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Lars-Göran Bengtsson Enclosure fi
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The content of this book may not be
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4.4 Risk assessment 99 Smoke gases
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Foreword The aim of this book is to
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Overview This book assumes that its
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Figure 1. Fire growth curve featuri
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Fire extinguished/burnt out Just sm
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chapter 2 How a fi re starts People
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smoke gases in the compartment, but
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Pyrolysis gases material is subject
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Ignition time Ignition time can als
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Smouldering fi res can therefore re
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2.4.1 Thermal inertia kρc The fl a
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grow to 50 cm, then a 1 m high fl a
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Flammability in solid materials is
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6. The fl ame spread rate varies wi
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Figure 22. Smoke gases start to acc
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Figure 25. The different sections i
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The production of unburnt gases is
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Heat release rate from a fuel surfa
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is the next mo
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ment to accelerate, but this is obv
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is far too high for a premixed fl a
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is fi lled with fuel molecules, con
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Figure 33. Flames on the under side
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Flammability limits Vent For a prem
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CH4 + 2 + 2 + + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O +
- Page 60 and 61: Temperature impact on fl ammability
- Page 62 and 63: energy is required, which can be ex
- Page 64 and 65: ustion takes place in under-ventila
- Page 66 and 67: If turbulence affects the system th
- Page 68 and 69: Neutral plane The differences in pr
- Page 70 and 71: Where the differences in temperatur
- Page 72 and 73: Positive pressure Negative pressure
- Page 74 and 75: Dp = 353(1/Ta - 1/Tg)gh Let us take
- Page 76 and 77: Figure 51 (top). The pressure condi
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- Page 80 and 81: In Figure 57 calculations have not
- Page 82 and 83: 3.4 Summary In many situations the
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- Page 87 and 88: Figure 59. The fi re has spread to
- Page 89 and 90: Figure 60. Flashover occurrence ove
- Page 91 and 92: 90 precisely the exact moment when
- Page 93 and 94: The amount of energy released when
- Page 95 and 96: Figure 63. Thermal balance on a fue
- Page 97 and 98: Figure 64. Flame spread under the c
- Page 99 and 100: Access to fuel Figure 67. Fire’s
- Page 101 and 102: The signs indicating that a fl asho
- Page 103 and 104: Figure 69. Different signs indicati
- Page 105 and 106: Smoke gas temperature 700 600 500 4
- Page 107 and 108: 106 clear that we need to reach the
- Page 109: This example illustrates how crucia
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- Page 117 and 118: Figure 78. Fire pulsating. Figure 7
- Page 119 and 120: Figure 81 (above). The fi re is abo
- Page 121 and 122: Figure 85. The fi re resumes its de
- Page 123 and 124: 122 is suffi ciently big. A fi re
- Page 125 and 126: Figure 89. A backdraught entails a
- Page 127 and 128: Figure 90. The picture shows a vent
- Page 129 and 130: 128 The current which results in sm
- Page 131 and 132: 130 fans should not be used. You sh
- Page 133 and 134: Figure 97. A larger part is premixe
- Page 135 and 136: Figure 101. There are still combust
- Page 137 and 138: Figure 103. Sauna. A common scenari
- Page 139 and 140: Fires in enclosed spaced with minim
- Page 141 and 142: Figure 107. The smoke gases are str
- Page 143 and 144: Figure 110. The fi xed lance versio
- Page 145 and 146: Four fi re scenarios: 1. The fi re
- Page 147 and 148: 146 to occur. If a backdraught occu
- Page 149 and 150: 148 Fire at 62 Watts Street The New
- Page 152 and 153: chapter 7 Smoke gas explosion Throu
- Page 154 and 155: ignition source required to ignite
- Page 156 and 157: ity is also affected by turbulence
- Page 158 and 159: 7.3.2 Course of action If smoke gas
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Test your knowledge! 1. Why do smok
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Corridor Space in between Sauna app
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164 gases the fl ames would come ou
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Figure 119. Plan drawing of the bas
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168 Glossary Adiabatic fl ame If al
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Heat of combustion, This measures t
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172 Suggested solutions to test que
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174 13. In a closed room there will
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176 6. By cooling down the smoke ga
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Sample calculations Flammability li
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You should bear in mind that this c
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Backdraught Sample calculation: The
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E = (T f/T i)( N b/N u) Tf Ti Nb Nu
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v* = v/(g × h × b) 0.5 , which gi
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188 gram), Institutionen för brand
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Index 62 Watts street 148 Adiabatic
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192 List of fi gures Drawn illustra