PhD Thesis Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe - Cranfield University

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227 Wallace, J. S., & Oliver, H. R., (1990) Vegetation and hydroclimate. In: Anderson, M. J.., Burt, T. P., (Eds). Process Studies in Hilslpoe Hydrology. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 9-41. Ward, G. H., Benaman, J. (1999) A Survey and Review of Modelling For TMDL Application in Texas Watercourses; Online Report CRWR-99-8, Center for research in Water Resources, The University of Texax At Austin, Texas 78712. Ward, R.C. (1975) Principles of Hydrology. (2nd Ed.). McGraw-Hill, London. WARM (1998) Water Resources Management study; Ghana's water resources management challenges and opportunities, Min. of Works and Housing, Accra, WCMC. (1994) Priorities for conserving global species richness and endemism. WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 3. World Conservation Press. WCMC. (1997) United Nations List of Protected Areas 1997. www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/un_97_list.html Whitmore, J. S. (1971) South Africa's water budget. South African Journal of Science, 67, 166-176. Willaims, J, R. (1995) Chapter 24, SWRRB-A watershed scale model for soil and watr resources mangement. Computer models of watrshed hydrology, V. P., Singh, Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo. WMO, (1994) World Meteorological Organization. Guide to Hydrological Practices, 5th Ed. Geneva. WMO, (1983) Operational Hydrology in humid tropical regions, In: Keller, R. (Ed) Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions with Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practice (Proceedings of Hamburg Symposium, August 1983). IAHS Publications no. 140. Pg. 3-26 Woldai, T (2003) Invited Paper. Geospatial Data Infrastructure: The Problem of Developing Metadata for Geoinformation in Africa. NISO press ISBN 1-880124- 62-9 Wooldridge, S., Kalma, J, & Kuczera, G. (2001) Parameterisation of a simple semi-distributed model for assessing the impact of land-use on hydrologic response. Journal of Hydrology 254, 16-32. Woolshiser, D. A., Smith, R. E., & Goodrich D. C. (1990) KINEROS-A kinematic runoff and erosion model.: Documentqtion and user manual. Report No. ARS- 77 USDA, Washington D.C. World Bank, (1993), “Water Resources Management” World Bank Policy Paper, World Bank, Washington D.C. Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe PhD Thesis References
228 WRC (2000) Water Resources Commission of Ghana: Water resources management problems identification, analysis and prioritisation study, CSIR- WRI/WRC, Accra, pp.130. WRC, (2002) Water Resources Commission of Ghana Annual report 2002, Accra. WRI, (2004) Water Research Institute (CSIR), Ghana, Annual Report. Wurbs, R. A., (1998) Dissemination of generalized water resources models in the United States. Water Int. 23. 190-198. In: Singh et al. (2002). Ye, W., Bates, B. C., Viney, N. R., Sivapalan, M. & Jakeman, A. J. (1997) Performance of conceptual rainfall –runoff models in low–yeilding ephemeral catchments; Water Resources Research, Vol., 33. No 1 Pages 153-166. Ye, W., Jakerman, A. J., Young, Peter C. Y., (1998) Identification of improved rainfall-runoff models for ephemeral low yeilding Australian catchment. Environmental Modelling and Sftware 13 (1998) 59-74. Young, R. A., Onstad, D. A., & Bosh, D. D. (1995) Chapter 26: AGNPS: An Agricultural nonpoint source model. Compute Models of Watershed Hydrology, V. P. Singh, ed. Water Resources Publications, Littleton, Colo. Yu, S., Schhreider & Jakerman, A. J. (1995) Streamflow prediction for the Queanbey river at Tinderry, Australia. Environment International, Vol, 21, No 5, pp. 545-550. Zobler, L.; (1986) A world soil file for gobal climate medelling. NASA Technical Memorandum 87802, NASA/GISS, New York USA. 32 pages. Zoppou, C. (2001) Review of urban storm water models. Journal of Environmental Modelling and Software 16 (2001)195-231. Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe PhD Thesis References
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Cranfield University at Silsoe Inst
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Dedication iii I dedicate this PhD
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v historical data available to the
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vii 3.3.6 Comparison of the ANSWERS
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ix 7.7.2 Guidance On How Best To De
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xi Table 6.1 Performance Statistics
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xiii Figure 4.4 Annual Streamflow d
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xv Abbreviations and Acronyms ABRES
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xvii GWCL Ghana Water Company Limit
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xix SWAT Soil Water Assessment Tool
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xxi = Equals to ft Foot or feet ms
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Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe Phd Thesis Cha
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Figure 1.3 The four principles as b
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2. Hydrology of Tropical West Afric
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18 million inhabitants with an aver
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Figure 2.4 Mean annual rainfalls (m
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Figure 2.7 Mean Evaporation in Marc
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38 computer speed and the developme
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Figure 3.4. Model Components (sourc
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42 input is lumped, and even some o
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44 • Should be able to output dai
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46 (Young et al, 1995, Borah and Be
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48 parameterizing hydrologic models
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50 2. The definition of the catchme
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52 The SWAT model has become widely
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54 divided according to land use, s
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56 integrated physical conceptual m
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58 water resource assessments in So
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60 For runoff volume computation al
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62 The data situation with regard t
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64 developed in a mainframe environ
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Figure 3.7 The options of ACRU mode
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68 Menubuilder includes a help faci
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70 total evaporation. Evaporative d
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72 potential maximum retention of t
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74 4. Data Availability, Analysis a
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76 (see Table 4.2) had some data ho
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0.5 78 (n - 2) tt = Rsp -----------
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80 means more common than the daily
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82 not been repaired. As a conseque
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Figure 4.5 Land Use map of Densu Ba
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Table 4.4 ∗ * Land use parameters
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a b 88 Figure 4.7: Typical land use
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90 Table 4.8: Soil class percentage
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Figure 4.9. Soils of Southern Afric
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94 • Model 1 displays an increase
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96 sub soil horizons and the redist
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98 from the topsoil (A horizon) to
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100 4.3.1 Temperature Daily maximum
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Mean Monthly Wind Speed . (knots) 2
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104 network. Precipitation falling
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106 catchment (2) and Manhia sub-ca
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108 5. Hydrological Modelling of th
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110 to this period. Typical output
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112 basin is the streamflow, thus m
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114 ranging from -18% to 34%. This
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Change in streamflow (%) 40 30 20 1
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Change in streamflow (%) 118 80 60
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120 1. That the two sensitivities h
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122 as given by performance criteri
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N ∑ t = 1 124 N sim obs 2 obs obs
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126 • Initial best estimate value
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128 5.4 Results of Calibration and
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130 Table 5.4 Performance statistic
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5.5 Water Balance for the lumped si
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134 might be data problems as discu
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136 represented in the model by a c
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Weekkly Flows (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 3
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140 simulated streamflows were deri
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Weekly Flows (mm) 80 70 60 50 40 30
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144 upper limits for the top soils
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146 6. Discussion In Chapter 5, the
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148 in the simulated streamflow of
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150 • The assumptions behind the
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152 data and rainfall distribution
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Monthly cummulative flows Manhia..
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156 response of ACRU at Nsawam in t
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158 underestimation in the calibrat
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160 the mountainous regions which r
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Cummulative Rainfall (mm) 8000 6000
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164 Figure 6.4a Rainfall for subcat
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166 cusecs) on day 26 to 11.9m 3 /s
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Monthly Means of Actual Evapotransp
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170 lumped simulation at Manhia (Ta
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172 be corrected by calibration. Ne
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174 The figures show that there is
Page 197 and 198: 176 a simple persistence model and
Page 199 and 200: 178 Based on the above analysis, it
Page 201 and 202: 180 within a year of establishment
Page 203 and 204: 182 corrected soon after collection
Page 205 and 206: 184 One approach to assisting susta
Page 207 and 208: 186 of soil maps and landuse maps w
Page 209 and 210: 188 • the use of daily spot strea
Page 211 and 212: 190 statistics suggest that the cur
Page 213 and 214: 192 7.6.1 Density of Observation In
Page 215 and 216: 194 • The long distances between
Page 217 and 218: 196 up facilities/practices/routine
Page 219 and 220: 198 7.7.1.2 Development of Data Arc
Page 221 and 222: 200 Could there be the need to plac
Page 223 and 224: 202 • Online sources of internati
Page 225 and 226: 204 However, data improvement is re
Page 227 and 228: 206 References Adu, S. V; & Asiama,
Page 229 and 230: 208 Balek, J. (1972) An Application
Page 231 and 232: 210 Brown, C.D., & Hollis, J. M. (1
Page 233 and 234: 212 Davy, E., Mattei, F., & Solomon
Page 235 and 236: 214 FAO_2 (2004) http://www.fao.org
Page 237 and 238: 216 Herpertz, D. (1994) Modellierun
Page 239 and 240: 218 Kouwen, N. (2000) WATFLOOD/SPL:
Page 241 and 242: 220 Mtetwa, S., Kusangaya, S., Schu
Page 243 and 244: 222 Pidwerny, M. (2005) Department
Page 245 and 246: 224 Singh, V. P. & Woolhiser, D. A.
Page 247: 226 United Nations (1994b) Agenda 2
Page 251 and 252: Drainage from the topsoil to subsoi
Page 253 and 254: Step 8: Generation of Quickflow fro
Page 255 and 256: horizon and its drainage coefficien
Page 257 and 258: Annex C The Calibrated parameter va
Page 259: Emmanuel Obeng Bekoe PhD Thesis Ann
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