The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Assuming no change in Cuba’s political system between now and 2015, a free ticket to the dance would mean a serious rupture in the region’s rules that only democratically elected governments can participate fully. To avoid the U.S.- Cuba problem becoming the skunk at the next party, governments need to start spelling out some criteria that would point the way toward Cuba’s re-admission to inter-American institutions, while continuing to pressure the United States to reconsider its own failed embargo policies. The dispute over U.S.-Cuba relations, however, is merely one symptom of the larger phenomenon of changing power dynamics taking place in the region. The slow but encouraging process of democratic consolidation, as uneven as it is, nonetheless has brought to power (through free and fair elections) a series of governments of varying stripes that have played a recurrent chord of anti-Americanism. In its most strident form, this brand of “anti-imperialist,” (i.e., anti-Washington) politics has become the central rallying cry of their foreign policies, a view in which publicly contesting the United States, regardless of the merits of the issue, is reason enough to take the opposing side. Brazil, for its own reasons of exercising regional influence, often at the expense of the United States, is encouraging such talk as it seeks to build up UNASUR as a force in hemispheric politics. These attitudes are not only hamstringing cooperation across a number of key issues, they are also generating proposals that steadily chip away at the Organization of American States, the inter- American human rights system and the summitry process, after years of relatively positive progress. The region, despite all its promises and the obvious logic of deeper integration and cooperation, has reached a crossroads that may force a break from the past with no clear direction for the future. It is against this rather complicated backdrop that we have considered the issues that deserve greater attention from policymakers in the region as they pick up the pieces from Cartagena and look forward to Panama. In the following papers, experts on economic innovation and trade, education reform, energy and climate change, public security, democracy and human rights, and the inter-American system address a myriad of opportunities open to governments interested in deepening cooperation, outline the challenges that confront them, and recommend actionable steps for moving forward. Each one includes commentary from Brookings scholars who have participated in various stages of the project from the start. Together, they offer a set of priority actions for hemispheric cooperation, and measurable steps for U.S. engagement, that could help define which path regional diplomacy takes out of its current state of disarray. For the United States, its own competition for the White House and the Congress this fall may lead to different outcomes on issues—immigration, drug control, Cuba, energy, foreign assistance and dwindling resources— that are central to U.S.-Latin American relations. We hope this collection will contribute in some meaningful ways to repairing the thinning fabric of inter-American cooperation, regardless of what the voters decide in the United States, Venezuela or Mexico this year. The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena Summit of the Americas The Brookings Institution ❘ Latin America Initiative 6
fOSTERINg A CulTuRE Of INNOvATION IN THE AMERICAS Inés Bustillo* I Director, Washington Office of the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Executive Summary ●● Between 2003 and 2008, the region experienced the longest and strongest period of expansion since 1980, and only the second period since the late 1960s to have had such high growth rates of per capita gross domestic product (GDP). The combined effects of economic growth, higher earnings, more comprehensive transfer programs, and a decline in demographic dependency rates have resulted in considerable poverty reduction. ●● Despite recent growth and progress on several fronts, some exceptions notwithstanding, the region has been slow to incorporate innovation into economic activities and production chains, or value added into exports, which are keys for strengthening competitiveness and sustainable growth. ●● Scientific and technological capabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are mixed, with important asymmetries and lags. For example, investment in research and development (R&D) in Latin American countries, with the exception of Brazil, is lower than expected, given the level of per capita income. Most R&D in the region occurs in public laboratories and universities, while in other regions it is carried out chiefly by businesses. ●● Even though the price of broadband has been halved over the past two years, broadband is still expensive, slow, of poor quality and out of reach for large segments of the population. ●● While the region is among the world’s most dynamic in terms of the increase in Internet users and information and communication technology (ICT) spending, this advantage has not been reflected in improved productivity. The use of ICT has had little effect on productivity because of gaps in access, poor broadband quality, and problems relating to the shortage or lack of complementary ICT assets. ●● Today, science, technology and innovation occupy an important place in the agenda of several governments in the region. Innovation is an increasingly integrated process that takes place over networks and requires the interaction and cooperation of various agents in both the public and private sectors. Strengthening mechanisms to support regional cooperation on science, technology and innovation policies can prove key to generating synergies and complementarities. ●● Aware of the need to address these issues, both at the national level and from a regional perspective, policymakers have been engaged on a number of fronts. Several initiatives in the science and technology field have been undertaken between LAC countries and the United States. Such efforts should be expanded further to spur innovation. The Context In the years leading up to the 2008 financial crisis, economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) had been at a historic high. Between 2003 and 2008, the * Prepared by Inés Bustillo, Director, Washington Office of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), with assistance by Fernando Flores. This paper draws on existing ECLAC research and documentation. The views expressed in this document, which has not been subject to editorial review by ECLAC, are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the organization. The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena Summit of the Americas The Brookings Institution ❘ Latin America Initiative 7
Page 1 and 2: THE ROAD TO HEMISPHERIC COOPERATION
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Latin America
Page 5: INTRODuCTION Ted Piccone I Senior F
Page 9 and 10: Technology and Innovation Innovatio
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1: Latin America (5 Countrie
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3: Affordability of Fixed Br
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5: Percentage of Internet Pe
Page 17 and 18: the demand for innovation. Policies
Page 19 and 20: Opportunities for Cooperation in In
Page 21 and 22: COMMENTARy by CAROl gRAHAM Senior F
Page 23 and 24: include free trade agreements (FTAs
Page 25 and 26: mented by Latin American countries.
Page 27 and 28: $350 billion in 2010, with China di
Page 29 and 30: The current situation is important:
Page 31 and 32: EDuCATION IN THE AMERICAS: WHAT THE
Page 33 and 34: Graph 2. Student Performance and Te
Page 35 and 36: Graph 5. Percentage of Students at
Page 37 and 38: Graph 7. Difference in Mean Scores
Page 39 and 40: generally carry no consequences. At
Page 41 and 42: access to and use of technology, an
Page 43 and 44: 23 J. Enrique Hinostroza and Christ
Page 45 and 46: PROMOTINg ENERgy SECuRITy AND TACkl
Page 47 and 48: the governments of the Western Hemi
Page 49 and 50: Brazil, in turn, leads an initiativ
Page 51 and 52: agencies, including Spain’s Ibero
Page 53 and 54: as many scientists believe, this pa
Page 55 and 56: footnotes 1 A full copy of the repo
Page 57 and 58:
24 Repsol is a privately held Spani
Page 59 and 60:
PublIC SECuRITy CHAllENgES IN THE A
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 1.2 Homicide rates in Latin
Page 63 and 64:
ates are found in Mexico, Peru, Arg
Page 65 and 66:
●● Organized crime. The data pr
Page 67 and 68:
ago. 42 In Venezuela the problem is
Page 69 and 70:
operations by transnational syndica
Page 71 and 72:
This is, in essence, what enabled t
Page 73 and 74:
Inequality, and Firearm Violent Cri
Page 75 and 76:
COMMENTARy by vANDA fElbAb-bROWN Fe
Page 77 and 78:
THE INTER-AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC CHART
Page 79 and 80:
The process began with modification
Page 81 and 82:
A little over 12 years later in Hon
Page 83 and 84:
5. Respect and Apply the IADC Regar
Page 85 and 86:
vide political or technical assista
Page 87 and 88:
1978. For the criteria used in dete
Page 89 and 90:
While the current trend of inter-Am
Page 91 and 92:
The Context The Summit of the Ameri
Page 93 and 94:
(CAF). Other global institutions al
Page 95 and 96:
●● There was an open and frank
Page 97 and 98:
●● Eliminating the threat of na
Page 99 and 100:
tive role in monitoring and evaluat
Page 101 and 102:
15 Carlo Dade, “Will There Be Ano
Page 103 and 104:
many Brazilian diplomats, the main
Page 105:
1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washi
show all

The Road to Hemispheric Cooperation: Beyond the Cartagena

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?