DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins WATER CONDITIONING MANUAL

TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1. Terms common to ion exchange.................................................................................................7
Table 2. Acronyms and abbreviations common to ion exchange.............................................................15
Table 3. Recommended concentrations and flow rates for H2SO4 regeneration. .....................................25
Table 4. TDS range for weak acid cation softening.................................................................................26
Table 5. Results of high TDS water softening using weak acid resin.......................................................27
Table 6. Results of dealkalization by the salt splitting process. ...............................................................29
Table 7. Regenerant concentration and flow rate ...................................................................................31
Table 8. Results of dealkalization by the weak acid cation resin process. ...............................................33
Table 9. Regenerant concentration and flow rate ...................................................................................33
Table 10. Results of treatment by the demineralization process..............................................................36
Table 11. Basic types of demineralizers with DOWEX resin used. ..........................................................37
Table 12. Characteristics of co-current regeneration system. .................................................................42
Table 13. Characteristics of blocked counter-current regeneration systems. ...........................................43
Table 14. Characteristics of upflow counter-current regeneration systems..............................................43
Table 15. Analyses available from Dow Liquid Separations. ...................................................................50
Table 16. Guidelines for strong acid cation resins...................................................................................51
Table 17. Guidelines for strong base anion resins. .................................................................................51
Table 18. Guidelines for weak functionality resins. .................................................................................52
Table 19. Recommended maximum free chlorine levels (ppm as CI2). ...................................................54
Table 20. System loss of throughput capacity. .......................................................................................61
Table 21. Failure to produce specified water quality. ..............................................................................62
Table 22. Increased pressure drop.........................................................................................................63
Table 23. Typical regeneration efficiencies for different resin types and combinations. ...........................66
Table 24. Typical regeneration level ranges for single resin columns......................................................67
Table 25. Guidelines for amounts and concentrations of H2SO4 in stepwise regeneration.......................67
Table 26. Design guidelines for operating DOWEX resins. .....................................................................68
Table 27. Main characteristics of sieves for bead size distribution analysis.............................................70
Table 28. Recommended particle size ranges for DOWEX MONOSPHERE 650C..................................71
Table 29. List of conversion factors for U.S. and S.I. units. .....................................................................72
Table 30. List of conversion factors for concentration units of ionic species. ...........................................73
Table 31. List of conversion factors for common units to meq/L and mg CaCO3/L...................................74
Table 32. List of conversion factors for CaCO3 equivalents.....................................................................75
Table 33. Recommended impurity levels for HCl. ...................................................................................78
Table 34. Recommended impurity levels for H2SO4................................................................................78
Table 35. Recommended impurity levels for NaOH. ...............................................................................78
Table 36. Recommended impurity levels for NaCl. .................................................................................79
Table 37. Concentration and density of HCI solutions.............................................................................80
Table 38. Concentration and density of H2SO4 solutions.........................................................................81
Table 39. Concentration and density of NaOH solutions.........................................................................82
Table 40. Concentration and density of NH3 solutions. ...........................................................................83
Table 41. Concentration and density of NaCI solutions...........................................................................84
Table 42. Concentration and density of Na2CO3 solutions. .....................................................................85
DOWEX Ion Exchange Resins 5 Water Conditioning Manual