MUDDY FEET - Auckland Regional Council

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24 construction). The advance of the mangroves is recorded in Chapter 4. Both human interference and natural forces can be seen to have significant effects on the coastal vegetation of this area. 3.4 Threatened plants of Miranda 3.4.1 Pirita, Papauma, Green Mistletoe – Ileostylus micranthus Pirita occurs in a small roadside clump of trees north of the Shorebird Centre. There it parasitises salt marsh ribbonwood, Plagianthus divaricatus, mingimingi, Coprosma propinqua and pohuehue, Muehlenbeckia complexa. Pirita was formerly widespread throughout New Zealand but in many parts of its range this mistletoe has been substantially reduced, mainly through habitat loss and a reduction in the number of birds active in seed distribution (Rebecca Stanley, personal communication). Host plants also include species of Carmichaelia (native broom), other Coprosma, Hoheria (lacebark), Leptospermum (manuka), Leucopogon (mingimingi), Lophomyrtus (ramarama, etc.) and Podocarpus. It has also been recorded on introduced plants of the genera Crataegus (hawthorn), Cytisus (broom), Pinus (pine), Platanus (plane tree), Pyrus (pear) and Rosa (rose) (Allan 1982). Cameron (2000) lists the host species in the Kaiaua - Miranda area as being Plagianthus divaricatus, Muehlenbeckia australis, Cupressus macrocarpa, Ulex europea (gorse), and Coprosma propinqua. Pirita is currently classified as “Regionally Critical” (meaning
Though creeping musk is of widespread distribution in both North and South Islands, it is regarded as “Regionally Endangered” in the Auckland Region (Stanley 1998) and in the Waikato Region (Brandon and Collins, 2004). Future Work: The present status of creeping musk at the Miranda site should be assessed and recommendations made regarding the preservation of this species at the Miranda site. 3.4.3 Oioi, Jointed Wire Rush – Apodasmia similis Though figured and mentioned by Morton (1983), as Leptocarpus simplex, oioi was not reported at Miranda by Merrett and Clarkson (1997). Strahan (1997) reported two isolated populations, one in freshwater near the road and the other “in a clump hemmed by a dense clump of Juncus kraussii”. Oioi is a widespread plant bordering estuaries and in salt marshes throughout New Zealand. It is also found around some inland lakes and freshwater marshes (Johnson 1989), and is not threatened on a national scale (Clarkson, pers. comm.) Strahan (1997) suggested that its apparent rarity at Miranda is associated with grazing and trampling by cattle. Future Work: Strahan (1997) discussed the potential for revegetation with this species at Miranda, noting “its height will not negatively impact open views of the coast from the road”. He also reported on methods of propagation and that “transplants would require protection from stock” and “weeding until canopy closure is achieved”. The divided sedge, Carex divisa (native to Europe and southern Africa), has invaded much of the potential habitat of oioi and would have to be suppressed to allow the oioi to establish. 3.5 Threatened plants inside the stopbank 3.5.1 Pale-flowered Kumarahou – Pomaderris hamiltonii Of the seven indigenous species of Pomaderris in New Zealand, the pale-flowered kumarahou, P. hamiltonii, is “Naturally uncommon – sparse” (de Lange, et al. 1999). This species closely resembles the widespread bright yellow-flowered kumarahou, P. kumarahou, differing in having masses of creamy-coloured flowers. The known distribution of pale-flowered kumarahou is Great Barrier Island, the Warkworth- Omaha area and the Kaiaua-Miranda area. Kaiaua-Miranda area. Plants are only known from seven sites, six of these being roadside cutting populations and only one on private land – Thompson’s Bush. In recent years there is evidence of a decline in the roadside populations. This has been caused by road widening and verge maintenance practices (herbicide applications and flail-mowing). Future work: It is suggested that the long-term conservation of this species requires: • Further work to indicate the extent of populations. EcoQuest Education Foundation EQRS/1 12/04 25
Page 1 and 2: MUDDY FEET FIRTH OF THAMES RAMSAR S
Page 3 and 4: MUDDY FEET FIRTH OF THAMES RAMSAR S
Page 5 and 6: Contents List of Figures List of Ta
Page 7 and 8: 11.7 Current Research in the Firth
Page 9 and 10: List of Tables Table 5-1 Comparativ
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgements This report was ma
Page 13 and 14: Preface Muddy feet. All resident an
Page 15 and 16: 1 Introduction by Ria Brejaart and
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1-1 Southern Hauraki Gulf an
Page 19 and 20: Wind and tidal currents cause a net
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1-4 continued. EcoQuest Educ
Page 23 and 24: studies, some of which use the Chen
Page 25 and 26: providing for the drainage and sett
Page 27 and 28: 2 Hydrology by Ria Brejaart, Bill B
Page 29 and 30: 2.2 Summary of Cheatley (2000) Grou
Page 31 and 32: 3 Vegetation by Peter Maddison and
Page 33 and 34: mangroves positioned between the ma
Page 35 and 36: and available habitat types for wad
Page 37: Family Asteraceae *Aster subulatus
Page 41 and 42: Future Work: Spartina is a recognis
Page 43 and 44: *Trifolium glomeratum - clustered c
Page 45 and 46: 4 Terrestrial Invertebrates & Mamma
Page 47 and 48: Heteronychus arator (Fabricius) - B
Page 49 and 50: The extensive mangrove community th
Page 51 and 52: establishing in areas where tempera
Page 53 and 54: It appears from our observations an
Page 55 and 56: 41 Figure -5-1 June, 1963 aerial ph
Page 57 and 58: 43 Figure -5-3: Waitakaruru River t
Page 59 and 60: 45 1 Upstream view about 100m from
Page 61 and 62: 47 Looking west: 1 Dredge spoils af
Page 63 and 64: 49 5.6 Revegetation of the Spoils A
Page 65 and 66: 51 The five field investigations of
Page 67 and 68: 53 issue of proper disposal, whethe
Page 69 and 70: 55 Figure 6-1 Important Sites for w
Page 71 and 72: 57 Figure 6-3 Changing habitats at
Page 73 and 74: 59 • Over 1983-1994, rarer waders
Page 75 and 76: 61 Thames, knots have been recorded
Page 77 and 78: 63 stop-peck’. On pasture they fe
Page 79 and 80: 65 6.5 Other Wader Species As in ot
Page 81 and 82: 67 graze on grass and other low-gro
Page 83 and 84: 69 Little black shag - Phalacrocora
Page 85 and 86: 71 6.8 Terrestrial Species A few of
Page 87 and 88: 73 Figure 6-4 Wader watchers: a com
Page 89 and 90:
75 S. I. pied oystercatcher Torea H
Page 91 and 92:
77 7 Estuarine Fish, Fisheries and
Page 93 and 94:
79 firmer patches of bottom near th
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81 (between Kaiaua and Orere Point)
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83 large quantities of unwanted har
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85 Only four or five of the small b
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87 stage in the sea. These species
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89 Appendix 7.1 Fishes of the South
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91 8 Benthic Ecology Part 1 - A pre
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93 at a size that would have allowe
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95 8.3.2 Across-shore trends Simila
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97 Relative abundances m 2 30 25 20
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99 from fine silts to sandy mud in
Page 115 and 116:
101 cumulative downstream effects f
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103 8.7 Study site Sampling took pl
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105 Table 8-8 Total for organisms c
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107 should be mapped :physical and
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109 including scenery, ecological s
Page 125 and 126:
111 Important resource management a
Page 127 and 128:
113 • Relevant provisions of the
Page 129 and 130:
115 Figure 9-1 Zoning map of Thames
Page 131 and 132:
117 Figure 9-2 Zoning map of Kaiaua
Page 133 and 134:
119 The decision to impose a tapu i
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121 9.9 Discussion The coast road t
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123 10 Raising Conservation Awarene
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125 10.2.4 Waikato Conservancy In 2
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127 • Is there a need for more ef
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129 The Kaiaua Citizens’ and Rate
Page 145 and 146:
131 • What are the causes of the
Page 147 and 148:
133 • Formation of a better pictu
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135 11.4.2 Marine farming Mussels a
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137 Five permanent sites in the upp
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139 • Uptake of nutrients by muss
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141 12 Firth of Thames Ramsar Site
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143 regard to substrates that norma
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145 The construction of the stop ba
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147 Physical (toxic chemicals, nutr
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149 The jurisdictional boundary (be
Page 165 and 166:
151 What are the preferred food spe
Page 167 and 168:
153 How to attract a “manageable
Page 169 and 170:
155 Local involvement It was noted
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157 Sedimentation: particle size di
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159 Melville David Ornithological S
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161 Firth toward a few species that
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163 A clear, consistent definition
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165 14 Bibliography By Marie Buchle
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167 Keywords: Waihou and tributarie
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169 Copy held and available from th
Page 185 and 186:
171 Subject: Vegetation Keywords: L
Page 187 and 188:
173 Subject: Birds, mangroves Cox,
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175 de Lange, P.J., & Lowe, D.J. (1
Page 191 and 192:
177 Estcourt, I.N. (1976). Bibliogr
Page 193 and 194:
179 Subject: Fish Keywords: new gob
Page 195 and 196:
181 Harris, R.W. (1975). Summary of
Page 197 and 198:
183 Jillett, J.B. (1966). Plankton
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185 landform which holds valuable i
Page 201 and 202:
187 Copy held: EQ McKenzie, H.R. (1
Page 203 and 204:
189 mixed terrigenous-carbonate gra
Page 205 and 206:
191 accounts for water movement at
Page 207 and 208:
193 Pierce, R. J. (1999). Regional
Page 209 and 210:
195 Subject: Benthic ecology Keywor
Page 211 and 212:
197 Subject: Birds. Record of occas
Page 213 and 214:
199 Keywords: dredge disturbance, b
Page 215 and 216:
201 Keywords: environmental managem
Page 217:
203 Zharikov, Y. & Skilleter, G.A.
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