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DECEMBER 2011 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the “phone book” for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. WWW: The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. “The World-Wide Web (W3) was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, and human culture, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project.” English engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee developed it. PROCESSOR REGISTERS: are located inside the processor. Each register typically holds a word of data (often 32 or 64 bits). CPU instructions instruct the arithmetic and logic unit to perform various calculations or other operations on this data (or with the help of it). Registers are technically among the fastest of all forms of computer data storage. PROCESSOR CACHE: is an intermediate stage between ultra-fast registers and much slower main memory. It’s introduced solely to increase performance of the computer. Most actively used information in the main memory is just duplicated in the cache memory, which is faster, but of much lesser capacity. On the other hand it is much slower, but much larger than processor registers. NON-VOLATILE MEMORY: Will retain the stored information even if it is not constantly supplied with electric power. It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Nowadays used for most of secondary, tertiary, and off-line storage. In 1950s and 1960s, it was also used for primary storage, in the form of magnetic core memory. VOLATILE MEMORY: Requires constant power to maintain the stored information. The fastest memory technologies of today are volatile ones (not a universal rule). Since primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory. DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY: A form of volatile memory which also requires the stored information to be periodically re-read and re-written, or refreshed, otherwise it would vanish. STATIC MEMORY: A form of volatile memory similar to DRAM with the exception that it never needs to be refreshed as long as power is applied. (It loses its content if power is removed). LATENCY: The time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The relevant unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. It may make sense to separate read latency and write latency, and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and average latency. DIRECT-ATTACHED STORAGE (DAS): is a traditional mass storage that does not use any network. This is still a most popular approach. This term was coined lately, together with NAS and SAN. OPTICAL STORAGE: the typical optical disc, stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular disc and reads this information by illuminating the surface with a laser diode and observing the reflection. Optical disc storage is non-volatile. The deformities may be permanent (read only media), formed once (write once media) or reversible (recordable or read/write media). MAGNETIC STORAGE: uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads which may contain one or more recording transducers. A read/write head only covers a part of the surface so that the head or medium or both must be moved relative to another in order to access data. SOCIAL NETWORK SERVICE: A social network service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/or activities. A social network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the internet, such as email and instant messaging. Popular methods now combine many of these, with Facebook, Bebo and Twitter widely used worldwide; MySpace and LinkedIn being the most widely used in North America; Nexopia (mostly in Canada); Bebo, Hi5, Hyves (mostly in The Netherlands), StudiVZ (mostly in Germany), iWiW (mostly in Hungary), Tuenti (mostly in Spain), Nasza-Klasa (mostly in Poland),Decayenne, Tagged, XING, Badoo and Skyrock in parts of Europe; Orkut and Hi5 in South America, India and Central America; and Friendster, Mixi, Multiply, Orkut, Wretch, renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands and Orkut and Facebook in India. Social impacts: Web based social network services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. Through e-mail and instant messaging, online communities are created where a gift economy and reciprocal altruism are encouraged through cooperation. Information is particularly suited to gift economy, as information is a nonrival good and can be gifted at practically no cost. Facebook and other social networking tools are increasingly the object of scholarly research. Scholars in many fields have begun to investigate the impact of social networking sites, investigating how such sites may play into issues of identity, privacy, social capital, youth culture, and education. Several websites are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model for philanthropy. Such models provide a means for connecting otherwise fragmented industries and small organizations without the resources to reach a broader audience with interested users. Social networks are providing a different way for individuals to communicate digitally. These communities of hypertexts allow for the sharing of information and ideas, an old concept placed in a digital environment. The relative freedom afforded by social networking services has caused concern regarding the potential of its misuse by individual patrons. In October 2006, a fake Myspace profile created in the name of Josh Evans by Lori Janine Drew led to the suicide of Megan Meier. The event incited global concern regarding the use of social networking services for bullying purposes. SKYPE: Skype is a software application that allows users to make voice calls over the Internet. Calls to other users within the Skype service are free, while calls to both traditional landline telephones and mobile phones can be made for a fee using a debit-based user account system. Skype has also become popular for its additional features which include instant messaging, file transfer, and video conferencing. The network is operated by a company called Skype Limited, headquartered in Luxembourg and partly owned by eBay. ORKUT: Orkut is a social networking website that is owned and operated by Google Inc. The service is designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. The website is named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten. It is one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil. BING: Bing (formerly Live Search, Windows Live Search, and MSN Search) is the current web search engine (advertised as a “decision engine”) from Microsoft. Bing is the third largest search engine on the web by query volume after its competitor Google and Yahoo. 3GPP: The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations, to make a globally applicable third-generation (3G) mobile phone system specification within the scope of the International Mobile Telecommunications- 2000 project of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). APPLE INC: Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company’s best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software; the iWork suite of productivity software; Aperture, a professional photography package; Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio and filmindustry software products; Logic Studio, a suite of music production tools and its iOS Mobile Operating System. Steve Jobs (Cofounder, Chairman and CEO) of this company. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: An assembly language is a low-level programming language for computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. It implements a symbolic representation of the binary machine codes and other constants needed to program a given CPU architecture. CAD: Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and designdocumentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. COBOL: COBOL is one of the oldest programming languages. Its name is an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language, defining its primary domain in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. The COBOL 2002 standard includes support for object-oriented programming and other modern language features. COMPILER: A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program. The name “compiler” is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language or machine code). DBASE: dBase II was the first widely used database management system (DBMS) for microcomputers. It was originally published by Ashton-Tate for CP/M, and later on ported to the Apple II and IBM PC under DOS. On the PC platform in particular it became one of the bestselling software titles for a number of years. DIASPORA: Diaspora is an open-source personal web server that implements a distributed social networking service. The developers aim for it to be a decentralized alternative to social network services like Facebook. EBAY INC. is an American Internet company that manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. Founded in 1995, eBay is one of the notable success stories of the dot-com bubble; it is now a multi-billion dollar business with operations localized in over thirty countries. FACEBOOK: Facebook is a social networking website. It is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. with more than 500 million active users in July 2010, which is about one person for every fourteen in the world. Users can add people as friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. DOS: DOS, short for “Disk Operating System”, is a shorthand term for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions 95, 98, and Millennium Edition. FORTRAN: Fortran (blends derived from IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. Originally developed by IBM FRIENDSTER: Friendster is a social networking website. It is in the top 500 global websites based on web traffic. FOXPRO: FoxPro is a text-based procedurally-oriented programming language and DBMS, originally published by Fox Software and later by Microsoft, for MS-DOS, MS Windows, Apple Macintosh, and UNIX. Although FoxPro is a Database Management System (DBMS) and it does support relationships between tables, it is not considered a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), lacking transactional processing. GOOGLE: GOOGLE INC: is a multinational public cloud computing, Internet search, and advertising technologies corporation. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the “Google Guys” GOOGLE TALK: Google Talk (GTalk) is a freeware Windows web-based application for instant messaging and voice over internet protocol (VOIP) client offered by Google Inc. The Google Talk client is only available for Microsoft Windows but Google Chat (voice and video chat) is now available for PCs and Intelbased Macs. GOOGLEBOT: Googlebot is the search bot software used by Google, which collects documents from the web to build a searchable index for the Google search engine. THROUGHPUT: The rate at which information can be read from or written to the storage. In computer data storage, throughput is usually expressed in terms of megabytes per second or MB/s, though bit rate may also be used. As with latency, read rate and write rate may need to be differentiated. Also accessing media sequentially, as opposed to randomly, typically yields maximum throughput. MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISC STORAGE: is optical disc storage where the magnetic state on a ferromagnetic surface stores information. The information is read optically and written by combining magnetic and optical methods. Magneto-optical disc storage is nonvolatile, sequential access, slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage. MOLECULAR MEMORY: stores information in polymer that can store electric charge. Molecular memory might be especially suited for primary storage. The theoretical storage capacity of molecular memory is 10 terabits per square inch. C SHARP: C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microdoft. The most recent version is C# 4.0 TROLLING: A common misuse of social networking sites such as Facebook is that it is occasionally used to emotionally abuse individuals. Such actions are often referred to as trolling. It is not rare for confrontations in the real world to be translated online. Trolling can occur in many different forms, such as (but not limited to) defacement of deceased person(s) tribute pages, calling “Australians” “Austrians”, playing online pranks on volatile individuals and controversial comments with the intention to cause anger and cause arguments. TWITTER: Twitter is a website, owned and operated by Twitter Inc., which offers a social networking and microblogging service, enabling its users to send and read other users’ messages called tweets. Users may subscribe to other author tweets—this is known as following and subscribers are known as followers. Since its creation in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide and currently has more than 100 million users worldwide. It is sometimes described as the “SMS of the Internet.” BEBO: Bebo is a social networking website, like orkut, facebook. It is owned by Criterion Capital Partners. COMPASS: COMPASS is an acronym for COMPrehensive ASSembler. COMPASS is a macro assembly language. COLDFUSION: ColdFusion is a commercial rapid application development platform. Originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database. Current versions of ColdFusion, sold by Adobe Systems, include advanced features for enterprise integration and development of rich Internet applications (RIA). COBRA: Cobra is an object-oriented programming language. Cobra is designed by Chuck Esterbrook, and runs on the Microsoft .NET and Mono platforms. It is strongly influenced by Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C, and other programming languages. It supports both static and dynamic typing. ICQ: an instant messaging service. GOOGLE SEARCH: Google Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and is the most-used search engine on the Web. Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services. The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in webpages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search. Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE: A graphical user interface (GUI), often pronounced gooey, is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with programs in more ways than typing such as computers; hand-held devices such as MP3 players, portable media players or gaming devices; household appliances and office equipment with images rather than text commands. A GUI offers graphical icons, and visual indicators, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation to fully represent the information and actions available to a user. HOTMAIL: free email service, now part of MSN. Founder Jack Smith got the idea of accessing e-mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. CHANGE THE ONLY CONSTANT THING : We Bring You More Informative And Detailed Coverage Every Month 38
DECEMBER 2011 Hi5: Hi5 is a social networking website. The compny wa founded by Ramu Yalamanchi. Hi5 has used controversial email address import methods to gain more users - which may be considered a form of spam. HYPERTALK: HyperTalk is a high-level, procedural programming language created by Dan Winkler and used in conjunction with Apple Computer’s HyperCard hypermedia program. COOKIE: A packet of information that travels between a browser and the web server. GNU: a project with an original goal of creating a free operating system. LOTUS SOFTWARE: Lotus founder Mitch Kapor got the name for his company from ‘The Lotus Position’ (‘Padmasana’ in Sanskrit). Kapor used to be a teacher of Transcendental Meditation technique as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. MOZILLA: a web browser and successor to Netscape Communicator. PERL: an interpreted scripting language, Larry Wall is the creator of Perl. PHP: a server-side scripting language, Originally called “Personal Home Page Tools” by creator Rasmus Lerdorf, it was rewritten by developers Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans who gave it the recursive name “PHP Hypertext Preprocessor”. PING: computer network tool used to detect hosts TROJAN HORSE: a malicious program that is disguised as legitimate software. WIKI: or WikiWiki a hypertext document collection or the collaborative software used to create it. WORM: a self-replicating program, similar to a virus. ZIP: a file format now also used as a verb to mean compress MP3: MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer 3 (or III), more commonly referred to as MP3, is a patented digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital audio players. MP3 is an audio-specific format that was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in MPEG-2 standard. MSN: MSN (originally The Microsoft Network) is a collection of Internet sites and services provided by Microsoft. The Microsoft Network debuted as an online service and Internet service provider. MPEG-2: MPEG-2 is a standard for “the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information”. It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. .NET FRAMEWORK: The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework that can be installed on computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a large library of coded solutions to common programming problems and a common language infrastructure that manages the execution of programs written specifically for the framework. The .NET Framework supports multiple programming languages in a manner that allows language interoperability, whereby each language can utilize code written in other languages; in particular, the .NET library is available to all the programming languages that .NET encompasses. QUANTUM COMPUTER: A quantum computer is a device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from traditional computers based on transistors. The basic principle behind quantum computation is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on these data. Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits (quantum bit). Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national government and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis. ONLINE COMMUNITY: An online community is a virtual community that exists online whose members enables its existence through taking part in membership rituals. An online community can take the form of an information system where anyone can post content, such as a Bulletin board system or one where only a restricted number of people can initiate posts, such as Weblogs. Online communities have also become a supplemental form of communication between people who know each other primarily in real life. Many means are used in social software separately or in combination, including text-based chat rooms and forums that use voice, video text or avatars. Significant socio-technical change may have resulted from the proliferation of such Internetbased social networks. Online communities are used for a variety of social and professional groups interacting via the Internet. It does not necessarily mean that there is a strong bond among the members. An email distribution list may have hundreds of members and the communication which takes place may be merely informational (questions and answers are posted), but members may remain relative strangers and the membership turnover rate could be high. This is in line with the liberal use of the term community. Some of the earliest forms of online community websites included TheGlobe.com (1994), GeoCities (1994), and Tripod.com (1995). These early communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms, and share personal information and ideas around any topics via personal homepage publishing tools which were a precursor to the blogging and social networking phenomenon. These communities can be organizational, regional or topical depending on the business. From a technical perspective, software tools abound to create and nurture these communities including BigTent, Yahoo! Groups, Google Groups, LISTSERV, Microsoft SharePoint and IBM Lotus Connections. Most online communities grow slowly at first, due in part to the fact that the strength of motivation for contributing is usually proportional to the size of the community. As the size of the potential audience increases, so does the attraction of writing and contributing. This, coupled with the fact that organizational culture does not change overnight, means creators can expect slow progress at first with a new virtual community. As more people begin to participate, however, the aforementioned motivations will increase, creating a virtuous cycle in which more participation begets more participation. PASCAL: Pascal is an influential imperative and procedural programming language, designed and published by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. A derivative known as Object Pascal was designed for object oriented programming. ìTorrent: ìTorrent is a freeware, closed source BitTorrent client by BitTorrent, Inc. It is available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Both versions are written in C++. It gets the “ì” in its name from the SI prefix “micro” meaning one one-millionth and it refers to the program’s small footprint. The program is designed to use minimal computer resources. The program has received consistently good reviews for its feature set, performance, stability, and support for older hardware and versions of Windows. A report showed that ìTorrent is the second most popular BitTorrent client (after the Chinese Xunlei). VBSCRIPT: VBScript (Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modelled on Visual Basic. It is designed as a ¯lightweight language with a fast interpreter for use in a wide variety of Microsoft environments. VBScript uses the Component Object Model to access elements of the environment within which it is running; for example, the FileSystemObject (FSO) is used to create, read, update and delete files. VBScript has been installed by default in every desktop release of Microsoft Windows since Windows 98. VISUAL BASIC .NET: Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of Microsoft’s Visual Basic (VB) which is generally implemented on the Microsoft .NET Framework. Microsoft currently supplies Visual Basic Express Edition free of charge. VISUAL BASIC: Visual Basic (VB) is the third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its COM programming model. VB is also considered a relatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of its graphical development features and BASIC heritage. TCL: Tcl is a scripting language created by John Ousterhout. It is commonly used for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs and testing. UNIX SHELL: A Unix shell is a commandline interpreter or shell that provides a traditional user interface for the Unix operating system and for Unix-like systems. Users direct the operation of the computer by entering command input as text for a command line interpreter to execute or by creating text scripts of one or more such commands. The most influential Unix shells have been the Bourne shell and the C shell. VBA: Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is an implementation of Microsoft’s event-driven programming language Visual Basic 6, and associated integrated development environment (IDE), which is built into most Microsoft Office applications. VBA enables developers to build user defined functions, automate processes, and access Win32 and other low level functionality through DLLs. WEBQL: WebQL is a software platform produced by QL2 Software, that is used to automate data integration and collection from unstructured and structured sources including the Web, PDF and Word documents, spreadsheets, email repositories, corporate data stores and more. XML: Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards. XML’s design goals emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance that manufacturers may use to brand certified products that belong to a class of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. 802.11 the most widely used WLAN technology. Because of the close relationship with the underlying standards, the term Wi-Fi is often used as a synonym for IEEE 802.11 technology. IEEE 802.11 devices are installed in many personal computers, video game consoles, MP3 players, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and newer laptop computers. Internet use: A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone or digital audio player can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more (interconnected) access points called hotspots can comprise an area as small as a few rooms or as large as many square miles. Coverage in the larger area may depend on a group of access points with overlapping coverage. Wi-Fi technology has been used in wireless mesh networks, for example, in London, UK. City wide wi-fi: In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans for city-wide Wi-Fi networks. Sunnyvale, California became the first city in the United States to offer city-wide free Wi-Fi. Campus-wide Wi-Fi: Carnegie Mellon University built the first wireless Internet network in the world at their Pittsburgh campus. SEARCH ENGINE: A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input. The web’s first and second search engines are respectively World Wide Web Wanderer & Aliweb. Some popular search engines are Magellan, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista yahoo, google, bing, netscap, opera, Mozilla. A search engine operates, in the following order Web crawling, Indexing, Searching. Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the html itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) — an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using key words), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document’s title and sometimes parts of the text. The index is built from the information stored with the data and the method by which the information is indexed. YAHOO!: Yahoo! Inc. is an American public corporation, that provides Internet services worldwide. The company is perhaps best known for its web portal, search engine (Yahoo! Search), Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, advertising, online mapping (Yahoo! Maps), video sharing (Yahoo! Video), and social media websites and services. Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo. WIRELESS LAN: A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and the increasing popularity of laptop computers. Public businesses such as coffee shops and malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers; sometimes for free. WEB CRAWLER: A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. Other terms for Web crawlers are ants, automatic indexers, bots, or Web spiders, Web robots, or especially in the FOAF community Web scutters. This process is called Web crawling or spidering. Many sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means of providing up-to-date data. Web crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches. WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an open international standard for application-layer network communications in a wireless-communication environment. Most use of WAP involves accessing the mobile web from a mobile phone or from a PDA. A WAP browser is a commonly used web browser for small mobile devices such as cell phones or PDAs, developed to allow a realistic browsing experience to users. Given then, the inherent physical and technical limitations of these devices such as size and data transfer speeds, new code was created, and the WAP browser accesses websites written in, or dynamically converted to, WML (Wireless Markup Language). XQUERY: XQuery is a query and functional programming language that is designed to query collections of XML data. VISUAL J++: Visual J++ was Microsoft’s specific implementation of Java. Syntax, keywords, and grammatical conventions were the same as Java’s. VISUAL J#: Visual J# (pronounced “Jay Sharp”) is a Microsoft language whose syntax is close to Java, part of the .NET Framework. Visual J# is part of the Microsoft Visual Studio .NET product suite and is designed to help developers and programmers migrate from J++ (or Java) to the .NET Framework. VISUAL C++: Microsoft Visual C++ is a commercial integrated development environment (IDE) product engineered by Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages. It has tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for the Microsoft Windows API, the DirectX API, and the Microsoft .NET Framework. SCALA: is a multi-paradigm programming language designed to integrate features of object-oriented programming and functional programming. The name Scala stands for “scalable language”, signifying that it is designed to grow with the demands of its users. MACHINE CODE: Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed directly by a computer’s central processing unit. Machine code may be regarded as a primitive (and cumbersome) programming language or as the lowest-level representation of a compiled and/or assembled computer program. Programs in interpreted languages are not represented by machine code however, although their interpreter (which may be seen as a processor executing the higher level program) often is. Machine code is sometimes called native code when referring to platformdependent parts of language features or libraries. Machine code should not be confused with so called “bytecode”, which is executed by an interpreter. MACINTOSH: The Macintosh or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. it was the first commercially successful personal computer to feature a mouse and a graphical user interface rather than a commandline interface. The company continued to have success through the second half of the 1980s, only to see it dissipate in the 1990s as the personal computer market shifted towards IBM PC compatible machines running MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. The modern Mac, like other personal computers, is capable of running alternative operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD, and, in the case of Intel-based Macs, Microsoft Windows. However, Apple does not license Mac OS X for use on non-Apple computers. CHANGE THE ONLY CONSTANT THING : We Bring You More Informative And Detailed Coverage Every Month 39
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