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50 ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 1, NO. 2, NOVEMBER 2010 Fig. 4. Vernier block diagram. They depend exclusively on supply voltage and temperature. Simultaneous control over the period length and frequency is realized by the last factor. The remaining part of the system is a technical realization of expression (7). It is presented in a block diagram in Fig. 5. Theexaminedmeasurementsignalissentattheinputcircuit which generated signals START and STOP at its input. The time unit between these signals is directly proportional to the examined interval. From equation (10) we can calculate that the shortest possible period that can be achieved is ca 18,5 ns, which gives a frequency approximately equal to 54 MHz. When the coincidence of pulses from both generators appears, the detection system generates a coincidence signal ST stopping the work of both generators. During the whole operation the systems of counters count pulses from both generators n1 and n2. After reading, a microprocessor makes the calculations of the examined interval ∆t, resets the counters, and then grants another measurement. The measurement result is displayed on the monitor of a computer cooperating with the microprocessor. Thanks to the application of two generators which contain independentdelay systemsDS1020-15,it ispossible to choose an appropriate value of τ, dependent only on the difference of words programming the delay systems. Assuming a too small difference, e.g. 50 ps, causes an instability of generators because the instability comprises that difference. Assuming a too big value of τ places the application of this methodunderthe questionmark becausethe improvement of resolution is very slight. In the manufactured model the value of τ 200 ps was assumed, which is an equivalent to the frequency of reference generator with value 5 GHz. V. SUMMARY The developing of the vernier circuit enabled the estimation of its performance. The fundamental objective has been achieved, i.e. the testing of the vernier method and its optimization in the frame of the technology applied. The tests have answered the following questions: which elements of the slotted line are responsible for processing errors, and which points of the system corrections should be introduced. The main task at present is to reduce the manufactured device to FPGA technology, which will eliminate the trouble of generators of the vernier itself and improve their parameters; a decrease in resolution is especially desired. The purpose of further effort is to achieve a resolution level of 20 ps. REFERENCES [1] S. Bregni, Synchronization of Digital Telecommunications Networks. J. Wiley&Sons, 2002. [2] [online], pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noniusz. [3] J. Kalisz, R. Pe´lka, and R. Szplet, “Design problems in precise metrology of time units,” in Proc.of MWK conference, Rynia, 2001, pp. 117–165. [4] J. J˛erzejewski, “The application of the idea vernier to precise measurement of time interval,” Master’s thesis, Poznan University of Technology, 2008, supervisor Krzysztof Lange. [5] Catalog note of Dallas company. Krzysztof Lange was born in Poznan, Poland, in 1945. He received his M.Sc. degree in 1969 and Ph.D. degree in 1978 from Poznan University of Technology. His research concentrates on synchronization in telecommunication networks and systems, digital circuit application and time and frequency metrology. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the Chair of Telecommunication Systems and Optoelectronics, PUT Michal Kasznia was born in Poznan, Poland, in 1971. He received his M.Sc. degree in electronics and telecommunications in 1994 and Ph.D. degree in telecommunications in 2002 from Poznan University of Technology. His research concentrates on synchronization in telecommunication networks and systems, especially on timing and carrier recovery using DSP technology, and analysis of the quality of synchronization signals. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the Chair of Telecommunication Systems and Optoelectronics, PUT
ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 1, NO. 2, NOVEMBER 2010 51 Improving Statistical Properties of Number Sequences Generated by Multiplicative Congruential Pseudorandom Generator Abstract—A new method of improving the properties of number sequences produced by a multiplicative congruential pseudorandom generator (MCPG) was proposed. The characteristic feature of the method is the simultaneous usage of numbers generated by the sawtooth chaotic map, realized in a finitestate machine, and symbols produced by the same map. The period of generated sequences can be significantly longer than theperiodof sequencesproducedbyamultiplicativecongruential pseudorandom generator realized in the same machine. It is shown that sequences obtained with the use of the proposed method pass all statistical tests from thestandard NISTstatistical test suite v.1.8. Index Terms—pseudorandom generators, shuffling, combined generators, sequences of symbols, statistical properties Mieczysław Jessa I. INTRODUCTION PSEUDORANDOM number sequences are used in many fieldsof science.Everyprogramminglanguageprovidesa pseudorandom number generator that produces a sequence of nonnegative integers {p0, p1, ...} with integer upper bound b, andthenuses {x0 = p0/b, x1 = p1/b, ...} asanapproximation of an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) sequence from unit interval I = (0, 1). In almost all programming languages, numbers {p0, p1, ...} are generated by a multiplicative congruential pseudorandom generator (MCPG) of the form pn = (apn−1) mod b n = 1, 2, .... (1) The properties of generated sequences depend strongly on the choice of two parameters: a multiplier a and a modulus b. To obtain maximal-length sequences (m-sequences), modulus b hastobe aprimenumberandmultiplier ahastobe aprimitive element modulo b [1]–[3]. Because the value for b is usually determined by the number of bits used to encode numbers, the statistical properties of generated sequences depend on the choice of the multiplier. In general, the choice of a “good” a is not simple and the numberof multipliersgeneratingnumber sequences with good statistical properties is quite small [1], [2]. In this paper, we propose a new method of improving properties of m-sequences produced by generator (1). The method exploits a sequence of symbols produced by the sawtooth chaotic map, implemented in computer in the modular arithmetic. The sequence is used to shuffle the output stream of MCPG. The same stream is shuffled in different ways, M. Jessa is with the Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications (e-mail: mjessa@et.put.poznan.pl). producing different sequences. The obtained sequences are combined into a single sequence which forms the output stream. The generation of successive numbers is slightly slower but we obtain additional control parameters (degrees of freedom) which can be used for improving the statistical properties of generated sequences, including the possibility of increasing the period of the sequences. The statistical properties of output streams are verified with the use of the standard NIST statistical test suite v.1.8 [4]. This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the method and the period of generated sequences. The results of the statistical tests from the standard NIST statistical test suitev.1.8,appliedtosequencesproducedbytheMCPGandto sequences produced by the proposed generator, are presented in Section III. Conclusions are drawn in Section IV. II. THE METHOD One of the characteristic features of many pseudorandom number generators is that numbers obtained in the iterative procedure are simultaneously the output of the generator. MacLaren and Marsaglia suggested that the output stream of linear congruential pseudorandom number generator should be shuffled by using another, perhaps simpler, generator to obtain sequences with better statistical properties [2], [3]. The first generator produces sequences which fill a table and the second one is used to read off elements from this table. Because a single pseudorandomnumbergeneratorcan be used to generate independent pseudorandom numbers, it can also be used to shuffle itself [2], [3]. This method, using only one generator, was applied by Gebhardt to improve the statistical properties of number sequences produced by the Fibonacci generator[5].In1976BaysandDurhamproposeda methodof using a single generatorto shuffle numbersequencesproduced by the MCPG, known as RANDU [6]. Although shuffling can improvethe statistical propertiesof sequencesproducedby the MCPG, it is insufficient to ensure that all statistical tests from the standard NIST statistical test suite v.1.8 could be passed for many a. Another approach uses combined generators. In such type of generator the output streams of two or more generators (called source generators) are combined, usually with the use of modulo 2 operation, into a single stream. The output sequence of the combined generator has significantly longer period and better statistical properties than the output sequences of the source generators. Examples of combined generators can be found, e.g., in [1], [3]. To achieve a positive
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