The decline of employer stock as a 401(k) investment vehicle

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Table A–1. Continued—For-profit, not-for-profit, and government employment and wages, by detailed occupation, 2006 Occupation Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates ......................................... ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 26,320 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) .00 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) $45.92 Detectives and criminal investigators .... ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 100,890 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) .00 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 28.99 Fish and game wardens ............................... ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 7,560 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) .00 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 21.21 Postal service mail carriers .......................... ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 348,170 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) .00 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 21.03 1 Data not available. For-profit Not-for-profit Govern- employ- employ- ment ment ment employment NOTE: The teaching occupations, athletes, coaches, umpires, athletic train- Percentage of forprofitemployment Percentage of not-forprofitemployment Percentage of governmentemployment For-profit Not-for- Governwage profit wage ment - wage ers, legislators, flight attendants, and pilots show annual wages instead of hourly wages, because these occupations generally do not work full time year round. Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 43
Employment and Disability Burt S. Barnow Burt S. Barnow is associate director for research and principal research scientist, Institute for Policy Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. This article was prepared for the Interagency Committee on Disability Research, 2006 National Disability Employment Research Summit. Email: barnow@jhu.edu The employment rate of people with disabilities Critical issues in evaluating employment policies for the disabled are the measurement of employment status, the measurement of disability status, and the question of which subpopulations of the disabled should be included; no clear consensus has emerged regarding the outcome of these issues, except that surveys must provide more comprehensive coverage Promoting employment for people with disabilities has long been an important policy objective in the United States. Some examples of Federal policies whose goal is to increase employment for people with disabilities are the vocational rehabilitation system, funded by grants from the U.S. Rehabilitation Services Administration to the States; the Ticket to Work program; the Work Opportunity Tax Credit; and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Many of these policies are relatively new; yet analysts have noted a decline in the employment rate of people with disabilities in recent years, 1 and some evaluations of the ADA indicate that, rather than increasing employment, the Act may have reduced employment for those with disabilities. These surprising findings have led some observers to take a closer look at employment statistics for such individuals. Perhaps, they argue, it is not that the programs and policies have failed to aid disabled individuals in finding employment; rather, the statistics themselves are misleading and inappropriate. This article examines three issues that are critical in assessing the success of employment policies for the disabled: the measure- 44 Monthly Labor Review • November 2008 ment of employment status, the measurement of disability status, and the decision regarding whom to include in the analyses. Because the empirical studies reviewed herein made use of three specific surveys—the 2000 Decennial Census, the Current Population Survey (CPS), and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)—the focus of the article is the definitions and measurement of employment and disability status in those three surveys. The measurement of employment status has not been an issue of dispute in the literature, so it is discussed first. Next, the definitions of disability status are examined, followed by a review of the definitions used and analyses undertaken in evaluations of the ADA. The article concludes with suggestions about future research on measuring disability status. Employment status Employment status is the least controversial of the aforementioned three issues. Definitions of employment and other labor force statuses generally follow those used for the CPS, a monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households that is used to develop
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