final report - JRC IPTS - Sustainable Production and Consumption ...

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: EUROPEAN AND US ALLOWABLE ZN AND CD SOIL CONCENTRATIONS FOR
SITES SUITABLE FOR SLUDGE APPLICATION (HARRISON AT AL., 1997)..........................................55
FIGURE 2. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF LABORATORY MEAN VALUES [CV(MEANLAB)] BETWEEN
PARTICIPATING LABORATORIES OF FRESH SAMPLES VS. CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS;
GERMAN INTER-LABORATORY TRIALS 1993/95/99 ................................................................................62
FIGURE 3: COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF LABORATORY MEAN VALUES [CV(MEANLAB)] BETWEEN
PARTICIPATING LABORATORIES OF 6 GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN INTER-LABORATORY TRIALS 1993 -
2001 AND IN THE CEN TC 223 ILT FOR THE EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13650: SOIL IMPROVERS AND
GROWING MEDIA. EXTRACTION OF AQUA REGIA SOLUBLE ELEMENTS ......................................................62
FIGURE 4: EXAMPLE FOR THE MATHEMATICAL INCREASE OR DECREASE OF METAL
CONCENTRATION RELATED TO A STANDARD ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT (30 % OM) WITH
VARYING ACTUAL OM LEVELS IF THE CONCENTRATION IN THE ORIGINAL SAMPLE IS
ANALYSED WITH 200 MG/KG D.M. ..................................................................................................67
FIGURE 5: DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN BWC, SSC, MWC (LEFT)
AND GWC (RIGHT) FROM SEVERAL NATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS AND DATA SETS IN
RELATION TO THE ASSUMED THREE LEVELS OF HEAVY METAL LIMITS..........................................75
FIGURE 6: PERCENTAGE OF BIOWASTE, SEWAGE SLUDGE (SSC) AND MIXED WASTE
(MWC) COMPOST SAMPLES FROM DE, NL, AT, CATALONIA (CATAL.) AND FR DATA
SETS WITHIN THE ASSUMED THREE LIMIT CONCENTRATION LEVELS (LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH)..........77
FIGURE 7: PERCENTAGE OF GREEN WASTE COMPOST SAMPLES FROM DE, NL AND AT DATA
SETS WITHIN THE THREE ASSUMED LIMIT CONCENTRATION LEVELS (LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH)..........77
FIGURE 8: PERCENTAGE OF FRESH (N=779) AND MATURE (N=1955) COMPOST SAMPLES FROM DE, DATA
SETS FULFILLING THE THREE LIMIT CONCENTRATION LEVELS (LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH)..................................78
FIGURE 9: ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL ASSUMING THE CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF
COMPOSTS WITH METAL CONCENTRATIONS AT 3 LIMIT SCENARIOS..........................................................80
FIGURE 10: ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL ASSUMING THE CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF
COMPOSTS WITH METAL CONCENTRATIONS AT THE 75 PERCENTILE OF GERMAN BIOWASTE AND
GREEN WASTE COMPOSTS (BWC), SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOSTS (SSC) AND MIXED WASTE COMPOSTS
FROM FRANCE (MWC).......................................................................................................................80
FIGURE 11: THE SET OF STANDARDS FOR ORGANIC WASTE RECYCLING – FROM
COLLECTED ORGANIC RESIDUES TO MARKETED PRODUCTS (HOGG ET AL., 2002).........................92
FIGURE 12: QUALITY ASSURANCE SCHEMES QAS ARE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE ORGANIC LOOP,
AS ESSENTIAL AS THE TECHNOLOGY OR THE MARKET ...................................................................94
FIGURE 13: GERMAN COMPOST SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDSCAPING ....................................................95
FIGURE 14: THIS COMPOST (FLORATOP -BRAND) PRESENTATION IN A SUPERMARKET CAN
REALLY COMPETE WITH BARK AND PEAT PRODUCTS.....................................................................96
FIGURE 15: THE CONCEPT FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR COMPOST ..........................................97
FIGURE 16: SIMPLE REGISTRATION REGIME E.G. WITH A NATIONAL FERTILISER
ORDINANCE WITHOUT REGULAR 3 RD PARTY APPROVAL OF COMPOST PRODUCTION AND
DOCUMENTATION .........................................................................................................................106
FIGURE 17: REGISTRATION AND CERTIFICATION OF THE ENTIRE PRODUCTION AND
MONITORING PROCESS IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXISTING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS .........107
FIGURE 18: QAS – QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CERTIFICATION SCHEMES FOR COMPOST IN
RELATION TO NATIONAL COMPOST LEGISLATION ........................................................................107
FIGURE 19: PRODUCT CERTIFICATION SCHEME INCLUDING DOCUMENTATION, EXTERNAL
INSPECTION AND SAMPLE TAKING BASED ON COMPREHENSIVE END OF WASTE
LEGISLATION FOR COMPOST (EXAMPLE: AT, BE)........................................................................108
FIGURE 20: COMPOST CERTIFICATION SCHEME INCLUDING FULL SCALE DOCUMENTATION,
EXTERNAL INSPECTION AND SAMPLE TAKING BUT ALSO STRICT ELEMENTS APPLICATION
APPROVAL USUALLY IMPLEMENTED IN QUALITY PROTOCOLS (EXAMPLE: QUALITY
COMPOST PROTOCOL IN ENGLAND AND WALES) ........................................................................109
FIGURE 21: COLLECTED AND POTENTIAL AMOUNT OF SOURCE SEPARATED BIOWASTE AND
GREEN WASTE PER YEAR IN EU27 ................................................................................................127
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COMPOST PRODUCTION AND USE IN THE EU