final report - JRC IPTS - Sustainable Production and Consumption ...

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Compost may become a PRODUCT Specific compost regulation within waste & environmental legislation with extensive QM and external approval scheme for compost Compost related regulation within the waste and environmental legislation or based on standards but with simple registration scheme Regulation within the waste and environmental legislation rolled out by the way of the licensing procedure 16 AT COMPOST PRODUCTION AND USE IN THE EU LT, FR, SK IE, LU (+ obligatory QAS); UK (only with voluntary QAS) (Simple) fertiliser registration within the fertiliser legislation CZ, ES, FI, GR, HU, IT, LV, NL, PL, PT, SI Compost remains WASTE Specific compost standards available Compost derived from source-segregated or ‘residual waste’ animal byproducts that does not meet ‘product’ requirements, but is spread on land (ABP and waste management licensing regulations apply). No specific compost legislation Compost derived from source-segregated, non-ABP biowaste that does not meet ‘product’ requirements or ‘Compost-Like-Output’ from Mechanical and Biological Treatment of residual waste that is disposed of (not spread on land). BE/Fl (+ obligatory QAS), DE (+ voluntary QAS) UK BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, HU, MT, PL, RO, SE UK As far as end of waste compost registration and certification schemes are concerned we may distinguish 4 typical options: • (1) simple fertiliser registration without external inspection and sample taking � CZ, DK, ES, FR, HU, IE, LV, NL, PL • (2) registration under fertiliser or waste regime involving external inspection of documentation and process management by accredited laboratory (third party inspection but no full QAS) � ES, SK • (3) End of Waste regulation involving a full scale third party QAS. Compost ceases to be a waste when the external inspection of the composting process and final product investigation allows for product certification by an acknowledged certification body (QAO) � AT, BE, DE (in Germany quality certified compost remains still in the waste regime but is handled and traded like a freely marketable product) • (4) Similar to regime (3) but extensive documentation on purchase contract down to dispatch as well as proper application has to be provided in the case of agriculture and land grown horticulture UK (Compost Quality Protocol – England and Wales) Legal provisions applying to the USE of compost Utilisation restrictions exist for different end-use applications. Direct regulations like dosage restrictions (admitted quantity of compost per ha) are to be distinguished from indirect regulations such as Good Agricultural practice (GAP) protocols and the so called Cross Compliance requirements in agriculture. The latter refer mainly to qualified fertilising to be executed in a way that considers the nutrients in soil and in compost, and the up-take by the plant. The ranges of restrictions for the amount of compost (on dry matter basis per ha) or plant nutrients to be applied are summarised here: quantity of compost* agriculture / regular 3 t (pasture land) – 15 t (arable land) ha -1 non food / regular 6.6 t – 15 t ha -1 non food / once 100 t – 400 t ha -1 quantity of N agriculture / regular 150 kg – 250 kg ha -1 quantity of P2O5 agriculture / regular 22 kg – 80 kg ha -1 set aside land 20 kg ha -1 * in most cases quantity differentiation is depending on quality class obtained.
As a general rule today, for regular compost application in agriculture the quantitative limitation is ruled by the nitrogen and phosphorous supply. To some extent also the organic matter substitution potential is considered. Therefore the most common quantities discussed lie between 6 and 10 t d.m. per ha and year. In land reclamation measures single restoration uses are granted in quantities between 100 and 400 t d.m.. Direct load restrictions for heavy metals on soils mainly stem from regulations on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Also fertiliser application rules (fertiliser ordinances) include dosage limits for heavy metals. With the exception of BE/Fl and FR, those rules are commonly not provided in specific compost regulations. Quality assurance as an instrument of product standardisation and specification Quality assurance is an established and successful tool to guarantee compost quality and to open markets in Europe. Therefore quality assurance organisation which provide compost with a certificate or quality label have been established in the following 10 Member States: AT (2 organisations), BE/Fl (obligatory for all composting plants), DE, CZ (starting phase), ES (registered trademark in Andalusia), HU, IT, LU (obligatory for all composting plants), LV (in the starting phase based on the EU ECO-label), NL (2 organisations), SE (incorporates the only national compost quality standard), UK (PAS 100 + Quality Compost Protocol/QCP). In AT, DE, BE, NL, LU and Norway QAS are embedded in national regulations, though to varying statutory extent. European quality assurance schemes comprise the following elements: • Raw material/feedstock type and quality • Limits for harmful substances/PTEs • Hygiene requirements (pasteurisation) • Quality criteria for the valuables (e.g. organic matter) • External monitoring of the product and the production • In-house control at the site for all batches (temperature, pH, salt) • Quality label or a certificate for the product • Annual quality certificate for the site and its successful operations • Product specifications for different application areas • Recommendations for use and application information • Production control and process management • Education and qualification of the operators • Partnering with controlling authorities • Facilitating production, quality and end-use related research • Promotion of quality standard, compost image and use • Marketing (Belgium), Marketing tools (all countries) Quality assured composts are accepted as “products” only if product standards coincide with the ideas of the relevant parties and the needs of the market. • Quality assurance is a good basis for sales consulting, for public relations work, and for fostering a positive image. • The quality label makes possible the establishment of a branded “quality-tested compost” and a positive image for compost. • Regular analyses during compost production act to guarantee a quality-controlled product. • Standardised analyses carried out in accordance with specified methods enable an objective assessment of the compost quality. COMPOST PRODUCTION AND USE IN THE EU 17
Page 1 and 2: EUROPAEN COMMISSION DG Joint Resear
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would li
Page 5 and 6: 2.1 Task 2.1 - Compost production a
Page 7 and 8: TABLE 27: CRITERIA AND NATIONAL REG
Page 9 and 10: FIGURE 22: COMPOST PRODUCED IN EU27
Page 11 and 12: Proximity principle Advocates that
Page 13 and 14: In some cases, where stabilised bio
Page 15: Even if modern separation technolog
Page 19 and 20: At least in countries with an advan
Page 21 and 22: COMPOST PRODUCTION AND USE IN THE E
Page 23 and 24: timely and sufficient response to t
Page 25 and 26: Task 3: Identify and quantify the u
Page 27 and 28: Mulch compost Compost of generally
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Number of classes in compo
Page 31 and 32: DE Type of Classification Precautio
Page 33 and 34: Type of Classification IE Precautio
Page 35 and 36: Type of Classification Precaution h
Page 37 and 38: Type of Classification UK Input mat
Page 39 and 40: It is important to note that the sc
Page 41 and 42: Table 4: General overview on the sy
Page 43 and 44: Statutory Voluntary [S] / [V] Main
Page 45 and 46: Table 5: Comparative list of waste
Page 47 and 48: Type of waste material Further spec
Page 53 and 54: Criterion/Parameter General justifi
Page 55 and 56: “For example, some people place f
Page 57 and 58: Therefore sample taking has been ad
Page 59 and 60: Sampling Equipment and Sample Conta
Page 61 and 62: Austria With shovel: extracted from
Page 63 and 64: Table 12: Mean coefficients of vari
Page 65 and 66: [II] Limits for repeatability 53 [t
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 4 shows an example for the t
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Country Regulation Type of standard
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1.3.6 Austria - an example for comp
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Table 18: Very strict (level 1 - lo
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 2
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120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 52% 45
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It can be concluded: • Setting li
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mg kg -1 soil [30 cm] mg kg -1 soil
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1.3.10 Impurities Impurities or any
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1.3.11 Process and health related r
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I n d i r e c t TIME- TEMPERATURE R
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Category 3 material used as raw mat
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This includes a range of varying re
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a) Statutory standards The key reas
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(2) Quality assurance as an instrum
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I. Raw material II. Requirements fo
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Country (Quality label) Status of q
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Country (Quality label) Status of q
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B. Additional quality assurance req
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In Table 26 we allocated compost re
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Figure 17: Registration and certifi
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4) Third party certification under
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Therefore examples of national EoW
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Statutory Voluntary [S] / [V] Compo
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Statutory Compost = Legal basis or
Page 117 and 118:
Statutory Voluntary [S] / [V] Compo
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just heavy metals, but nutrient con
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SI SK UK Regulation Requirements or
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sludge regulations, where the maxim
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Though promoted by individual compa
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x 1000 t 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.00
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tons/year 3.500.000 3.000.000 2.500
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2.3 Task 2.3 - Amounts of compost u
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2.4 Task 2.5 Amounts of input mater
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Greenhouses M EUR 20-40 Nurseries S
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3 Task 3: Quantitative assessment o
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Table 38: Potential of fertiliser s
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2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Sewage sl
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Table 40: Amounts of composted mate
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An extrapolation of the German orga
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4 Task 4 - Markets 4.1 Task 4.1 Pro
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Table 44: Common organic waste trea
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OPTIONS B/GWC AD MSWC MBT LAND INCI
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operation of recycling and composti
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Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
4.2.1 The Netherlands The Netherlan
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4.2.5 Ireland The following has bee
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4.2.8 Germany A. Potential in Agric
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Market sectors Products Source Mate
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The restoration layer is the upper
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Official data collection is not ava
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4.2.11 European standards by trade
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4.3 Task 4.3 - Prognosis and effect
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5 Task 5 - Import/Export and potent
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300 t/y annually 500 t ? DK up to 5
Page 179 and 180:
Industry surveys to date have not c
Page 181 and 182:
Environment Agency, 2007. Compost.
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