Engineers' Guide to Pressure Equipment - Index of

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36 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure Equipment i) Horizontal SPV ii) Vertical SPV Fig. 3.11 Typical vertical and horizontal Simple Pressure Vessels (SPVs)
Basic Design 37 These are low carbon steels with restrictions on carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus content. 3.3.2 Welds An SPV will typically contain the following welds (see Fig. 3.12): • longitudinal welds (butt); • circumferential welds (butt); • nozzle or branch connection welds; • fillet welds. 3.3.3 Stress calculations SPV calculations are derived from thin-walled cylinder formulae. The following notation is commonly used: P Internal pressure; L Length of cylinder; D (Mean) diameter of cylinder; Do (Outer) diameter of cylinder; t ‘Calculated’ thickness of cylinder; f Allowable design stress of the material (i.e. based on σθ); σx Longitudinal stress; σθ Circumferential stress (hoop stress). The resulting stress formulae are: PD σ = t x 4 σ = θ PD 2t These indicate that the hoop stress is twice the magnitude of the longitudinal stress and, as such, tends to be the ‘controlling’ stress in SPV design. When determining the minimum thickness of a cylindrical shell the effects of corrosion have to be considered. The effects of corrosion are expressed as a corrosion allowance, which is typically 1 mm, i.e. for the life of a vessel it is anticipated that the shell wall thickness will reduce by 1 mm. The corrosion allowance is usually denoted by the letter c. Simple pressure vessel standard BS EN 286-1 specifies a 1 mm corrosion allowance. In practice additional factors are incorporated to allow for thickness tolerances,etc. There are three possible types of dished end or ‘head’ for SPVs: ellipsoidal, torispherical, or hemispherical. Calculations for determining the calculated thickness, t, of dished ends are based on thinwalled pressure vessel calculations for spherical shells.
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Page 3 and 4: About the Author Cliff has extensiv
Page 5 and 6: Foreword During the course of my ca
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Page 19 and 20: Plant 'blocks' Units Plant systems
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 2 Pressure Equipment Types
Page 23 and 24: Pressure Equipment Types and Compon
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 2.2 Heat exchanger symbols. (C
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 2.4 Piping and fittings symbol
Page 29 and 30: Pressure Equipment Types and Compon
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 3 Basic Design 3.1 Introduc
Page 33 and 34: Basic Design 23 3.2.2 Safety first
Page 35 and 36: Basic Design 25 Fig. 3.3 Longitudin
Page 37 and 38: Basic Design 27 Solving these two e
Page 39 and 40: Basic Design 29 head are, therefore
Page 41 and 42: Basic Design 31 Section through cri
Page 43 and 44: 3.2.8 Pipes and flanges Basic Desig
Page 45: Basic Design 35 The spacing of vess
Page 49 and 50: h D 2 o [ 4 ( R+ t) ] { D ( r t o )
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.1 Gas cylinder standard EN
Page 53 and 54: Basic Design 43 • Radiographic te
Page 55 and 56: Basic Design 45 Fig. 3.16 BS EN 144
Page 57 and 58: Basic Design 47 3.5 Heat exchangers
Page 59 and 60: Basic Design 49 Fig. 3.18 Heat exch
Page 61 and 62: Basic Design 51 Sliding head and O-
Page 63 and 64: Basic Design 53 where A = surface a
Page 65 and 66: Feed inlet Feed outlet Toroidal hea
Page 67 and 68: Basic Design 57 Table 3.4 pr EN 134
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Page 73 and 74: 64 4.5 PD 5500 Engineers’ Guide t
Page 79 and 80: 70 PED Annex 1 clause Engineers’
Page 85 and 86: 76 4.6 The ASME vessel codes 4.6.1
Page 87 and 88: 78 3 Materials • Permissible mate
Page 91 and 92: Product/material Wrought or cast fe
Page 93 and 94: 84 Thick cylindrical shells under i
Page 95 and 96: 86 sets of rules governing openings
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88 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure E
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96 Table 4.16 Construction to ASME
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98 • Production test plates • E
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100 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure
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102 1 Boiler feed pump 2 Feed check
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110 Pressure tubes Boiler/ superhea
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CHAPTER 5 Manufacture, QA, Inspecti
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Manufacture, QA, Inspection, and Te
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These are relevant mainly to gas cy
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Fig. 5.3 Vessel misalignment and di
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So: Manufacture, QA, Inspection, an
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5.4.4 Vacuum leak testing Vacuum te
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Standard code ASTM Material Yield k
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162 90° long radius elbow Engineer
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164 System Unit Job Engineers’ Gu
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CHAPTER 7 Boilers and HRSGs Boilers
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Boilers and HRSGs 169 Figures 7.2 a
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Kg/cm 2 x 0.09807 x 14.223 Boilers
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Boilers and HRSGs 173 The critical
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Boilers and HRSGs 175 Low-pressure
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Boilers and HRSGs 177 Table 7.2 Typ
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Boilers and HRSGs 179 operated type
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Boilers and HRSGs 181 • Shrink is
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7.2.4 HRSG materials Table 7.3 show
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321 ASTM A240, Wk 1.4541, 18/8/Ti,
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CHAPTER 9 Welding and NDT 9.1 Weld
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Welding and NDT 197 Fig. 9.2 Weld p
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Welding and NDT 199 Fig. 9.3 BS wel
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Welding and NDT 201 Fig. 9.5 MMA we
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Welding and NDT 203 Fig. 9.9 FCA we
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ange of approval involved. The prin
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Welding and NDT 207 Fig. 9.13 Tensi
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9.5 Non-destructive testing (NDT) t
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Welding and NDT 211 Fig. 9.16 Dye p
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Defects are classified into: •
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Welding and NDT 215 pressures equip
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Welding and NDT 217 Fig. 9.20 Ultra
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9.5.5 Radiographic testing (RT) Wel
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Welding and NDT 221 A single-wall X
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9.6 NDT acronyms Welding and NDT 22
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Welding and NDT 225 WFMPI Wet Fluor
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Welding and NDT 227 ASME VIII Radio
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CHAPTER 10 Failure 10.1 How pressur
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10.1.2 Multi-axis stress states Fai
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Failure 233 Stresses in engineering
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Failure 235 where: Sw(b) = fatigue
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Failure 237 What is a typical creep
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Incomplete tin coating Failure 239
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Deposit of Fe (OH)3 Oxygen OH - Cat
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Pitting corrosion Stress corrosion
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Failure 245 Cathode In a corrosion
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Failure 247 Graphitization A metall
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CHAPTER 11 Pressure Equipment: Dire
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Pressure Equipment: Directives and
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Standardization body Pressure Equip
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• The approach Unlike the PED, th
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Determine fluid group (Page 7) Tabl
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334 TUV TUV (UK) Ltd Surrey House S
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Pressure [kPa] Temp. [°C] Specific
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31.19 70 0.0010228 5.0409772 5.042
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APPENDIX 2 Some European Notified B
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0045 TÜV Nord EV Grosse Bahnstrass
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0686 Zentrallabor der TOS E V - Zer
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Lloyd's Register Of Shipping 29 Wel
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APPENDIX 3 Standards and Directives
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Flanges and their joints - Circular
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Flanges and their joints - Gaskets
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Metallic industrial piping - Part 1
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Industrial valves - End-to-end and
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Shell boilers - Part 2: Materials f
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Water-tube boilers and auxiliary in
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Technical delivery conditions for s
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Subject Work item ID Butt welding p
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Non-destructive testing of steel tu
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Non-destructive testing of steel tu
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Pipework - Corrugated flexible meta
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Steel tubes, fittings and structura
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Flat products made of steels for pr
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Cold formed welded structural hollo
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Subject Work item ID Pressure regul
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Index Index Terms Links A ASME A st
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Index Terms Links C Canadian standa
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Index Terms Links Deaerator, contac
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Index Terms Links Fatigue (Continue
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Index Terms Links Internal energy 3
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Index Terms Links P Pads 33 PD 5500
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Index Terms Links R Radiographic te
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Index Terms Links Steel: alloy 185
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Index Terms Links Ultrasonic testin
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