KAMLA NAGAR, DELHI - 110007 ANIMATION | VFX tel. - CHANGE

DECEMBER 2011
VISUAL FOXPRO: Visual FoxPro is a datacentric
object-oriented and procedural
programming language produced by Microsoft.
It is derived from FoxPro (originally known as
FoxBASE) which was developed by Fox
Software.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS: Microsoft
Windows is a series of software operating
systems and graphical user interfaces produced
by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an
operating environment named Windows in
November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in
response to the growing interest in graphical
user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows
came to dominate the world’s personal computer
market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been
introduced in 1984. As of October 2009,
Windows had approximately 91% of the market
share of the client operating systems for usage
on the Internet. The most recent client version
of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent
server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the
most recent mobile OS version is Windows
Phone 7.
BEANSHELL: a scripting language whose
syntax is close to Java.
FORTRESS: a language designed by Sun
as a successor to Fortran, mainly for writing
parallel scientific computations.
PIZZA: a superset of Java with function
pointers and algebraic data types.
X10: A IBM language designed for highperformance
heteregenous clusters and parallel
scientific computations. Syntax of X10 is based
on Java, and optimizing compiler targets JVM
or C++.
JVM LANGUAGES: comprises computer
programming languages that are used to
produce software that runs on the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM). Some of these languages are
interpreted by a Java program, and some are
compiled to Java bytecode and JITted during
execution as regular Java programs to improve
performance.
CLI LANGUAGES: are computer
programming languages that are used to
produce libraries and programs that conform to
the Common Language Infrastructure
specifications. With some notable exceptions,
most CLI languages compile entirely to the
Common Intermediate Language (CIL), an
intermediate language that can be executed
using an implementation of CLI such as the
Common Language Runtime (CLR), a part of the
Microsoft .NET Framework, Mono, or
Portable.NET.
INSTANT MESSAGING: Instant
messaging (IM) is a form of real-time direct textbased
communication between two or more
people using personal computers or other
devices, along with shared software clients. The
user’s text is conveyed over a network, such as
the Internet. More advanced instant messaging
software clients also allow enhanced modes of
communication, such as live voice or video
calling.
HYPERLINK: a hyperlink (or link) is a
reference to a document that the reader can
directly follow, or that is followed automatically.
The reference points to a whole document or to
a specific element within a document. Hypertext
is text with hyperlinks. Such text is usually
viewed with a computer. A software system for
viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext
system. To hyperlink (or simply to link) is to
create a hyperlink. A user following hyperlinks
is said to navigate or browse the hypertext. A
hyperlink has an anchor, which is a location
within a document from which the hyperlink can
be followed; that document is known as its
source document. The target of a hyperlink is
the document, or location within a document,
that the hyperlink leads to.
EMAIL: Electronic mail, commonly called
email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital
messages across the Internet or other computer
networks. Originally, email was transmitted
directly from one user to another computer. This
required both computers to be online at the
same time, a la instant messenger. Today’s email
systems are based on a store-and-forward
model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and
store messages. Users no longer need be online
simultaneously and need only connect briefly,
typically to an email server, for as long as it
takes to send or receive messages. An email
message consists of two components, the
message header, and the message body, which
is the email’s content. The message header
contains control information, including,
minimally, an originator’s email address and one
or more recipient addresses. Usually additional
information is added, such as a subject header
field. Problems attached with Emils are
Ø Attachment size limitation
Ø Spamming and computer viruses
Ø E-mail spoofing Ø Information overload
Ø E-mail bombing Ø Privacy concerns
Ø Tracking of sent mail
INTERNET: The Internet is a global system
of interconnected computer networks that use
the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP)
to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a
network of networks that consists of millions of
private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope,
that are linked by a broad array of electronic
and optical networking technologies. The
Internet carries a vast range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-linked
hypertext documents of the World Wide Web
(WWW) and the infrastructure to support
electronic mail. The origins of the Internet reach
back to the 1960s with both private and United
States military research into robust, faulttolerant,
and distributed computer networks.
The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the
National Science Foundation, as well as private
funding for other commercial backbones, led to
worldwide participation in the development of
new networking technologies, and the merger
of many networks. The commercialization of
what was by then an international network in
the mid 1990s resulted in its popularization and
incorporation into virtually every aspect of
modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated
quarter of Earth’s population used the services
of the Internet.
The Internet has no centralized governance in
either technological implementation or policies
for access and usage; each constituent network
sets its own standards. Only the overreaching
definitions of the two principal name spaces in
the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space
and the Domain Name System, are directed by a
maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).
Modern uses: The Internet is allowing greater
flexibility in working hours and location,
especially with the spread of unmetered highspeed
connections and web applications. The
Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere
by numerous means, especially through mobile
Internet devices. Mobile phones, datacards,
handheld game consoles and cellular routers
allow users to connect to the Internet from
anywhere there is a wireless network supporting
that device’s technology. Within the limitations
imposed by small screens and other limited
facilities of such pocket-sized devices, services
of the Internet, including email and the web,
may be available. Service providers may restrict
the services offered and wireless data
transmission charges may be significantly
higher than other access methods. Educational
material at all levels from pre-school to postdoctoral
is available from websites. Examples
range from CBeebies, through school and highschool
revision guides, virtual universities, to
access to top-end scholarly literature through
the likes of Google Scholar. In distance
education, help with homework and other
assignments, self-guided learning, whiling away
spare time, or just looking up more detail on an
interesting fact, it has never been easier for
people to access educational information at any
level from anywhere. The Internet in general and
the World Wide Web in particular are important
enablers of both formal and informal education.
The low cost and nearly instantaneous sharing
of ideas, knowledge, and skills has made
collaborative work dramatically easier, with the
help of collaborative software. Not only can a
group cheaply communicate and share ideas,
but the wide reach of the Internet allows such
groups to easily form in the first place. An
example of this is the free software movement,
which has produced, among other programs,
Linux, Mozilla Firefox, and OpenOffice.org.
Internet “chat”, whether in the form of IRC chat
rooms or channels, or via instant messaging
systems, allow colleagues to stay in touch in a
very convenient way when working at their
computers during the day. Messages can be
exchanged even more quickly and conveniently
than via e-mail. Extensions to these systems may
allow files to be exchanged, “whiteboard”
drawings to be shared or voice and video contact
between team members.
Version control systems allow collaborating
teams to work on shared sets of documents
without either accidentally overwriting each
other’s work or having members wait until they
get “sent” documents to be able to make their
contributions. Business and project teams can
share calendars as well as documents and other
information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide
variety of areas including scientific research,
software development, conference planning,
political activism and creative writing. Social and
political collaboration is also becoming more
widespread as both Internet access and
computer literacy grow. From the flash mob
‘events’ of the early 2000s to the use of social
networking in the 2009 Iranian election protests,
the Internet allows people to work together
more effectively and in many more ways than
was possible without it. The Internet allows
computer users to remotely access other
computers and information stores easily,
wherever they may be across the world. They
may do this with or without the use of security,
authentication and encryption technologies,
depending on the requirements. This is
encouraging new ways of working from home,
collaboration and information sharing in many
industries. An accountant sitting at home can
audit the books of a company based in another
country, on a server situated in a third country
that is remotely maintained by IT specialists in
a fourth. These accounts could have been
created by home-working bookkeepers, in other
remote locations, based on information e-mailed
to them from offices all over the world. Some of
these things were possible before the
widespread use of the Internet, but the cost of
private leased lines would have made many of
them infeasible in practice. An office worker
away from their desk, perhaps on the other side
of the world on a business trip or a holiday, can
open a remote desktop session into his normal
office PC using a secure Virtual Private Network
(VPN) connection via the Internet. This gives
the worker complete access to all of his or her
normal files and data, including e-mail and other
applications, while away from the office. This
concept has been referred to among system
administrators as the Virtual Private Nightmare,
because it extends the secure perimeter of a
corporate network into its employees’ homes.
XHTML: XHTML (eXtensible Hypertext
Markup Language) is a family of XML markup
languages that mirror or extend versions of the
widely used Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML), the language in which web pages are
written. While HTML (prior to HTML5) was
defined as an application of Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML), a very
flexible markup language framework, XHTML
is an application of XML, a more restrictive
subset of SGML. Because XHTML documents
need to be well-formed, they can be parsed using
standard XML parsers unlike HTML, which
requires a lenient HTML-specific parser.
W3C: The World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) is the main international standards
organization for the World Wide Web
(abbreviated WWW or W3). Founded and
headed by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is
made up of member organizations which maintain
full-time staff for the purpose of working
together in the development of standards for
the World Wide Web. W3C also engages in
education and outreach, develops software and
serves as an open forum for discussion about
the Web.
WEB PAGE: A web page or webpage is a
document or resource of information that is
suitable for the World Wide Web and can be
accessed through a web browser and displayed
on a monitor or mobile device.This information
is usually in HTML or XHTML format, and may
provide navigation to other webpages via
hypertext links.
BLOG: A blog (a blend of the term web log)is
a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are
usually maintained by an individual with regular
entries of commentary, descriptions of events,
or other material such as graphics or video.
Entries are commonly displayed in reversechronological
order. Blog can also be used as a
verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a
blog. Most blogs are interactive, allowing
visitors to leave comments and even message
each other via widgets on the blogs and it is
this interactivity that distinguishes them from
other static websites. Many blogs provide
commentary or news on a particular subject;
others function as more personal online diaries.
A typical blog combines text, images, and links
to other blogs, Web pages, and other media
related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave
comments in an interactive format is an
important part of many blogs. Most blogs are
primarily textual, although some focus on art
(Art blog), photographs (photoblog), videos
(video blogging), music (MP3 blog), and audio
(podcasting). Microblogging is another type of
blogging, featuring very short posts.
Types of Blogs: There are many different types
of blogs, differing not only in the type of
content, but also in the way that content is
delivered or written.
Personal blogs: The personal blog, an ongoing
diary or commentary by an individual, is the
traditional, most common blog. Personal
bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts,
even if their blog is never read. Blogs often
become more than a way to just communicate;
they become a way to reflect on life, or works of
art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality.
Few personal blogs rise to fame and the
mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly
garner an extensive following. One type of
personal blog, referred to as a microblog, is
extremely detailed and seeks to capture a
moment in time. Some sites, such as Twitter,
allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings
instantaneously with friends and family, and are
much faster than emailing or writing.
Corporate and organizational blogs: A blog can
be private, as in most cases, or it can be for
business purposes. Blogs used internally to
enhance the communication and culture in a
corporation or externally for marketing, branding
or public relations purposes are called corporate
blogs. Similar blogs for clubs and societies are
called club blogs, group blogs, or by similar
names; typical use is to inform members and
other interested parties of club and member
activities.
By genre: Some blogs focus on a particular
subject, such as political blogs, travel blogs
(also known as travelogs), house blogs fashion
blogs, project blogs, education blogs, niche
blogs, classical music blogs, quizzing blogs and
legal blogs (often referred to as a blawgs) or
dreamlogs. Two common types of genre blogs
are art blogs and music blogs. A blog featuring
discussions especially about home and family
is not uncommonly called a mom blog. While
not a legitimate type of blog, one used for the
sole purpose of spamming is known as a Splog.
By media type: A blog comprising videos is
called a vlog, one comprising links is called a
linklog, a site containing a portfolio of sketches
is called a sketchblog or one comprising photos
is called a photoblog. Blogs with shorter posts
and mixed media types are called tumblelogs.
Blogs that are written on typewriters and then
scanned are called typecast or typecast blogs.
A rare type of blog hosted on the Gopher
Protocol is known as a Phlog.
By device: Blogs can also be defined by which
type of device is used to compose it. A blog
written by a mobile device like a mobile phone
or PDA could be called a moblog. One early
blog was Wearable Wireless Webcam, an online
shared diary of a person’s personal life
combining text, video, and pictures transmitted
live from a wearable computer and EyeTap
device to a web site. This practice of semiautomated
blogging with live video together
with text was referred to as sousveillance. Such
journals have been used as evidence in legal
matters.
Consumer generated advertising in blogs:
Consumer generated advertising is a relatively
new and controversial development and it has
created a new model of marketing
communication from businesses to consumers.
Among the various forms of advertising on
blog, the most controversial are the sponsored
posts. These are blog entries or posts and may
be in the form of feedbacks, reviews, opinion,
videos, etc. and usually containS a link back to
the desired site using a keyword/s. Blogs have
led to some disintermediation and a breakdown
of the traditional advertising model where
companies can skip over the advertising
agencies (previously the only interface with the
customer) and contact the customers directly
themselves. On the other hand, new companies
specialised in blog advertising have been
established, to take advantage of this new
development as well. However, there are many
people who look negatively on this new
development. Some believe that any form of
commercial activity on blogs will destroy the
blogosphere’s credibility.
BLOG SEARCH ENGINES: Several
blog search engines are used to search blog
contents, such as Bloglines, BlogScope, and
Technorati. Technorati, which is among the
most popular blog search engines, provides
current information on both popular searches
and tags used to categorize blog postings. The
research community is working on going
beyond simple keyword search, by inventing
new ways to navigate through huge amounts
of information present in the blogosphere, as
demonstrated by projects like BlogScope.
BLOGGING AND ADVERTISING:
It is common for blogs to feature advertisements
either to financially benefit the blogger or to
promote the blogger’s favorite causes. The
popularity of blogs has also given rise to “fake
blogs” in which a company will create a fictional
blog as a marketing tool to promote a product.
THE BLOGOSPHERE: The collective
community of all blogs is known as the
blogosphere. Since all blogs are on the internet
by definition, they may be seen as
interconnected and socially networked, through
blogrolls, comments, linkbacks (refbacks,
trackbacks or pingbacks) and backlinks.
Discussions “in the blogosphere” are
occasionally used by the media as a gauge of
public opinion on various issues. Because new,
untapped communities of bloggers can emerge
in the space of a few years, Internet marketers
pay close attention to “trends in the
blogosphere”
PDH: The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
is a technology used in telecommunications
networks to transport large quantities of data
over digital transport equipment such as fibre
optic and microwave radio systems. The term
plesiochronous is derived from Greek plesio,
meaning near, and chronos, time, and refers to
the fact that PDH networks run in a state where
different parts of the network are nearly, but not
quite perfectly, synchronised. PDH is typically
being replaced by Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) or Synchronous optical
networking (SONET) equipment in most
telecommunications networks. PDH allows
transmission of data streams that are nominally
running at the same rate, but allowing some
variation on the speed around a nominal rate.
EGP: The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is
a now obsolete routing protocol for the Internet.
EGP is a simple reachability protocol, and, unlike
modern distance-vector and path-vector
protocols, it is limited to tree-like topologies.
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