The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena

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Figure 1.1 World Homicide Rate 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Southern Africa Central America South America West and Central Africa East Africa Source: Geneva Project Secretariat, World Report on Violence and Health, 2008 2 Caribbean Eastern Europe North Africa Improving law enforcement institution building. International cooperation efforts that focus on training programs for the region’s police and judicial authorities are one way to fight widespread impunity, one of the most important incentives for crime activity in LAC countries. Fighting corruption. Increasing accountability and transparency at all levels of government should be at the core of any integral initiative toward increasing security in the Americas. Thinking seriously about the military’s role. It is crucial that countries in the hemisphere engage in a meaningful conversation on the military’s proper role—if any—in the fight against crime, particularly organized crime, in a functional democracy. Increasing the state’s coordinated presence in violent areas. One of the most serious hindrances to World Middle East and Southern West Africa security in the region is the presence of “failed spaces,” which are territorial spaces in which the state’s writ has ceased to rule or never existed. The most violence-ridden places require massive and coordinated state presence, organized under the leadership of task forces that work in conjunction with the community. Limiting gun trafficking. The region needs to make significant strides to regulate transfers of small weapons across borders, and even more efforts to revamp national laws regarding gun possession that are generally permissive and/or poorly enforced. Combating money laundering. While the drug business is extremely profitable, anti-money laundering efforts have not been at the top of the regional agenda. It is critical to jointly look for the “money trail” and fight all types of informal economic activities that are financed by drug trafficking organizations. The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena Summit of the Americas The Brookings Institution ❘ Latin America Initiative 60 Central Asia North America Oceania Southern Asia Southwest Europe Eastern Asia Central Europe
Figure 1.2 Homicide rates in Latin America, 2011 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3.7 5.5 6.1 4.6 Chile Argentina Rethinking the “war on drugs.” It is high time to reevaluate the cost efficiency of the traditional approach of the so-called “war on drugs,” which is heavily slanted toward interdiction and destruction of illicit crops. Instead, there should be a meaningful evidence-based hemispheric debate on the most effective and efficient options to mitigate the harm that drugs and drug trafficking inflict on societies. Enhancing social inclusion. A hemispheric agenda against crime ought to include more focus on social, economic, cultural and political inclusion. The Context Uruguay Source: UNODC, 2011 Cuba 18.1 21.6 Mexico Panama 11.3 Costa Rica Latin America’s democratization process and increasingly robust economic development are threatened by pervasive criminal violence and some of the factors that lie beneath it. Latin America remains one of the most violent regions in the world—by some measures the most violent 49 Venezuela 5.2 Peru 18.2 22.7 Ecuador Brazil 33.4 one. During the past decade alone, 1.4 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) lost their lives as a result of violent crime. For two decades all available figures put the rate of intentional homicide in the region above 20 per 100,000 inhabitants, practically tripling the figure for the world as a whole. According to the latest global estimate, in the year 2004 only sub-Saharan Africa showed comparable figures to those of LAC (see Figure 1.1). 1 Regional murder figures hide, however, a surprisingly heterogeneous reality. In Latin America, some of the world’s highest murder rates, such as those in Venezuela, Colombia and especially the northern region of Central America, coexist today with relatively low rates in the Southern Cone’s countries. While in 2011 Honduras recorded the world’s highest murder rate (82 per 100,000 people), 16 times higher than that of the United States and 45 times above that of Canada, 3 Chile’s rate was, in fact, similar to The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena Summit of the Americas The Brookings Institution ❘ Latin America Initiative 61 Colombia 24.9 Dominican Republic 66 El Salvador 11.5 8.9 Paraguay Bolivia 82.1 Honduras 13.2 Nicaragua 41.4 Guatemala 10.4 World Average 2 OECD Average 23.5 LATAM Average
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THE ROAD TO HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Latin America
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INTRODuCTION Ted Piccone I Senior F
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fOSTERINg A CulTuRE Of INNOvATION I
Page 9 and 10: Technology and Innovation Innovatio
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1: Latin America (5 Countrie
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3: Affordability of Fixed Br
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5: Percentage of Internet Pe
Page 17 and 18: the demand for innovation. Policies
Page 19 and 20: Opportunities for Cooperation in In
Page 21 and 22: COMMENTARy by CAROl gRAHAM Senior F
Page 23 and 24: include free trade agreements (FTAs
Page 25 and 26: mented by Latin American countries.
Page 27 and 28: $350 billion in 2010, with China di
Page 29 and 30: The current situation is important:
Page 31 and 32: EDuCATION IN THE AMERICAS: WHAT THE
Page 33 and 34: Graph 2. Student Performance and Te
Page 35 and 36: Graph 5. Percentage of Students at
Page 37 and 38: Graph 7. Difference in Mean Scores
Page 39 and 40: generally carry no consequences. At
Page 41 and 42: access to and use of technology, an
Page 43 and 44: 23 J. Enrique Hinostroza and Christ
Page 45 and 46: PROMOTINg ENERgy SECuRITy AND TACkl
Page 47 and 48: the governments of the Western Hemi
Page 49 and 50: Brazil, in turn, leads an initiativ
Page 51 and 52: agencies, including Spain’s Ibero
Page 53 and 54: as many scientists believe, this pa
Page 55 and 56: footnotes 1 A full copy of the repo
Page 57 and 58: 24 Repsol is a privately held Spani
Page 59: PublIC SECuRITy CHAllENgES IN THE A
Page 63 and 64: ates are found in Mexico, Peru, Arg
Page 65 and 66: ●● Organized crime. The data pr
Page 67 and 68: ago. 42 In Venezuela the problem is
Page 69 and 70: operations by transnational syndica
Page 71 and 72: This is, in essence, what enabled t
Page 73 and 74: Inequality, and Firearm Violent Cri
Page 75 and 76: COMMENTARy by vANDA fElbAb-bROWN Fe
Page 77 and 78: THE INTER-AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC CHART
Page 79 and 80: The process began with modification
Page 81 and 82: A little over 12 years later in Hon
Page 83 and 84: 5. Respect and Apply the IADC Regar
Page 85 and 86: vide political or technical assista
Page 87 and 88: 1978. For the criteria used in dete
Page 89 and 90: While the current trend of inter-Am
Page 91 and 92: The Context The Summit of the Ameri
Page 93 and 94: (CAF). Other global institutions al
Page 95 and 96: ●● There was an open and frank
Page 97 and 98: ●● Eliminating the threat of na
Page 99 and 100: tive role in monitoring and evaluat
Page 101 and 102: 15 Carlo Dade, “Will There Be Ano
Page 103 and 104: many Brazilian diplomats, the main
Page 105: 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washi
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