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(METHODO)LOGICAL PRESUPPOSITIONS IN THE WORK OF LEIBNIZ 19 Consequently, an equivalent formulation of the above definition reads: Definition. A statement (proposition) P has as its logical presupposition the statement (proposition) Q if and only if, for all the possible circumstances (contexts) w, if Q is false in w, then P is neither true, nor false (P has no value of truth) in w. Thus it becomes obvious, given the considerations above, that Q ceases to constitute a logical presupposition for P as soon as a circumstance (context) w can be identified, in which P has no value of truth and Q is false. Sandu (1997) considers that the philosophical justification for this type of presuppositions resides in Frege’s theory on meaning and signification. In the example: (i) The queen of England is (not) very popular (ii) There is a (unique) queen of England, the statement (i) logically presupposes the statement (ii) precisely because, if the proposition that (i) expresses has a value of truth, then its corresponding function has a value, so it follows it also has an argument. The existence of the argument indicates that the subject-term “the queen of England” has both meaning and signification. Consequently, it is necessary that the object that the concept denotes exist. Therefore, (ii) is true. Still, there are cases in which the subject-term has meaning, but it lacks signification, as in the following example: (iii) The king of France is a bold man. The proposition has no value of truth, because the function that corresponds to the predicate “is a bold man” lacks argument for the object that “the king of France” denotes (there is no such object). Thus, (iv) There is a (unique) king of France does not constitute a logical presupposition for (iii), because there is at least one context (the current one) in which (iv) is false and for which (iii) has no truth-value. Sandu specifies that it has been established (Soames; 1989) that there are situations that do not sustain Frege’s theory:
20 Georgina Oana Gabor (v) If there is a king of France, then he is one of the few remaining European monarchs (iv) is not (v)’s logical presupposition. Moreover, (v) has a certain value of truth even though (iv) has no truth-value. The main purpose of the Fregean approach is to highlight the presuppositions of existence that are correlated, according to Eco (1996) with “the nature of reference and of referential expressions” (Eco, p. 313). The already classical theories proposed by B. Russell and P. Strawson pursue the same objective. This study, however, does not elaborate on these theories. b) Pragmatic theories. R. Stalnaker This type of theories on presuppositions refers primarily to conversational contexts. Vermeulen and Hoekstra (1997) observe that “presuppositions’ role does not limit to the problem of the conditions of truth” (p. 307). To operate with a statement (to transmit it, to receive it, etc.) entails the determination of its presuppositions (preconditions). Stalnaker (1973) considers that the presuppositions specify certain theses, ideas, etc. that the participants to a dialogue accept as being incontestable. These theses and ideas “go without saying”. They do not belong to the explicit content of a conversation, but comprise the interlocutors’ background of common beliefs. They make successful communication possible. According to Stalnaker, presuppositions’ essential objective is the progressive augmentation of the “informative baggage” shared by the participants to a dialogue. Concretely, by enouncing proposition S, the emitting subject assumes that proposition P goes without saying. The receiver may accept S (case in which P is also being accepted as a presupposition of S), they can reject it (case in which P is also rejected as a presupposition of S), or they can “accommodate” to S (and thus to P) so that the dialogue can proceed. Stalnaker points out that:
Page 1 and 2: ANALELE UNIVERSITĂŢII DE VEST DIN
Page 3 and 4: I. ÉTUDES : SOMMAIRE: Ioan BIRIŞ
Page 5 and 6: 6 Ioan Biriş Historiquement parlan
Page 7 and 8: 8 Ioan Biriş Cette idée sera comb
Page 9 and 10: 10 Ioan Biriş par la force persuas
Page 11 and 12: 12 Ioan Biriş rélation mathémati
Page 13 and 14: 14 Notes bibliographiques: Ioan Bir
Page 15 and 16: 16 Georgina Oana Gabor The author d
Page 17: 18 Georgina Oana Gabor logical cohe
Page 21 and 22: 22 Georgina Oana Gabor This study w
Page 23 and 24: 24 Georgina Oana Gabor Newton, etc.
Page 25 and 26: 26 Georgina Oana Gabor The requirem
Page 27 and 28: 28 Georgina Oana Gabor to the divin
Page 29 and 30: 30 Georgina Oana Gabor think about
Page 31 and 32: 32 Georgina Oana Gabor “In the ca
Page 33 and 34: 34 Georgina Oana Gabor “Since not
Page 35 and 36: 36 Georgina Oana Gabor envisions a
Page 37 and 38: 38 or “There is a finite number o
Page 39 and 40: 40 Georgina Oana Gabor in conformit
Page 41 and 42: 42 Bibliography: Georgina Oana Gabo
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Page 57 and 58: 46 Anca Magiaru Declaration de 1789
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58 Bibliografie: Anca Magiaru Biri
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60 Iasmina Petrovici philosophy of
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62 Iasmina Petrovici A mystery, thr
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64 Iasmina Petrovici hidden dimensi
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66 Iasmina Petrovici In other words
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LA DIMENSIOAN INTERACTIVE DE LA COM
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84 Laura Gheorghiu basically, a non
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86 Laura Gheorghiu addresses to the
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88 Laura Gheorghiu possibility of a
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90 Laura Gheorghiu turns to be a pa
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92 Laura Gheorghiu On a first insta
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94 Laura Gheorghiu for the ancient
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96 Laura Gheorghiu That is why comm
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98 Laura Gheorghiu specified that t
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100 Paul Kun morales. La raison de
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102 Paul Kun pris. Leur analyse a m
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104 Paul Kun pouvoirs et, notamment
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106 Paul Kun États-Unies semble se
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108 Paul Kun chaîne CNN, le commen
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110 Paul Kun économique et politiq
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112 Paul Kun Malheureusement, la po
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114 Notes bibliographiques: Paul Ku
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THÈSES DOCTORALES / DOCTORAL THESS
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