Engineers' Guide to Pressure Equipment - Index of

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28 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure Equipment Fig. 3.6 Stresses in a semi-ellipsoidal vessel head
Basic Design 29 head are, therefore, set up at the junction, with corresponding bending stresses. These relatively minor secondary stresses cannot be explained by membrane theory, but empirical results show that they become insignificant at a distance of about five times the wall thickness from the junction. Most vessel codes state that a vessel should have a smooth transition (approx 4:1 taper) where the shell is welded to the head. Torisphere A torisphere is another common shape for a dished end (see Fig. 3.6). This consists of a spherical central portion of ‘crown’ radius, R, and a toroidal knuckle of radius r, where R/r is approximately twelve and R is about 95 per cent of the cylinder diameter. Junctions of the torus with both sphere and cylinder give rise to geometric singularities and hence to secondary bending stresses. For the torisphere, S ≥ MpR/2tη M = [3 + (R/r) 1/2]/4 where M = a stress concentration factor (specified in a vessel code). Broadly, the greater the deviation from a sphere (where R/r = 1), the larger the M factor. The highly stressed region extends outwards from about 80 per cent D. Torispherical ends are often preferred to ellipsoidal ones, since the depth of drawing is less and so they are slightly cheaper to manufacture. This may be outweighed, however, by their higher stress concentrations and lower allowable pressure for a given material size. 3.2.6 Openings and compensation The various types of openings that are needed by vessels tend to weaken the shell. Compensation, or reinforcement, is the provision of an extra stresstransmitting area in the wall of a cylinder or shell when material has been removed. Figure 3.7 shows the principles included. Figure 3.7 (i and ii) shows part of a cylinder’s longitudinal section with the major circumferential stress acting across the critical longitudinal plane. The nominal material thickness is T and a hole of diameter Db is bored to accommodate a branch connection. Dimensions are assumed to be relevant to the fully corroded condition. The stress-transmitting area removed is A = Dbt where t is ‘calculated’ material thickness. Figures 3.7 (iii) and 3.8 show how compensation is made for the area removed by providing an equal area for alternate force paths in otherwise unused material of the cylinder and branch. Not all the branch wall can be devoted to compensation since the internally pressurized branch is a cylinder in its own right, with calculation and nominal thicknesses, tb and Tb, determined in a manner identical to the main shell. Provided that the longitudinal welds in both shell and branch do not lie in the critical
Page 1 and 2: Engineers’ Guide to Pressure Equi
Page 3 and 4: About the Author Cliff has extensiv
Page 5 and 6: Foreword During the course of my ca
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Page 9 and 10: viii Engineers’ Guide to Pressure
Page 11 and 12: x Engineers’ Guide to Pressure Eq
Page 13 and 14: 2 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure Eq
Page 19 and 20: Plant 'blocks' Units Plant systems
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER 2 Pressure Equipment Types
Page 23 and 24: Pressure Equipment Types and Compon
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 2.2 Heat exchanger symbols. (C
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 2.4 Piping and fittings symbol
Page 29 and 30: Pressure Equipment Types and Compon
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 3 Basic Design 3.1 Introduc
Page 33 and 34: Basic Design 23 3.2.2 Safety first
Page 35 and 36: Basic Design 25 Fig. 3.3 Longitudin
Page 37: Basic Design 27 Solving these two e
Page 41 and 42: Basic Design 31 Section through cri
Page 43 and 44: 3.2.8 Pipes and flanges Basic Desig
Page 45 and 46: Basic Design 35 The spacing of vess
Page 47 and 48: Basic Design 37 These are low carbo
Page 49 and 50: h D 2 o [ 4 ( R+ t) ] { D ( r t o )
Page 51 and 52: Table 3.1 Gas cylinder standard EN
Page 53 and 54: Basic Design 43 • Radiographic te
Page 55 and 56: Basic Design 45 Fig. 3.16 BS EN 144
Page 57 and 58: Basic Design 47 3.5 Heat exchangers
Page 59 and 60: Basic Design 49 Fig. 3.18 Heat exch
Page 61 and 62: Basic Design 51 Sliding head and O-
Page 63 and 64: Basic Design 53 where A = surface a
Page 65 and 66: Feed inlet Feed outlet Toroidal hea
Page 67 and 68: Basic Design 57 Table 3.4 pr EN 134
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Page 73 and 74: 64 4.5 PD 5500 Engineers’ Guide t
Page 79 and 80: 70 PED Annex 1 clause Engineers’
Page 85 and 86: 76 4.6 The ASME vessel codes 4.6.1
Page 87 and 88: 78 3 Materials • Permissible mate
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80 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure E
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Product/material Wrought or cast fe
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84 Thick cylindrical shells under i
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86 sets of rules governing openings
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96 Table 4.16 Construction to ASME
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98 • Production test plates • E
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100 Engineers’ Guide to Pressure
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102 1 Boiler feed pump 2 Feed check
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110 Pressure tubes Boiler/ superhea
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CHAPTER 5 Manufacture, QA, Inspecti
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Manufacture, QA, Inspection, and Te
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These are relevant mainly to gas cy
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Fig. 5.3 Vessel misalignment and di
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So: Manufacture, QA, Inspection, an
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5.4.4 Vacuum leak testing Vacuum te
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Standard code ASTM Material Yield k
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162 90° long radius elbow Engineer
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164 System Unit Job Engineers’ Gu
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CHAPTER 7 Boilers and HRSGs Boilers
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Boilers and HRSGs 169 Figures 7.2 a
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Kg/cm 2 x 0.09807 x 14.223 Boilers
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Boilers and HRSGs 173 The critical
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Boilers and HRSGs 175 Low-pressure
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Boilers and HRSGs 177 Table 7.2 Typ
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Boilers and HRSGs 179 operated type
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Boilers and HRSGs 181 • Shrink is
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7.2.4 HRSG materials Table 7.3 show
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321 ASTM A240, Wk 1.4541, 18/8/Ti,
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CHAPTER 9 Welding and NDT 9.1 Weld
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Welding and NDT 197 Fig. 9.2 Weld p
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Welding and NDT 199 Fig. 9.3 BS wel
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Welding and NDT 201 Fig. 9.5 MMA we
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Welding and NDT 203 Fig. 9.9 FCA we
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ange of approval involved. The prin
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Welding and NDT 207 Fig. 9.13 Tensi
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9.5 Non-destructive testing (NDT) t
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Welding and NDT 211 Fig. 9.16 Dye p
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Defects are classified into: •
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Welding and NDT 215 pressures equip
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Welding and NDT 217 Fig. 9.20 Ultra
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9.5.5 Radiographic testing (RT) Wel
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Welding and NDT 221 A single-wall X
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9.6 NDT acronyms Welding and NDT 22
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Welding and NDT 225 WFMPI Wet Fluor
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Welding and NDT 227 ASME VIII Radio
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CHAPTER 10 Failure 10.1 How pressur
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10.1.2 Multi-axis stress states Fai
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Failure 233 Stresses in engineering
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Failure 235 where: Sw(b) = fatigue
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Failure 237 What is a typical creep
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Incomplete tin coating Failure 239
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Deposit of Fe (OH)3 Oxygen OH - Cat
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Pitting corrosion Stress corrosion
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Failure 245 Cathode In a corrosion
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Failure 247 Graphitization A metall
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CHAPTER 11 Pressure Equipment: Dire
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Pressure Equipment: Directives and
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Standardization body Pressure Equip
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• The approach Unlike the PED, th
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Determine fluid group (Page 7) Tabl
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334 TUV TUV (UK) Ltd Surrey House S
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Pressure [kPa] Temp. [°C] Specific
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31.19 70 0.0010228 5.0409772 5.042
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APPENDIX 2 Some European Notified B
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0045 TÜV Nord EV Grosse Bahnstrass
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0686 Zentrallabor der TOS E V - Zer
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Lloyd's Register Of Shipping 29 Wel
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APPENDIX 3 Standards and Directives
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Flanges and their joints - Circular
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Flanges and their joints - Gaskets
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Metallic industrial piping - Part 1
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Industrial valves - End-to-end and
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Shell boilers - Part 2: Materials f
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Water-tube boilers and auxiliary in
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Technical delivery conditions for s
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Subject Work item ID Butt welding p
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Non-destructive testing of steel tu
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Non-destructive testing of steel tu
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Pipework - Corrugated flexible meta
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Steel tubes, fittings and structura
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Flat products made of steels for pr
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Cold formed welded structural hollo
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Subject Work item ID Pressure regul
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Index Index Terms Links A ASME A st
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Index Terms Links C Canadian standa
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Index Terms Links Deaerator, contac
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Index Terms Links Fatigue (Continue
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Index Terms Links Internal energy 3
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Index Terms Links P Pads 33 PD 5500
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Index Terms Links R Radiographic te
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Index Terms Links Steel: alloy 185
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Index Terms Links Ultrasonic testin
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