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Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological Overview Assessment Final Report on the lower Duncan River (Greenlaw 2002: pers. comm.). The vicinity of the confluences of Meadow Creek and the Lardeau and Duncan rivers was an important and long-used fishing area for kokanee and bull trout (Alexander 1998). The Lower Ktunaxa today comprises two bands who reside near Creston BC and Bonners Ferry, Idaho. Another group of Ktunaxa, the Qatmuk’nek, also frequented the Duncan Lake vicinity during their seasonal round which included both the winter ungulate range at the Columbia River’s headwaters in the Rocky Mountain Trench and a summer salmon fishery on the Arrow Lakes. This transhumance included passage through the study area vicinity via the Jumbo and Earl Grey passes, and travel up and down the Lardeau Valley corridor. The time depth of this settlement pattern is not yet known, but diagnostic artifacts of Kootenay Argillite dating typologically as old as ca. 5500 years have been found at the east end of this corridor in the Rocky Mountain Trench. Descendents of this group today reside near Windermere, BC. The major ethnographic works on the Ktunaxa are Schaeffer (1940) and Turney-High (1941); Smith (1984) and Brunton (1998) have compiled recent syntheses. Two other aboriginal groups were also at least seasonally present in the study area vicinity. The travel route through Earl Grey Pass was known locally as the Kinbasket Trail (Alexander 1998). The Kinbasket Band were speakers of the Secwepemc language, a division of the Salishan linguistic stock of the upper Thompson drainage. The Kinbaskets were named for Kenpesket, a North Thompson chief (Teit 1909: 460, 467) who moved from the Adams Lake vicinity to near pre-dam Kinbasket Lake around 1840. They gradually moved southward where they eventually encountered the Ktunaxa whose numbers had been significantly reduced by disease. The two groups subsequently intermarried and some of their descendents are members of the present- day Shuswap Band of Invermere. It is likely that similar groups could have 'hived off' the main Fraser-Thompson population centres in the pre-contact past as well and made their way into the uppermost parts of the Columbia drainage as a result of the cyclic fluctuations in salmon- carrying capacity. Teit's accounts (1909, 1930) of the Secwepemc and Ignace’s work (1998) comprise the bulk of written data for that group; the Kinbasket Band is currently assembling Traditional Use information. A similarly episodic long-term local land use pattern likely characterized the other seasonally resident aboriginal group, the Sinixt, a northward extension of Okanagan-speakers distributed along the main stem and tributaries of the middle Columbia River. Some Sinixt today reside in Eagle Vision Geomatics & Archaeology Ltd. 20 November 28, 2010
Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological Overview Assessment Final Report the Slocan Valley while others are more closely affiliated with member bands of the Syilx (Okanagan Nation) which also includes the Colville Confederated Tribes in the United States. The major ethnographic works on the Sinixt are by Bouchard and Kennedy (1985, 2000). Historical records summarized by Bouchard and Kennedy indicate that the Sinixt were focused on Kettle Falls during the contact period and even overwintered there. The major villages were along the Columbia River not far north of Kettle Falls at the southern edge of their subsistence territory. Prior to the middle of the 19th century, however, the Sinixt were centred further north in the Columbia Valley north of Castlegar and in the Slocan Valley. The ethnohistoric records also indicate that their subsistence quest took them along a circuit by canoe up the north arm of Kootenay Lake with a westward return to the Arrow Lakes via the Lardeau Valley. 2.3.3 Euro-Canadian History The post-contact history of the Duncan (formerly Howser) Lake vicinity began with prospecting and mining in the 1890's (Chapman 1981). Several promising claims were staked and some were developed into mines that operated sporadically into the middle of the 20 th century. However, none produced sufficient ore to offset the difficulties of transport from this remote region, and an anticipated boom never took place. A second population influx occurred around the turn of the 20 th century as settlers, many of them English, were lured to the area with the promise of developing orchards. While some stayed on and some agriculture was successful, transportation again proved to be an economic obstacle. When the First World War began, many men left the area and few returned. During the early decades of development, both the Canadian Pacific and the Great Northern railways began construction of rail lines to the Duncan Valley, the former from Lardeau and the latter from Argenta. Rails were never laid on a railroad grade built into the lower valley and neither railroad was ever completed because the local economy and population declined. There was a minor and short-lived renewal of interest in mining during the early 20 th century, during which time the quarry at Marblehead saw several decades of production. Logging, at first in support of mining and railroad construction, subsequently became the economic mainstay and remains so today, although tourism is increasingly important. Duncan Reservoir itself was created as part of the Columbia River Treaty Development when Duncan Dam was completed in 1968. Eagle Vision Geomatics & Archaeology Ltd. 21 November 28, 2010
Page 1 and 2: Duncan Dam Water Use Plan Cultural
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements / Disclaimer Dunca
Page 5 and 6: Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological
Page 9 and 10: List of Plates Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Dun
Page 13 and 14: 1.3.1 Approach Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH 2.1 Study
Page 17 and 18: 2.2 Palaeoenvironment Duncan Dam Re
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 Archaeological Record 2.3.1 Pre
Page 23 and 24: Table 2-1. Existing Archaeological
Page 25 and 26: Borden Number DR3 WC4 WC5 Setting C
Page 29: Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological
Page 41 and 42: 11 12 13 Duncan Dam Reservoir Archa
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4-2. Pre-Dam and TRIM Mappin
Page 49 and 50: 5.0 RESULTS Duncan Dam Reservoir Ar
Page 51 and 52: 5.1 Transect 2 Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 53 and 54: Figure 5-1. Map of Survey Transect
Page 55 and 56: Plate TR2-1: View S from the N end
Page 57 and 58: Plate TR2-9: Worked grey quartzite
Page 59 and 60: 5.2.3 Archaeological Potential Summ
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5-4. Location Map for Archae
Page 63 and 64: Plate TR3-5: Pink quartzite biface
Page 65 and 66: 5.3 Transect 5 Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5-5. Map of Survey Transect
Page 69 and 70: Plate TR5-1: Overview NW of Duncan
Page 71 and 72: Plate TR5-9: Marginally retouched K
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5-8. Location Map for Archae
Page 77 and 78: Plate TR10-1: View S across Clancy
Page 79 and 80: Plate TR10-9: Utilized pink quartzi
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Figure 5-10. Map of Survey Transect
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Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological
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Figure 5-12. Map of Survey Transect
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Table 5-2. Summary of Archaeologica
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6.0 DISCUSSION Duncan Dam Reservoir
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7.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Dunc
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8.0 REFERENCES CITED Duncan Dam Res
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November 2010 - BC Hydro

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