Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

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28 LC 50 LD 50 Median Lethal Concentration. The concentration of a substance which causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals Median Lethal Dose 50. The dose of a substance which causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals LG-flex BET Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl, mixed triesters with benzoic acid and trimethylopropane LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level Log K ow The logarithm to the octanol/water partition coefficient K oc Organic carbon normalised distribution coefficient K ow Octanol/water partition coefficient NPG-EHA-BA 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propanediol -benzoate 2-ethylhexanoate OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PA Polyadipate PBT Persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic PVA Polyvinyl acetate PVC Polyvinyl chloride P/vP Persistent/very persistent RAR Risk Assessment Report SCENIHR EU Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks TBAC Tert-butyl acetate TBG-EHA-BA Mixed triesters 1,1,1-trimethylol-propane-benzoate/2ethylhexanoate TEHTM Tri-(2-ethylhexyl)-trimellitate (same as TOTM) TGD Triethylene glycol dibenzoate ThOD Theoritical Oxygen Demand TOTM Tris- (2-ethyhexyl) trimellitate (same as TEHTM) TXIB Trimethyl pentanyl diisobutyrate UK United Kingdom USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
1 Introduction 1.1 Data collection Besides collection of information from the literature basic information has been collected from three major groups of data sources: � Manufacturers and suppliers of toys and childcare articles In cooperation with the Nordic Association of Toy Manufacturers, manufacturers of toys and childcare articles in Denmark was identified and contacted by e-mail and telephone in order to collect information on applied plasticisers. This survey was supplemented with enquiries to major importers of toys in Denmark identified via the Internet and business databases. � Manufacturers of alternative plasticisers and materials Manufacturers of alternative plasticisers and materials were indentified via the Internet and the literature. Information on technical properties and the substances’ ability to substitute for the phthalates concerned, the price in comparison to the phthalates and the human and environmental properties were collected by direct queries to the manufacturers, by use of email or/and telephone interview. � Databases A number of databases were consulted in order to collect information on physico-chemical properties and human health and environmental effects of selected substances. Data has been searched for in among others the European Chemical Substances Information System database (ESIS), OECD's e-ChemPortal, CHEM ID, IPCS InChem database, SRC Chemfate, HSDB, IRIS, CCRIS, TOXLINE, NTP – National Toxicology Program, Chemical Health & Safety Data, ECOTOX and RTECS. Contacted companies and organisations are listed in Annex 1 29
Page 1 and 2: Identification and assessment of al
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents PREFACE 7 SUMMARY
Page 5: 6 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FLEXIBL
Page 8 and 9: 8 The study has been guided by a St
Page 10 and 11: 10 � Danish manufacturers and imp
Page 12 and 13: Application Table 0.2 Alternatives
Page 14 and 15: 14 and DIDP), whereas ASE, DINA , D
Page 16 and 17: 16 Carcinogenicity has only been ev
Page 18 and 19: 18 � Danske producenter og import
Page 20 and 21: Tabel 0.2 Alternativer til DEHP, BB
Page 22 and 23: 22 pris (10-50% højere)end DEHP og
Page 24 and 25: 24 3 Data-sammenfatninger, som ikke
Page 27: Abbreviations and acronyms ASE Sulf
Page 32 and 33: 32 to mix with the resin by process
Page 34 and 35: 34 Figure 2.3 Use of plasticisers f
Page 36 and 37: 36 � Coated fabric; - Upholstery
Page 38 and 39: 38 Table 2.4 Estimated DEHP tonnage
Page 40 and 41: 40 in printing inks by CEPE/EuPIA (
Page 42 and 43: 42 The end-product uses of BBP are
Page 45 and 46: 3 Identified alternatives to DEHP,
Page 47 and 48: Aliphatic dibasic esters, adipates
Page 49 and 50: Hundreds of substances have plastic
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.4 Non-phthalate plasticiser
Page 53 and 54: Table 3.6 Indentified non-phthalate
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.8 Plasticisers identified i
Page 57 and 58: Substances Diisononyl phthalate DIN
Page 59 and 60: Substances Table 3.13 Alternatives
Page 61 and 62: 3.6 Alternatives plasticisers selec
Page 63 and 64: Group of plasticiser Chemical name
Page 65: 3.7 Alternative flexible polymers B
Page 68 and 69: 68 ASE was negative in Ames test, I
Page 70 and 71: 70 not associated with any evidence
Page 72 and 73: 72 Table 4.2 Summary of environment
Page 74 and 75: 74 It has a rather low water solubi
Page 76 and 77: 76 Repeat dose, genotoxicity, carci
Page 78 and 79:
78 on standard conversion factors.
Page 80 and 81:
80 4.6.2 Human health assessment DE
Page 82 and 83:
82 Repeat dose, genotoxicity, carci
Page 84 and 85:
84 manometric respirometric method.
Page 86 and 87:
86 rats dosed at 750 and 1,000 mg/k
Page 88 and 89:
88 An inhalation study was conducte
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90 TXIB has low acute toxicity by t
Page 92 and 93:
92 All substances have been tested
Page 94 and 95:
Name of substance 94 CAS No. Acute
Page 96 and 97:
Name of substance DINCH 166412-78-
Page 98 and 99:
98 4.11.2 Environmental assessment
Page 100 and 101:
100 4.11.3 Health and environmental
Page 102 and 103:
102
Page 104 and 105:
104 Table 5.1 Applications of ASE a
Page 106 and 107:
106 ASE was reported as used for to
Page 108 and 109:
108 Note that Vertellus has indicat
Page 110 and 111:
110 blended in a variety of combina
Page 112 and 113:
112 Table 5.8 Applications of COMGH
Page 114 and 115:
114 rameters indicating a potential
Page 116 and 117:
116 Key characteristics DGD is a co
Page 118 and 119:
118 Table 5.14 Applications of DGD
Page 120 and 121:
120 Table 5.16 Technical key parame
Page 122 and 123:
122 Table 5.17 Applications of DEHT
Page 124 and 125:
124 Table 5.20 key characteristics
Page 126 and 127:
126 Table 5.21 Technical key parame
Page 128 and 129:
128 Table 5.23 key characteristics
Page 130 and 131:
130 Table 5.24 Applications of GTA
Page 132 and 133:
132 Application and market experien
Page 134 and 135:
134 5.11 Summary and discussion of
Page 136 and 137:
Table 5.30 Alternatives to DEHP, BB
Page 138 and 139:
138 Substance Phthalates and other
Page 140 and 141:
140 The overall conclusion can be d
Page 142 and 143:
142 publication Nordic Ecolabelling
Page 144 and 145:
144
Page 146 and 147:
146 Christensen, C.L., L. Høibye a
Page 148 and 149:
148 Nilsson, N.H., J. Lorenzen and
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150
Page 152 and 153:
152 Trimellitates These materials a
Page 154 and 155:
154
Page 156 and 157:
156
Page 158 and 159:
158 Diethylene glycol dibenzoate, D
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
172 Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate,
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
1 ESIS 182 Dipropylene glycol diben
Page 184 and 185:
184 Di-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2dica
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
200 Di (2-ethyl-hexyl) terephthalat
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
214 Sulfonic acids, C10 - C18-alkan
Page 216 and 217:
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Page 220 and 221:
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CAS No. 102-76-1 222 Glycerol Triac
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Atmospheric OH rate constant cm 3 /
Page 226 and 227:
226 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Commer
Page 228 and 229:
228 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Metabo
Page 230 and 231:
230 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Mongre
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232 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Reprod
Page 234 and 235:
234 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Dog Th
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Other aquatic organisms - 236 Glyce
Page 238 and 239:
238 Glycerol Triacetate, GTA Abioti
Page 240 and 241:
Physical-chemical - Emission - Expo
Page 242 and 243:
242 Trimethyl pentanyl diisobutyrat
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
254 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC c
Page 256 and 257:
256 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC 1
Page 258 and 259:
258 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC C
Page 260 and 261:
Inhalation - Dermal - 260 Acetyl tr
Page 262 and 263:
262 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC M
Page 264 and 265:
264 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC M
Page 266 and 267:
266 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC G
Page 268 and 269:
268 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC T
Page 270 and 271:
270 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC T
Page 272 and 273:
272 Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC A
Page 274 and 275:
Physical-chemical - Emission - Expo
Page 276 and 277:
276 Diisononyl adipate, DINA Physic
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Atmosphere - Dermal - Observations
Page 280 and 281:
280 Diisononyl adipate, DINA Reprod
Page 282 and 283:
1 ESIS 2 IUCLID dataset 3 EPA HPV p
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12-(Acetoxy)-stearic acid, 2,3-bis(
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Page 288:
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Identification and assessment of alternatives to selected phthalates

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