Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

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The Danish Environmental Protection Agency will, when opportunity offers, publish reports and contributions relating to environmental research and development projects financed via the Danish EPA. Please note that publication does not signify that the contents of the reports necessarily reflect the views of the Danish EPA. The reports are, however, published because the Danish EPA finds that the studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on environmental policy in Denmark.
Table of Contents PREFACE 7 SUMMARY 9 DANSK SAMMENFATNING 17 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 27 1 INTRODUCTION 29 1.1 DATA COLLECTION 29 2 APPLICATION OF DEHP, DBP AND BBP IN PRODUCTS AND ARTICLES 31 2.1 THE PHTHALATES 31 2.2 APPLICATION OF DEHP 35 2.3 APPLICATION OF DBP 38 2.4 APPLICATION OF BBP 41 3 IDENTIFIED ALTERNATIVES TO DEHP, DBP AND BBP 45 3.1 FUNCTIONAL MODE OF EXTERNAL PLASTICISERS 45 3.2 INTRODUCTION TO PLASTICISER SUBSTANCE FAMILIES 48 3.3 ALTERNATIVE PLASTICISERS AND POLYMERS USED IN TOYS AND CHILDCARE ARTICLES 50 3.3.1 Toys and childcare articles on the Danish Market 50 3.3.2 Toys and childcare articles on the Dutch market 52 3.3.3 Toy s and childcare products on the market in Germany, Austria and Switzerland 54 3.4 ALTERNATIVES RECOMMENDED BY PLASTICISER PRODUCERS 56 3.4.1 Phthalate alternatives 56 3.4.2 Non-phthalate alternatives 57 3.5 ALTERNATIVE PLASTICISERS APPLIED WITH PROCESSING ADJUSTMENTS 60 3.6 ALTERNATIVES PLASTICISERS SELECTED FOR FURTHER ASSESSMENT 61 3.7 ALTERNATIVE FLEXIBLE POLYMERS 65 3.7.1 Alternative materials suggested for further assessment 65 4 HUMAN HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PLASTICISERS 67 4.1 ASE (ALKYLSULPHONIC PHENYLESTER) 67 4.1.1 Physico-chemical properties 67 4.1.2 Human health assessment 67 4.1.3 Environmental assessment 68 4.2 ATBC (ACETYL, TRI-N-BUTYL CITRATE) 69 4.2.1 Physico-chemical properties 69 4.2.2 Human health assessment 69 4.2.3 Environmental assessment 71 3
Page 1: Identification and assessment of al
Page 5: 6 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FLEXIBL
Page 8 and 9: 8 The study has been guided by a St
Page 10 and 11: 10 � Danish manufacturers and imp
Page 12 and 13: Application Table 0.2 Alternatives
Page 14 and 15: 14 and DIDP), whereas ASE, DINA , D
Page 16 and 17: 16 Carcinogenicity has only been ev
Page 18 and 19: 18 � Danske producenter og import
Page 20 and 21: Tabel 0.2 Alternativer til DEHP, BB
Page 22 and 23: 22 pris (10-50% højere)end DEHP og
Page 24 and 25: 24 3 Data-sammenfatninger, som ikke
Page 27 and 28: Abbreviations and acronyms ASE Sulf
Page 29: 1 Introduction 1.1 Data collection
Page 32 and 33: 32 to mix with the resin by process
Page 34 and 35: 34 Figure 2.3 Use of plasticisers f
Page 36 and 37: 36 � Coated fabric; - Upholstery
Page 38 and 39: 38 Table 2.4 Estimated DEHP tonnage
Page 40 and 41: 40 in printing inks by CEPE/EuPIA (
Page 42 and 43: 42 The end-product uses of BBP are
Page 45 and 46: 3 Identified alternatives to DEHP,
Page 47 and 48: Aliphatic dibasic esters, adipates
Page 49 and 50: Hundreds of substances have plastic
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4 Non-phthalate plasticiser
Page 53 and 54:
Table 3.6 Indentified non-phthalate
Page 55 and 56:
Table 3.8 Plasticisers identified i
Page 57 and 58:
Substances Diisononyl phthalate DIN
Page 59 and 60:
Substances Table 3.13 Alternatives
Page 61 and 62:
3.6 Alternatives plasticisers selec
Page 63 and 64:
Group of plasticiser Chemical name
Page 65:
3.7 Alternative flexible polymers B
Page 68 and 69:
68 ASE was negative in Ames test, I
Page 70 and 71:
70 not associated with any evidence
Page 72 and 73:
72 Table 4.2 Summary of environment
Page 74 and 75:
74 It has a rather low water solubi
Page 76 and 77:
76 Repeat dose, genotoxicity, carci
Page 78 and 79:
78 on standard conversion factors.
Page 80 and 81:
80 4.6.2 Human health assessment DE
Page 82 and 83:
82 Repeat dose, genotoxicity, carci
Page 84 and 85:
84 manometric respirometric method.
Page 86 and 87:
86 rats dosed at 750 and 1,000 mg/k
Page 88 and 89:
88 An inhalation study was conducte
Page 90 and 91:
90 TXIB has low acute toxicity by t
Page 92 and 93:
92 All substances have been tested
Page 94 and 95:
Name of substance 94 CAS No. Acute
Page 96 and 97:
Name of substance DINCH 166412-78-
Page 98 and 99:
98 4.11.2 Environmental assessment
Page 100 and 101:
100 4.11.3 Health and environmental
Page 102 and 103:
102
Page 104 and 105:
104 Table 5.1 Applications of ASE a
Page 106 and 107:
106 ASE was reported as used for to
Page 108 and 109:
108 Note that Vertellus has indicat
Page 110 and 111:
110 blended in a variety of combina
Page 112 and 113:
112 Table 5.8 Applications of COMGH
Page 114 and 115:
114 rameters indicating a potential
Page 116 and 117:
116 Key characteristics DGD is a co
Page 118 and 119:
118 Table 5.14 Applications of DGD
Page 120 and 121:
120 Table 5.16 Technical key parame
Page 122 and 123:
122 Table 5.17 Applications of DEHT
Page 124 and 125:
124 Table 5.20 key characteristics
Page 126 and 127:
126 Table 5.21 Technical key parame
Page 128 and 129:
128 Table 5.23 key characteristics
Page 130 and 131:
130 Table 5.24 Applications of GTA
Page 132 and 133:
132 Application and market experien
Page 134 and 135:
134 5.11 Summary and discussion of
Page 136 and 137:
Table 5.30 Alternatives to DEHP, BB
Page 138 and 139:
138 Substance Phthalates and other
Page 140 and 141:
140 The overall conclusion can be d
Page 142 and 143:
142 publication Nordic Ecolabelling
Page 144 and 145:
144
Page 146 and 147:
146 Christensen, C.L., L. Høibye a
Page 148 and 149:
148 Nilsson, N.H., J. Lorenzen and
Page 150 and 151:
150
Page 152 and 153:
152 Trimellitates These materials a
Page 154 and 155:
154
Page 156 and 157:
156
Page 158 and 159:
158 Diethylene glycol dibenzoate, D
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
172 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate,
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
1 ESIS 182 Dipropylene glycol diben
Page 184 and 185:
184 Di-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2dica
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
200 Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) terephthalat
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
214 Sulfonic acids, C10 - C18-alkan
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
CAS No. 102-76-1 222 Glycerol Triac
Page 224 and 225:
Atmospheric OH rate constant cm 3 /
Page 226 and 227:
226 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Commer
Page 228 and 229:
228 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Metabo
Page 230 and 231:
230 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Mongre
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232 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Reprod
Page 234 and 235:
234 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Dog Th
Page 236 and 237:
Other aquatic organisms - 236 Glyce
Page 238 and 239:
238 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Abioti
Page 240 and 241:
Physical-chemical - Emission - Expo
Page 242 and 243:
242 Trimethyl pentanyl diisobutyrat
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
254 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC c
Page 256 and 257:
256 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC 1
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258 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC C
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Inhalation - Dermal - 260 Acetyl tr
Page 262 and 263:
262 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC M
Page 264 and 265:
264 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC M
Page 266 and 267:
266 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC G
Page 268 and 269:
268 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC T
Page 270 and 271:
270 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC T
Page 272 and 273:
272 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC A
Page 274 and 275:
Physical-chemical - Emission - Expo
Page 276 and 277:
276 Diisononyl adipate, DINA Physic
Page 278 and 279:
Atmosphere - Dermal - Observations
Page 280 and 281:
280 Diisononyl adipate, DINA Reprod
Page 282 and 283:
1 ESIS 2 IUCLID dataset 3 EPA HPV p
Page 284 and 285:
12-(Acetoxy)-stearic acid, 2,3-bis(
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288:
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Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

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