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Acknowledgements Science is not a one-man show. My work on this dissertation has benefited from the support of a number of institutions, colleagues and friends. With this listing of names, I would like to acknowledge the many ways in which my professional and private environment helped me to get this done. Institutional support was generously provided by the Department of Linguistics at the University of Cologne (Institut für Linguistik, Universität zu Köln), the Department of Linguistics at the University of Konstanz (Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Konstanz) and the SFB 471 “Variation and Evolution in the Lexicon” at the University of Konstanz, funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft). The Society for Endangered Languages, Cologne (Gesellschaft für bedrohte Sprachen e.V.) funded my field work with a research grant. Apart from my part-time employment at the SFB 471 in Konstanz from March 2003 to December 2005, several temporary jobs at the following institutions and companies supplied the financial background for the present study: Adolf Grimme Institut, Büro Köln; Institut für Linguistik, Köln; Paritätisches Bildungswerk, Frankfurt; Firma Mühlenbruch, Gladbeck; Little Opry Band, Köln. I am grateful for intriguing discussions and all sorts of help I received from my friends and colleagues in Cologne, Konstanz and elsewhere in the world, in particular Markus Bader, Conny Bast, Josef Bayer, Michael Beckert, Christoph Benden, Pier Marco Bertinetto, Ellen Brandner, Norbert Braunschweiler, Walter Breu, Miriam Butt, Sibrand van Coillie, Michael Cysouw, Werner Drossard, Andreas Dufter, Boštjan Dvořák, Carsten Eulitz, Dan Everett, Mats Exter, Sascha Gaglia, Wilhelm Geuder, Christine Gohl, Janet Grijzenhout, Kleanthes Grohmann, Katharina Haude, Jana Häussler, Bernd Heine, Nikolaus Himmelmann, Marc-Olivier Hinzelin, Melanie Hochstätter, Julia Hölterhoff, Simon Hopp, Dagmar Jung, Barış Kabak, Georg Kaiser, Ingrid Kaufmann, Carmen Kelling, Achim Kleinmann, Daniel Kölligan, Agnes Kollmer, Astrid Krähenmann, Sylvia Kutscher, Katrin Lehmann, Claudia Leto, Uli Lutz, Dejan Matić, Johanna Mattissen, Tatsiana Mayorava, Andrew McIntyre, Fionnuala McKeever, Judith Meinschäfer, Marijana Mihelčić, Andreas Mühldorfer, Gabrielle Müller, Olga Müller, Irina Nikolaeva, Pamela Perniss, Roland Pooth, Felix vii
Page 1: Cliticization and the Evolution of
Page 5: Hey, get rhythm when you get the bl
Page 9 and 10: Table of contents Acknowledgements
Page 11 and 12: 3.1.2. Deconstructing isochrony 117
Page 13 and 14: 0. Introduction Like other componen
Page 15 and 16: words become bound, this study aims
Page 17 and 18: The present research aims at commen
Page 19 and 20: can continue in affixation, assimil
Page 21: cliticization will inform future wo
Page 24 and 25: sample (1.3.). We will give represe
Page 26 and 27: second criterion in the choice of l
Page 28 and 29: 1.1.3. Evaluation The most controve
Page 30 and 31: description, namely phonology, morp
Page 32 and 33: cliticization. The cross-linguistic
Page 34 and 35: gloss its meaning as interrogative.
Page 36 and 37: Prototypical affixes should attach
Page 38 and 39: sample, and will try to correlate t
Page 40 and 41: its full counterpart moi. In cases
Page 42 and 43: all other morpho-syntactic contexts
Page 44 and 45: only with the free 1 st person subj
Page 46 and 47: Table 5: Distribution of clitics in
Page 48 and 49: (6) Ag'a bi-de �ene-ze-mi. Udihe
Page 50 and 51: context, may be related to the verb
Page 52 and 53: In Tamil, postpositions form a hete
Page 54 and 55: Hammond 1981: 137; Schiering 2002,
Page 56 and 57:
In Maori, singular pronouns attach
Page 58 and 59:
1.3.4. Verbs In six languages of ou
Page 60 and 61:
1.3.5. Articles Since articles are
Page 62 and 63:
the entire NP. Similar cases are do
Page 65 and 66:
2. Clitics in prosodic and segmenta
Page 67 and 68:
specifies the placement rules for p
Page 69 and 70:
that optionally encliticize at leas
Page 71 and 72:
host-clitic combination. However, i
Page 73 and 74:
stress, remain unstressed and are u
Page 75 and 76:
independent adverb thepí ‘into w
Page 77 and 78:
The various options for the prosodi
Page 79 and 80:
compositional rather than integrate
Page 81 and 82:
the auxiliary dau does not carry a
Page 83 and 84:
with a 55 pitch level. More relevan
Page 85 and 86:
they govern a pronominal complement
Page 87 and 88:
the high toned Tone Class 1 lexeme
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4: Prosodic behavior of cliti
Page 91 and 92:
¯ _ ¯ (6) a. aasa-kkut ippirna-qa
Page 93 and 94:
initial word stress, but the interr
Page 95 and 96:
Where possible, we will try to rela
Page 97 and 98:
articulation: gagda-n j . In the pr
Page 99 and 100:
‘1pl.’ is attached to hosts wit
Page 101 and 102:
2.2.1.1.2. Consonant-vowel sequence
Page 103 and 104:
Nigerian Pidgin. Initial consonants
Page 105 and 106:
2.2.1.2.1. Vowel clusters When vowe
Page 107 and 108:
the vowel cluster containing a long
Page 109 and 110:
too’ with the focus enclitic um (
Page 111 and 112:
2.2.1.2.3. Summary The various proc
Page 113 and 114:
2.2.2.2. Vowels Far more common syl
Page 115 and 116:
Weakening is another type of syllab
Page 117 and 118:
the pre-tonic vowels reduced to [
Page 119 and 120:
‘after: different subject’ in w
Page 121 and 122:
combination may also be strengthene
Page 123 and 124:
In prosody, cliticization may be ac
Page 125 and 126:
3. A rhythm-based typology of langu
Page 127 and 128:
(1) [�Which is the] [�train for
Page 129 and 130:
pulmonic air-stream mechanism. Syll
Page 131 and 132:
Again, the languages of the sample
Page 133 and 134:
As Lehiste (1977) and Donovan & Dar
Page 135 and 136:
Syllable-timed languages, which do
Page 137 and 138:
phonology have been introduced, enl
Page 139 and 140:
will show. This will result in an i
Page 141 and 142:
3.2.1.1. Phonetic correlates of str
Page 143 and 144:
out this aspect, as the languages i
Page 145 and 146:
would be the tone-bearing unit and
Page 147 and 148:
allow any V-initial syllables. As f
Page 149 and 150:
vowel sequences of up to two vowels
Page 151 and 152:
Table 8: Proposed phonotactic param
Page 153 and 154:
3.2.3.4. Summary The morphophonolog
Page 155 and 156:
1980, 1981a, b) phonetic studies on
Page 157 and 158:
& Tolskaya 2001: 91), Tariana (Aikh
Page 159 and 160:
decide whether these rules are trig
Page 161 and 162:
(cf. Harris 2002: 235 on Monosyllab
Page 163 and 164:
In Tariana, stress placement depend
Page 165 and 166:
The tone system of Nigerian Pidgin,
Page 167 and 168:
lengthening, and stress-triggered c
Page 169 and 170:
Table 15: Distribution of coda cons
Page 171 and 172:
Table 17: Distribution of vowel clu
Page 173 and 174:
3.3.2.2 Length contrasts The distri
Page 175 and 176:
3.3.3.1. Assimilations Thirteen lan
Page 177 and 178:
context of vowel clusters, is given
Page 179 and 180:
3.3.4. Rhythm in the languages of o
Page 181 and 182:
vowel. This is also true for the pi
Page 183 and 184:
parameters of sonority within conso
Page 185 and 186:
syllables. Vowel harmony processes
Page 187 and 188:
4. Linguistic rhythm and the phonol
Page 189 and 190:
As for the various rules which affe
Page 191 and 192:
(Borg 1997: 273, Borg & Azzopardi-A
Page 193 and 194:
For languages lacking stress, or ex
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2: Syllabic effects of clitic
Page 197 and 198:
When cliticization gives rise to co
Page 199 and 200:
inserted to break up the resulting
Page 201 and 202:
enough to allow the emergence of su
Page 203 and 204:
the host vowel assimilates to /o/ a
Page 205 and 206:
Table 4: Junctural processes affect
Page 207 and 208:
our observations is that the lower
Page 209 and 210:
Strengthening of intervocalic conso
Page 211 and 212:
would therefore suspect that interv
Page 213 and 214:
mora-/syllable-based phonologies. 3
Page 215 and 216:
etween stress and the distribution
Page 217 and 218:
the clitic boundary, and for proces
Page 219 and 220:
syllables. When ongoing prosodic in
Page 221:
option. In stress-based phonologies
Page 224 and 225:
eduction and prosodic integration.
Page 226 and 227:
In this line of thought, linguistic
Page 228 and 229:
the production of unstressed syllab
Page 230 and 231:
postposition aaka goes back to aaku
Page 233 and 234:
References Abercrombie, David 1964.
Page 235 and 236:
Beckman, Mary E. 1986. Stress and N
Page 237 and 238:
Compes, Isabel; Silvia Kutscher & C
Page 239 and 240:
Engstrand, Olle 1986. “Durational
Page 241 and 242:
Harris, Alice C. 2002b. “The Word
Page 243 and 244:
Hyman, Larry M. 1985. A Theory of P
Page 245 and 246:
Lehiste, Ilse 1987. “Rhythm in Sp
Page 247 and 248:
Nespor, Marina; Maria Teresa Guasti
Page 249 and 250:
Rijkhoff, Jan & Dik Bakker 1998.
Page 251 and 252:
Vennemann, Theo 1988. Preference La
Page 253 and 254:
Deutsche Zusammenfassung Morphologi
Page 255 and 256:
durch die Einfügung eines epenthet
Page 257 and 258:
assimilieren, reduzieren und tilgen
Page 259:
grammatischen Markierungen von vers
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