upstream bandwidth is lower than the
downstream bandwidth. In the narrow sense
SDSL is a particular DSL variant that supports
data only on a single line and does not support
analog calls.
ROOTKIT: rootkit is software that enables
continued privileged access to a computer, while
actively hiding its presence from administrators
by subverting standard operating system
functionality or other applications. Typically, a
hacker installs a rootkit on a computer after first
obtaining user-level access, either by exploiting
a known vulnerability or cracking a password.
Once a rootkit is installed, it allows an attacker
to mask his intrusion and to gain privileged
access to a computer by circumventing normal
authentication and authorization mechanisms.
Although rootkits can serve a variety of ends,
they have gained notoriety primarily as malware,
appropriating computing resources or stealing
passwords without the knowledge of the
administrators or users of affected systems.
Rootkits can target firmware, a hypervisor, the
kernel or most commonly, user-mode
applications.
BASIC RATE INTERFACE: Basic Rate
Interface (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) is an Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) configuration
intended primarily for use in subscriber lines
similar to those that have long been used for
plain old telephone service. BRI stands in
contrast to the Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
configuration which is also used in the access
network but uses more robust transmission lines
to carry a higher bit rate. BRI is defined in the
physical layer standard I.430 produced by the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
BANDWIDTH: In computer networking
and computer science, bandwidth, network
bandwidth, data bandwidth or digital bandwidth
is a bit rate measure of available or consumed
data communication resources expressed in bits/
second or multiples of it (kilobits/s, megabits/s
etc). In textbooks on data transmission, digital
communications, wireless communications,
electronics, etc, bandwidth refers to analog
signal bandwidth measured in hertz - the original
meaning of the term.
WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a
telecommunications protocol that provides fixed
and fully mobile Internet access. The current
WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s with
the IEEE 802.16m update expected to offer up to
1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. The name “WiMAX” was
created by the WiMAX Forum, which was
formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and
interoperability of the standard. The forum
describes WiMAX as “a standards-based
technology enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to
cable and DSL”
3D SCANNER: A 3D scanner is a device
that analyzes a real-world object or environment
to collect data on its shape and possibly its
appearance (i.e. color). The collected data can
then be used to construct digital, three
dimensional models useful for a wide variety of
applications. These devices are used
extensively by the entertainment industry in the
production of movies and video games. Other
common applications of this technology include
industrial design, orthotics and prosthetics,
reverse engineering and prototyping, quality
control/inspection and documentation of
cultural artifacts.
ARCNET: ARCNET (also CamelCased as
ARCnet, an acronym from Attached Resource
Computer NETwork) is a local area network
(LAN) protocol, similar in purpose to Ethernet
or Token Ring. ARCNET was the first widely
available networking system for
microcomputers and became popular in the
1980s for office automation tasks.
ASCII: The American Standard Code for
Information Interchange is a character-encoding
scheme based on the ordering of the English
alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in
computers, communications equipment, and
other devices that use text. Most modern
character-encoding schemes are based on
ASCII, though they support many m o r e
characters than did ASCII. US-ASCII is the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
preferred charset name for ASCII.
AS: Within the Internet, an autonomous system
(AS) is a collection of connected Internet
Protocol (IP) routing prefixes under the control
of one or more network operators that presents
a common, clearly defined routing policy to the
Internet.
BGP: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is
the protocol backing the core routing decisions
on the Internet. It maintains a table of IP
networks or ‘prefixes’ which designate network
reachability among autonomous systems (AS).
It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP
does not use traditional Interior Gateway
Protocol (IGP) metrics, but makes routing
decisions based on path, network policies and/
or rulesets. For this reason, it is more
appropriately termed a reachability protocol
rather than routing protocol. BGP was created
to replace the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
routing protocol to allow fully decentralized
routing in order to allow the removal of the
NSFNet Internet backbone network.
DATA LINK LAYER: The Data Link Layer
is Layer 2 of the seven-layer OSI model of
computer networking. It corresponds to, or is
part of the link layer of the TCP/IP reference
model. The Data Link Layer is the protocol layer
which transfers data between adjacent network
nodes in a wide area network or between nodes
on the same local area network segment. The
Data Link Layer provides the functional and
procedural means to transfer data between
network entities and might provide the means
to detect and possibly correct errors that may
occur in the Physical Layer. Examples of data
link protocols are Ethernet for local area networks
(multi-node), the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP),
HDLC and ADCCP for point-to-point (dualnode)
connections.
LAN: A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network that connects computers and devices
in a limited geographical area such as home,
school, computer laboratory, office building,
closely positioned group of buildings, or an
airport. The defining characteristics of LANs,
in contrast to wide area networks (WANs),
include their usually higher data-transfer rates,
smaller geographic area, and lack of a need for
leased telecommunication lines. ARCNET, Token
Ring and other technologies have been used in
the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling,
and Wi-Fi are the two most common
technologies currently in use.
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) is a set of communications standards
for simultaneous digital transmission of voice,
video, data, and other network services over
the traditional circuits of the public switched
telephone network. communications standards
for simultaneous digital transmission of voice,
video, data, and other network services over
the traditional circuits of the public switched
telephone network.
DOWNSTREAM: In information
technology, downstream refers to the transfer
speed (usually that of an internet connection)
by which data can be sent from the server to the
client. The process by which downstream is
utilized is known as downloading.
E-CARRIER: In digital telecommunications,
where a single physical wire pair can be used to
carry many simultaneous voice conversations
by time-division multiplexing, worldwide
standards have been created and deployed. The
European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
originally standardized the E-carrier system,
which revised and improved the earlier American
T-carrier technology, and this has now been
adopted by the International Telecommunication
Union Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (ITU-T). This is now widely used in
almost all countries outside the USA, Canada
and Japan.
ETHERNET: Ethernet is a family of framebased
computer networking technologies for
local area networks (LANs). The name came from
the physical concept of the ether. It defines a
number of wiring and signaling standards for
the Physical Layer of the OSI networking model
as well as a common addressing format and
Media Access Control at the Data Link Layer.
Ethernet is standardized as IEEE 802.3.
HSPA+: also known as Evolved High-Speed
Packet Access is a wireless broadband standard
defined in 3GPP release 7.
IMAGE SCANNER: In computing, an
image scanner—often abbreviated to just
scanner— is a device that optically scans
images, printed text, handwriting, or an object,
and converts it to a digital image. Common
examples found in offices are variations of the
desktop (or flatbed) scanner where the
document is placed on a glass window for
scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the
device is moved by hand, have evolved from
text scanning “wands” to 3D scanners used for
industrial design, reverse engineering, test and
measurement, orthotics, gaming and other
applications. Mechanically driven scanners that
move the document are typically used for largeformat
documents, where a flatbed design would
be impractical.
HTTP: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed,
collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
HTTP is the foundation of data communication
for the World Wide Web. HTTP functions as a
request-response protocol in the client-server
computing model. In HTTP, a web browser, for
example, acts as a client, while an application
running on a computer hosting a web site
functions as a server. The client submits an
HTTP request message to the server. The server,
which stores content, or provides resources,
such as HTML files and images, or generates
such content as required, or performs other
functions on behalf of the client, returns a
response message to the client. A response
contains completion status information about
the request and may contain any content
requested by the client in its message body. A
client is often referred to as a user agent (UA).
A web crawler (spider) is another example of a
common type of client or user agent. The HTTP
protocol is designed to permit intermediate
network elements to improve or enable
communications between clients and servers.
High-traffic websites often benefit from web
cache servers that deliver content on behalf of
the original, so-called origin server to improve
response time. HTTP proxy servers at network
boundaries facilitate communication when
clients without a globally routable address are
located in private networks by relaying the
requests and responses between clients and
servers.
HTTPS: https is a URI scheme that is, aside
from the scheme token, syntactically identical
to the http scheme used for normal HTTP
connections, but which signals the browser to
use an added encryption layer of SSL/TLS to
protect the traffic.
IP ADDRESS: The Internet Protocol (IP) is
the principal communications protocol used for
relaying datagrams (packets) across an
internetwork using the Internet Protocol Suite.
Responsible for routing packets across network
boundaries, it is the primary protocol that
establishes the Internet. IP is the primary
protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet
Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering
datagrams from the source host to the
destination host solely based on their
addresses. For this purpose, IP defines
addressing methods and structures for datagram
encapsulation.
FTTx: Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a generic term
for any broadband network architecture that
uses optical fiber to replace all or part of the
usual metal local loop used for last mile
telecommunications.
ISP: An Internet service provider (ISP), also
sometimes referred to as an Internet access
provider (IAP), is a company that offers its
customers access to the Internet. The ISP
connects to its customers using a data
transmission technology appropriate for
delivering Internet Protocol Paradigm, such as
dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated
high-speed interconnects.
JAVA SCRIPT:
JavaScript is an implementation of the
ECMAScript language standard and is typically
used to enable programmatic access to
computational objects within a host
environment. It can be characterized as a
prototype-based object-oriented scripting
language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has
first-class functions. It is also considered a
functional programming language like Scheme
and OCaml because it has closures and supports
higher-order functions. JavaScript is primarily
used in the form of client-side JavaScript,
implemented as part of a web browser in order
to provide enhanced user interfaces and
dynamic websites. However, its use in
applications outside web pages is also
significant.
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family
of technologies that provides digital data
transmission over the wires of a local telephone
network. DSL originally stood for digital
subscriber loop. In telecommunications
marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is
widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly
installed technical variety of DSL. DSL service
is delivered simultaneously with regular
telephone on the same telephone line. This is
possible because DSL uses a higher frequency.
These frequency bands are subsequently
separated by filtering.
EXTENDED ASCII: The term extended
ASCII (or high ASCII) describes eight-bit or
larger character encodings that include the
standard seven-bit ASCII characters as well as
others. The use of the term is sometimes
criticized, because it can be mistakenly
interpreted that the ASCII standard has been
updated to include more than 128 characters or
that the term unambiguously identifies a single
encoding, both of which are untrue.
INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE: The
Internet Protocol Suite is the set of
communications protocols used for the Internet
and other similar networks. It is commonly also
known as TCP/IP, named from two of the most
important protocols in it: the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol
(IP), which were the first two networking
protocols defined in this standard. Modern IP
networking represents a synthesis of several
developments that began to evolve in the 1960s
and 1970s, namely the Internet and local area
networks, which emerged during the 1980s,
together with the advent of the World Wide Web
in the early 1990s.
OSI MODEL: The Open Systems
Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product
of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at
the International Organization for
Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a
communications system into smaller parts called
layers. A layer is a collection of conceptually
similar functions that provide services to the
layer above it and receives services from the
layer below it. On each layer an instance
provides services to the instances at the layer
above and requests service from the layer below.
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