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participate in the tonal phonology of the language, i.e. they will carry a tone
specification and undergo rules of tonal sandhi. In some cases, higher level tonal sandhi
will change the tone specification of the cliticized element. Prosodic integration into
low level domain can impose further restrictions on possible surface tones on clitics,
e.g. due to OCP effects. Finally, in pure intonation phonologies, cliticization is
associated with the loss of the ability to carry phrasal intonation peaks and the gradual
integration into the phrasal domain of intonation contours. The various prosodic clines
for stress, tone and intonation phonologies are summarized in Table 5.
Table 5: Prosodic clines in cliticization
Stress
Stress reduction: primary stress > secondary stress > unstressed
Integration into word domain: unstressable > stressable
Tone
Intonation
Tone neutralization: full range of contrasts > reduced range of contrasts
Integration into word domain: e.g. no OCP > OCP
Tone change
Loss of intonation peak
Integration into intonation phrase
2.2. Clitics in segmental phonology
When a word cliticizes to another word, this change in evolutionary status may be
accompanied by a change in the segmental composition of the element in question. First
of all, the loss of a word boundary and the resulting bound status of a morpheme may
initiate segmental processes such as assimilation, dissimilation, deletion and epenthesis
that adjust the morpheme boundary to general phonotactic constraints. Other segmental
rules may operate over whole syllables of the cliticized element or the host-clitic
combination and may affect consonants or vowels. In this section, we will summarize
the various segmental rules associated with cliticization in the languages of our sample.
We will start by looking at the segmental processes that apply to consonants and vowels
at the morpheme boundary in various configurations. Such processes will be treated
under the cover term junctural phenomena. We will then proceed to processes that
affect consonants and vowels across syllables in cliticized elements and host-clitic
combinations. Such processes will be treated under the cover term syllabic phenomena.
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