Enclosure fires

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Leakage 13, 68, 126, 158 Long access routes 105 Lower fl ammability limit 56, 59, 178, 180 Mass loss rate 93, 96 Mass fl ow 38 Material made from steel 113 Mechanical ventilation 66 Methane 56, 79 Mist nozzle 141 Negative pressure 74, 117 Neutral plane 71, 74, 76 NIST 149 Nitrogen dioxide 45 Nylon 45 Oily deposits 138 Organic polymers 20 Oxidising agent 20 Oxygen defi ciency 115, 117 Plastic 44, 100 Plume 37 Polyurethane 45, 100 Pool fi re 19, 48 Porous materials 24 Positive pressure 66, 75, 116 Positive pressure fan 143 Pre-heated area 64 Premixed gaseous mass 54 Premixed area 122, 130 Premixed fl ames 131 Pressure conditions 65 Pressure increase 69 Pressure pattern 76 Pressure resistance 80, 154 Propane 79 Pulsations 116 Pulsating smoke gases 138 PVC 45 Pyrolysis 21, 37 Pyrolysis gases 25, 40, 46, 59, 93, 104, 115 Pyrolysis products 11, 24, 124, 126 Radiation intensity 21 Radiation level 40 RB-90 46 Reaction formula 65, 178 Reaction layer 50 Reaction zone 63 Refl ective air current 133 Release rate 50, 91 Reradiation 98, 104 Risk assessment 137, 140 Rollover 86 Room geometry 15 Sauna fi re in Kiruna 166 Sauna fi res 135, 166 Shock wave 80 Shooting fl ame 151, 160 Silk 45 Smoke gases 36, 44, 46, 71, 76, 96, 116, 121 Smoke gases, ignition 49, 76, 141, 164 Smoke gases, colour 40, 99, 137 Smoke gases, velocity 102, 106 Smoke gases, buoyancy 71 Smoke gases, temperature 11, 36, 122 Smoke gas explosion 79, 151, 160 Smoke gas layer 35 Smouldering fi re 25 Soot 38, 46 Soot particles 40 Sparks 61 Spontaneous ignition 61 Spontaneously go out 14, 117, 126 Spreadover 86 Stardust Club 108 Start of fi re 17 Strength 113 Stoichiometric 56, 60, 154 Surface direction 27 Surface effect 63 Surface fl ame spread 25 Surface geometry 29 Surface temperature 20, 22 Surface temperature, equation 22 Synthetic polymers 42 Thermal balance 93, 95 Thermal buoyancy 71 Thermal inertia 23 Thermal pressure difference 72 Thermoplastics 44, 94 Time to ignition 23 Turbulent 51, 127 Two-zone layer 75 Unburnt smoke gases 37, 66, 88, 125, 148 Unburnt hydrocarbons 46 Upholstered furniture 24 Upper fl ammability limit 55, 61, 179 Ventilation 40 Ventilation control 13, 18, 46, 85, 91, 93, 115 Warning signs 137 Water mist 141 Whistling sound 138 Wooden structures 113 Wool 45 191
192 List of fi gures Drawn illustrations and photos: Per Hardestam, unless otherwise specifi ed. Front cover and page 6: Peder Doverborg Cover fl ap, author’s photo: Daniel Jönsson p. 10 top picture: Peter Frennesson p. 10 bottom picture, 16, 34, 84 and 162: Olle Johansson p. 110, 114: Peter Lundgren p. 150: Roland Stregfelt Figure no.: 20, 32 right, 33: Sven-Ingvar Granemark 27, 62, 76: Nils Bergström 28, 63: Illustration Per Hardestam, photo Peder Doverborg 29: Peder Doverborg 35: Jan Tapani 68: Picture from video fi lm, Jan Tapani 70, 71, 81: Picture from video fi lm, Sven-Ingvar Granemark 88: Picture from video fi lm, Birger Markusson 94, 95, 97, 101: Daniel Gojkovic/Report – Initial backdraft experiments 96, 98, 99, 100, 102: Picture from video fi lm, Charles Fleischmann 106, 107: Kjell Nilsson 109, 110: Bo Andersson 111: Peter Lundgren.
Page 1 and 2:
Lars-Göran Bengtsson Enclosure fi
Page 3 and 4:
The content of this book may not be
Page 5 and 6:
4.4 Risk assessment 99 Smoke gases
Page 8 and 9:
Foreword The aim of this book is to
Page 10:
Overview This book assumes that its
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 1. Fire growth curve featuri
Page 15 and 16:
Fire extinguished/burnt out Just sm
Page 18 and 19:
chapter 2 How a fi re starts People
Page 20 and 21:
smoke gases in the compartment, but
Page 22 and 23:
Pyrolysis gases material is subject
Page 24 and 25:
Ignition time Ignition time can als
Page 26 and 27:
Smouldering fi res can therefore re
Page 28 and 29:
2.4.1 Thermal inertia kρc The fl a
Page 30 and 31:
grow to 50 cm, then a 1 m high fl a
Page 32 and 33:
Flammability in solid materials is
Page 34:
6. The fl ame spread rate varies wi
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 22. Smoke gases start to acc
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 25. The different sections i
Page 41:
The production of unburnt gases is
Page 44 and 45:
Heat release rate from a fuel surfa
Page 46 and 47:
Carbon monoxide (CO) is the next mo
Page 48 and 49:
ment to accelerate, but this is obv
Page 50 and 51:
is far too high for a premixed fl a
Page 52 and 53:
is fi lled with fuel molecules, con
Page 54 and 55:
Figure 33. Flames on the under side
Page 56 and 57:
Flammability limits Vent For a prem
Page 58 and 59:
CH4 + 2 + 2 + + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O +
Page 60 and 61:
Temperature impact on fl ammability
Page 62 and 63:
energy is required, which can be ex
Page 64 and 65:
ustion takes place in under-ventila
Page 66 and 67:
If turbulence affects the system th
Page 68 and 69:
Neutral plane The differences in pr
Page 70 and 71:
Where the differences in temperatur
Page 72 and 73:
Positive pressure Negative pressure
Page 74 and 75:
Dp = 353(1/Ta - 1/Tg)gh Let us take
Page 76 and 77:
Figure 51 (top). The pressure condi
Page 78 and 79:
Vent just during the early stage of
Page 80 and 81:
In Figure 57 calculations have not
Page 82 and 83:
3.4 Summary In many situations the
Page 84:
oom and in a fairly closed room (on
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 59. The fi re has spread to
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 60. Flashover occurrence ove
Page 91 and 92:
90 precisely the exact moment when
Page 93 and 94:
The amount of energy released when
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 63. Thermal balance on a fue
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 64. Flame spread under the c
Page 99 and 100:
Access to fuel Figure 67. Fire’s
Page 101 and 102:
The signs indicating that a fl asho
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 69. Different signs indicati
Page 105 and 106:
Smoke gas temperature 700 600 500 4
Page 107 and 108:
106 clear that we need to reach the
Page 109 and 110:
This example illustrates how crucia
Page 111 and 112:
110
Page 113 and 114:
112
Page 115 and 116:
114
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 78. Fire pulsating. Figure 7
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 81 (above). The fi re is abo
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 85. The fi re resumes its de
Page 123 and 124:
122 is suffi ciently big. A fi re
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 89. A backdraught entails a
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 90. The picture shows a vent
Page 129 and 130:
128 The current which results in sm
Page 131 and 132:
130 fans should not be used. You sh
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 97. A larger part is premixe
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 101. There are still combust
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 103. Sauna. A common scenari
Page 139 and 140:
Fires in enclosed spaced with minim
Page 141 and 142: Figure 107. The smoke gases are str
Page 143 and 144: Figure 110. The fi xed lance versio
Page 145 and 146: Four fi re scenarios: 1. The fi re
Page 147 and 148: 146 to occur. If a backdraught occu
Page 149 and 150: 148 Fire at 62 Watts Street The New
Page 152 and 153: chapter 7 Smoke gas explosion Throu
Page 154 and 155: ignition source required to ignite
Page 156 and 157: ity is also affected by turbulence
Page 158 and 159: 7.3.2 Course of action If smoke gas
Page 160 and 161: Test your knowledge! 1. Why do smok
Page 162: Corridor Space in between Sauna app
Page 165 and 166: 164 gases the fl ames would come ou
Page 167 and 168: Figure 119. Plan drawing of the bas
Page 169 and 170: 168 Glossary Adiabatic fl ame If al
Page 171 and 172: Heat of combustion, This measures t
Page 173 and 174: 172 Suggested solutions to test que
Page 175 and 176: 174 13. In a closed room there will
Page 177 and 178: 176 6. By cooling down the smoke ga
Page 179 and 180: Sample calculations Flammability li
Page 181 and 182: You should bear in mind that this c
Page 183 and 184: Backdraught Sample calculation: The
Page 185 and 186: E = (T f/T i)( N b/N u) Tf Ti Nb Nu
Page 187 and 188: v* = v/(g × h × b) 0.5 , which gi
Page 189 and 190: 188 gram), Institutionen för brand
Page 191: Index 62 Watts street 148 Adiabatic
show all

Enclosure fires

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?