Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

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36 � Coated fabric; - Upholstery and car seats (synthetic leather); - Luggage; - Rainwear; - Tarpaulins; - Water beds. � Moulded product; - Footwear; - Adult toys; (DEHP is not permitted in toys for children) � Car undercoating; Non-polymer applications: � Adhesives; � Lacquers and paints; � Printing inks (see comment below); � Sealants (glass insulation, construction); � Ceramics. The main part of DEHP is added to PVC in different formulation and processing steps including calendering, extrusion, spread coating, and moulding. At EU level in total 341,000 tonnes was produced in 2007. A part of this was exported and around 291,000 tonnes DEHP was used for manufacturing processes in the EU in 2007. DEHP accounted for around 18% of all plasticiser usage in Western Europe (data for the entire EU plasticiser use is not available). The consumption of DEHP has decreased markedly the last decade. Of the 341,000 tonnes produced in the EU in 2007, 187,000 tonnes were produced in Western Europe corresponding to 31% of the 1997 level of 595,000 t/y. In the early 1990s, DEHP represented about 51% of the total phthalate plasticiser market in Western Europe. Investigations of the historic use of phthalates in Denmark in different products shows that DEHP represented a major part of the phthalate use in the 1990's and was to a large extent replaced by DINP around 2000. Today DEHP seems to have been replaced by DINP or non-phthalate plasticisers in Danish produced PVC products (Christensen et al., 2007; Brandt et al., 2009). Quantitative information is available on the approximate split between the different processes. In combination with information on which products are produced by different processes it is possible to indicate the main and uses of DEHP as illustrated in Figure 2.5.
Manufacture Distribution Formulation Processing End-product 44,000 21,000 Import 35,000 4,479 Manufacture 341,000 291,000 49,000 Export 24,000 54,522 47,000 4,000 6,000 52,000 21,000 Compounding 7,000 900 1,000 Net export 22,000 9,000 Adhesives/sealant Lacquers/paint Printing ink 1,000 Calendering of film/sheet and coated products Calendering of flooring, roofing, wall covering Extrusion of hose and profile Extrusion of wire and cable Car undercoating Undercoat of cars Slush/rotational moulding, dip coating Injection moulding of misc. products Plastisol processing from compounds Garden hoses, profiles for electric equipment, etc. Spread coating of flooring Flooring Spread coating of coated fabric, wall covering, coil coating, etc. Extrusion of cables, medical, and misc. products Processing of adhesives/sealant Processing of lacquers/paint Processing of ink Packaging, curtains,tape, foils, office supplies, swimming pools, rubber beach toy, etc Flooring, wall covering, roofing Wire and cable Upholstery, luggage, rainwear, tarpaulins, wall covering, ect. Miscellaneous Cables, medical products Shoe soles, toy, etc. Miscellaneous Sealant in building, miscellaneous uses Miscellaneous painted products Printed paper, plastics and textiles Figure 2.5 Overall flow of DEHP through manufacturing processes in 2007. For processing steps without prior formulation step, the formulation and processing are integrated in one step. All figures in tonnes DEHP/year. (COWI, 2009a) DEHP is to some extent imported and exported with finished products. Table 2.4 shows the estimated extra-EU import and export for some of the main product groups, for which information can be estimated on the basis of the trade statistics (please see COWI, 2009a for details regarding the calculation method). For most product groups the net import is relatively small compared to the production within the EU, and the end-use distribution follows in broad outline the distribution of EU production. 37
Page 1 and 2: Identification and assessment of al
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents PREFACE 7 SUMMARY
Page 5: 6 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FLEXIBL
Page 8 and 9: 8 The study has been guided by a St
Page 10 and 11: 10 � Danish manufacturers and imp
Page 12 and 13: Application Table 0.2 Alternatives
Page 14 and 15: 14 and DIDP), whereas ASE, DINA , D
Page 16 and 17: 16 Carcinogenicity has only been ev
Page 18 and 19: 18 � Danske producenter og import
Page 20 and 21: Tabel 0.2 Alternativer til DEHP, BB
Page 22 and 23: 22 pris (10-50% højere)end DEHP og
Page 24 and 25: 24 3 Data-sammenfatninger, som ikke
Page 27 and 28: Abbreviations and acronyms ASE Sulf
Page 29: 1 Introduction 1.1 Data collection
Page 32 and 33: 32 to mix with the resin by process
Page 34 and 35: 34 Figure 2.3 Use of plasticisers f
Page 38 and 39: 38 Table 2.4 Estimated DEHP tonnage
Page 40 and 41: 40 in printing inks by CEPE/EuPIA (
Page 42 and 43: 42 The end-product uses of BBP are
Page 45 and 46: 3 Identified alternatives to DEHP,
Page 47 and 48: Aliphatic dibasic esters, adipates
Page 49 and 50: Hundreds of substances have plastic
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4 Non-phthalate plasticiser
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.6 Indentified non-phthalate
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.8 Plasticisers identified i
Page 57 and 58: Substances Diisononyl phthalate DIN
Page 59 and 60: Substances Table 3.13 Alternatives
Page 61 and 62: 3.6 Alternatives plasticisers selec
Page 63 and 64: Group of plasticiser Chemical name
Page 65: 3.7 Alternative flexible polymers B
Page 68 and 69: 68 ASE was negative in Ames test, I
Page 70 and 71: 70 not associated with any evidence
Page 72 and 73: 72 Table 4.2 Summary of environment
Page 74 and 75: 74 It has a rather low water solubi
Page 76 and 77: 76 Repeat dose, genotoxicity, carci
Page 78 and 79: 78 on standard conversion factors.
Page 80 and 81: 80 4.6.2 Human health assessment DE
Page 82 and 83: 82 Repeat dose, genotoxicity, carci
Page 84 and 85: 84 manometric respirometric method.
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86 rats dosed at 750 and 1,000 mg/k
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88 An inhalation study was conducte
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90 TXIB has low acute toxicity by t
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92 All substances have been tested
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Name of substance 94 CAS No. Acute
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Name of substance DINCH 166412-78-
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98 4.11.2 Environmental assessment
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100 4.11.3 Health and environmental
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102
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104 Table 5.1 Applications of ASE a
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106 ASE was reported as used for to
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108 Note that Vertellus has indicat
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110 blended in a variety of combina
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112 Table 5.8 Applications of COMGH
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114 rameters indicating a potential
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116 Key characteristics DGD is a co
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118 Table 5.14 Applications of DGD
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120 Table 5.16 Technical key parame
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122 Table 5.17 Applications of DEHT
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124 Table 5.20 key characteristics
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126 Table 5.21 Technical key parame
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128 Table 5.23 key characteristics
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130 Table 5.24 Applications of GTA
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132 Application and market experien
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134 5.11 Summary and discussion of
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Table 5.30 Alternatives to DEHP, BB
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138 Substance Phthalates and other
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140 The overall conclusion can be d
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142 publication Nordic Ecolabelling
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144
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146 Christensen, C.L., L. Høibye a
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148 Nilsson, N.H., J. Lorenzen and
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150
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152 Trimellitates These materials a
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154
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156
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158 Diethylene glycol dibenzoate, D
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172 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate,
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1 ESIS 182 Dipropylene glycol diben
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184 Di-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2dica
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200 Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) terephthalat
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214 Sulfonic acids, C10 - C18-alkan
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CAS No. 102-76-1 222 Glycerol Triac
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Atmospheric OH rate constant cm 3 /
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226 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Commer
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228 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Metabo
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230 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Mongre
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232 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Reprod
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234 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Dog Th
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Other aquatic organisms - 236 Glyce
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238 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Abioti
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Physical-chemical - Emission - Expo
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242 Trimethyl pentanyl diisobutyrat
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Page 254 and 255:
254 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC c
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256 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC 1
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258 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC C
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Inhalation - Dermal - 260 Acetyl tr
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262 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC M
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264 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC M
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266 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC G
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268 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC T
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270 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC T
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272 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC A
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Physical-chemical - Emission - Expo
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276 Diisononyl adipate, DINA Physic
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Atmosphere - Dermal - Observations
Page 280 and 281:
280 Diisononyl adipate, DINA Reprod
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1 ESIS 2 IUCLID dataset 3 EPA HPV p
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12-(Acetoxy)-stearic acid, 2,3-bis(
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