✐ ✐ ✐ “Volum<strong>en</strong>1” — 2012/1/12 — 13:52 — page 84 — #122 ✐ Capítulo 3. C <strong>en</strong> <strong>C++</strong> 3.4.6. Introducción a las refer<strong>en</strong>cias de <strong>C++</strong> Los punteros funcionan más o m<strong>en</strong>os igual <strong>en</strong> C y <strong>en</strong> <strong>C++</strong>, pero <strong>C++</strong> añade un modo adicional de pasar una dirección a una función. Se trata del paso-por-refer<strong>en</strong>cia y existe <strong>en</strong> otros muchos l<strong>en</strong>guajes, de modo que no es una inv<strong>en</strong>ción de <strong>C++</strong>. La primera impresión que dan las refer<strong>en</strong>cias es que no son necesarias, que se pued<strong>en</strong> escribir cualquier programa sin refer<strong>en</strong>cias. En g<strong>en</strong>eral, eso es verdad, con la excepción de unos pocos casos importantes que se tratarán más adelante <strong>en</strong> el libro, pero la idea básica es la misma que la demostración anterior con el puntero: se puede pasar la dirección de un argum<strong>en</strong>to utilizando una refer<strong>en</strong>cia. La difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong>tre refer<strong>en</strong>cias y punteros es que invocar a una función que recibe refer<strong>en</strong>cias es mas limpio, sintácticam<strong>en</strong>te, que llamar a una función que recibe punteros (y es exactam<strong>en</strong>te esa difer<strong>en</strong>cia sintáctica la que hace a las refer<strong>en</strong>cias es<strong>en</strong>ciales <strong>en</strong> ciertas situaciones). Si PassAddress.cpp se modifica para utilizar refer<strong>en</strong>cias, se puede ver la difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong> la llamada a la función <strong>en</strong> main(): //: C03:PassRefer<strong>en</strong>ce.cpp #include using namespace std; void f(int& r) { cout
✐ ✐ ✐ “Volum<strong>en</strong>1” — 2012/1/12 — 13:52 — page 85 — #123 ✐ 3.4. Introducción a los tipos de datos modificar el objeto externo, al igual que al pasar un puntero (también se puede observar que la refer<strong>en</strong>cia esconde el hecho de que se está pasando una dirección; esto se verá más adelante <strong>en</strong> el libro). Gracias a esta pequeña introducción se puede asumir que las refer<strong>en</strong>cias son sólo un modo sintácticam<strong>en</strong>te distinto (a veces referido como «azúcar sintáctico») para conseguir lo mismo que los punteros: permitir a las funciones cambiar los objetos externos. 3.4.7. Punteros y Refer<strong>en</strong>cias como modificadores Hasta ahora, se han visto los tipos básicos de datos char, int, float, y double, junto con los especificadores signed, unsigned, short, y long, que se pued<strong>en</strong> utilizar con los tipos básicos de datos <strong>en</strong> casi cualquier combinación. Ahora hemos añadido los punteros y las refer<strong>en</strong>cias, que son lo ortogonal a los tipos básicos de datos y los especificadores, de modo que las combinaciones posibles se acaban de triplicar: //: C03:AllDefinitions.cpp // All possible combinations of basic data types, // specifiers, pointers and refer<strong>en</strong>ces #include using namespace std; void f1(char c, int i, float f, double d); void f2(short int si, long int li, long double ld); void f3(unsigned char uc, unsigned int ui, unsigned short int usi, unsigned long int uli); void f4(char* cp, int* ip, float* fp, double* dp); void f5(short int* sip, long int* lip, long double* ldp); void f6(unsigned char* ucp, unsigned int* uip, unsigned short int* usip, unsigned long int* ulip); void f7(char& cr, int& ir, float& fr, double& dr); void f8(short int& sir, long int& lir, long double& ldr); void f9(unsigned char& ucr, unsigned int& uir, unsigned short int& usir, unsigned long int& ulir); int main() {} ///:~ Los punteros y las refer<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>en</strong>tran <strong>en</strong> juego también cuando se pasan objetos d<strong>en</strong>tro y fuera de las funciones; apr<strong>en</strong>derá sobre ello <strong>en</strong> un capítulo posterior. Hay otro tipo que funciona con punteros: void. Si se establece que un puntero es un void*, significa que cualquier tipo de dirección se puede asignar a ese puntero (<strong>en</strong> cambio si ti<strong>en</strong>e un int*, sólo puede asignar la dirección de una variable int a ese puntero). Por ejemplo: //: C03:VoidPointer.cpp int main() { void* vp; char c; int i; float f; 85 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐
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