November 2010 - BC Hydro

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3.1.4 Model 4: Immediate Postglacial (ca. 12,000 – 10,000 BP) Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological Overview Assessment Final Report This model represents the initial occupation of the people who subsequently focused their seasonal rounds more intensively on the expanding ungulate populations as the ecology of the adjacent mountains matured. Part of the attraction to this area may also have been anadromous salmon runs prior to their blockage by the falls created by downcutting of the lower Kootenay River. It encompasses archaeological remains associated with the first habitable postglacial landscape in the locality: the level terrain in the drained basins of the early proglacial lakes. Archaeological remains would be characterized by locations on elevated terraces and delta-fans graded to higher lake levels, resulting from occupation by a highly nomadic human population with a predominantly but not exclusively terrestrial orientation to steppe-tundra and pioneer / early seral ecosystems. The model partially overlaps with the previous one in that it also includes exploitation of local cobble-based micro-crystalline lithic resources. Hypothetical characteristics of pre-contact human land and resource use in the Duncan Reservoir subsumed by the four distinct pre-contact human settlement models are summarized in Table 3-1 below. Eagle Vision Geomatics & Archaeology Ltd. 24 November 28, 2010
Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological Overview Assessment Final Report Table 3-1. Comparative Pre-Contact Human Land and Resource Use, Duncan Reservoir Years Before Present (BP) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 2,500 - 200 5,000 – 2,500 10,000 – 8,000 12,000 – 10,000 Period Late Neoglacial Early Neoglacial Early Holocene Seasonal Round Subsistence Resource Exploitation Settlement Pattern Relatively wideranging and diversified seasonal subsistence round Fishing and water fowling in Duncan Lake, Duncan River and adjacent riparian ecosystems Deer hunting and plant gathering in adjacent uplands Focused on use of historically existing lakes and rivers for transport and part of subsistence base Temporary encampments Possible travel route used seasonally enroute to salmon fishing on the Arrow Lakes Small canoe based groups More productive ecosystems may have allowed for more intensive seasonal occupation More intensive use of valley bottom / riverine resources than earlier or later times Targeted subsistence activities including fishing and waterfowl Procurement of terrestrial fauna and plant resources in parts of the valley influenced by rainshadows More focused on the valley bottom / riverine environment than earlier or later periods Movement north-south in the Duncan Valley and east-west into uplands Higher ungulate carrying capacity extending into more northern regions of the Columbia Mountains Seasonal base camps Transient and satellite camps Immediate Post-Glacial Highly mobile, wideranging small populations; no seasonal round as such. Presence related to now-extinct mammals, expanding ungulate populations in adjacent mountains Anadromous salmon runs? Occupation by a highly nomadic population with a predominant terrestrial orientation in steppe-tundra and pioneer / early seral ecosystems Eagle Vision Geomatics & Archaeology Ltd. 25 November 28, 2010
Page 1 and 2: Duncan Dam Water Use Plan Cultural
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements / Disclaimer Dunca
Page 5 and 6: Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological
Page 9 and 10: List of Plates Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 11 and 12: 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Dun
Page 13 and 14: 1.3.1 Approach Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 15 and 16: 2.0 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH 2.1 Study
Page 17 and 18: 2.2 Palaeoenvironment Duncan Dam Re
Page 21 and 22: 2.3 Archaeological Record 2.3.1 Pre
Page 23 and 24: Table 2-1. Existing Archaeological
Page 25 and 26: Borden Number DR3 WC4 WC5 Setting C
Page 33: Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological
Page 41 and 42: 11 12 13 Duncan Dam Reservoir Archa
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4-2. Pre-Dam and TRIM Mappin
Page 49 and 50: 5.0 RESULTS Duncan Dam Reservoir Ar
Page 51 and 52: 5.1 Transect 2 Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 53 and 54: Figure 5-1. Map of Survey Transect
Page 55 and 56: Plate TR2-1: View S from the N end
Page 57 and 58: Plate TR2-9: Worked grey quartzite
Page 59 and 60: 5.2.3 Archaeological Potential Summ
Page 61 and 62: Figure 5-4. Location Map for Archae
Page 63 and 64: Plate TR3-5: Pink quartzite biface
Page 65 and 66: 5.3 Transect 5 Duncan Dam Reservoir
Page 69 and 70: Plate TR5-1: Overview NW of Duncan
Page 71 and 72: Plate TR5-9: Marginally retouched K
Page 75 and 76: Figure 5-8. Location Map for Archae
Page 77 and 78: Plate TR10-1: View S across Clancy
Page 79 and 80: Plate TR10-9: Utilized pink quartzi
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Figure 5-12. Map of Survey Transect
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Duncan Dam Reservoir Archaeological
Page 89 and 90:
Table 5-2. Summary of Archaeologica
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6.0 DISCUSSION Duncan Dam Reservoir
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7.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Dunc
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8.0 REFERENCES CITED Duncan Dam Res
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November 2010 - BC Hydro

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