Field Guide to Venomous and Medically Important Invertebrates ...

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allergic reactions, which are treated like any other severe allergic reaction. For individuals who demonstrate sensitivity to bites, immunotherapy can be beneficial in the long term. Bed bugs- Bed bugs (Family Cimicidae, Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus) are associated with harborage such as mattresses and other bedding. In heavy infestations, they may hide behind picture frames, under carpet, behind wallpaper, and in cracks and crevices in walls of human dwellings. They may be found in some bird nests or associated with bats. Although the potential for contact with bed bugs is worldwide, they are most problematic in third world nations, the Middle East, eastern Europe, or in any location where poverty or poor living conditions occur. However, infestations of bed bugs are on the rise worldwide, and they are becoming increasingly common in the United States. Bed bugs are small (≤6 mm, or 0.24 inch), oval, dorsoventrally flattened, and reddish-brown in color. All life stages of the bed bug, exclusive of the egg, are obligate bloodfeeders. Most bites occur at might while the victim is sleeping. Stages of reactions to feeding by bed bugs include 1) no reaction, 2) delayed reaction (several minutes), 3) immediate reaction and delayed reaction, 4) immediate reaction. The initial bite from their piercing-sucking mouthparts typically is painless and feeding lasts only a few minutes, but toxic saliva injected during feeding can cause development of an inflamed wheal that may itch intensely. Some individuals develop allergic reactions to the saliva injected into the host after repeated feedings, and this can result in dermatitis, localized inflammation, and formation of prominent wheals. Rarely, some individuals become hypersensitive to bed bug saliva and may develop asthma, urticaria, arthralgia, and anaphylaxis, but such responses usually cease when the victim is removed from
the source of bed bugs. Under normal circumstances itching associated with bed bug bites can be managed with the use of topical corticosteroids and systemic antihistamines. Bed bugs have not been shown to transmit any disease pathogens to people. The occurrence of bed bugs in the lodging of deployed military members may be demoralizing for some individuals. For this reason, deployed military personnel are strongly encouraged to practice sound sanitation in their quarters, and spacing requirements of bunks and cots should adhere to appropriate military regulations. Figure 93. Bed bug (Cimex hemiterous). Photo: Marcelo de Campos Pereira. Figure 94. Bed bug (Cimex lecturlaris). Photo: Richard C. Russell. Other biting Hemiptera Several aquatic, predatory hemipterans can inflict painful bites if accidentally contacted or handled. These include the families Belostomatidae (giant water bugs), Corixidae (water boatmen), Naucoridae (creeping water bugs), and Notonectidae (backswimmers). All of these families have representatives distributed worldwide. Although their bites generally self-resolve without incident, the stinging and numbness they produce may last for several hours, especially those inflicted by the giant water bugs and creeping water bugs. Prevention of bites by aquatic Hemiptera is best accomplished through situational awareness and avoidance. Figure 95. Giant water bug (Belastoma sp.). Photo: David Bowles and Mark Pomerinke. Figure 96. Water boatman (Corixidae). Photo: North Carolina State University. Figure 97. Creeping water bug (Naucoridae). Photo: North Carolina State University. Figure 98. Backswimmer (Notonectidae). Photo: Martin H. Villet.
Page 1 and 2: Field Guide to Venomous and Medical
Page 3 and 4: Introduction Types of negative inte
Page 5 and 6: Other Arthropods Centipedes Millipe
Page 7 and 8: Threats from invertebrates encompas
Page 9 and 10: ―traumatic‖ may be applied, and
Page 11 and 12: Surveillance of Medically Important
Page 13 and 14: Black widow spiders and their relat
Page 15 and 16: There are several commercially avai
Page 17 and 18: Approximately 12-24 hours following
Page 19 and 20: Reactions to envenomation by funnel
Page 21 and 22: Figure 21. Six-eyed sand spider (Si
Page 23 and 24: Yellow Sac spiders More than 200 sp
Page 25 and 26: one South American species, Lycosa
Page 27 and 28: Mesobuthus tamulus, the common red
Page 29 and 30: The effects of scorpion venom on pe
Page 31 and 32: motor skills become impaired. Other
Page 33 and 34: Larval chiggers actively crawl to t
Page 35 and 36: Scabies mites produce two general t
Page 37 and 38: Reactions from the bites of these v
Page 39 and 40: from pale yellow to reddish-brown.
Page 41 and 42: longer a tick remains attached, the
Page 43 and 44: Lice in the families Pediclulidae a
Page 45 and 46: Cockroaches Cockroaches are not med
Page 47: Although bites of kissing bugs norm
Page 51 and 52: norepinephrine that affect the abil
Page 53 and 54: practical, scented sprays, perfumes
Page 55 and 56: Bumble bees and carpenter bees- Alt
Page 57 and 58: are their bodies are commonly disti
Page 59 and 60: Bullet ants are large (~1 inch or 2
Page 61 and 62: which resolves within a few days. S
Page 63 and 64: Certain species (brown-tail moth, t
Page 65 and 66: Blister beetles (Family Meloidae)-
Page 67 and 68: should consider the potential healt
Page 69 and 70: feces or urine. The life cycle of b
Page 71 and 72: Chrysomya bezziana (Calliphoridae),
Page 73 and 74: Wohlfahrtia magnifica (family Sarco
Page 75 and 76: mosquito eggs hatch into larvae wit
Page 77 and 78: Aedes and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes a
Page 79 and 80: of these genera play a secondary ro
Page 81 and 82: and Phlebotomous in the Old World.
Page 83 and 84: effective on the local scale. These
Page 85 and 86: Filth flies (Families Muscidae, Cal
Page 87 and 88: cosmopolitan distributions, can be
Page 89 and 90: Northern rat flea, Nosopsyllus fasc
Page 91 and 92: tetanus or gangrene. Minor surgery
Page 93 and 94: Millipedes Millipedes (Class Diplop
Page 95 and 96: distributed largely in marine syste
Page 97 and 98: Figure 230. West coast sea nettle (
Page 99 and 100:
Carukia barnesi is a small box jell
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 235. The ―false box jellyf
Page 103 and 104:
The stings of some sea anemones can
Page 105 and 106:
fishermen, especially those in Denm
Page 107 and 108:
exploration of the wounds may be ne
Page 109 and 110:
and continues until the leech is en
Page 111 and 112:
Symptoms generally include pain, sw
Page 113 and 114:
Recovery may take from hours to wee
Page 115 and 116:
Swimmer’s itch (schistosome cerca
Page 117 and 118:
United States Centers for Disease C
Page 119 and 120:
L. hystrix: Southern Europe, Northe
Page 121 and 122:
Sicarius spp.: Zimbabwe, southern A
Page 123 and 124:
Family Scorpionidae Opistophthalmus
Page 125 and 126:
Ixodes holocyclus (Australian paral
Page 127 and 128:
Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, hor
Page 129 and 130:
Megalopyge opercularis (Puss caterp
Page 131 and 132:
Lucilia (=Phaenicia) cuprina (sheep
Page 133 and 134:
Glossina spp. (tse tse fly): Africa
Page 135 and 136:
Family Tedaniidae Tedania ignis (fi
Page 137 and 138:
Haementeria depressa: South America
Page 139 and 140:
Family Bulimidae Oncomelania spp.:
Page 141 and 142:
eschar- a sloughing or crusting whi
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