Engineers' Guide to Pressure Equipment - Index of

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Simple pressure vessels Simple receivers (unfired) Air Nitrogen Low-pressure/ atmospheric tanks Table 2.1 Pressure equipment categories* Gas cylinders Unfired pressure vessels Boilers LPG cylinders Complex air receivers Heating boilers (transportable) Boiler drums Package ‘shell’ Two-piece cylinders Three-piece cylinders Pressurized storage containers boilers Coal/oil-fired power Condensers boilers Liquid cooled General water tube Air cooled boilers Superheaters HRSGs Desuperheaters Fired HRSGs Unfired HRSGs Economizers Forced circulation Heat exchangers HRSGs High-pressure feed Natural circulation heaters HRSGs Tube type exchangers Plate type exchangers Contact exchangers Single-pressure HRSGs Multiple-pressure Chemical process/reaction vessels Metal vessels GRP vessels Nuclear vessels HRSGs Valves Stop valves Plug Globe Gate Butterfly Check valves Stop check Lift check Tilting disc check Swing check Safety valves Pressure relief Vacuum relief Control valves Two-way valves Three-way valves Regulating valves Metering valves Needle valves Diaphragm valves Pipework Pipelines Power piping Service piping Flanges Pipework fittings Pressurized accessories Miscellaneous Turbines Autoclaves Road transport vehicles Road and rail vehicle components (brakes, etc.) Portable tools Domestic heating systems Aircraft components Gas-loaded hydraulic accumulators Vapour compression refrigeration systems Engine cooling systems * Note that these only show broad technical categories of pressure equipment. This table does not infer the applicability of any directives, regulations, or technical standards – this is covered in Chapter 11. 12 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure Equipment
Pressure Equipment Types and Components 13 Table 2.2 Some characteristics of ‘pressure equipment’ Gauge pressure Equipment is subject to a positive gauge pressure or negative gauge (vacuum) pressure. Principal stresses Components are subject to principal stresses in three dimensions, or two-dimensional membrane stresses (for thin-walled shells). Stored energy Pressure equipment, almost by definition, acts to contain stored energy in use. Such stored energy can constitute a hazard. Controlled manufacture Due to the potential hazard if failure occurs, pressure equipment is subject to controls on its specification, design, and manufacture. The amount of control varies, depending on what the equipment is and how it will be used. Factors of safety All pressure equipment has factors of safety incorporated into its design; these provide a margin against unforeseen circumstances and reduce the risk of failure to acceptable levels. Inspection and testing These play an important part in ensuring the fitness for purpose of pressure equipment during its manufacture and before use. In-service inspection As a general rule, it is necessary to inspect pressure equipment throughout its working life to make sure it continues to be safe and fit for purpose. 2.3 Pressure equipment symbols Pressure equipment symbols are in regular use in schematic drawings and Process and Instrumentation Diagrams (PIDs). There are many variations based on BS, ISO, and American standards. Figures 2.1–2.4 show some commonly used types. Table 2.3 and Figs 2.5 and 2.6 show symbols for typical pressure equipment-related instrumentation.
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Page 3 and 4: About the Author Cliff has extensiv
Page 5 and 6: Foreword During the course of my ca
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Page 19 and 20: Plant 'blocks' Units Plant systems
Page 21: CHAPTER 2 Pressure Equipment Types
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 2.2 Heat exchanger symbols. (C
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 2.4 Piping and fittings symbol
Page 29 and 30: Pressure Equipment Types and Compon
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 3 Basic Design 3.1 Introduc
Page 33 and 34: Basic Design 23 3.2.2 Safety first
Page 35 and 36: Basic Design 25 Fig. 3.3 Longitudin
Page 37 and 38: Basic Design 27 Solving these two e
Page 39 and 40: Basic Design 29 head are, therefore
Page 41 and 42: Basic Design 31 Section through cri
Page 43 and 44: 3.2.8 Pipes and flanges Basic Desig
Page 45 and 46: Basic Design 35 The spacing of vess
Page 47 and 48: Basic Design 37 These are low carbo
Page 49 and 50: h D 2 o [ 4 ( R+ t) ] { D ( r t o )
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.1 Gas cylinder standard EN
Page 53 and 54: Basic Design 43 • Radiographic te
Page 55 and 56: Basic Design 45 Fig. 3.16 BS EN 144
Page 57 and 58: Basic Design 47 3.5 Heat exchangers
Page 59 and 60: Basic Design 49 Fig. 3.18 Heat exch
Page 61 and 62: Basic Design 51 Sliding head and O-
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Page 65 and 66: Feed inlet Feed outlet Toroidal hea
Page 67 and 68: Basic Design 57 Table 3.4 pr EN 134
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64 4.5 PD 5500 Engineers’ Guide t
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70 PED Annex 1 clause Engineers’
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76 4.6 The ASME vessel codes 4.6.1
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78 3 Materials • Permissible mate
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Product/material Wrought or cast fe
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84 Thick cylindrical shells under i
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86 sets of rules governing openings
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96 Table 4.16 Construction to ASME
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98 • Production test plates • E
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100 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure
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102 1 Boiler feed pump 2 Feed check
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110 Pressure tubes Boiler/ superhea
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CHAPTER 5 Manufacture, QA, Inspecti
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Manufacture, QA, Inspection, and Te
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These are relevant mainly to gas cy
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Fig. 5.3 Vessel misalignment and di
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So: Manufacture, QA, Inspection, an
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5.4.4 Vacuum leak testing Vacuum te
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Standard code ASTM Material Yield k
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162 90° long radius elbow Engineer
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164 System Unit Job Engineers’ Gu
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CHAPTER 7 Boilers and HRSGs Boilers
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Boilers and HRSGs 169 Figures 7.2 a
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Kg/cm 2 x 0.09807 x 14.223 Boilers
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Boilers and HRSGs 173 The critical
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Boilers and HRSGs 175 Low-pressure
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Boilers and HRSGs 177 Table 7.2 Typ
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Boilers and HRSGs 179 operated type
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Boilers and HRSGs 181 • Shrink is
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7.2.4 HRSG materials Table 7.3 show
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321 ASTM A240, Wk 1.4541, 18/8/Ti,
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CHAPTER 9 Welding and NDT 9.1 Weld
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Welding and NDT 197 Fig. 9.2 Weld p
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Welding and NDT 199 Fig. 9.3 BS wel
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Welding and NDT 201 Fig. 9.5 MMA we
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Welding and NDT 203 Fig. 9.9 FCA we
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ange of approval involved. The prin
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Welding and NDT 207 Fig. 9.13 Tensi
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9.5 Non-destructive testing (NDT) t
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Welding and NDT 211 Fig. 9.16 Dye p
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Defects are classified into: •
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Welding and NDT 215 pressures equip
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Welding and NDT 217 Fig. 9.20 Ultra
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9.5.5 Radiographic testing (RT) Wel
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Welding and NDT 221 A single-wall X
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9.6 NDT acronyms Welding and NDT 22
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Welding and NDT 225 WFMPI Wet Fluor
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Welding and NDT 227 ASME VIII Radio
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CHAPTER 10 Failure 10.1 How pressur
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10.1.2 Multi-axis stress states Fai
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Failure 233 Stresses in engineering
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Failure 235 where: Sw(b) = fatigue
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Failure 237 What is a typical creep
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Incomplete tin coating Failure 239
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Deposit of Fe (OH)3 Oxygen OH - Cat
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Pitting corrosion Stress corrosion
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Failure 245 Cathode In a corrosion
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Failure 247 Graphitization A metall
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CHAPTER 11 Pressure Equipment: Dire
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Pressure Equipment: Directives and
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Standardization body Pressure Equip
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• The approach Unlike the PED, th
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334 TUV TUV (UK) Ltd Surrey House S
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Pressure [kPa] Temp. [°C] Specific
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31.19 70 0.0010228 5.0409772 5.042
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APPENDIX 2 Some European Notified B
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0045 TÜV Nord EV Grosse Bahnstrass
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0686 Zentrallabor der TOS E V - Zer
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Lloyd's Register Of Shipping 29 Wel
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APPENDIX 3 Standards and Directives
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Flanges and their joints - Circular
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Flanges and their joints - Gaskets
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Metallic industrial piping - Part 1
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Industrial valves - End-to-end and
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Shell boilers - Part 2: Materials f
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Water-tube boilers and auxiliary in
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Technical delivery conditions for s
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Subject Work item ID Butt welding p
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Non-destructive testing of steel tu
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Non-destructive testing of steel tu
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Pipework - Corrugated flexible meta
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Steel tubes, fittings and structura
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Flat products made of steels for pr
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Cold formed welded structural hollo
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Subject Work item ID Pressure regul
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Index Index Terms Links A ASME A st
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Index Terms Links C Canadian standa
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Index Terms Links Deaerator, contac
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Index Terms Links Fatigue (Continue
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Index Terms Links Internal energy 3
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Index Terms Links P Pads 33 PD 5500
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Index Terms Links R Radiographic te
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Index Terms Links Steel: alloy 185
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Index Terms Links Ultrasonic testin
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