DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins WATER CONDITIONING MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Ion Exchange ............................................................................................................5
1.1 What is Ion Exchange?..............................................................................................................5
1.2 Selecting DOWEX Resins .........................................................................................................6
2 Terms, Acronyms, And Abbreviations ...............................................................................................7
3 Sodium Cycle Ion Exchange Process (Water Softening) .................................................................17
3.1 Ion Exchange Resins Specified ...............................................................................................17
3.2 Typical Reaction and Chemicals Used.....................................................................................17
3.3 Equipment Required................................................................................................................18
3.4 Softener Design for Co-current and Counter-current Operation................................................18
3.5 Precautions.............................................................................................................................23
4 Brackish Water Softening ...............................................................................................................24
4.1 Ion Exchange Resin Specified.................................................................................................24
4.2 Typical Reactions and Chemicals Used...................................................................................24
4.3 Equipment Required................................................................................................................25
5 Dealkalization: Salt Splitting Process ..............................................................................................29
5.1 Ion Exchange Resin Specified.................................................................................................29
5.2 Typical Reactions and Chemicals Used...................................................................................29
5.3 Equipment Required................................................................................................................29
5.4 General Advantages................................................................................................................31
5.5 Precautions.............................................................................................................................31
5.6 Reference Documents.............................................................................................................31
6 Dealkalization: Weak Acid Cation Resin Process ............................................................................32
6.1 Ion Exchange Resin Specified.................................................................................................32
6.2 Typical Reactions and Chemicals Used...................................................................................32
6.3 Equipment Required................................................................................................................32
6.4 General Advantages................................................................................................................33
6.5 Reference Documents.............................................................................................................34
7 Demineralization (Deionization) Process.........................................................................................35
7.1 Ion Exchange Resins Specified ...............................................................................................35
7.2 Typical Reactions and Chemicals Used...................................................................................35
7.3 Equipment Required................................................................................................................36
7.4 Product Water Quality .............................................................................................................38
7.5 Product Water Quantity ...........................................................................................................38
7.6 Other Demineralization Techniques.........................................................................................38
7.7 Reference Documents.............................................................................................................39
8 The UPCORE Counter-Current Regeneration System ....................................................................40
8.1 Process Description ................................................................................................................40
8.2 Self-Cleaning Ability ................................................................................................................41
8.3 Regeneration Cycle.................................................................................................................41
8.4 UPCORE and the Layered Bed Anion Option ..........................................................................42
8.5 Comparison with other Regeneration Systems ........................................................................42
8.6 Reference Documents.............................................................................................................44
DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins 3 Water Conditioning Manual