J.V. Torregrosa et al. Técnicas de imagen en hiperparatiroidismo secundario Grado 3 Valorar PTx 1. Akerström G, Malmaeus J, Bergström R. Surgical anatomy of human paratyroid glands. Surgery 1984;95:14-21. 2. Randel SB, Gooding GAW, Clark OH, Stein RM, Winkler B. Parathyroid variants: US evaluation. Radiology 1987;165:191-4. 3. Fukagawa M, Kitaoka M, Yi H, Fukuda N, Matsumoto T, et al. Serial evaluation of parathyroid size by ultrasonography is another useful marker for the long-term prognosis of calcitriol pulse therapy in Nefrologia 2010;30(2):158-67 Positiva Grado 1-2 Figura 3. Técnicas de imagen en hiperparatiroidismo secundario: algoritmo de aplicación. CONCEPTOS CLAVE 1. En síntesis (figura 3), hoy día nuestra recomendación es practicar, en todos los pacientes con HPTS que no responden inicial y fácilmente al tratamiento médico, una gammagrafía MIBI que puede complementarse con un eco-Doppler color. 2. Si la gammagrafía es positiva y, tras gradación de la intensidad de captación, alguna de las glándulas (no ectópicas) presenta un índice intenso (3), aunque se puede intentar intensificar el tratamiento, deberíamos ir pensando en la paratiroidectomía. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS Tratar intensificar tratamiento No respuesta PTHi >600 pg/ml Mala respuesta tratamiento médico Preparatiroidectomía MIBI Ecografía PTx PTx + revisiones cortas Dudosa o negativa PET o RMN Positiva Negativa 3. Si la gammagrafía es positiva y, tras gradación de la intensidad de captación, ninguna de las glándulas (no ectópicas) presenta un índice intenso (3), es decir, se encuentran en grados 1 o 2, se debería intentar intensificar tratamiento y, si no existe buena respuesta considerar la paratiroidectomía. 4. Si la gammagrafía es negativa, deberíamos practicar una PET o un escáner híbrido si disponemos de ello. En caso de no disponer de PET lo aconsejable sería una RMN. Una vez localizada la(s) glándula(s) ya indicaríamos la paratiroidectomía. chronic dialysis patients. Nephron 1994;68:221-8. 4. Solbiati L, Rizzatto G, Ballarati E, Ierace T, Crespi L. Practical implications of color Doppler sonography of parathyroid glands: study of 203 tumors. Radiology 1993;189:210. 5. Onoda N, Kurihara S, Sakurai Y, Owada K, Osono E, et al. Evaluation of blood supply to the parathyroid glands in secondary hyperparathyroidism compared with histopathology. Nephrol Dial ? 165
evisiones cortas Transplant 2003;18(Suppl3):34-7. 6. Solbiati L, Giagrande A, Pra LD, Bellotti E, Cantu P, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection of parathyroid tumor under US guidance: Treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiology 1985;155:607-10. 7. Nakamura M, Fuchinoue S, Teraoka S. Clinical experience with percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in hemodialysis patients with renal hyperparathyroidism. AmJ Kidney Dis 2003;42:739-45. 8. De Barros Hueiros JE, Chammas MC, Gerhard R, Da Silva Dias Boilesen CF, De Oliveira IR, et al. Percutaneous ethanol and calcitriol injection therapy are ineffective in treating severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:657-63. 9. Ferlin G, Borsato N, Camerani M, Saitta B. New perspectives in localizing enlarged parathyroids by technetium-thallium substraction scan Reply. J Nucl Med 1984;25:540. 10. Ferlin G, Borsato N, Camerani M, Conte N, Zoiti D. New perspectives in localizing enlarged parathyroids by technetium-thallium substraction scan. J Nucl Med 1983;24:438-41. 11. Ferlin G, Borsato N, Perelló R. Technetium-thallium substraction scan. A new method in the preoperative localization of enlarged parathyroids. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 1981;6:A12. 12. Ishibashi M, Nishida H, Okuda S, Suekane S, Hayabuchi N. Localization of parathyroid glans in hemodialysis patients using Tc- 99 sestamibi imaging. Nephron 1998;78:48-53. 13. Hindie E, Urena P, Jeanguillaume C, Melliere D, Berthelot JM, Menoyo-Calonge V, et al. Preoperative imagin of parathyroid glands with Tc-99 sestamibi imaging and iodine-123 subtraction scaning in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 1999;353:2200-4. 14. Giordano A, Rubello D, Casar D. New trens in parathyroid scintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2001;28:1409-20. 15. Torregrosa JV, Fuster D, Ybarra J, Ortiz J, Moreno A, Valveny N. Predicting the effect of intravenous calcitriol on parathyroid gland activity using double-phase technetium Tc99m-sestamibi. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;44:476-80. 16. Fuster D, Ybarra J, Ortín J, Torregrosa JV, Gilabert R, Setoain X, et al. Role of pre-operative imaging using 99mTc-MIBI and neck ultrasound in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism who are candidates for subtotal parathyroidectomy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:467-73. 17. Fuster D, Torregrosa JV, Doménech B, Sola O, Martín G, Casellas J, et al. Double-phase 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy to assess calcimimetic effect in patients on hemodialisis with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nucl Med Comm 2009;4: 18. Vallejos V, Martín-Comín J, González MT, Rafecas R, Muñoz A, Fernández A, et al. The usefulness of Tc-99m tetrofosmin scintigraphy in the diagnosis and localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. Clin Nucl Med 1999;24:959-64. 19. Wakamatsu H, Nougochi S, Yamashita H, Tamura S, Jinnouchi, et al. Tc-99m tetrofosmin for pasrathyroid scintigraphy: a direct comparison with Tc-99m MIBI, Tl-201, MRI and US. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2001;28:1817-27. 20. Spanu A, Falchi A, Manca A, Maronguiu P, Cossu A, Pisu N, et al. The usefulness of neck pinhole SPECT as a complementary tool to planar scintigraphy in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Nucl Med 2004;45:40-8. 21. Lorberboym M, Minski I, Macadziob S, Nikolov G, Schacter P. Incremental diagnostic value of preoperative Tc-99m-MIBI SPECT in 166 J.V. Torregrosa et al. Técnicas de imagen en hiperparatiroidismo secundario patients with a parathyroid adenoma. J Nucl Med 2003;44:904-8. 22. Pons F, Torregrosa JV, Fuster D. Biological factors influencing parathyroid localization. Nucl Med Comm 2003;24:121-4. 23. Torregrosa JV, Fernández-Cruz L, Canalejo A, Vidal S, Astudillo E, Almadén Y, et al. 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy and cell cycle in parathyroid glands of secondary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg 2000;24:1386-90. 24. Carpentier A, Jeannotte S, Verreault J, Lefebvre B, Bisson G, Mongeau C, et al. Preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions in hyperparatiroidism: relationship between technetium-99m-MIBI uptake and oxyphil cell content. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1441-4. 25. Nishida H, Masatoshi I, Hiromatsu Y, Kaida H, Baba K, Miyake I, et al. Comparison of histological findings and parathyroid scintigraphy in haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism glands. Endocr J 2005;52:223-8. 26. Wu HS, Liu YC, Kao A, Wang JJ, Ho ST. Technetium 99m tetrofosmin parathyroid imagin to detect parathyroid adenoma and its relation to P-glycoprotein expression. Surgery 2002;132:456-60. 27. Bhatnagar A, Vezza PR, Bryan JA, Atkins FB, Ziessman HA. Technetium-99m-sestamibiparathyroid scintigraphy: effect of Pglycoprotein, histology and tumor size on detectability. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1617-20. 28. Arbab AS, Koizumi K, Toyama K, Arai T, Araki T. Effects of of ion channel modulators in the flux and efflux of Tc-99m-MIBI. Ann Nucl Med 1999;13:27-32. 29. Friedman K, Somervell H, Patel P, Melton GB, Garret-Mayer E, Dackiw AP, et al. Effect of calcium channel blockers on the sensitivity of preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT for hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 2004;136:1199-204. 30. Fuster D, Ybarra J, Torregrosa JV, Setoain X, Martín F, Ortega ML, et al. Double-phase parathyroid 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy in chronic hemodiálisis patients: correlation with biochemical markers of parathyroid function. Nucl Med Comm 2003;24:85-90. 31. Mariani G, Gulec SA, Rubello D, Boni G, Puccini M, Pelizzo MR, et al. Preoperative localization and radioguided parathyroid surgery. J Nucl Med 2003;44:1443-58. 32. Hindié E, Ugur O, Fuster D, O’Doherty M, Grassetto G, Ureña P, et al. Parathyroid Task Group of the EANM. 2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:120. 33. Sundin A, Johansson C, Hellman P, Bergström M, Ahlström H, Jacobson JB, et al. PET and parathyroid L-[carbon-11] methionine accumulation in hiperparathyroidims. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1766- 70. 34. Otto D, Boerner AR, Hofmann M. Pre-operative localisation of hyperfunctional parathyroid tissue with (11 C-methionine PET). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:1405-12. 35. Cook GJ, Wong JC, Smeille WJ, Young AE, Maisey MN, Fogelman I. [C-11] methionine positron emission tomography for patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism after surgery. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;139:195-7. 36. Fuster D, Torregrosa JV, Ortega M, Mas M, Martín F, Setoain FJ, et al. Diagnosis of recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism using double-phase 99mTc-MIBI gammagraphy after total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation. Nefrologia 2002;22:377-80. 37. Perie S, Fessi H, Tassart M, Younsi N, Poli I, St Guily JL, et al. Nefrologia 2010;30(2):158-67
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