PhD Thesis Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe - Cranfield University

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225 Sun, G., McNulty, S. G., Lu, J., Amatya, D. M., Liang, Y., Kolka, R. K. (2005) Regional annual water yield from forest lands and its response to potential deforestation across the southeastern United States. Journal of Hydrology 308 (1-4): 258-268 JUL 12 2005 Tanji, K. K. (1981) “River Basin Hydrosalinity Models,” Agricultural Water Management, 4:207-225. Tarboton, K. C., & Schulze, R. E. (1990) Impacts of increased afforestation and farm dams on water resources of the upper Mgeni catchments. Agricultural Engineering in South Africa, 22, 201-215. Tarboton, K. C., & Schulze, R. E. (1991) The “ACRU” Modelling System for Large Catchment Water Resources Management. In: Hydrology for the Water Mangement of Large River Basins (Proceedings of the Vienna Symposium, August 1991), IAHS Publ. no. 201, 219-232; 1991. Tarboton, K. C., & Schulze, R. E. (1992) Distributed hydrological modelling system for the Mgeni catchment. Water Research Commision, Pretoria, Report 234/1/92. Pp 98 plus Appendices (ISBN 1 874858 38 1). Tarboton, K. C. & Schulze, R. E. (1993) Hydrological consequences of development scenarios for Mgeni catchment. Proceedings, 6th South African National Hydrological Symposium. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Department of Agricultural Engineering. 297-304. Tarboton, K. C. & Cluer, R. (1991) Consideration of land cover changes over time for modelling long-term hydrological responses. Agricultural Engineering in South Africa, 23, 450-459. Thiessen, A. H. (1911) Precipitation averages for large areas. Monthly Weather Review, 1082-1084. Trewartha (1954) An Introduction to Climate. McGraw-Hill, London and New York. Turner, R. & Wiersma, D. (1964) Determining evapotransipration rates and soil moisture levels with climatological data. Purdue University, West Lafayette, In USA, Agricultural Experiment Station Paper 2247. Cited by Schulze, (1995). UNESCO (1978) World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth. Studies and Reports in Hydrology. No. 25, UNESCO, Paris , France United Nation (1994) Agenda 21: Program of Action for Sustainable Development; Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; Statement of Forest Principles Pg 166-185. UN Publication ISBN; 22-1-10059-4. Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe PhD Thesis References
226 United Nations (1994b) Agenda 21: Program of Action for Sustainable Development; Rio Declaration on Environment and Development; Chapter 10 Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources UN Publication ISBN; 22-1-10059-4. United Nations (2002) The Johanisburg Summit Test. What will change. http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/whats_new/feature_story41.html. Assessed 17/10/2004 United Nations (2005) Rio Declaratrion on Environment and Development. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio e Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992). A/Conf.151/26 (Vol.1) http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm Assesed 01/05/05 United Nations (2005b) United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Website..http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/freshwater_europe/glos.php. Assessed 01/05/05. University of Kassel (02-03-2003); http://www.angelfire.com/nh/cpkumar/hydrology.html List of Models. USGS (2003) (http://water.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/man_wrdapp?dr3m (7-04-2003) van de Giesen, N, C., Stomph, T., J., & derider N., (2000) Scale effects of Hortonain overland flow and rainfall-runoff in a West African caterna landscape. Hydrological Processes 14, 165-175 van Zyl, W. H., De Jager, J. M. & Maree, C. J. (1989) Correction factors for evaporimeter coefficients used for scheduling irrigation of wheat. Water Research Commision, Pretoria Report 151/1/89. pp 155. Cited by Schulze (1995, Chapter 4) Viessman, W., & Lewis, G. L. (2003) Introduction to Hydrology. 5th Ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J. Prentice Hall. ISBN 067399337X. x11, 612p. Chapter 12, pgs 453-536. Von Hoyningen-Huene, J. (1983) Die Interzeption des Niederschlages in landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbeständen. Deutscher Verband für Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau, Verlag Paul Parey- Hamburg, Schriften, 57, 1- 66. Wallace, J. S. & Batchelor, C. H. (1997). Managing water resources fro crop production. Phil Trans. R Soc., London, B352, 937-947. Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe PhD Thesis References
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Cranfield University at Silsoe Inst
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Dedication iii I dedicate this PhD
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v historical data available to the
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vii 3.3.6 Comparison of the ANSWERS
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ix 7.7.2 Guidance On How Best To De
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xi Table 6.1 Performance Statistics
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xiii Figure 4.4 Annual Streamflow d
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xv Abbreviations and Acronyms ABRES
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xvii GWCL Ghana Water Company Limit
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xix SWAT Soil Water Assessment Tool
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xxi = Equals to ft Foot or feet ms
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Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe Phd Thesis Cha
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Figure 1.3 The four principles as b
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2. Hydrology of Tropical West Afric
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18 million inhabitants with an aver
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Figure 2.4 Mean annual rainfalls (m
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Figure 2.7 Mean Evaporation in Marc
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38 computer speed and the developme
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Figure 3.4. Model Components (sourc
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42 input is lumped, and even some o
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44 • Should be able to output dai
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46 (Young et al, 1995, Borah and Be
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48 parameterizing hydrologic models
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50 2. The definition of the catchme
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52 The SWAT model has become widely
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54 divided according to land use, s
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56 integrated physical conceptual m
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58 water resource assessments in So
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60 For runoff volume computation al
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62 The data situation with regard t
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64 developed in a mainframe environ
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Figure 3.7 The options of ACRU mode
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68 Menubuilder includes a help faci
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70 total evaporation. Evaporative d
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72 potential maximum retention of t
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74 4. Data Availability, Analysis a
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76 (see Table 4.2) had some data ho
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0.5 78 (n - 2) tt = Rsp -----------
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80 means more common than the daily
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82 not been repaired. As a conseque
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Figure 4.5 Land Use map of Densu Ba
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Table 4.4 ∗ * Land use parameters
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a b 88 Figure 4.7: Typical land use
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90 Table 4.8: Soil class percentage
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Figure 4.9. Soils of Southern Afric
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94 • Model 1 displays an increase
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96 sub soil horizons and the redist
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98 from the topsoil (A horizon) to
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100 4.3.1 Temperature Daily maximum
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Mean Monthly Wind Speed . (knots) 2
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104 network. Precipitation falling
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106 catchment (2) and Manhia sub-ca
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108 5. Hydrological Modelling of th
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110 to this period. Typical output
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112 basin is the streamflow, thus m
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114 ranging from -18% to 34%. This
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Change in streamflow (%) 40 30 20 1
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Change in streamflow (%) 118 80 60
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120 1. That the two sensitivities h
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122 as given by performance criteri
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N ∑ t = 1 124 N sim obs 2 obs obs
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126 • Initial best estimate value
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128 5.4 Results of Calibration and
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130 Table 5.4 Performance statistic
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5.5 Water Balance for the lumped si
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134 might be data problems as discu
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136 represented in the model by a c
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Weekkly Flows (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 3
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140 simulated streamflows were deri
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Weekly Flows (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30
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144 upper limits for the top soils
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146 6. Discussion In Chapter 5, the
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148 in the simulated streamflow of
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150 • The assumptions behind the
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152 data and rainfall distribution
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Monthly cummulative flows Manhia..
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156 response of ACRU at Nsawam in t
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158 underestimation in the calibrat
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160 the mountainous regions which r
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Cummulative Rainfall (mm) 8000 6000
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164 Figure 6.4a Rainfall for subcat
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166 cusecs) on day 26 to 11.9m 3 /s
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Monthly Means of Actual Evapotransp
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170 lumped simulation at Manhia (Ta
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172 be corrected by calibration. Ne
Page 195 and 196: 174 The figures show that there is
Page 197 and 198: 176 a simple persistence model and
Page 199 and 200: 178 Based on the above analysis, it
Page 201 and 202: 180 within a year of establishment
Page 203 and 204: 182 corrected soon after collection
Page 205 and 206: 184 One approach to assisting susta
Page 207 and 208: 186 of soil maps and landuse maps w
Page 209 and 210: 188 • the use of daily spot strea
Page 211 and 212: 190 statistics suggest that the cur
Page 213 and 214: 192 7.6.1 Density of Observation In
Page 215 and 216: 194 • The long distances between
Page 217 and 218: 196 up facilities/practices/routine
Page 219 and 220: 198 7.7.1.2 Development of Data Arc
Page 221 and 222: 200 Could there be the need to plac
Page 223 and 224: 202 • Online sources of internati
Page 225 and 226: 204 However, data improvement is re
Page 227 and 228: 206 References Adu, S. V; & Asiama,
Page 229 and 230: 208 Balek, J. (1972) An Application
Page 231 and 232: 210 Brown, C.D., & Hollis, J. M. (1
Page 233 and 234: 212 Davy, E., Mattei, F., & Solomon
Page 235 and 236: 214 FAO_2 (2004) http://www.fao.org
Page 237 and 238: 216 Herpertz, D. (1994) Modellierun
Page 239 and 240: 218 Kouwen, N. (2000) WATFLOOD/SPL:
Page 241 and 242: 220 Mtetwa, S., Kusangaya, S., Schu
Page 243 and 244: 222 Pidwerny, M. (2005) Department
Page 245: 224 Singh, V. P. & Woolhiser, D. A.
Page 249 and 250: 228 WRC (2000) Water Resources Comm
Page 251 and 252: Drainage from the topsoil to subsoi
Page 253 and 254: Step 8: Generation of Quickflow fro
Page 255 and 256: horizon and its drainage coefficien
Page 257 and 258: Annex C The Calibrated parameter va
Page 259: Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe PhD Thesis Ann
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