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<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro<br />
niko berZeniSvilis instituti<br />
<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
eTnologiis problemebi<br />
II<br />
gamomcemloba<br />
,,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~<br />
baTumi - 2008
Министерство образования и науки Грузии<br />
Институт Нико Бердзенишвили<br />
Этнологические проблемы<br />
Юго-Западной Грузии<br />
II<br />
Издательство<br />
«Государственный университет Шота Руставели»<br />
Батуми - 2008<br />
2
Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia<br />
Niko Berdzenishvili Institute<br />
The ethnological problems<br />
of South-West Georgia<br />
II<br />
Publishing House<br />
“Shota Rustaveli State Universitety”<br />
Batumi - 2008<br />
3
krebulSi <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eTnologiis sxvadasxva<br />
sakiTxia ganxiluli da gaanalizebuli. pirveli werili<br />
eZRvneba aWaris dedasamSoblo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan dabrunebis 130<br />
wlisTavs, romelSic asaxulia muhajirobis tragikuli Sedegebi<br />
aWaraSi gazeT “droebis” mixedviT.<br />
momdevno statiebSi Seswavlilia xis damuSavebis tradiciebi<br />
aWaraSi, zendidis cixisa da misi Semogarenis sacxovrebeli nagebobani,<br />
xalxuri aRzrdis sakiTxebi, saxalxo dResaswaulebTan<br />
dakavSirebuli terminologia, aWaris pirveli eTnografiuli eqspediciis<br />
(1933 w.) Sedegebi da mniSvneloba. saintereso statiebia<br />
warmodgenili TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTveli mosaxleobis sameurneo<br />
cxovrebasa da saqorwino wes-Cveulebebze SavSeTis, liganis<br />
xeobisa da lazeTis sofel Termes magaliTze. daxasiaTebulia<br />
ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebani cxovrebis wesis erovnul<br />
Taviseburebebze, politikuri represiebi saqarTveloSi 1941-45<br />
wlebSi (aWaris masalebis CamoTvliT), mimoxilulia saqarTvelo-<br />
Si mcxovreb ebraelTa Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura, asaxulia<br />
islamis religiis gavlenebi aWaris materialur kulturasa da<br />
saqorwino wes-Cveulebebze. damatebis saxiT dabeWdilia statia<br />
Sua saukuneebis erT-erT religiur mimdinareobaze azerbaijanSi.<br />
krebuls erTvis kritikisa da bibliografiis ganyofileba. igi<br />
gankuTvnilia rogorc mecnierebis Sesabamisi dargis mkvlevar-<br />
TaTvis, aseve farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
krebuli eZRvneba aWaris dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis 130<br />
wlisTavs.<br />
redaqtori: nodar kaxiZe – istoriis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori<br />
pasuxismgebeli mdivani: manuCar loria – akademiuri doqtori<br />
recenzentebi: malxaz sioriZe – istoriis<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori<br />
mixeil qamadaZe – asocirebuli<br />
profesori<br />
ISSN 1987-524X<br />
© gamomcemloba ,,SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti~<br />
4
nodar kaxiZe<br />
muhajirobis asaxva qarTul presaSi<br />
(gazeT `droebaSi~ aWaraze daculi cnobebis<br />
mixedviT)<br />
muhajiroba XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTveli<br />
eris didi erovnuli tragedia iyo, romelic Sedegad mohyva<br />
ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis oms. omSi ruseTis gamarjvebiT<br />
qarTveli xalxis didi xnis ocneba axda – yofili<br />
baTumis olqi aWaris CaTvliT dedasamSoblo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
daubrunda.<br />
muhajiroba saerTo qarTul-kavkasiuri movlena iyo,<br />
romlis msxverpli qarTvelebTan erTad gaxdnen kavkasiis<br />
sxva xalxebic. muhajirTa saerTo ricxvi ramdenime aseul<br />
aTass aRwevda. es procesi gansakuTrebiT xangrZlivi da<br />
mtkivneuli mainc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> nawilSi,<br />
kerZod, baTumis olqSi aRmoCnda. publicisti da sazogado<br />
moRvawe giorgi wereTeli rusul gazeT `golosSi~ werda:<br />
`Ни одно явление из внутренной жизни Закавказского края не обращало<br />
на себя столь продолжительного и возбужденного общественного<br />
внимания, как переселение туземцев Батумской области~ (газ. “Голос”,<br />
1881, №95). savsebiT swori Sefasebaa. muhajirobis, anu xalxis<br />
nebiT Tu uneblieT gasaxlebis vadebi oficialurad<br />
sam welze (1879-1882) iyo gaTvlili, magram am process<br />
adgili hqonda ruseT-TurqeTis 1977-1878 wlebis omis dawyebamdec,<br />
omis msvlelobis dros, omisa da muhajirobis<br />
vadis gasvlis Semdegac. amitomac muhajirobam, ise rogorc<br />
omis mTelma msvlelobam, qarTveli sazogadoebriobis,<br />
pirvel rigSi, misi mowinave inteligenciis, qarTuli<br />
da rusuli presis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcia.<br />
qarTuli presidan muhajirobis sakiTxebis gaSuqebaSi<br />
tonis mimcemi iyo gazeTi `droeba~. muhajirobis procesebi<br />
aqtiurad Suqdeboda rusul presaSi (`Голос~, `Кавказ~, `Обзор~).<br />
muhajirobasa da omis mimdinareobaze Zalze saintereso<br />
masalebia daculi qarTul da rusul saarqivo wyaroebSi,<br />
qarTul da rusul samecniero Tu samxedro-memua-<br />
5
ul literaturaSi, baTumis olqis gubernatorisa da<br />
kavkasiis sardlobis mimowerebSi.<br />
gazeT `droebis~ monacemebs ZiriTadad aWaris magaliTze<br />
ganvixilavT.<br />
am gazeTis gamorCeuli da gansakuTrebuli roli muhajirobisa<br />
da saerTod qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebrivpolitikuri<br />
procesebis gaSuqebaSi im faqtmac ganapiroba,<br />
rom mis sagamomcemlo saqmianobaSi monawileobdnen gamoCenili<br />
qarTveli mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi (ilia<br />
WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, giorgi wereTeli, iakob gogeba-<br />
Svili, niko nikolaZe, sergi mesxi, petre meliqiSvili,<br />
petre umikaSvili, ivane maCabeli, konstantine lorTqifani-<br />
Ze, aleqsandre yazbegi, anton furcelaZe da sxvebi). xolo<br />
omisa da muhajirobis periodSi gazeTs redaqtorobda sergi<br />
mesxi. swored `droeba~ iyo progresuli mimarTulebis<br />
politikuri da literaturuli gazeTi, romelmac Rrma<br />
kvali datova saerTod qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi. man Rirseulad daimkvidra mematianis roli<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris istoriaSi (bocvaZe i. 1977, 640).<br />
mxolod aseT qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa da mweralTa<br />
meurveobis qveS myofi gazeTi SeiZleboda yofiliyo<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris gamomxatveli, muhajirobis<br />
procesebis farTod aRmweri da Semfasebeli.<br />
gazeTi `droeba~ muhajirobis TiTqmis yvela mxares<br />
aSuqebda (mizezebi _ uSualod mosaxleobis gasaxlebis<br />
procesi, gasaxlebulTa mZime mdgomareoba, maTi geografiuli<br />
gansaxleba, ukan dabrunebis cdebi, qarTveli sazogadoebriobis<br />
damokidebuleba am movlenisadmi da sxv).<br />
samecniero da sxva saxis literaturaSi, Jurnal-gaze-<br />
TebSi calkeuli avtorebi sxvadasxvanairad aSuqeben<br />
muhajirobis gamomwvev mizezebs. zogi mas religiuri fanatizmiT,<br />
muslimani sasuliero pirebisa (mola-xojebis<br />
saxiT) da osmalo moxeleTa agitaciis (rasac mosaxleobis<br />
nawili marTlac wamoego) gavleniT xsnida, zogic kidev<br />
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT, rac omma moutana mosaxleobas.<br />
SevniSnavT, rom muhajirobis gamomwvevi iyo dasaxelebul<br />
mizezTa erToblioba da ara calke aRebuli ro-<br />
6
melime mizezi. mTavari mizezi ki mainc mZime socialurekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareoba iyo, romelmac ukiduresad gaamwvava<br />
mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebi.<br />
daviT wereTeli erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelic 1879<br />
wels maWaxlidan gazeT `droebaSi~ gagzavnil werilSi<br />
xalxis gasaxlebis oTx umTavres mizezs asaxelebda: sasuliero<br />
wodebis agitacias, adgilobrivi begebisa da aRebis<br />
mxriv xalxis Seviwroebas, religiur fanatizms da baTumis<br />
porto-frankos reJimis arsebobas (wereTeli d. 1879,<br />
#35).<br />
daviT wereTeli, maWaxlis sapolicio ubnis ufrosi<br />
1878-1882 wlebSi, uSualo momswre iyo muhajirobisa da<br />
amitomac sworad esmoda misi gamomwvevi mizezebi.<br />
porto-frankos reJimi mosaxleobis gansakuTrebul<br />
SeSfoTebas iwvevda da muhajirobisaken ubiZgebda mas. d.<br />
wereTeli gazeTis imave nomerSi werda: `xalxi Camotyavda<br />
da ar ician ra qnan. yvelaferi mamasisxlad unda iyidos.<br />
sami-oTxi arSini CiTis gamotana ubaJod ar SeuZliaT da<br />
mTeli dRe damoJnis karze dganan beWdis dasasmelad.<br />
xaris tyavis qalamani rom iyidos, aseTive damowmeba unda,<br />
col-SvilisaTvis tanisamosi rom iyidos, baJi unda gadaixados~.<br />
misi sityviT, xalxs uWirda fulis Sovna. `zogierT<br />
sofels SeuZlia vaSlis gayidva, magram metad dabal<br />
fasebSi~.<br />
porto-frankos arsebobis mTel manZilze (1878-1886 ww.)<br />
ar Secvlila misi reJimis moTxovnebi. `droeba~ am faqts<br />
mogvianebiTac gamoexmaura da mkacrad gaakritika igi.<br />
gazeTis cnobiT, sabaJos saguSagos ufrosi arad agdebda<br />
aWarelis Txovnas _ ubaJod gaetana erTi adli CiTi an<br />
mitkali da SiSveli bavSvebi Seemosa. amis gamo zogierTi<br />
aWareli cdilobda ubeSi daemala qsovili da ise gaetana,<br />
radgan sabaJo gadasaxadi zogjer qsovilis safasurze<br />
metic ki Rirda. magram kontrabanda moxeleebs yuradRebidan<br />
ar gamoparviaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi policiaSic ki wauyvaniaT<br />
aWareli da baJi erTixuTad gadauxdevinebiaT. aWareli<br />
ki Sin daRonebuli dabrunebula (gaz. `droeba~, 1883,<br />
#296).<br />
7
aseTi da sxva msgavsi mZime pirobebi marTlac aiZulebda<br />
mosaxleobis nawils mietovebia Tavisi mSobliuri<br />
saxl-kari da muhajirad gadaxvewiliyo.<br />
muhajirobis sxva mizezebad saxeldeba Tanamdebobebze<br />
moxeleTa TviTneboba da gadasaxadis gawera mosaxleobaze.<br />
am faqts gazeTSi aqtiurad gamoexmaura sergi mesxi.<br />
misTvis miuRebeli iyo aWaraSi Tanamdebobebze iseTi moxeleebis<br />
daniSvna, romlebic ar icnobdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis<br />
mdgomareobas. mxolod imiT iyvnen dainteresebuli,<br />
rom rac SeiZleba meti xalxi gaesaxlebiaT aqedan<br />
da Tavad CaegdoT xelSi maTi qoneba, simdidre, miwebi. igi<br />
werda: `saubedurod aqaur CinovnikebSi arian iseTi pirebi,<br />
romelnic pirdapir eubnebian xalxs: gadiT aqedan, Cven<br />
Tqven ar gvindixarT, CvenTvisa Tqven ara xarT saWiro,<br />
Tqvens magivrad aq Cvenebur xalxs davasaxlebT~ (gaz.<br />
`droeba~, 1878, #37).<br />
rodesac adgilobriv moxeleebze Camovarda saubari,<br />
erT-erT gavlenian da metad pativcemul pirs s. mesxisaTvis<br />
aseTi moxeleebis misamarTiT uTqvams: `rac gonji<br />
xalxi iyo, is gamogvigzavneTo~. amaze s.mesxi SeniSnavda:<br />
`saubedurod am gonj moxeleebSi zogierTi qarTvelic<br />
eria... da amaTi wyalobiT aris, rom isini ase daundoblad,<br />
ase ganze gviyurebdnen~ (gaz. `droeba~, 1882, #257). Tumca,<br />
s.mesxis TqmiT, qarTvel moxeleebSic iyvnen keTilsindisieri<br />
da gonieri pirebi, romlebic rigianad asrulebdnen<br />
TavianT movaleobas da adamianuri TvaliT uyurebdnen<br />
adgilobriv mosaxleobas (iqve).<br />
gansakuTrebuli moxseniebisa da qebis Rirsni arian<br />
maSin ruseTis samsaxurSi myofi qarTveli moxeleebi: zemo<br />
aWaris mazris ufrosi nikoloz mefisovi (mefisaSvili),<br />
grigol gurieli da sxvebi. n. mefisaSvili zemo aWaris<br />
mosaxleobis ndobiTa da siyvaruliT sargeblobda. xalxi<br />
mis Sesaxeb ambobda: `RmerTma nu qnas es aqedan gadaiyvanon,<br />
radgan aman Cveni rjuli, wesi da ena kargad iciso~.<br />
xolo gr. gurieli win aRudga qobuleTidan xalxis gasaxlebas,<br />
romlis iniciatori ali-faSa TavdgiriZe iyo. gurieli<br />
Seecada daerwmunebina ali-faSa, rom borotebas Cadioda,<br />
rodesac qobuleTlebs gasaxlebisaken mouwodebda<br />
da urCia xeli aeRo am ganzraxvaze (megreliZe S. 1964, 33).<br />
8
amitomac werda `droeba~ maT Sesaxeb, rom mTeli aWara am<br />
or pirovnebas Tayvans scemso (gaz. `droeba~, 1878, #19).<br />
`droebasa~ da rusul gazeT `golosSi~ dabeWdili<br />
statiebi iuwyebodnen, rom aWaris soflebSi xSirad daZrwodnen<br />
osmalo agentebi da maTi xelSemwyobi adgilobrivi<br />
xoja-molebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic xalxs gadasaxlebisaken<br />
mouwodebdnen da sanacvlod maTTvis sasargeblo<br />
pirobebs sTavazobdnen. `droebis~ cnobiT, osmalTa<br />
agentebi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi avrcelebdnen broSurebs,<br />
romlebiTac yvela mahmadians mouwodebdnen ar dar-<br />
Ceniliyvnen ruseTis mmarTvelobis qveS. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
maT elodaT gadagvareba, suliT da xorciT wawymeda,<br />
rac unda mtkice damcavi da aRmsrulebeli yofiliyvnen<br />
mahmadis rjulisa (gaz. `droeba~, 1880, #100). s. mesxis<br />
cnobiT, am saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen stambolidan<br />
mosuli molebi da osmalos sxva mqadageblebi. s. mesxi<br />
osmalTa agentebis agitaciis gavlenas aWaridan adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobis gasaxlebis sakiTxSi erT-erT mTavar<br />
sakiTxad miiCnevda. rogorc igi werda, `osmalebi Cvenze<br />
ufro daxelovnebuli mqadagebelni gamodgnen.~ amis mizezad<br />
asaxelebda Semdeg faqts: Tavis droze `ver movTavsdiT<br />
am xalxTan, ver movigeT am xalxis guli verc gaWirvebaSi<br />
droze daxmarebiT da verc sxva verafriT~ (gaz.<br />
`droeba~, 1880, #100).<br />
gazeT `droebis~ meSveobiT s. mesxi xelisuflebas gonivruli<br />
sagadasaxado politikis gatarebasac Seaxsenebda,<br />
romelic xels SeuSlida mosaxleobis gasaxlebas aWaraqobuleTidan.<br />
am faqts igi Semdegnairad asabuTebda: `Tu<br />
gvinda Cven aWarisa da qobuleTis TanagrZnoba davimsaxuroT<br />
da eseni ar gasaxldnen osmaleTSi, rom amiT udabnod<br />
ar gadaaqcion es mSvenieri qveyana, amTaviTve mainc<br />
kacurad unda movepyraT da sami-oTxi wliT vadrovoT aSarisa<br />
da sxva yovelgvari xarjis gadaxda. es xarji xazinas<br />
ver gaamdidrebs da gaRatakebul xalxs ki guls moubrunebs<br />
(gaz. `droeba~, 1880, #4).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul (`droeba~, `iveria~) da<br />
rusul («Голос», «Кавказ») gazeTebSi xSirad ibeWdeboda<br />
qarTvel mamuliSvilTa mowodebebi muhajirobis damRupveli<br />
Sedegebis Sesaxeb, aWaris mosaxleobis nawili mainc<br />
9
ver ascda cdunebas da am socialuri movlenis msxverpli<br />
gaxda.<br />
dRemde ar mogvepoveba zusti cnobebi dadgenil vadeb-<br />
Si gadasaxlebulTa raodenobaze calkeuli kuTxeebis<br />
mixedviT. Tumca irkveva, rom yvelaze didi raodenobiT<br />
gasaxleba moxda 1879 wels. Semdgom wlebSi ki am process<br />
perioduli xasiaTi hqonda, rac sxvadasxva mizeziT aixsneba.<br />
swored am wlis 3 Tebervlidan Sevida ZalaSi oficialuri<br />
gadawyvetileba xalxis gasaxlebis Sesaxeb, rac<br />
sami wlis manZilze, anu 1882 wlis 3 Tebervlamde grZeldeboda.<br />
gadawyvetileba miRebuli iqna ruseT-TurqeTs Soris<br />
1879 wlis 27 ianvars konstantinopolSi dadebuli traqtatis<br />
safuZvelze. traqtati gamomdinareobda san-stefanos<br />
xelSekrulebidan (61-e muxli), rac ZalaSi datova berlinis<br />
kongresma (megreliZe S. 1964, 42). Tumca gasaxlebis<br />
SemTxvevebs traqtatamdec hqonda adgili.<br />
baTumis olqis mosaxleobas gadasaxlebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ufleba eZleoda gaeyida moZravi qoneba. uZravi qonebis<br />
gayidva ki pirvel xanebSi ikrZaleboda.<br />
gasaxlebis msurvelTa didi ricxvi qvemo aWarasa da<br />
maWaxelze modioda (gaz. `droeba~, 1879, #127). gazeT `golosis~<br />
cnobiT, 1879 wels yvelaze meti xalxi qobuleTidan<br />
gasaxlebula (1500 mcxovrebi 2000 kacidan), romelic<br />
sxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT Zlier dazaralda omis Sedegad<br />
da xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobac aq yvelaze mZime<br />
iyo.<br />
1878-1879 wlebis qarTul (`droeba~) da rusul («Голос»)<br />
gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli cnobebis safuZvelze, baTumis<br />
olqidan da kerZod, aWaridan gasaxlebulTa raodenoba<br />
aseT suraTs iZleva: baTumis olqidan yvelaze masStabur<br />
gasaxlebas adgili hqonda Curuq-sudan (qobuleTidan). 1879<br />
wlis gasaxlebis Semdeg qobuleTSi 2 aTasi mcxovrebidan<br />
xuTasi darCenila. zogierTi sofeli ki TiTqmis mTlianad<br />
dacarielebula. mosaxleobis nawili aqedan jer kidev<br />
ruseTis jaris Semosvlamde gasaxlebula. amis mizezi is<br />
iyo, rom omis Sedegad qobuleTis mxare yvelaze metad<br />
gaCanagda da xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobac ukiduresad<br />
gauaresda.<br />
10
xalxis gasaxleba 1879 wlis gazafxulze daiwyo da am<br />
wels zemo da qvemo aWaridan, maWaxlidan, qobuleTidan<br />
saerTo gasaxlebulTa meti nawili wavida, rac aTas<br />
ojaxs, anu 5 aTas suls aRwevda (megreliZe S. 1964, 48-49).<br />
ruseTis mTavrobis gankargulebis Semdeg (1879 wlis<br />
damlevi), romelic baTumis olqidan gasaxlebulTa ukan<br />
dabrunebis nebarTvas iZleoda, xalxi TiTqos damSvidda<br />
da muhajirobaze ar fiqrobda. 1880 wels maTi ricxvi<br />
marTlac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, razec sxva faqtorebmac<br />
iqonia gavlena. am wlis zafxulSi aWaridan meored gaigzavna<br />
deputacia konstantinopolSi sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad<br />
da imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor sruldeboda<br />
osmalTa danapirebi adre wasul muhajirTa saukeTeso miwebze<br />
dasaxlebisa da maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.<br />
deputacias xelmZRvanelobda sulTnis karze kargad<br />
cnobili pirovneba, maRali sasuliero piri loman-efendi<br />
qarcivaZe, romelsac sasuliero ganaTleba stambolSi<br />
hqonda miRebuli. deputacia darwmunda, rom sulTans ar<br />
undoda, an ar SeeZlo muhajirTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba,<br />
pirvel rigSi es muhajirTa miwebiT uzrunvelyofas<br />
Seexeboda.<br />
stambolSi dabrunebamde loman-efendi qarcivaZem werili<br />
gamogzavna aWaraSi, romelic Semdeg gazeT `droebaSi~<br />
daibeWda. masSi naTqvami iyo: `bevri adgili daviare, magram<br />
Cveni qveynisTana Semkobili da saCveno versad vnaxe. amas<br />
garda, namdvili mahmadianoba CvenTanaa darCenili, rjuli<br />
CvenisTana sufTad da wmidaT aravis uWiravs saxonTqreSi,<br />
sadac yvelgan giauroba Separula. amis gamo ar girCevT<br />
osmaleTSi gadasaxlebas~ (gaz. `droeba~, 1880, #134).<br />
aWaraSi dabrunebis Semdeg loman-efendi ramdenime<br />
sasuliero piris TanxlebiT 1880 wlis ivnisSi baTumis<br />
gubernators _ k. komarovs Sexvda da osmaleTSi misi wasvlis<br />
mizezi da Sedegi moaxsena. amave dros wauyena moTxovna<br />
mTeli rigi pirobebis Sesrulebaze, rac adgilobriv<br />
mosaxleobas ucxo mxareSi gadasaxlebas gadaafiqrebinebda.<br />
gubernatorisagan nawilobriv dadebiTi pasuxi<br />
miiRes. Sexvedris erT-erTi mTavari Sedegi is iyo, rom<br />
1880 wlis meore naxevarSi, pirvel rigSi zemo aWaridan,<br />
11
agreTve maWaxlidan da qobuleTidan gasaxlebulTa ricxvi<br />
Semcirda. magaliTad, maWaxlidan muhajirad wasvlaze<br />
gadaufiqrebia darCenil nawils, romelic gadawyvetilebis<br />
miRebas osmaleTidan warmomadgenelTa dabrunebis Semdeg<br />
apirebda. rodesac gaiges, rom muhajirad wasvlas azri ar<br />
hqonda (adre wasulebic mZime ekonomikur gaWirvebas ganicdidnen),<br />
maT sabolood uari Tqves wasvlaze. gasaxleba<br />
TiTqmis mTeli baTumis olqidan SeCerebula. amis Semdeg<br />
qobuleTidan mxolod oTxiode komli gasaxlebula (gaz.<br />
`droeba~, 1882, #38, 258).<br />
1882 wlis 3 Tebervals TviT gasaxlebis oficialuri<br />
vadac iwureboda, Tumca igi mTlianad ar Sewyvetila da<br />
Semdeg wlebSic grZeldeboda.<br />
1882 wlisaTvis gazeT `droebis~ cnobiT aWaridan gasaxlebulTa<br />
saerTo raodenoba 10 aTas kacs aRwevda. rogorc<br />
varaudoben, am ricxvSi aWaris mkvidrTa garda Sediodnen<br />
aq mcxovrebi lazebi da afxazebi, romelTa raodenoba<br />
6 aTas kacs ar aRemateboda (megreliZe S. 1964, 63).<br />
mTlianad baTumis olqidan ki, romelic sakuTriv baTumisa<br />
da arTvinis okrugebisagan Sedgeboda, gasaxlebulTa zusti<br />
raodenobis dadgena ar xerxdeba. v.lisovskis cnobiT,<br />
es ricxvi 38 aTass Seadgenda (Лисовский В. 1887, 51), sxva<br />
cnobiT ki - 30 aTas kacze mets (Степанов Т. 1906, 95).<br />
qarTul da rusul presaSi metad SemaSfoTebeli cnobebi<br />
ibeWdeboda muhajirTa mZime mdgomareobaze, maT gancdebsa<br />
da tkivilebze gasaxlebisa da axal samosaxlo adgilze<br />
dabinavebis periodSi, aseve maTi ukan dabrunebis<br />
cdebze.<br />
1878 wels gazeT `droebis~ TviTmxilveli korespondenti<br />
maWaxlidan muhajirad wamsvlelTa aseT Semzarav<br />
suraTs aRwerda: `eseni hkocnian dedamiwas, xeebs, saxlebs,<br />
yvelafers suliersa Tu usulos, rasac ki toveben. cxare<br />
cremlebis RvriT, guldamwyveti tkiviliT eTxovebian da<br />
ise midian. baTumSi Casulni gemis molodinSi Rameebs<br />
aTevdnen Ria cis qveS zRvis napiras~ (`droeba~, 1878, #140).<br />
swored am periodSi Seqmnila muhajirTa tkiviliani erTstrofiani<br />
leqsi: `aWaras vemSvidobebiT, ra mSvenieri daria,<br />
Cven rom gemSi CavjdebiT, Cveni guli mkvdaria~ (futkaraZe<br />
S. 1993, 98).<br />
12
1880 wlis oqtomberSi aWara-maWaxlidan da sxva kuTxeebidan<br />
baTumSi Cayvanili muhajirebiT yofila gavsebuli<br />
baTumis quCebi da meCeTebi. maT sakmarisi lukma-puric ar<br />
hqondaT da mSier-mwyurvalni itanjebodnen.<br />
gazeT `droebaSi~ msgavsi samwuxaro faqtebi xSirad<br />
qveyndeboda. erT-erTma nomerma gadmobeWda cnoba rusul<br />
gazeT `kavkazidan~, romelSic weria, rom `maWaxlidan TurqeTSi<br />
wasasvlelad baTumSi oTxasi kaci yofila Casuli.<br />
mSier-mwyurvali xalxi TiTqmis aTi dRe gareT eyara<br />
zRvis napiras da gemis mosvlas elodebodnen, magram gemi<br />
ar mosula. osmalo konsuls ki imaTTvis ver gaubednia<br />
pirdapir gamoecxadebia, rom fadiSahs ar surs Tqveni dasaxleba<br />
osmaleTSi da gems nu elodebiTo. bolos rusis<br />
gems `rostoks~ wauyvania es xalxi naxevar fasad~ (`droeba~,<br />
1880, #124).<br />
analogiur suraTs aRwers `droebaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi<br />
sergi mesxi: `erTi berZnis gems ramdenime asi aWareli<br />
da maWaxleli waeyvana baTumidam; osmaleTis napirze<br />
rom mieyenebinaT gemi, iqaur adgilobriv mTavrobas nebarTva<br />
ar mieca gemidam xalxis gadmosvlisa, radgan umaRlesi<br />
mTavrobisagan araviTari brZaneba ar migviRia amis<br />
Taobazeo. kapitanma ukan daabruna gemi. magram axla aq,<br />
baTumSi aRar SemouSves da ar misces neba xalxis napirze<br />
gamoSvebisa. gemi darCa wyalSi. am dros gaCnda gemSi<br />
mjdom xalxSi avadmyofoba, SimSili da TiTqmis naxevari<br />
daixoca. gemis patronma, romelsac sxva gza ar hqonda,<br />
miiyvana gemi erTs udabur adgils da gamoreka xalxi. es<br />
adgili, rogorc iwerebodnen, iseTi iyovo, rom aqedam<br />
mxoloT erTi gza hqondaT – zRvaSi gadavardniliyvnen,<br />
xmeleTisaken wasvla ar SeeZloT. bolos Cvenma baTumis<br />
mTavrobam Seityo es ambavi, gagzavna gemi da daixsnes<br />
cocxal-mkvdari xalxi (`droeba~, 1881, #40).<br />
gazeTi `droeba~ TurqeTSi muhajirebiT dasaxlebul<br />
adgilebzec gvaZlevs cnobebs. aWaridan, maWaxlidan da<br />
sxva kuTxeebidan wasuli muhajirebi umTavresad dausaxlebiaT<br />
SavizRvispira raionebSi. TiribolSi, unieSi, orduSi,<br />
giresunSi umetesad aWarlebi da maWaxlelebi dasaxlebulan,<br />
surmeneSi, rizeSi, aTinaSi, arqabeSi, xofasa da<br />
sxva raionebSi - qobuleTelebi. yvelaze meti muhajiri (4<br />
13
aTas sulamde) ordusa da unieSi cxovrobda (`droeba~,<br />
1879, #188).<br />
amave gazeTis cnobiT, TurqeTis mTavrobas metad mcire<br />
zrunva gamouCenia muhajirTa dasabinaveblad. amdenad,<br />
ucxo mxareSi samosaxlo adgilebSi muhajirTa cxovreba<br />
cudi da autaneli yofila. muhajirebs jer kidev gasaxlebisTanave<br />
dauwyiaT brZola ukan, samSobloSi dabrunebisTvis,<br />
radgan TurqeTis mTavroba ar asrulebda yvelaze<br />
mTavar dapirebas - muhajirTa saukeTeso miwebze dasaxlebas.<br />
amitomac, s.mesxis TqmiT, orSi erTi ukan dabrunebaze<br />
ocnebobda. ukan dabrunebis uflebas ki maT<br />
ruseTis mTavrobis mier 1879 wlis bolos miRebuli dadgenilebac<br />
aZlevda, rac qarTveli mowinave sazogadoebriobis,<br />
pirvel rigSi, inteligenciis zegavlenis Sedegic<br />
iyo (kaxiZe n. 2004, 6).<br />
samSobloSi dabruneba muhajirebs Tavis gadarCenis<br />
mTavar pirobad miaCndaT. TurqeTi omSi damarcxebuli qveyana<br />
iyo da ekonomikuradac dauZlurebuli. mas sakuTari<br />
mosaxleobisTvis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebac<br />
ar SeeZlo, araTu muhajirebze zrunva.<br />
samSobloSi dabrunebis msurvel muhajirTa ricxvi,<br />
rogorc iTqva, mravlad iyo, magram yvelas es ar SeeZlo<br />
usaxsrobis gamo. dabrunebulTa Sesaxebac zusti cnobebi<br />
jerjerobiT ar mogvepoveba. Tanac, ukan dabrunebis procesi<br />
ramdenime wlis manZilze grZeldeboda.<br />
muhajirobam mZime furceli Cawera <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, kerZod, yofili baTumis olqis (baTumisa da<br />
arTvinis okrugebi) istoriaSi. muhajirobis Sedegad aTasobiT<br />
ojaxi mowyda mSobliur keras da isini TurqeTis<br />
sxvadasxva provinciebSi gaxizna. Calis fasad iyideboda<br />
maTi miwebi, saxl-kari, uZrav-moZravi qoneba. SavizRvispira<br />
zolSi muhajirTa miwebi rusi da sxva erovnebis moxeleebis<br />
xelSi aRmoCnda. am miwebis nawili agarakebad gamocxadda,<br />
nawilic sasoflo sazogadoebebs gadaeca. amis<br />
gamo ukan dabrunebul muhajirTa nawilma Tavis mSobliur<br />
adgilebSi dabruneba-dasaxlebis SesaZleblobac dakarga<br />
(inaiSvili a. 1971, 74-75; axvlediani x. 1956, 153-154; megreliZe<br />
S. 1963, 188-189; baramiZe i. 1999, 89-102).<br />
14
aWaris dedasamSoblo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan dabrunebis 130<br />
wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT erTxel kidev Tvals vavlebT<br />
muhajirobis istorias, qarTveli xalxis did tragedias<br />
rom moaswavebda. upirvelesad qeds vixriT im muhajirTa<br />
winaSe, vinc am tragediis msxverpli gaxda. amasTanave madlierebiT<br />
vixseniebT TurqeTSi mcxovreb muhajirTa STamomavlebs,<br />
romlebic mravlad saxloben TurqeTis sxvadasxva<br />
vilaieTebsa da soflebSi da romlebmac dRemde<br />
SeinarCunes winaparTa tradiciebi, mSobliuri qarTuli<br />
ena, wes-Cveulebebi, qarTuli TviTmyofadi materialuri da<br />
sulieri kulturis faseulobani. didi madlierebiT vigonebT<br />
mowinave qarTveli sazogadoebisa da misi inteligenciis<br />
Rirseul warmomadgenlebs, romlebmac Tavis droze<br />
gulTan axlos miitanes muhajirTa satkivari, gabedulad<br />
gailaSqres gasaxlebis winaaRmdeg, moralurad gaamxneves<br />
isini da ar daukarges ukan dabrunebis imedi.<br />
Нодар Кахидзе<br />
Отражение махаджирства в грузинской прессе<br />
(По данным газеты «Дроеба» об Аджаре)<br />
Резюме<br />
Махаджирство была большой национальной трагедией населения<br />
Аджарии в 70-80-ых годах XIX века, вызванная тяжелым социальноэкономическим<br />
наследием Русско-Турецкой войны 1877-1878 годы. По<br />
неполным данным несколько десятков тысяч человек были вынуждены<br />
выселиться на чужбину – в разные районы Турции.<br />
Процесс махаджирства был отражен в разных грузинских и русских<br />
газетах, среди которых особо выделялась грузинская газета «Дроэба». В<br />
ее статье освещаются причины махаджирства (тяжелое социальноэкономическое<br />
положение населения, мусульманский религиозный<br />
фанатизм, агитация мусульманских влиятельных лиц и др.), сам процесс<br />
выселения, ухудщение положения махаджиров и попытки их возвращения<br />
на родину, географическое расселение махаджиров, борьба<br />
передовой грузинской интеллигенции против махаджирства.<br />
15
Nodar Kakhidze<br />
Reflection of Forced Migration (muhadjiroba) in Georgian<br />
press (As of newspapers "Droeba" about Adjara)<br />
Summary<br />
Forced migration was a great tragedy of the population of Adjara in 70-<br />
80-th of XIX century, caused by heavy social-economic heritage of Russian-<br />
Turkish war in 1877-1878. On incomplete data ten thousand people was have<br />
to be evicted on foreign land - in different regions of Turkey.<br />
The process of the forced migration was reflected in different Georgian<br />
and Russian newspapers, amongst which specifically stood out the Georgian<br />
newspaper "Droeba". As of newspaper articles are illuminated reasons of the<br />
forced migration (heavy social-economic position of the population, Moslem<br />
religious fanaticism, propaganda of Moslem influential persons and others),<br />
process of the evicting itself, deterioration of the position of the migrants and<br />
attempts of their return on native land, geographical settling of the migrants,<br />
fight of leading Georgian intellectuals against forced migration.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. axvlediani x. saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis istoriisaTvis<br />
<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi. baTumi, 1956.<br />
2. baramiZe i. saadgilmamulo urTierTobis istoriidan <strong>samxreT</strong><strong>dasavleT</strong><br />
saqarTveloSi. baTumi, 1999.<br />
3. bocvaZe i. gazeTi `droeba~. – qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia.<br />
V. Tbilisi, 1977.<br />
4. gaz. `droeba~, 1878, ##37, 118, 140.<br />
5. gaz. `droeba~, 1879, ##127, 188.<br />
6. gaz. `droeba~, 1880, ##100, 124, 134.<br />
7. gaz. `droeba~, 1881, #40.<br />
8. gaz. `droeba~, 1882, ##38, 257, 258.<br />
9. gaz. `droeba~, 1883, #296.<br />
10. gaz. `Голос~, 1881, #95.<br />
11. inaiSvili a. aWaris soflis saadgilmamulo urTierTobis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
(XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi). - aWaris mosaxleobis<br />
sameurneo yofis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1971.<br />
16
12. kaxiZe n. muhajiroba XIX saukunis erovnuli tragedia (aWaris<br />
dedasamSoblo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan dabrunebis 125 wlisTavis gamo).<br />
- krebuli `saistorio macne~. XVIII. baTumi, 2004.<br />
13. megreliZe S. aWaris warsulidan. Tbilisi, 1964.<br />
14. mesxi s. baTumis SeZenazed.– gaz. `droeba~. 1878, #132.<br />
15. mesxi s. aWarlebis gadasaxleba.– gaz. `droeba~. 1879, #118. t.<br />
III, Tbilisi, 1964.<br />
16. mesxi s. baTumis mazris mdgomareoba.– gaz. `droeba~. 1879, #40.<br />
17. mesxi s. baTumi da baTumelebi.– gaz. `droeba~. 1882, #257.<br />
18. futkaraZe o. gazeTi `droeba~ aWaris Sesaxeb. baTumi, 1983.<br />
19. wereTeli d. werili maWaxlidan.– gaz. `droeba~, 1879, #5, 5<br />
Tebervali.<br />
20. Лисовский В.Я. Чорохский край. Тифлис, 1887.<br />
21. Степанов Т.Т. Исторический очерк вступления русских войск в Батуми.–<br />
Батум и его окрестности. Батум, 1908.<br />
17
18<br />
jemal miqelaZe<br />
zendidis cixe da misi Siga nagebobebi<br />
(istoriul-eTnografiuli daxasiaTeba)<br />
zendidis cixesimagre aWariswylis xeobaSi, baTumidan<br />
40 km-is daSorebiT, sofel zendidSi (qedis r-ni) mdebareobs.<br />
cixesimagris adgilmdebareoba isea SerCeuli, rom igi<br />
kontrols uwevda ZiriTad samimosvlo gzebs da sofelTa<br />
Soris saTvalTvalo cixeebs.<br />
sofel zendidsa da aq arsebul cixis Sesaxeb werilobiTi<br />
cnobebi Zalian mwiria.<br />
,,tbeTis sulTa mateaneSi” (Sua saukuneebi) moxseniebulia<br />
sofel zendidSi mcxovrebi vinme giorgasZe zendideli:<br />
,,suls giorgasZis zendidelis papasas da misa meuRlis<br />
naTelis Seundven RmerTman”. (1977, 100).<br />
mogviano periodSi (XIX s. meore naxevari), zendidis Sesaxeb<br />
cnobebi gvxvdeba d. baqraZis, z. WiWinaZis, T. saxokias<br />
naSromebSi (baqraZe d. 1887, 48-49; WiWinaZe z. 1913, 108;<br />
saxokia T. 1985, 208).<br />
z. WiWinaZe cnobebs gvawvdis sofel zendidis geografiul<br />
mdebareobaze, iq mcxovrebTaAgvarebze. mas yuradReba<br />
miuqcevia uZveles (VI-VII s.) eklesiaze da beJaniZeTa sagvareulo<br />
cixesimagreze. xandazmul piraTagan masalebi Cauweria<br />
sofel zendidSi mcxovrebi warCinebuli gvaris pirmsaxurisZe<br />
_ beJaniZisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. igi werda: ,,roca<br />
kaci zeviT sofelSi ava da erT goraks gadaivlis, iq<br />
dainaxavs veeba vakes, sadac soflelebi cxovroben, swored<br />
amis mizeziT unda darqmeoda am sofels zendidi. aq<br />
aris Zveli patara eklesia daqceuli... aqve cxovroben<br />
Zvel TavadiSvilT STamomavalni pirmsaxurisZeni. eseni amboben,<br />
rom Cven Tamar mefis dros Tavadis Svilebi vyofilvarT<br />
da pirvelni vaJkacnio, amaT aq oTxi sasaxle<br />
aqvT. sagvareulo didi cixis galavanic aris aq, Zvel<br />
dros naSeni, kedlebis sisqe ori arSini iqneba. osmalTa<br />
mosvlis dros am cixidan pirmsaxurisZeebs didxans ubrZoliaT<br />
osmalT winaaRmdeg, magram bolos esenic Sesustebulan,<br />
osmalT damorCilebulan. osmalT amaTTvis Tava-
dobis magier begioba miuciaT. es Zveli sagvareulo cixec<br />
mTlad dauqceviaT, erT alagas cixes Tlili qvac hqonia<br />
qarTul warwerebiani. es qva 1889 w. dakargula, sacaRa ars<br />
Catanebulio, povnas dampirdnen. gadmomces, rom Zvelad<br />
pirmsaxurisZeni osmalebs sastikad ekamaTebodnen da ar<br />
uSvebdnen, rom maT aWaraSi osmaluri zne da Cveuleba<br />
SemoetanaTo. eseni Turme TavdgiriZeebs da aTabagebsac ki<br />
ayvedridnen xolme, rom osmalT nu exmarebiTo. 1850-ian<br />
wlebSi pirmsaxurisZeebma didi gmiroba gamoiCines. amaT-<br />
Tvis gaTaTrebis Semdeg beJaniZe uwodebiaT, radgan vinc<br />
pirvelad gaTaTrebula amaT ojaxidgan, imas beJana rqmevia<br />
saxelad. amaTSi TiTqmis yvelam daiswavla wera-kiTxva.<br />
abdul-beg beJaniZes dRes Tavis saxlSi qarTveli maswavlebeli<br />
hyavs daWerili, maswavlebeli maT gvaris ymawvilebs<br />
wera-kiTxvas aswavlis” (WiWinaZe z. 1913, 108,121,135).<br />
z. WiWinaZis mosazreba sofel zendidis etimologias-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia. sofel zendids<br />
qedis raionis sofelTa Soris marTlac gamorCeuli adgili<br />
uWiravs da igi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> uZveles sofelTa gverdiT<br />
saxeldeba (,,tbeTis sulTa matiane”. 1977,100). sayurad-<br />
Reboa zendidis cixesimagreSi z. WiWinaZis mier moxseniebuli<br />
qarTuli warweriani Tlili qva, romelzec cixis<br />
aSenebis dro da patronis saxeli unda yofiliyo warmodgenili.<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebul uZveles cixesimagreze da<br />
eklesia-monastrebis Tlil qvebzec qarTuli warwerebia<br />
amokveTili. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom aWaraSi<br />
Turq-osmalTa damkvidrebidan qvaze, xeze, agreTve<br />
xis sakulto nagebobebze-meCeTebze warwerebi ZiriTadad<br />
arabul enaze sruldeboda.<br />
1998 wels zendidis cixis arqiteqturul WrilSi gamosakvlevad<br />
Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvruli memkvidreobis<br />
restavraciis centridan movlinebuli iqna arqiteqtori i.<br />
mosuliSvili. man Seasrula dazverviTi xasiaTis samuSaoebi,<br />
romlis Sedegebis mixedviT zendidis cixis mSenebloba<br />
Cv.w. adreuli saukuneebs ukavSirebda. misi daxasiaTebiT<br />
cixis Senobebi da galavnis kedlebi TiTqmis erTi zomis<br />
(20-40 sm) sigrZe-siganis fleTili qviTaa nagebi. qvebi sanaxevrodaa<br />
damuSavebuli, magram erTmaneTze kargad morgebuli<br />
da wesier horizontalur rigebad dawyobili. qvebi<br />
ZiriTadad oTxkuTxa moxazulobisaa. wyobis es sistema<br />
19
arsebobs ujarmis (VI s.) da rusTavis (VI s.) cixeebSi da am<br />
epoqis sxva ZeglebSi.<br />
2001 wlis agvistos TveSi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis baTumis niko berZeniSvilis saxelobis samecniero<br />
kvleviTma institutma kompleqsuri-arqeologiuri, eTnografiuli<br />
da folkloruli eqspedicia miavlina zendidis<br />
cixis Sesaswavlad (xelmZRvaneli ist. mecn. doqtori<br />
S. mamulaZe). eqspediciaSi mowveuli iyo arqeologTa jgufi<br />
Tbilisidan.<br />
zendidis onomastika (gvarsaxelebi, toponimia) Seiswavla<br />
eqspediciis wevrma, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma<br />
m. qamadaZem.<br />
Cemi mizani iyo Semeswavla zendidis cixesimagris teritoriaze<br />
arsebuli sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi,<br />
romlebic eTnografiuladac saintereso Cans.<br />
zendidis cixesimagre gegmaze Crdilo aRmosavleTis<br />
mxares oTxkuTxedi, <strong>samxreT</strong> <strong>dasavleT</strong>is mxares ki gaSlili<br />
ovaluri formisaa. cixis kedlebi TiTqmis dangreulia.<br />
SemorCenili kedlis an godolis qvis wyoba ki naTlad<br />
miuTiTebs mSeneblobis stilsa da Taviseburebebze (sur.1)<br />
arqeolog S. mamulaZis monacemebis mixedviT, zendidis<br />
cixis mSenebloba Sua feodalur xanas ukavSirdeba (mamulaZe<br />
S. 2001).<br />
zendidis cixesTan dakavSirebiT xalxSi mravali Tqmulebaa<br />
Semonaxuli. erT-erTi cnobiT, Tamar mefe zendidis<br />
cixes swvevia da aq Ramec gauTevia.<br />
zendidis cixesimagre sagvareulo cixe da sacxovrebeli<br />
unda yofiliyo. amaze metyvelebs saxelwodeba ,,cixesaxli”,<br />
aseve cixe-galavnis SigniT arsebuli sacxovrebeli<br />
nagebobebi, romlebic cnobili gvaris warmomadgenels-<br />
Tulumba-zade beJaniZes ekuTvnis. misi STamomavloba dRemde<br />
agrZelebs aq cxovrebas. cixe-saxlis mcxovrebTa erTerT<br />
aucilebel sacicocxlo pirobas warmoadgenda sasmeli<br />
wyliT uzrunvelyofa, rasac cixis SigniT gakeTebuli<br />
Wa asrulebda. igi dResac funqcionirebs (sur. 2). xalxuri<br />
gadmocemiT, Wis wyali cixis zemoT ramdenime aTeuli<br />
metris daSorebiT ferdobi adgilidan gamomdinare wyaros<br />
miwisqveSa arterias unda ukavSirdebodes. am adgils adgilobrivi<br />
mcxovreblebi ,,wyaroaTs” uwodeben.<br />
sofel zendidSi mcxovreb xandazmul adamianTa cnobiT,<br />
Tulumba-zade beJaniZis sacxovrebeli saxli cixis<br />
20
SigniT Sua nawilSi idga. Svilebi rom ganawilebulan, maT<br />
sacxovrebeli saxlebi cixis SigniT oTxive kuTxeSi<br />
auSenebiaT.<br />
beJaniZeebis gvari wodebis mixedviT orad aris warmodgenili.<br />
cixe-galavnis SigniT mcxovrebi beJaniZeebi<br />
begis, cixis gareT mcxovrebi beJaniZeebi ki aRis wodebas<br />
atarebdnen, romelnic adre pirfareSisZeebad iwodebodnen.<br />
gadmocemiT maT winapars Tamar mefis karze pirfareSad<br />
umsaxuria. e.i. dRemde moRweuli gvarebis arseboba pirfareSisZe<br />
da pirmsaxurisZe Tamar mefis xanas unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
zendidSi mcxovrebi al. beJaniZis cnobiT, misi ojaxis<br />
winapari Tavdapirvelad cixis SigniT cxovrobda, cixis<br />
gareT XVII saukuneSi gasula. es ambavi cixis SigniT<br />
mcxovrebi niaz-begisa da yaia-beg beJaniZisgan mousmenia.<br />
maTive cnobiT niaz, Tamaz, Taxsim da xusein beJaniZeebis<br />
winapars XVI saukuneSi miuRiaT begis wodeba da im droidan<br />
daiweres Tulumba-zade.<br />
l. beJaniZis (filologi) gadmocemiT, Tulumba zades<br />
warmomavloba sparsuls an azerbaijanuls unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
beJaniZeebs moyvruli urTierToba akavSirebdaT cnobili<br />
gvaris ojaxebTan: ximSiaSvilebTan, abaSiZeebTan,<br />
ServaSiZeebTan, TavdgiriZeebTan, miqelaZeebTan, avalianeb-<br />
Tan, jayelebTan da sxv. suleiman-beg beJaniZis sami qali-<br />
Svilis baqoSi gaTxovebiT safuZveli Caeyara cnobili<br />
didgvarovani ojaxebis _ javadebis, axundovebisa da kulievebis<br />
damoyvrebas.<br />
arsebobs sxva versiebic, erT-erTis Tanaxmad, beJaniZeebis<br />
Tavdapirveli gvari abuserisZe yofila.<br />
sofel gulebSi mcxovrebi feizi diasamiZis (dab. 1919<br />
wels) naambobis mixedviT ki zendidis beJaniZeebi diasami-<br />
Zeebi yofilan. ,,gulebSi Tavdapirvelad oTxi Zma mosula.<br />
amaTgan erTi Zma zendidSi dasaxlebula. mas hebdi rqmevia.<br />
hyolia ori biWi: SoTa da vaJa. hebdis STamomavlis bolo<br />
vaJs biWi ar hyolia. qaliSvili ki beJaniZeze miuTxovebia.<br />
mas hyolia biWi beJani, romlis saxelidan warmoiqmna<br />
gvari beJaniZe. aRniSnul versiebs cixesimagris Siga teritoriaze<br />
mcxovrebi beJaniZeebi usafuZvlod miiCneven da<br />
kategoriulad uaryofen.<br />
21
eJaniZeebis moyvruli urTierToba zogierTi gvaris<br />
warmomadgenelTan zogjer konfliqtebiTac mTavrdeboda.<br />
amaze miuTiTebs erT-erTi gadmocema, romelic Cven mier<br />
iqna Cawerili jemal beriZisgan (dab. 1932 w. sofeli zesofeli,<br />
amJamad q. baTumSi mcxovrebi. baTumis SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori).<br />
TurqeTis sulTanma selim ximSiaSvilis dasasjelad<br />
jari gamogzavna. axalcixeSi myofma selim faSam rom gaigo<br />
sulTnis gadawyvetileba, ganerida TurqebTan SebrZolebas<br />
da Tavisi ojaxiTa da amaliT xixanis cixes Seafara<br />
Tavi.<br />
miuval xixanis cixes mterma rom veraferi daaklo,<br />
gars alya Semoartya. ramdenime dRis Semdeg selim xim-<br />
SiaSvils Tavisi amalidan viRacam uRalata da mteri<br />
RamiT cixeSi SeuSva. selimma miwisqveSa saidumlo gasasvleliT<br />
col-Svilis gayvana moaswro da guriaSi gaxizna.<br />
Tavad selimi ki Turqebma Seipyres.<br />
sanam Turqebi dasjidnen, selimma Turqebis gverdiT<br />
amayad mosiarule Tulumba-zade beJaniZe dainaxa. selimma<br />
mas dauZaxa: ,,Tulumbav! sari-axmedi ar SegarCens TurqebTan<br />
aseT daaxloebaso”. sikvdiliT dasjamde selimma<br />
iTxova tansacmlis gamocvla. gamoicvala da mosasxamiT<br />
gamovida. roca Tavi mokveTes, misi mosasxamis orive<br />
jibeSi TiTo brilianti naxes. rogorc Cans, amiT man<br />
mianiSna Turqebs, rom igi mdidari da gavleniani pirovneba<br />
iyo da aseT dasjas ar imsaxurebda.<br />
am droisaTvis selimis Svili axmed-begi Tavis moyvreb-<br />
Tan guriaSi iyo gaqceuli. TurqeTis sulTanma axmed-begi<br />
mamis _ selimis adgilas daniSna da ori TuRis varskvlaviT<br />
faSoba uboZa. axmed-faSas dro daudga Tulumba zadesTvis<br />
samagiero gadaexada. Sekriba jari da wamovida<br />
Tulumbas dasasjelad. isini moadgnen zendidis cixes.<br />
axmed faSas meti jari hyavda, vidre Tulumbas. Tulumba<br />
abanoSi Caiketa, icoda, rom masSi misi nebis gareSe veravin<br />
Sevidoda. abanos Sesasvleli Cabnelebuli iyo. axmed<br />
faSas warmomadgenelma mas dauZaxa _ Cagvbardio. Tulumbam<br />
ki sapasuxod gamosZaxa, axmed-faSa Semovides da mas<br />
Cavbardebio. axmed-faSam rom Sesvla daapira, maSin Wvanelma<br />
osman-aRam axmed faSas Sesvla ar daaneba da uTxra: me<br />
Seval Tqvens magivrado. osman-aRam rom karis gaReba<br />
22
daiwyo, Tulumbam ori tyvia esrola da adgilzeve mokla<br />
igi.<br />
Tulumba ar apirebda momxvdurebze Cabarebas. amis Semdeg<br />
axmed-faSas jariskacebma abanos irgvliv SeSa dayares<br />
da cecxli waukides. ase dawves Tulumba-zade Tavis abanoSi.<br />
igi Turme 8 dRe-Rame iwvoda.<br />
gadmocemiT, Tulumba-zade Tavis Tavs aWaris damoukidebel<br />
mmarTvelad Tvlida da maSindel <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erTian mmarTvels selim faSa ximSiaSvils,<br />
romelic axalcixeSi ijda, naklebad emorCileboda, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom maT ojaxebs erTmaneTTan moyvruli<br />
urTierToba hqondaT.<br />
Tulumba-zades oTxi biWi hyavda: haji asan-begi, memedbegi,<br />
abdul-begi da usuf-begi. amaTgan haji asan-begs<br />
TurqeTis sulTnis karze didi Tanamdeboba eWira da faSa<br />
haji-asan begis saxeliT iyo cnobili. oTxive Zmas sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlebi cixis SigniT, galavnis kuTxeebSi hqoniaT<br />
aSenebuli. Zveli saxlebidan amJamad haji asan-begis saxlia<br />
SemorCenili. igi erTsarTuliani qvis nagebobaa (sur.3,<br />
tab.2). igi oTxkuTxedis formisaa. saxlis sigrZe 13,90 m-ia,<br />
sigane 9,80 m. kedlis sisqe 80 sm. saxls gaaCnia garedan<br />
Sesasvleli sami kari da xuTi Siga kari, darabebiani aTi<br />
fanjara. saxlis ZiriTadi saparado kari TaRovania, rac<br />
saxlis mSeneblobis adreul stilsa da formaze miuTi-<br />
Tebs. karis TaRi ornairi – ruxi feris qviTa da Tlili<br />
granitis qviTaa aSenebuli.<br />
TaRis sayrdeni ori monoliTuri qva Tlili da mopirkeTebulia.<br />
saxls eqvsi oTaxi gaaCnia. sami oTaxi ori<br />
buxriT erT mxaresaa ganlagebuli. buxris gareSe sami<br />
oTaxi ki meore mxares. oTaxebs erTmaneTisagan gamWoli<br />
derefani hyofs. oTaxebis amdagvari dagegmareba aWaruli<br />
sacxovrebeli saxlis damaxasiaTebel segmentaciaze miuTi-<br />
Tebs, romelsac zogad qarTul sacxovrebel nagebobaTa<br />
segmentaciis sistemaSi dawinaurebuli adgili uWiravs.<br />
saxli mTlianad naxevrad Tlili riyis qviTaa naSeni.<br />
misi kedlebis qvis wyoba gviandel periodze miuTiTebs,<br />
cixe-galavnis qvis wyoba ki aSkarad adrindelia. Aam<br />
saxlis diasaxlisi qalbatoni yudreT beJaniZe gviambobs:<br />
,,es saxli, me rom gamovTxovdi, maSin erTsarTuliani iyo.<br />
saxli sami Zmis _ Cemi qmris, niaz-begisa da mazlebis _<br />
Suqri-beg da ramiz-beg beJaniZeebis sakuTrebaa. saxli Tav-<br />
23
dapirvelad orsarTuliani yofila. meore sarTuli, iseve<br />
rogorc pirveli sarTuli eqvsi oTaxisgan Sedgeboda.<br />
oTaxebs Suaze gamWoli grZeli derefani hyofda. meore<br />
sarTulzec saxls didi da patara zomis ori buxari<br />
hqonia. saxlis Siga kedlebi ficruli yofila. nageboba<br />
adre kramitiT iyo daxuruli. meore sarTulze saxlis<br />
patroni cxovrobda, pirvel sarTulze ki mosamsaxureebi.<br />
saxlis meore sarTulis kedlebi xeSi Casmuli qvebiT<br />
yofila gawyobili da silamaziT zendidSi yvela saxlisagan<br />
gamoirCeoda”. amgvari stiliT naSeni saxlebi dRemdea<br />
SemorCenili sofel maxunceTSi (TavdgiriZis saxli),<br />
sofel WinkaZeebSi (m. miqelaZis saxli), sofel zundagaSi<br />
(verZaZis saxli) da a.S. aRniSnuli saxlebis mSeneblebi<br />
lazi xelosnebi iyvnen, romlebic saxls damkveTis survilisa<br />
da gemovnebis mixedviT aSenebdnen.<br />
cixis teritoriaze SemorCenilia Zveli nalia da qvis<br />
sacexveli (tab. 3).<br />
cixe-galavnis <strong>dasavleT</strong>iT kuTxeSi amJamad dgas erTsarTuliani<br />
qva-betonis saxli. igi memed-beg beJaniZis<br />
SvilTaSvils _ Temur beJaniZes ekuTvnis, romlis ojaxi<br />
ZiriTadad baTumSi cxovrobs. zendidis saxls zafxulSi<br />
dasasveneblad iyenebs. yuradRebas iqcevs adrindeli saxlis<br />
Tlili qviT gakeTebuli rTuli konstruqciis mrgvali<br />
kibe.<br />
cixe-galavnis SigniT CrdiloeTiT dgas qva-betonis<br />
beletaJi saxli. igi usuf-begis SvilTaSvilis ilia beJaniZis<br />
sakuTrebaa. 2001 wlis zendidis eqspediciis ZiriTadi<br />
maspinZeli swored ilias ojaxi iyo, romelmac mTeli<br />
eqspediciis Semadgenlobas kargi maspinZloba gauwia.<br />
cixe-galavnis SigniT mcxovreb beJaniZeebs sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlebi hqondaT agreTve baTumSic. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
Cven masalebi CavwereT ilia beJaniZis mamis dis, qalbaton<br />
guliser beJaniZisgan. misi cnobiT, zendidis garda<br />
nuri begs baTumSi xuTi sacxovrebeli saxli hqonia quTaisisa<br />
da orjonikiZis quCebze.<br />
qalbaton guliseris gadmocemiT, zendidSi maTi saxli<br />
Tavdapirvelad orsarTuliani iyo. bavSvobac mas aq, zendidSi<br />
gautarebia. saxlis pirveli sarTuli qviTkiriT yofila<br />
naSeni. pirvel da meore sarTulze ganlagebuli<br />
oTaxebi derefniT iyo gayofili. saxls gaaCnda sami Cu-<br />
24
qurTmiani buxari arabuli warweriT. erTi buxris qva<br />
amJamad saxlis sardafSi inaxeba.<br />
cixe-galavnis SigniT miwis farTobi oTxi Zmis saerTo<br />
sakuTreba iyo da am wess maTi STamomavlebi dResac icaven.<br />
cixis gareT arsebuli teritoria adre danawilebuli<br />
iyo oTx Zmaze. haji-asan-begze, memed-begze, abdul-begze da<br />
usuf-begze. ,,dedia baRCa” nuri-begisa da asan-begis sakuTreba<br />
iyo, ,,gvaram kalo” nuri-begis, asan-begis da abdulbegis.<br />
daba qedaSi ,,pantiZiris” saxelwodebiT mamulebs<br />
devriS-begi, ibraim-begi, nuri-begi da abdul-begi flobdnen.<br />
mamulebi hqoniaT agreTve sofel woniarisSi, kvaStaSi<br />
da gulebSi.<br />
sofel zendidis centralur nawilSi amJamad ramdenime<br />
gvaris ojaxi cxovrobs. esenia: 12 ojaxi beJaniZis, 4<br />
papuniZis, 3 niJaraZis, 3 beriZis, 1 nakaSiZis (tab. 4).<br />
beJaniZeTa 12 ojaxidan sami cixis galavnis SigniT<br />
cxovrobs (tab.5). maTi winaprebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,<br />
begebad iwodebodnen. cixe-galavnis gareT mcxovrobi 9<br />
ojaxis winaprebi ki aRebad iTvlebodnen.<br />
cixis SigniT mcxovrebi beJaniZeebi cixis gareT mcxovreb<br />
beJaniZeebs naTesavebad ar Tvlian da mxolod maTTan<br />
megvareobas aRiareben. isini erTmaneTSi gaTxoveba-daqorwinebasac<br />
marTebulad miiCneven.<br />
cixis gareT mcxovrebi beJaniZeebi ki met-naklebad yvela<br />
beJaniZes erTmaneTis naTesavad miiCnevs. amis sailustraciod<br />
leila beJaniZis naambobs movitanT: ,,bicolaCemisgan<br />
(1964 wels gardaicvala 86 wlis asakSi) momismenia,<br />
rom roca cixis SigniT mcxovrebma niaz beJaniZem Cveni mezoblisa<br />
da naTesavis yudreT beJaniZis xeli iTxova,<br />
qalbaton yudreTis ojaxma mas uari uTxra, gvarSi gaTxoveba<br />
CvenTan wesi ar ariso. maSin, mosulma Suamavalma<br />
ganumarta: ,,Cven gvari gvaqvs erTnairi, Torem erTmaneTis<br />
naTesavebi ara varTo, Cven Zvelidan Tulumba zade varT.<br />
Tqven ki Zvelidan pirmsaxurisZe”. aseTi mtkicebiTa da<br />
darwmunebiT moxda qalbaton yudreT beJaniZisa da niaz<br />
beJaniZis qorwineba.”<br />
zendidis cixesTan da iq mcxovreb beJaniZeebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
samecniero kvleva-Zieba kvlavac gagrZeldeba<br />
da imedia ufro meti da saintereso masalac warmoCndeba.<br />
25
tab. 1 sur. 1<br />
26
sur. 2<br />
sof. zendidis cixe-simagris SigniT<br />
arsebuli sasmeli wylis Wa<br />
27
tab. #3<br />
tab. 1<br />
28
29<br />
tab. 3
Джемал Микеладзе<br />
Зендидская крепостъ и её внутреннее строение<br />
(Историко-этнографическая характеристика)<br />
Резюме<br />
Данный труд, опираясь на полевые этнологические работы, является<br />
изучением жилых построек расположенных в родовой крепости<br />
в Зендиди (Кедский район), которые пренадлежат потомкам знатной<br />
фамилии Тулумба Заде Бежанидзе.<br />
Народ сохранил большое количество легенд о крепости и Тулумба<br />
- Заде. Одна из легенд об этой крепости гласит, что в крепости якобы<br />
гостила и ночевала сама царица Тамар.<br />
Архитектор И. Мосулишвили сравнивает стиль строительства<br />
крепостной стены Зендидской крепости со стилем Уджармской (Vl в.)<br />
и Руставской (Vl в.) крепостей и указывает на их строителъную связь.<br />
Крепостная стена Зендидской крепости по форме длинный четерëхугольник.<br />
В каждом четерëхугольнике находятся дома внуков Тулумба<br />
Заде Бежанидзе.<br />
Первый этаж жилого здания построен из булыжника, второй<br />
этаж является четерëхугольной деревянной конструкцией со вставленными<br />
камнями.<br />
Планирование сегментаций интерьера и высокий уровень строительства<br />
домов, которые вероятно были построены мастерами лазами<br />
указывает на знатностъ и экономические возможности хозяина.<br />
Археологическое изучение Зендидской крепости (руководитель<br />
Ш. Мамуладзе) начались и наверно много интересного будет обнаружено<br />
в ближайщем будущем.<br />
32
Djemal MIKELADZE<br />
Zendidi Fortress And Its Inner Construction<br />
(Historic- ethnographical overview)<br />
Summary<br />
Above mentioned scientific work reflects inner constructions of Zendidi fortress<br />
(region of Keda) and the house of noble person Tulumba Zade Bejanidze. There are<br />
several legends about T. Zade Bejanidze. One of them connects to the name of<br />
Georgian Queen Tamar, after her visiting the fortress.<br />
T. Zade Bejanidze`s house is well defended until now. Architect I. Mosulishvili<br />
compares the long and square shaped walls to the style of fortresses in Udjarma (VI<br />
c.) and Rustavi (VI c.). First floor is cobblestone, second floor framed in wooden<br />
construction. The plot-segmentation and inner construction of the house point out the<br />
housekeeper’s wealth.<br />
Scientists have already begun historic-ethnographical and archeological studies<br />
of Zendidi fortress and its inner construction, which will have been carried on for the<br />
future time respectively.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. „tbeTis sulTa matiane“ (teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva<br />
da saZiebeli daurTo Tina enuqiZem), Tb., 1977.<br />
2. baqraZe d. arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, ba-<br />
Tumi, 1987.<br />
3. mamulaZe S. zendidis cixe. 2001. xelnaweri (inaxeba avtorTan).<br />
4. saxokia T. mogzaurobani (guria, aWara, samurzayano, afxazeTi),<br />
baTumi, 1985.<br />
5. qamadaZe m. zendidis onomastika (gvarsaxelebi, toponomia), niko<br />
berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi, V, baTumi 2007.<br />
6. SaSikaZe z. ori mniSvnelovani dokumenti XVI aWaris istoriidan.<br />
- baTumis S. rusTavelis saxelobis univevrsitetTan arsebuli<br />
memed abaSiZis saxelobis samecniero kvleviTi centris krebuli,<br />
III , baTumi, 2002.<br />
7. WiWinaZe z. musliman qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi,<br />
tfilisi, 1913.<br />
8. xalvaSi r. beJan abuseriZe – aWaris ukanaskneli qristiani<br />
mmarTveli, – gaz. „aWara“, 20.06.2003.<br />
33
34<br />
nugzar mgelaZe<br />
Tamaz futkaraZe<br />
gvarTa migraciis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />
aWaraSi<br />
mosaxleobis adgilmonacvleobis suraTis dasaxasia-<br />
Teblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba gvarebis istoriis<br />
Seswavlas.^ gvarTa sadauroba-warmomavlobaze Sekrebili<br />
eTnografiuli masaliT migraciis motivaciis sakiTxebis<br />
Seswavlacaa SesaZlebeli (TofCiSvili r., 1984:10).<br />
aWara dasaxlebis morfologiis TvalsazrisiT rTuli<br />
struqturisaa. masSi aSkarad Cans gvarTa adgilmonacvleobani,<br />
Sigasaxeobo individualuri tipis migraciebi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sxvadasxva kuTxidan gadmosaxlebuli fenebi,<br />
Tumca adgili hqonda aWaridan sxva regionebSi gadasaxlebis<br />
faqtebsac.<br />
am tipis migraciebi feodalur xanaSi ganpirobebuli<br />
iyo mciremiwianobiT,^rTuli sameurneo pirobebiT, epidemiebiT,<br />
socialur-politikuri viTarebiT, sisxlis aRebiT<br />
(sisxl-mesisxleobiT), qristianul garemoSi SariaTis gavrcelebiT<br />
da sxva tipis sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri procesebiT.<br />
Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT „Suartyals<br />
Sina myofi Tvinier netarisa iosebisa da misTa saxleul-<br />
Taisa arvin darCa ultolveli kerZo aWarisaT’’ (Jordania<br />
T., t. 1:118).<br />
Semosevebisa da gauTavebeli brZolebis garda mkvidri<br />
mosaxleobis ayra-gadasaxlebas biZgs aZlevda mtrebis<br />
mier rwmenisa da ideologiis Seryvna,^ tradiciul yofasa<br />
da kulturasTan ucxoeTnikuri normebis dapirispireba.<br />
cnobilia, rom aWaris mTaSi osmalebma fexi advilad ver<br />
moikides. erTi dokumentis mixedviT, „rasa iqs kaci Tvara,<br />
im abdal TaTrebs Tavs rava davaCagvrinebT. iq arian<br />
didgulai dedagaquculebi, Tvara aWaraSi,^ mTaSi rava<br />
mogvekareba (nikolaZe n., 1873).<br />
gvarTa mimoqcevebs ekonomikuri faqtoric ganapirobebda.<br />
magaliTad, miqelaZeebi xixaZirSi neniidan gadasaxlebulan;<br />
cecxlaZeebi – Caodan; gabaiZeebi – wablanidan;
wablaneli (Suaxevis r-ni) WurkveiZeebi – tbeTidan; velia-<br />
Zeebi (wablana) – laklakeTidan; zoiZeebi – dabaZvelidan;<br />
SarvaSiZeebi – cinareTidan; furtioeli maxaraZeebi – Rorjomidan;<br />
xilaZeebi – naRvarevidan da a.S.<br />
gvarTa adgilmonacvleoba epidemiiTac iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
eTnografiuli monacemebi adasturebs welaTeli<br />
vaSaymaZeebis gvarobriv gadasaxlebas xulos raionis sofel<br />
yinCauridan. amave mizeziT asulan daviTaZeebi Suaxevis<br />
centridan tbeTSi.<br />
ama Tu im lokalur jgufSi gaerTianebuli gvaris gan-<br />
Stoebani dasaxlebul punqtSi cal-calke ubnebad cxovrobdnen,<br />
rac nawilobriv dResacaa SemorCenili. Suaxevis<br />
raionis sofel tomaSeTSi futkaraZeTa ganStoebebi: TuranoRlebi,<br />
wyaveloRlebi, SankoRlebi, aliaRiSvilebi^da<br />
kataroRlebi – dResac calke ubnebad cxovroben, Tumca,<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi, darRveulia Stoebis ubnebad dasaxlebis<br />
forma. amitomaa, rom darCiZeebSi dRes arc erTi dar-<br />
CiZe ar cxovrobs (mgelaZe v., 1962:116), magram imave raionis<br />
sxva soflebSi (magaliTad, CanCxalo) mravlad arian am<br />
gvaris matarebeli adamianebi. xulos raionis sofel<br />
skvanaSi dasturdeba toponimi darCiZisyana<br />
ana. bevria darCi-<br />
Zis gvaris matarebeli <strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi. amave<br />
Zirisaa gvari darCiaSvili Telavis raionis sofel oJioSi<br />
(maisuraZe i., 1990:54), mSoblismieri sakuTari saxeli dar-<br />
Cia. sofelSi gvarsaxelisagan nawarmoebi toponimebi, ubnisa<br />
da soflis saxelwodebani aq istoriul epoqebSi am<br />
gvarTa dasaxlebis faqtze mianiSnebs.<br />
baridan mTaSi migraciuli procesebis paralelurad<br />
adgili hqonda ukuprocesebsac. igi ZiriTadad mciremiwianobas<br />
ukavSirdeboda. magaliTad, leRveli takiZeebi TavianT<br />
warmoSobas Suaxevis raionis sofel Wvanas ukavSireben.<br />
maTi winapari gula takiZe sacxovreblad gadasula<br />
qobuleTSi, kerZod tyemakaravSi, iqedan gogmaCaurSi, Semdeg<br />
ki leRvaSi dasaxlebula. iremaZeebi qedis raionis<br />
sofel cxmorisidan gadasulan leRvaSi^XIX saukunis meore<br />
naxevarSi, zemo aWaridan umiwobisa da mousavlianobis<br />
gamo leRvaSi Casaxlebulan abaSiZeebi, qaTamaZeebi, Zirkva-<br />
Zeebi, koCaliZeeZi, saginaZeebi, miqelaZeebi, vanaZeebi da a.<br />
S. mTiani aWaridan zRvispira barSi Casaxleba islamis<br />
35
gavrcelebis Semdegac grZeldeboda. 1880-1890-ian wlebSi<br />
adgili hqonda SuaxevelTa migracias qobuleTis raionSi.<br />
boboyvaTSi dResac cxovroben im dros qedidan CamosaxlebulTa<br />
STamomavalni,^ WaxaTSi ki imave periodSi cxmorisidan<br />
gadmosulTa Camomavlebi. am periodis migraciebi<br />
epizoduri xasiaTis iyo da masStabebic sakmaod SezRuduli,<br />
rac aixsneboda zRvispireTSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva<br />
daavadebebiT (malaria) (Архив института …). zogadad<br />
mTidan barSi gadasaxleba ucxo ar iyo sxva mTiani regionebisaTvisac.<br />
wyaroebi adasturebs aseTi migraciebis<br />
arsebobas saerTod mTian kavkasiaSic (Волкова Н., 1971:38, 47).<br />
individualuri tipis migraciis erT-erT formad gvesaxeba<br />
ojaxis gayofisa da mowileTa gansaxlebis magali-<br />
Tebi. mTian aWaraSi bolo dromde arsebobda didi saxleulebi,<br />
romlis arsebobis pirdapiri mowmobaa dRemde SemorCenili<br />
termini erTianobis saxli (erTobis saxli).<br />
welaTSi xaji futkaraZis sacxovrebeli gayris Semdegac<br />
sam aTeulze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi idga, rogorc didi<br />
saxleulis arsebobis damadasturebeli materialuri<br />
faqti. am SenobaSi 1953 wlamde erTad cxovrobdnen xajis<br />
Svilebi da SviliSvilebi. igi Seesabameboda tradiciuli<br />
saxleulis Sinagan agebulebas da analogi moepoveboda<br />
sxva xeobebSic. xaji futkaraZis segmentaciisTanave safuZveli<br />
Caeyara zeqeria futkaraZis did saxleuls.<br />
gamonawilebuli ojaxebi zogjer sxva xeobebSi^ an<br />
imave xeobis sxva soflebSi mkvidrdebodnen. brileli (Wvanis<br />
xeoba) zoiZeebis winapari axaldabidan gadasula, radgan<br />
pirvelsacxovrisSi axalgamoyofili ojaxisaTvis Zneli<br />
gamxdara samosaxlo adgilis gamoyofa. erT-erTi<br />
Txilvaneli (xulos r-ni) imave mizeziT gadasaxlebula<br />
dRevandeli xulos centridan. ganayofTa gansaxlebis safuZvelze<br />
Seiqmna patara oTxkomliani sofeli sawumpi,<br />
gogolauri (Suaxevis r-ni) da sxva.<br />
Sigasaxeobo gvarTa mimoqcevis erT-erT saxes, Cveni<br />
azriT, ganekuTvneba yiSlis _ damxmare sameurneo bazis gadaqceva<br />
dasaxlebul punqtad. yiSluri meurneoba Sepirobebuli<br />
iyo konkretuli garemo pirobebiT da iTvaliswinebda<br />
miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis interesebs. yiSlaSi<br />
zogjer xorbleulsac Tesdnen, hyavdaT futkris<br />
36
ojaxebi (SamilaZe v., 1969:43). yiSlebi ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli<br />
da sameurneo bazisagan arc Tu ise Sors iyo. mosaxleobis<br />
ricxobrivi zrdisa da mciremiwianobis pirobebSi<br />
igi xSirad iqceoda axali dasaxlebis obieqtad. yiSluri<br />
meurneoba daedo safuZvlad tomaSeTis erT-erT moSorebul<br />
ubans – gaRma tomaSeTs, romelsac mosaxleoba dResac<br />
„yiSlas’’ eZaxis, vakes (Subnis yiSla), kortoxs (paqsa-<br />
Zeebis yiSla), sxandras da (vaSlovanis yiSla) da a. S.<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi dasaxlebul punqtad^_ soflad qceuli<br />
yiSla Tavis mxriv iCens axal yiSlur meurneobas. es<br />
procesi ukanasknel dromde grZeldeba.<br />
damxmare sameurneo bazis soflad qcevis procesi tradiciulia<br />
kavkasiis mTianeTisaTvis, sadac xevi warmoadgens<br />
saTemo-teritoriul ujreds da gansaxlebac Ziri-<br />
Tadad xevebis mixedviT xdeboda (gamyreliZe b., 1989:138).<br />
istoriuli bedukuRmarToba gansazRvravda aWarelTa<br />
migraciebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, da ara marto <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxeSi. e. TayaiSvilis cnobiT, aWaridan da samcxe-javaxeTidan<br />
osmalobis priodSi qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, guriasa<br />
da imereTSi gaqceulan da damkvidrebulan ciciSvilebi,<br />
dolenjiSvilebi, xerxeuliZeebi, TaqTaqiSvilebi, qobulaSvilebi<br />
da sxvebi (TayaiSviliEe., 1990:138). InwkirveTis<br />
qristiani qaTamaZeebi osmalobis periodSi guriaSi gadasaxlebulan<br />
(sixaruliZe i., 1958:156). mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT,<br />
qaTamaZeebi askanaSi daaxloebiT 300 wlis win Casaxlebulan.<br />
naRvareveli qaTamaZeebis yaraosmanoRlebis<br />
naTesauri Stos winaprebic inwkirvelebi yofilan.<br />
aWarelTa guriaSi Casaxlebis Sesaxeb arsebobs werilobiTi<br />
monacemebic. d. baqraZis cnobiT, „Curuqsuelebs<br />
kargad axsovT TavianTi qarTuli warmomavloba. kvlav<br />
xmaroben Tavis Zvel qarTul gvarebsac, Tanac yvela<br />
maTgans SeuZlia dagvisaxelos Tavisi saxlikacebi guriasa<br />
da imereTSi” (baqraZe d., 1987:19). mis mier Cawerili monacemebis<br />
mixedviT guriaSi mcxovrebi cincaZeebi <strong>samxreT</strong>idan<br />
arian guriaSi misuli. dokumentis mixedviT, „ese wyalobis<br />
wigni: dagiwere ... Cven, patronman iese cincaZeman<br />
Sen^miqelas^ fayvaZes, Sensa Svilsa giorgis da iovanes da<br />
gabriels. mogvicemia erTi sayane xvaniauri” (baqraZe d.,<br />
1987:19). xvaniauri axlandel CaisubanSi mdebareobs (orTa-<br />
37
aTumi), sadac cxovroben mkvidri faRavebi (fayva//fayva-<br />
Ze//faRava). safiqrebelia, rom yoroliswylis xeobis cincaZeebi<br />
osmalTa batonobis dros unda gadasaxlebuliyvnen<br />
guriaSi (mgelaZe n., 1973:59–62).<br />
1870 wlis erTi dokumentis mixedviT xinodan ltolvili<br />
gabriel mowyobilis ojaxi ukanasknel xinowmindels<br />
gamoCinebulis eklesiisaTvis Seuwiravs: „xinowmindelma<br />
episkoposman ioane Sevwire wmidasa eklesiasa Sensa gamo-<br />
Cinebuls erTi mosaxle kaci mowyobili gabriel da misi<br />
Svili ioba’’ ... gabrieli „pirvel Cvensa y~yofili xinowmindelisagan<br />
daxsnili iyo da mere^ rodesac xinowmindlad<br />
davadgineT, is xinowminda da misi Semavali eri<br />
TaTarT miimZlavres da qristianobas ganudgnen da srulad<br />
Seiqmnen da mis Cvens eklesiazed misvla veRar uZleT<br />
da batoni mefis solomonis wyalobiT gamoCinebuls ...<br />
davadgineT da raoden SesaZlebeli iyo aqa vcxovrobdiT:<br />
da es gabriel mowyobili raTgan usjulos SiSiT iq<br />
mdgomis SemZlebeli ar iyo, aq CvenTan imyofeboda’’ (baqra-<br />
Ze d., 1959:19).<br />
guriaSi ise, rogorc aWaraSi, Casaxlebuli Canan TavdgiriZeebi,<br />
diasamiZeebi, SalikaSvilebi da sxva. vaxuSti<br />
gvauwyebs: „xolo samcxes jayeli, ese ars aTabagi da faSa<br />
axalcixisa: SalikaSvili, TavdgiriZe, diasamiZe. qobulis-<br />
Ze, gogibaSvili, amilaxori, avalisSvili, sumbatisSvili,<br />
gogorisSvili, Tuxareli, RaRaniZe da sxuani arRa iwodebian<br />
gurianTa, aramed faSad, begad da sanjaxad^ da aznaurnica<br />
agreTve mraval^garna davidumeT (vaxuSti, 1973:35–<br />
36).<br />
aWaridan guriaSi migraciebis Sesaxeb saintereso<br />
monacemebs iZleva surebis xeoba, sadac uamravi gadmocemaa<br />
daculi aRniSnuli procesis Sesaxeb. guriaSi aWarelTa<br />
Casaxlebas adgili hqonda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSic.<br />
Coxatauris raionis soflebi: zoti, Cxakaura^da qvabRa<br />
swored am periodSi Casaxlebuli mosaxleobiTaa moSenebuli.<br />
bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebis msgavseba da sameurneo<br />
profilis specifika, aseve, aadvilebda aWarelTa<br />
ltolvas mezobel samcxeSi. istoriulad aWarasa da samcxe-javaxeTs<br />
Soris arsebobda gadasasvlelebi da damakav-<br />
38
Sirebuli gzebi, rac aiolebda am or mxares Soris savaWro-ekonomikur<br />
urTierTobebs. gadmocemis mixedviT,^ Wvanis<br />
xeobis sofel WalaSi mcxovrebi diasamiZeebi (8 komli)<br />
adre surmaniZeebi yofilan da yinCaurSi cxovrobdnen. maT<br />
kaci mouklavT da samcxeSi, qvablianis xeobaSi gaqceulan,<br />
magram mtrebs miugniaT. amitom iqedan kvlav aWaraSi<br />
gamoqceulan da Wvanis xeobaSi dasaxlebulan.<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi migrirebuli aWarlebi-<br />
Taa dasaxlebuli adigenis raionis soflebi: kikibo, qvabijvari,<br />
mogvianebiT _ derceli da sxva.<br />
aRniSnul procesebTan erTad mTian aWaraSi SeiniSneba<br />
ara marto <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxvadasxva kuTxis warmomadgenlebis,<br />
aramed ucxo eTnikuri elementebis damkvidrebis<br />
SemTxvevebic. mniSvnelovan eTnikur-gvarobriv Tu individualur<br />
adgilmonacvleobebs hqonda adgili arabebis,<br />
Turq-selCukebisa da monRolTa batonobis periodSi.<br />
„qarTlis cxovrebis’’ mixedviT, roca noini Semovida<br />
qarTlSi, TrialeTSi, somxeTSi, javaxeTSi, samcxeSi „yovelni<br />
iltvodes cixeTa da mTaTa, tyeTa da simagreTa,<br />
kavkasionTasa da mTiuleTsa~ (q-c, 1959:35-36).<br />
osmalTa batonobis simZimem kidev ufro gaaaqtiura<br />
migraciuli procesebi. dampyroblebma qarTul tradiciul<br />
yofasa da kulturas daupirispires ucxo eTikuri normebi.<br />
mkvidri mosaxleoba sxvagan garboda. z. WiWinaZis cnobiT,<br />
osmalebs md. Woroxis sanapiroze miurekiaT maradidis<br />
mosaxleoba (50-mde ojaxi). maT Soris bevri qalic yofila.<br />
mters maTgan mahmadis rjulis aRiareba mouTxovia. 50 komlidan<br />
xuTiRa darCenila, sxvebi Seewirnen qristianobis<br />
dacvas. am mizeziT moispen am soflis mcxovrebnio _ wers<br />
zaqaria WiWinaZe (WiWinaZe z., 1904:75). mtris Zalmomreobam<br />
moamravla nasaxlarebi da nasoflarebi. „gurjistanis<br />
vilaeTis didi davTris’’ mixedviT, samcxe-saaTabagoSi am<br />
droisaTvis 364 sofeli iyo dacarielebuli, xolo 344<br />
sofelSi saxlobdnen mxolod erTidan TerTmet komlamde<br />
(tivaZe g., 1946:121).<br />
1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg osmalTa<br />
adgili rusebma daikaves. Saqmis, warmoeba gadavida rusul<br />
enaze. mefis ruseTis adgilobrivi moxeleebi mkvidr mosaxleobas<br />
„TaTrebad” naTlavdnen maSin, roca osmalebis<br />
39
TvalSi isini kvlav gurjebad rCebodnen. am da sxva faqtorebma<br />
ganapirobes muhajirobis saxeliT cnobili gadasaxlebani<br />
osmaleTSi. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda zRvispira<br />
zoli, Tumca arc mTianeTi darCa dauzaralebeli. magali-<br />
Tad, sofel darCiZeebidan pirvel muhajirobas 5 ojaxi<br />
emsxverpla (WiWinaZe z., 1914:129). mkvidri mosaxleobis ayragadasaxlebas<br />
xels uwyobda adgilobrivi, gamahmadianebuli<br />
feodalebis TareSi, TvistomTa mier bavSvebis motacebis<br />
Semzaravi faqtebi. qobuleTidan, baTumidan, goniodan<br />
„uwyvet nakadad miedineboda ucxoeTs samSoblos ZaliT<br />
Tu „nebiT” mowyvetili misi Svilebi” (berZeniSvili n.,<br />
1964:243).<br />
muhajirobis paralelurad aWaris eTnografiul yofaSi<br />
dasturdeba ukumigraciuli procesebic. magaliTad,<br />
SavSeTidan adgili hqonda zogierTi gvaris aWaraSi Camosaxlebis<br />
faqtebs. xelvaCauris raionis sofel Txilnarsa<br />
da WarnalSi maWaxlis xeobidan gadmosaxlebuli gabru-<br />
SiZeebis winaprebi SavSeTidan gadmosulan, Txilvanel qamaSiZeTa<br />
sagvareulo Stos warmomadgenlebiTaa dasaxlebuli<br />
SavSeTis erT-erTi sofeli. SavSeTidan Canan mosulebi<br />
tomaSeTeli futkaraZeebis (kataroRlebi), maWaxleli gami-<br />
SaZeebis, tbeTeli lomsaZeebis winaprebi. SavSeTidan da<br />
TurqeTis sxva provinciebidan aWaraSi gadmosaxlebis<br />
faqts adasturebs memkvidreobiTi saxelebi: imerxevula,<br />
SavSura<br />
da sxva.<br />
istoriuli qarTuli provinciebis garda, aWaraSi esaxlebodnen<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxeebidanac. gansakuTrebiT<br />
xSiri iyo aseTi procesebi samcxe-javaxeTidan. aq adre<br />
mosaxleobis gvarobriv-eTnikuri Semadgenloba ar iyo ise<br />
Wreli, rogorc gvianfeodalur xanaSi. jer kidev XVI saukunis<br />
bolos javaxeTi eTnikurad qarTuli iyo (TofCi-<br />
Svili r., 2000:111). werilobiTi monacemebiT naTlad Cans<br />
qarTul gvareulobaTa da feodalur saxlTa mocemul<br />
regionSi cxovrebisa da gansaxlebis magaliTebi. am gvareulobaTagan<br />
unda gamoiyos: kavkasisZe, avalisSvili, lasurisZe,<br />
TaqTiriZe, xursiZe, diasamiZe, SalikasSvili, uznasZe,<br />
fanaskerteli, kopasZeni, jayeli da sxva. bunebrivia,<br />
40
Sua saukuneebis <strong>samxreT</strong> saqarTveloSi gansaxlebuli yvela<br />
gvari ar iyo qarTuli warmomavlobis, magram isini<br />
qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis farglebSi iyvnen warmodgenilni<br />
da kulturulad da cnobierad am sazogadoebis<br />
organul nawils warmoadgendnen. <strong>samxreT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sxvadasxva xeobaSi gansaxlebuli gvarebis Sesaswavlad<br />
umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa XII-XIII saukuneebis „tbeTis<br />
sulTa matiane”, romelSic dasaxelebuli gvarebis nawili<br />
dResac saxlobs aWaraSi. am dokumentSi aSkaradaa gamokve-<br />
Tili kintriSis xeobisa da mTian aWaraSi samcxuri warmomavlobis<br />
genealogiuri gantotebani. samcxis mosazRvre<br />
Rorjomis, didaWaris da agaris TemebSi dominirebs swored<br />
samcxuri warmoSobis gvarebi, rac adreuli migraciuli<br />
procesebis Sedegi unda iyos (mgelaZe n., 2000:143).<br />
dapyrobiTi omebis dawyebis periodidan aWaris mosaxleobis<br />
gvarobrivi Sedgenilobis gamWidroveba osmalTagan<br />
mitacebuli qarTuli olqebis (lazuri, tao-klarjuli,<br />
SavSuri ...) mosaxleobis xarjze xdeboda, magram drogamoSvebiT<br />
aq poulobdnen TavSesafars artaan-kolasa da<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis, imereTis, guriis, afxazeTis, samegrelos<br />
calkeuli ojaxic. samcxidan am periodSi Cans aWaraSi<br />
Casaxlebuli jayelebi, TavdgiriZeebi, diasamiZeebi da gabatonebul<br />
wodebriobaTa sxva warmomadgenlebi. vaxuSti<br />
aRniSnul gvarebs samcxis mkvidrad miiCnevda (vaxuSti,<br />
1941:25-26). diasamiZeTa feodaluri sagvareulos Sesaxeb<br />
fragmentuli cnobebi moipoveba calkeul gamokvlevasa da<br />
werilobiT wyaroSi (SoSiaSvili n., 1966:48-49; Turquli<br />
wyaroebi ... 1983:29-30; mgelaZe n., 1989:73-74). XVI saukunis bolos<br />
osmalebis mier samcxe-saaTabagos dapyrobis Semdeg<br />
diasamiZeTa erTi nawili qarTlSi gadavida da iq damkvidrda<br />
(Tislisa da xaxulis xelnawerebis minaweri, gv.<br />
13), xolo garkveuli nawili aWaraSi Casaxlda. DiasamiZeebi<br />
aWaraSi dResac cxovroben, magram maTi nawili ar ukavSirdeba<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis diasamiZeTa sagvareulo Stos. magaliTad,<br />
Wvanis xeobis sofel WalaSi diasamiZeTa tmukienTebis<br />
rva ojaxi yinCaurel Tu kvatiel surmaniZeTa<br />
misrolienT naTesauri gantotebis ganayofia. maT winapars<br />
41
yinCaurSi mkvleloba Caudenia, ris gamoc samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />
gaqceula, magram Semdeg kvlav aWaraSi dabrunebula. gadmocemiT<br />
diasamiZeTa bude-naTesaobis saxelwodeba adre<br />
mesxienTi yofila.<br />
xinoSi saxloben aTabagebi, romelTa pirvandeli samkvidro<br />
samcxe-saaTabago iyo. xinodan am gvareulobis ojaxebi<br />
gansaxldnen aWaris sxva TemebSic. xulos raionis sofel<br />
iakobaZeebSi gvxvdeba toponimi aTabagiZeebi<br />
eebi. gadmocemiT,<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi xinodan ganayofi Zmebi<br />
avidnen SuaxevSi, Wvanis xeobis sofel brilSi. aTabagebi<br />
cxovroben amave raionis sofel inwkirveTSic. rafiel<br />
erisTavma aTabagTa gvari SavSeTsa da livanis eTnografiul<br />
sinamdvileSi daadastura (gaz. „droeba’’, 1875, 80,<br />
81).<br />
dawinaurebul gvareulobebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili ukavia jayelebs. es gvari maT miiRes cixesimagre<br />
jayidan (kakabaZe s., 1927: 90-95). mesxeTis aTabagTa<br />
es Camomavlebi gansaxlebulni iyvnen aWaraSic gvianfeodalur<br />
xanaSi. livanis xeobaSi maT gabatonebuli mdgomareoba<br />
ekavaT. aWaraSi jayelebi dasaxlebuli iyvnen xulos<br />
raionis sofel almeSi. samcxel jayelTa sami Zmidan erTi<br />
xulos mimarTulebiT gadasula, meore – qedis (amJamad<br />
saxloben kvaStaSi), mesame – Suaxevis raionis sofel WalaSi.<br />
soflis erT-erT ubans dResac hqvia sajayelo<br />
elo.<br />
aWaraSi bevria iseTi gvari, romlebmac saTemo normebis<br />
safuZvelze sagvareulo saxeldeba Seicvales damxvduris<br />
anu mfarvelis gvariT da satomo, pirvelsacxovrisi soflis,<br />
eponimis Tu winapris zedmeti saxelisagan nawarmoebi<br />
saxelwodebebi miiRes. swored amgvar Zvel bude-StoTa<br />
gamoyofa gadmocemebiTa da genealogiuri xis aRdgeniT<br />
Tua SesaZlebeli. gvarisa da bude-Stos gamocvla an maTi<br />
bunebrivi zrda ise xdeboda, rom erTi gvaris SigniT<br />
xSirad sxvadasxva warmomavlobis genealogiuri jgufi er-<br />
Tiandeboda, romelTagan erTi SesaZloa samcxuri warmomavlobisa<br />
yofiliyo, xolo danarCeni adgilobrivi an sxva<br />
romelime xeobis mkvidri winaprisagan warmoqmniliyo. ase<br />
unda aRmoCeniliyo flatienT (flatienTi<br />
flatienTi) bude naTesaoba<br />
42
gaerTianebuli sxvadasxva xeobasa da sofelSi dasaxlebul<br />
sam _ mgelaZeTa (sofeli agara), iremaZeTa (sofeli<br />
iremaZeebi) da RorjomelaZeTa (sofeli RorjomelaZeebi)<br />
gvarSi. gadmocemiT, maTi sami winapari daaxloebiT orisami<br />
saukunis win samcxis sofel flatedan Camosaxlebula.<br />
isini sxvadasxva sagvareuloSi mfarvelobis da<br />
zedsiZeobis gziT Sesulan da sakuTari genealogiuri<br />
jgufisaTvis pirvel sacxovrisis saxelwodeba daumkvidrebiaT.<br />
flatedan gamoqceuli „firali’’ suleimani agaras<br />
dasaxlebula. sami Zmis winapari samcxeSi baqraZis gvars<br />
atarebda (mgelaZe n., 2000:144). zogierTi versiiT samcxeSi<br />
isini imereTidan moxvedrilan. am gziT Cans aWaraSi Camoyalibebuli<br />
bude-naTesaoba mesxienTi (diasamiZe, sofeli<br />
Wala; mJavanaZe - cxemlisis ubani, dargulai; agreTve mesxienTebi<br />
saxloben kintriSis xeobaSi), xozrevaniZeebs<br />
didaWaraSi yarslienTebs//yarsliSvilebs (yarsle<br />
yarslebi<br />
bi//yar<br />
yar-<br />
sliSvilebi<br />
Svilebi) uwodebdnen. sxalTis xeobis sofel yiSlaSi<br />
dasturdeba sagvareulos saxeli yarsilaZe<br />
arsilaZe, axalcixisien<br />
cixisien-<br />
Tebi (tbeTel goCitiZeTa erTi ganStoeba), javaxienTebi<br />
(Wvaneli civaZeebi) da sxva.<br />
migraciis marSrutebisa da pirvelsacxovrisis dasadgenad<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sameurneo<br />
yofis amsaxvel monacemebs. magaliTad, marcvleuli kulturis<br />
saxelwodebebi TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs ara marto<br />
samcxe-javaxeTidan aWaraSi mosaxleobis gadaadgilebaze,<br />
aramed kulturul monapovarTa urTierTsesxebazec. cnobilia,<br />
rom axal samosaxloSi Casaxlebuli individebi an<br />
individTa socialuri jgufebi saTuTad inaxaven kulturis<br />
Taviseburebebsa da fsiqikis saerTo damaxasiaTebel<br />
Tvisebebs (Бромлей Ю., 1973:37). amasTanave, damxvduri eTnikuri<br />
garemodan iReben adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel kulturis elementebs. amis safuyvelze<br />
warmoiqmneba kulturaTa garkveuli difuzia-sinTezi. xdeba<br />
isec, rom axal mosaxleebs migraciis procesSi Tan<br />
miaqvT pirvelsacxovrisSi maTi sameurneo yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Taviseburebani. magaliTad, gobaZeebSi (xulos<br />
r–ni) gvxvdeba toponimi najavaxurevi. mTxrobelTa<br />
gadmocemiT, toponimi mcenareul TeslTan aris dakavSi-<br />
43
ebuli, romelic javaxeTidan moutaniaT. am kuTxeSi purs<br />
javaxurs (javaxuri<br />
javaxuri) uwodebdnen, xolo lobios – SavSe-<br />
Turs (SavSeTuri<br />
SavSeTuri). javaxuri TandaTan naklebmosavliani<br />
gamxdara, ris gamoc igi xmarebidan gamosula. samcxe-javaxeTidan<br />
aWaraSi migraciis faqtebis amsaxveli toponimebia:<br />
mesxiyan<br />
ana, mesxuri<br />
_ jabniZeebis ubani; mesxuri: saxnavsaTesi<br />
gogaZeebsa da patareTSi; namesxvari – saTibi takiZeebSi;<br />
javaxura – saTesi axaldabaSi; javaxeTa – saTesi<br />
yuraulSi; najavaxurevi – saTesi duaZeebSi, gorgaZeebsa<br />
da gobaZeebSi (xulos r-ni), saTesi laklakeTsa da jalabaSvilebSi<br />
(qedis r-ni), buCqnari jabniZeebSi; sajayelo<br />
–<br />
ubani sofel WalaSi; jayelurebi<br />
– saTesi furtioSi<br />
(Suaxevis r-ni) da sxva.<br />
aWaraSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxis warmomadgenelTa<br />
damkvidrebis Sesaxebac moipoveba uxvi eTnografiuli masala.<br />
gadmocemiT, Suaxevis raionis sofel xabelaSvilebSi<br />
mcxovrebi beriZeebi gadmosaxlebulan ozurgeTis raionidan<br />
(xidisTavi). maTi winapari vinme xabula beriZe yofila.<br />
igi am adgilebSi pirveli dasaxlebula, gaukafavs tye. aq<br />
mas nawisqvilebi gamouyenebia. mas SeunarCunebia gvari da<br />
sofelsac misi saxelis mixedviT ewoda xabelaSvilebi.<br />
dRes aqauri beriZeebi (beriZe<br />
beriZe) oTxi patronimiuli (genealogiuri)<br />
jgufis saxiT arian warmodgenilni: aliaoRle<br />
le-<br />
bi, gudamedoRlebi, TorunoRlebi da selimoRle<br />
lebi<br />
bi. Xabulas<br />
STamomavalTagan oTxs islami miuRia, oTxs ki ver<br />
autania osmalTa batonobis uReli da isev gadasaxlebula<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva qristianul provinciaSi. mTxrobelTa<br />
gadmocemiT xabelaSvil-beriZeebs svaneTSic hyoliaT naTesavebi.<br />
guriis sofel xidisTavs ukavSirdeba agreTve Suaxevis<br />
raionis Janivris erT-erT ubanSi – nagomarSi lominaZeebis<br />
warmoSoba. xidisTavidan arian gadmosuli JanivrSi kila-<br />
Zeebi (kilaZe<br />
kilaZe), romlebic dRes ori bude-naTesaobis saxiT<br />
arian warmodgenilni: duraienTebi da TornienTebi. maTi<br />
winapari ozurgeTidan gadmosula Wvanis xeobaSi da naRvarevSi<br />
dasaxlebula, saidanac gamravlebulan da varjanaulSi<br />
dasaxlebulan.<br />
44
wyaroTeli saTmaniZeebis winapari gvarad qaTamaZe yofila.<br />
maT uukadrisebiaT es gvari – „qaTams dagviZaxebeno’’<br />
da sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli gvari – saTmaniZe miuRiaT.<br />
isini warmoSobiT ozurgeTidan yofilan. amJamad, am sagvareulos<br />
erTi Sto sofel naRvarevSi cxovrobs Zveli –<br />
qaTamaZeebis (qaTamaZe<br />
qaTamaZe) gvariT. sofelSi aris qaTamaZeebis<br />
ubanic. maTi sagvareulo sam naTesaur Stod iyofa: Siri-<br />
nienTebi<br />
Tebi, iliasienTebi, kvirtienTebi.<br />
ebi. gadmocemiT, naRvarev-<br />
Si qaTamaZeebi amave xeobis sofel varjanaulidan gadmosulan.<br />
amjerad, Wirs wyaroTis saTmaniZeTa da naRvarevis<br />
qaTamaZeTa saerTo warmomavlobis dadgena.<br />
mareTis xeobis sofel SubanSi erT-erTi pirvelmosaxle<br />
ebraliZeebi (ebraliZe<br />
ebraliZe) yofila. maTi winaprebis<br />
pirvelsacxovrisi lanCxuTTanaa dakavSirebuli. pirveli<br />
Ramis uflebis gamoyenebis mcdelobisaTvis mebatone mouklavT,<br />
qobuleTis xinoSi gaqceulan da damkvidrebulan.<br />
maTganaa warmomdgari osmalobis periodis gvari xinve-<br />
loRli<br />
li//xinoenoRli<br />
xinoenoRli. xinodan sami Zma SubanSi asula<br />
dasasaxleblad. erTi Zma sxalTis xeobaSi, sofel kvatia-<br />
Si damkvidrebula xozrevaniZis gvariT, meore ki _ focxovSi,<br />
sofel sakabaloSi da miuRia mirza gelumis//mirza<br />
mosulis (mirza gelumi//mirza mirza mosuli) gvari. dauTqvamT,<br />
rom erTmaneTs Sexvdebodnen focxovsa da kvatias Soris<br />
arsebul e. w. „Sua ubanSi’’. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT aqedan<br />
warmosdgeba soflis saxelwodeba Subani – Sua ubani.<br />
aqaur ebraliZeebs meorenairad „xaCianebsac’’ (xaCiani<br />
xaCiani) eZaxian.<br />
osmalobis periodSi maTi winapari salocavad sxal-<br />
Tis eklesiaSic dadioda da darCiZeebis jameSic loculobda,<br />
TiTqosda islamis warmomadgenelTa Tvalis asaxvevad.<br />
erTxel jameSi jvari gamouCnda, ris gamoc jva-<br />
rianebi, Semdeg ki xaCianebi Searqves.<br />
zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebi apirobebda migraciul<br />
procesebs, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva<br />
kuTxeebidan. magaliTad, Subneli jumuSaZeebi TavianT warmoSobas<br />
imereTs ukavSireben. imereTis sofel kulaSidan<br />
„gadmosulobas ityvian’’ darCiZeebeli miqelaZeebic.<br />
XI saukunis erT-erT qarTul warweraSi moxsenebulia<br />
gvari vaSaymaZe: „ganusvene sulsa mamisa vaSaymaisa’’ (maisu-<br />
45
aZe i., 1990:64-65) – vkiTxulobT am dokumentSi. gadmocemiT<br />
vaSaymaZeTa winaprebi vanidan xulos raionis sofel yin-<br />
CaurSi dasaxlebulan. ciebis gamo dauwyiaT axali samosaxlos<br />
Zebna, ramac isini mareTis xeobis sofel welaTSi<br />
aiyvana.<br />
WvanaSi mcxovrebi qaTamaZeebis (qaTamaZe<br />
qaTamaZe) sagvareulo<br />
xuTi Stos saxiTaa warmodgenili (yarasarienTebi<br />
arasarienTebi, yarasma<br />
arasma-<br />
nienTebi, wanwalaenTebi, banabazenTebi, aTinalenTebi). CamomavlobiT<br />
isini ar arian erTmaneTTan sisxliT naTesaobiT<br />
dakavSirebulni. maTgan yarasarienTebi gadmosaxlebulia<br />
zestafonis raionis sofel zeda saqaradan. maTi<br />
winaprebi imereTSic qaTamaZeebi yofilan. yarasarienTebis<br />
ganayofebi yarasmanienTebi arian. amave xeobis sofel<br />
centeraZeebSi mcxovrebi centeraZeebis winaprebic imereli<br />
qaTamaZeebi yofilan. mRvdlis mkvlelobis gamo isini imereTidan<br />
gamoqceulan ori Zma WvanaSi damjdara, erTi Zma<br />
ki „centeraZeebis teritoriebSi asula’’, iq dasaxlebula<br />
da damxvduris gvari miuRia.<br />
imereTidan arian mosulebi Wvaneli amaRlobelebi (sofeli<br />
amaRleba) da bakoeli beriZeebi (Zveli erisTavebi),<br />
raqvTeli SainiZeebi da beriZeebi _ baraTalienTebi, diokniseli<br />
saginaZeebi, SavaZeebis erTi Sto, tbeTeli goCiti-<br />
Zeebis erTi Sto, gogaZeebeli TurmaniZeebi da gogaZeebi,<br />
buTurauleli miqelaZeebi, leRveli da Wvaneli wulukiZeebi.<br />
wulukiZeTa naTesaur Stos ganekuTvnebian agreTve<br />
mWedlienTebi, kverkvetienTebi, RarRalienTebi, roma<br />
manien<br />
nien-<br />
Tebi.<br />
ltolvilebi zogjer axerxebdnen TavianTi gvaris SenarCunebas.<br />
amis saintereso magaliTia qedis raionis sofel<br />
dandaloSi mcxovreb avalianTa gansaxlebis suraTi.<br />
sikvdilmisjili vinme Tevdore avaliani gaqceula da<br />
aWaraSi sofel dandaloSi damkvidrebula. Semdeg is xlebia<br />
TurqeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, dandalos<br />
miwebi da aznauris wodeba mouTxovia. sanacvlod piroba<br />
daudia, rom miiRebda islams, „saqarTvelodan gadmoasaxlebda<br />
Tavis saxlis kacebs’’ da maTac gaamuslimanebda.<br />
Tevdore avaliani gamahmadianebula, „saqarTvelodan’’, Ta-<br />
46
visi soflidan motyuebiT wamouyvania jalabaSvili, gela-<br />
Svili, arzanaSvili, balaZe, zaqaraSvili, kakaSvili, babu-<br />
CaSvili da sxvebi (WiWinaZe z., 1904:71-73). TiTo gvarisaTvis<br />
miuciaT TiTo sofeli da soflebisaTvis TavianTi sagvareulo<br />
saxeli uwodebiaT. zogierTi sofeli – gegeli-<br />
Zeebi, jalabaSvilebi, balaZeebi – dResac inarCunebs winapris<br />
gvarisagan miRebul saxelwodebas. osmalobis period-<br />
Si avalianebisaTvis TevdoroRlebi uwodebiaT. maTi Stamomavlebi<br />
dResac cxovroben dandaloSi.<br />
aWaris mTianeTSi cxovroben samegrelodan, qarTlidan,<br />
svaneTidan (arsebobs toponimi svaneTi _ namonastrevSi),<br />
raWidan, xevsureTidan, istoriuli lazeTidan gadmosaxlebulTa<br />
STamomavlebic. magaliTad, Suaxevis raionis sofel<br />
WvanaSi Casaxlebula samegrelodan gamoqceuli vinme<br />
gvaTua, gamahmadianebula, motyuebiT Cauyvania Tavisi col-<br />
Svili, Semdeg ki bavSvebiT vaWroba dauwyia (WiWinaZe z.,<br />
1904:68). megrelTa migraciaze migvaniSnebs mravlad Semor-<br />
Cenili xalxuri gadmocemebi da toponimikuri monacemebi.<br />
magaliTad, megrelis nakarvali (kvirikeSi), megreliZi<br />
Zisou<br />
sou-<br />
li (zeda samebaSi, qobuleTi), megrelaxeviRele (civaZeeb-<br />
Si, Suaxevi), megrelaxevi (wyaroTaSi, Suaxevi), megrela<br />
la-<br />
vitye (qedqedSi, xelvaCauri) da sxva.<br />
Wvanis xeobis sofel wyaroTaSi cxovroben gograWaZee<br />
Zee-<br />
bi naTesauri jgufebiT: yoroxCienTebi<br />
oroxCienTebi, alalienTebi, Wo-<br />
kienTebi, xojienTebi, jamuSienTebi da yairuxCienTebi<br />
airuxCienTebi. GograWaZeTa<br />
alalienTebis naTesauri Stos winaprebi warmo-<br />
SobiT raWidan yofilan. danarCen ganStoebebTan alalien-<br />
Tebs naTesaoba ara akavSirebT. raWvelobas ityvian agreTve<br />
maxunceTeli kaxiZeebis erTi Stos warmomadgenlebi.<br />
Suaxevis raionis sofel WalaSi beriZeebi (beriZe<br />
beriZe) ori<br />
Stos saxiTaa warmodgenili: ToTosnebi da qurTienTebi<br />
Tebi.<br />
ToTosanTa patronimiuli saxelwodeba mocemuli na-<br />
Tesauri Stos winapari qalis sakuTari saxelis – ToTosagan<br />
Camoyalibda. gadmocemiT, beriZeTa am Stos sagvareulo<br />
saxelwodeba adre sumbauri<br />
yofila. sofelSi arsebobs<br />
toponimi sumbauri. isini TavianT warmomavlobas xevsureTs<br />
ukavSireben. ToTosnebi qurTienTebis naTesauri<br />
47
Sto ar ganekuTvnebian. maTi gvari beriZe araa genetikuri<br />
warmomavlobis amsaxveli. xevsureTidan aWaraSi migraciis<br />
faqtis amsaxvelia toponimi WinWarauli – kirnaTSi, raqv-<br />
TaSi da sxva soflebSi. qedis r-nis sofel axoSi dasturdeba<br />
toponimi bazaleTi.<br />
aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, kerZod qarTls ukavSireben<br />
TavianT warmomavlobas vernebeli surmaniZeebi. dekanaSvilebeli<br />
ojaxiSvilebi (kaspidan), darCiZeebeli surmaniZeebi<br />
da sxva.<br />
aWaraSi mravlad saxloben istoriuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
provinciebidan – SavSeTidan (magaliTad, Subneli kvirikaZeebi),<br />
klarjeTidan (qvarianebi) (wereTeli d., 1950) da<br />
sxva regionebidan sxvadasxva mizezebiT damkvidrebuli<br />
gvareulobani. dandaloSi arsebobs toponimi ardahanlebi<br />
bi.<br />
migraciis amgvari mimarTulebebis maCvenebelia tomaSe-<br />
Teli futkaraZeebis _ katarienTebis ganStoebaSi daculi<br />
gadmocemebic. aWaraSi mravlad saxlobs lazeTidan gadmosulTa<br />
STamomavlebi. xulos raionis sofel agaraSi<br />
mcxovrebi gelaZeTa lazienTebis Stos Zveli gvari anTaZea<br />
da isini warmoSobiT lazebi yofilan. lazebi arian agreTve<br />
mareTis xeobis sofel erdvaTisa da lazoRlebis<br />
(axalSeni) mcxovrebni. erdvaTis pirveli mosaxleni –<br />
exlandeli futkaraZeebis winaprebi iq xofidan asulan.<br />
dRes isini erTiandebian futkaraZeTa lazienTebis ganStoebaSi.<br />
maTi winaprebi qvis kargi mTlelebi yofilan. Subneli<br />
futkaraZeebisagan Sesrulebuli samuSaos sazRaurSi<br />
(erT-erTi versiiT sisxlis sazRaurSi) miuRiaT dRevandeli<br />
dasaxlebis teritoria, dasaxlebulan da damxvduris<br />
gvari miuRiaT. aWaraSi mravladaa lazebis aseTi mimoqcevebis<br />
amsaxveli toponimebi: lazis axo (saTibi kaloTa-<br />
Si), laziaxo (dRvanSi), lazoRlebi (sofeli mareTis xeobaSi),<br />
lazistani (ubani dagvaSi) da sxva.<br />
aWaraSi ltolvili qarTluri, lazuri, imeruli, megruli,<br />
samcxuri, guruli, klarjuli Tu SavSuri mosaxleobis<br />
gverdiT Cndeba araqarTuli eTnikuri elementic,<br />
Tumca maTi ganviTareba xdeboda mkvidri substratis safu-<br />
Zvelze (mgelaZe v., 1964:23). araqarTuli eTnikuri fenebis<br />
48
gamovlena xerxdeba xalxuri gadmocemebiTac, magram eTnikuri<br />
mikuTvnebuloba umetesad patronimiul saxelwodebebSi<br />
iCens Tavs. aRniSnuli ganStoebebi aWaraSi Ziri-<br />
Tadad gvarnacvalia da gadasulia qarTul gvarsaxelze.<br />
satomo patronimiuli saxelwodebis SenarCunebiT araqar-<br />
Tuli mosaxleoba cdilobda daviwyebisaTvis ar mieca<br />
sakuTari warmomavloba. gvaris Secvlas ara marto xangrZlivi<br />
eTnikuri procesebi da gaqarTveleba uwyobda xels,<br />
aramed saTemo tradiciuli normac, romelic aiZulebda<br />
xizans mkvidri mosaxleobis survilisa da moTxovnis<br />
Sesabamisad damxvduris gvari mieRo. aWaraSi araqarTuli<br />
satomo saxelwodebis matarebel mcire patronimiul jgufebs<br />
xSirad vxvdebiT. magaliTad, aWaris araerT xeobaSi<br />
dasturdeba bude naTesaobis aRmniSvneli satomo saxelwodeba<br />
qurTienTi. sofel RorjomelaZeebSi Rorjomela-<br />
ZeTa gvarSi muTienTebis, ieTimiSvilebis, yaflanienTebis,<br />
flatienTebis da memedalienTebis garda saxlobs qur-<br />
TienTebis patronimiuli ganStoebac. sofel WalaSi beri-<br />
ZeTa gvaris erT-erTi segmenti qurTienTebis saxeliTaa<br />
warmodgenili. aWaraSi mravladaa qurTTa migraciis amsaxveli<br />
toponimebi: naqurTvala [maWaxelas skurdidSi, zanaqiZeebSi<br />
(xelvaCauri), xucubanSi, xinoSi, aWyvisTavSi, leRvaSi,<br />
cxemlisSi, xabelaSvilebSi], qurTianadebi (droSi),<br />
qurTebi baRCa da qurTixari (samoleTSi),, qurTinao<br />
rTinaomari<br />
(mawyvalTaSi), qurTimezrebi (CiruxSi), qurTiaxo (diakoni-<br />
ZeebSi), qurTluRi (WarnalSi), qurTiWaRi (sarfSi) da sxva.<br />
qurTebis cxovrebis kvali aisaxa sulier kulturaSic.<br />
saxalxo dResaswaulis – SuamTobis repertuarSi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili eWira xalxur TamaSobas „zirikobias’’,<br />
romelic Ria cisqveS imarTeboda. saxlSi kerasTan sxedan<br />
col-qmari, coli fexmZimedaa, modis stumari. maspinZeli<br />
SeipatiJebs stumars da sufraze miiwvevs. stumari uarzea.<br />
maspinZeli _ brazobs, joxiT scems stumars da agdebs<br />
saxlidan. stumari „saxlidan’’ garbis fexSiSvela, gadis<br />
„ezoSi’’ da sicivisagan kankalebs. saxlidan diasaxlisi<br />
sTxovs qmars daanebos Tavi stumars. qmari arc cols<br />
49
indobs, coli Zirs ecema, atkivdeba muceli da ewyeba mSobiaroba.<br />
mSobiarobaSi mas qmari exmareba.<br />
gadmocemiT qurTebi moxetiale cxovrebas eweodnen da<br />
maTxovrobiT irCendnen Tavs. maTxovar qurTebs aq<br />
„zirikls//zirklebs’’ uwodebdnen. ziriki niSnavs daZonZil<br />
qurTs. amitom, zirikobiac „maTze dasacini TamaSobaao’’ _<br />
gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. maTive gadmocemiT qurTebs<br />
daZonZili tansacmeli ecvaT da fexSiSvelni dadiodnen.<br />
moTamaSeebi qurTebs CacmaSic baZavdnen. TamaSis dros<br />
qalis rols mamakaci asrulebda. es TamaSoba scodniaT<br />
tomaSeTelebs, Subnelebs, kobalTelebs – XX saukunis 30-<br />
40-ian wlebamde, Tumca specialur literaturaSi ukve<br />
cnobilia, rom adre es ar iyo Cveulebrivi garToba. dResaswaulebsa<br />
da am tipis TamaSobebSi Semonaxulia qar-<br />
Tul-kavkasiuri da axlo aRmosavleTis xalxTa uZvelesi<br />
socio-religiuri plastebi. masSi gamosWvivis nayofierebisa<br />
da Svilierebis mfarveli RvTaebis pativiscema, Tundac<br />
Svilierebis inscinirebis procesSi, Cans falosis<br />
kulti, sakulto xasiaTis dramis nairsaxeobebi da sxva<br />
mravali (dawvr. ix. Tandilava z., 1980).<br />
aWaraSi SeiniSneba berZnuli mosaxleobis kvalic. baris<br />
soflebSi isini kompaqturad saxloben, xolo mTaSi<br />
berZnebi gansaxlebulni iyvnen erTeul ojaxebad, romel-<br />
Ta Sesaxeb mxolod gadmocemebi da TiTo orola toponimia<br />
Semonaxuli. magaliTad, berZnauli (saTesi laklakeT-<br />
Si), mavropuloebi (kvirike) da sxva. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi<br />
aWaris mTianeTSi samcxe-javaxeTis sxvadasxva provinciidan<br />
droebiT samuSaoze Camodiodnen berZeni xelosnebi,<br />
mWedlebi (kalai<br />
kalaijebi<br />
ebi). am tipis moZraoba ar iTvaliswinebda<br />
ayra-gadasaxlebas da sxvagan damkvidrebas, Tumca<br />
garkveuli miznebis gamo sxvadasxva adgilebSi sacxovrebladac<br />
ki rCebodnen. amas adasturebs Tundac zemoT dasaxelebuli<br />
toponimebi.<br />
aWaraSi gadmocemiT dasturdeba agreTve somxuri,<br />
afxazuri, Cerqezuli, CeCnuri da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis<br />
kvalic. aWaraSi mravladaa toponimebi, romelSic geografiuli<br />
saxelis mawaromebel afiqsad -yva<br />
formantia war-<br />
50
modgenili. magaliTad, dedaluyvaTi<br />
vaTi, boboyvaTi<br />
.. geografiul<br />
saxelTa -yva bolokidurs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> toponimikaSi<br />
erT-erTma pirvelma yuradReba miaqcia s. janaSiam. misi<br />
azriT yva<br />
udavod Cerqezuli sityvaa da Reles, xevs<br />
niSnavs. yva<br />
calkec gvxvdeba da gavrcelebulia xevis, xeobis<br />
gamosaxatavad (ix. „mnaTobi’’, #12, 1956:135-136). g.<br />
axvlediani ar iziarebs am mosazrebas. misi SexedulebiT,<br />
yva<br />
daboloeba gadmonaSTia da ara Cerqezulis nakvalevi<br />
(„mnaTobi’’, #2, 1957:114). CerqezTa da afxazTa cxovrebis<br />
kvalis aRmniSvneli unda iyos toponimebi: CerqezluRi<br />
(axalsofeli), CerqezloRi (gonio), afxazura (Subani),<br />
adamianis sakuTari saxeli Cerqeza da sxva. maTi aWaraSi<br />
dasaxleba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iwyeba (WiWinaZe<br />
z., 1912:60).<br />
qiZiniZeebis (Suaxevi), yinCauris (xulo), samebis, xucubnis<br />
(qobuleTi) da sxva soflebis toponimikaSi aisaxa ama<br />
Tu im eTnikuri jgufis cxovrebis kvalic, rac xSirad<br />
xalxuri gadmocemebSicaa warmodgenili – somexinaklavi,<br />
somexauri, hemSilluRi, uriebis sasaflao, uriaRele,<br />
CaCani<br />
da sxva.<br />
amrigad, gvarTa mimoqcevis sakiTxebi mraval istoriul-eTnografiul<br />
aspeqts moicavs da savele masalebis<br />
siuxviTac sakmaod tevadia. arsebuli eTnografiuli da<br />
literaturuli monacemebis analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom<br />
mTiani aWaris mosaxleobis formirebis procesi uSualod<br />
ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva periodis social-ekonomikur Tu<br />
politikur faqtorebs, radgan swored am tipis faqtorebi<br />
ganapirobebda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxvadasxva kuTxidan sakvlev<br />
regionSi mosaxleobis adgilmonacvleobas, maT Serwymasa<br />
da ganviTarebas adgilobrivi substratis safuZvelze. aWaris<br />
mTa gviandel etapebzec ganicdida migrantTa axali<br />
talRebis moZalebas da mkvidr qarTul eTnikur garemoSi<br />
gvarobriv gadajgufebas. migraciis am procesebze sagvareulos<br />
ganStoebaTa saxelwodebebic metyvelebs. zemoTqmulis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT aWaraSi mosaxle gvarebis istoriis<br />
kvleva kvlavac unda gagrZeldes.<br />
51
Nugzar mgeladze, tamaz futkaradze<br />
Some problems of the Family migracion in adjara<br />
Summary<br />
In the article the-fegue от migration of the fajpily'representatives within<br />
and beyond Ajara is dismissed Tbt^analysfts of ethnographic and literary data<br />
makes us think that farrrlation of the population of the highland region is<br />
connected tefaifferent period social-economic and political factors since they<br />
conditioned displacement of population of different parts of Georgia to the<br />
regions under study and their merging development on the basis of the local<br />
substrata.<br />
Нугзар Мгеладзе, Тамаз футкарадзе<br />
Некоторые вопроси миграции фамилий в Аджарии<br />
Резюме<br />
В статье рассмотрены вопросы миграции представителей той или<br />
иной фамилии как внутри, так и за пределами Аджарии и, наоборот, из<br />
других областей Грузии в Аджарии.<br />
Анализ литературных и этнографических данных дает возможность<br />
заключить, что процесс формирования населении горной Аджарии было<br />
связанно с социально-экономическими и политическими факторами<br />
разного периода, потому что именно в исследуемом регионе факторы<br />
подобного типо обусловливали перемещение населения из разных<br />
уголков Грузии, их слияние и развитие на основе местного субстрата.<br />
52
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. aCugba T., ojaxi da saojaxo yofa aWaraSi, baTumi, 1990.<br />
2. aWaris ar saxelmwifo arqivi, f. 69, s. 1-5.<br />
3. baqraZe d., arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi,<br />
baTumi, 1987.<br />
4. berZeniSvili n. borjomis xeoba, dRiuri, 1947 weli.-`<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
istoriis sakiTxebi’’, wign. I, Tbilisi, 1964.<br />
5. vaxuSti bagrationi. aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i.-`qarTlis<br />
cxovreba’’, t. IV, Tbilisi.<br />
6. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i, Tbilisi,<br />
1941.<br />
7. xevsureTis sofeli da misi sameurneo tradiciebi, Tbilisi,<br />
1989.<br />
8. gaz. „droeba’’, #80, 81, 1875.<br />
9. Tandilava. z. SuamTobis tradiciebi da folklori, Tbilisi,<br />
1980.<br />
10. TayaiSvili e,. samuslimano saqarTvelo.-Jurn. `mnaTobi’’, #8,<br />
Tbilisi, 1990.<br />
11. Turquli wyaroebi XVI s–is I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos<br />
istoriisaTvis (gamosca cisana abulaZem), Tbilisi, 1983.<br />
12. TofCiSvili r., aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTielTa migracia<br />
XVII-XX ss-Si, Tbilisi, 1984.<br />
13. TofCiSvili r., javaxeTis mosaxleobis migraciis istoriidan.-<br />
`mesxeTi (istoria da Tanamedroveoba)’’, axalcixe, 2000.<br />
14. Jordania T., qronikebi, t. I.<br />
15. erisTavi r., cnobilni osmalos <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>.-`droeba’’, #80–<br />
81, 1875.<br />
16. kakabaZe s., TorelTa sagvareulo Stoebi.-`vefxistyaosani’’,<br />
Tbilisi, 1927.<br />
17. leonti mroveli. mefeTa cxovreba.-`qarTlis cxovreba’’, I,<br />
Tbilisi, 1953.<br />
18. maisuraZe i., qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />
19. mgelaZe vl., sofel darCiZiebis dasaxlebis struqturisaTvis.-baTumis<br />
samecniero-kvleviTi institutis `Sromebi’’, t.<br />
II, baTumi, 1962.<br />
20. mgelaZe vl., mosaxleobis mimoqcevis sakiTxisaTvis aWaraSi. -<br />
`baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi intitutis mesame samecniero<br />
sesiis moxsenebaTa Tezisebi’’, baTumi, 1964.<br />
21. mgelaZe vl., zemo aWaruli sofeli Zvelad, baTumi, 1973.<br />
22. mgelaZe n., aWaraSi mesxTa migraciis sakiTxisaTvis.-`eTnografiuli<br />
gamokvlevebi’’, Tbilisi, 1989.<br />
53
23. mgelaZe n., faRava m., andria pirvelwodebuli <strong>samxreT</strong>-aRmosavleT<br />
SavizRvispireTSi da kulturuli memkvidreobis sakiTxebi<br />
aWaraSi.-Jurn. „literaturuli aWara’’, #3, baTumi,<br />
1999.<br />
24. mgelaZe n., samcxuri warmomavlobis genealogiuri jgufebis<br />
istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi aWaraSi.-`mesxeTi (istoria da<br />
Tanamedroveoba)’’, axalcixe, 2000. menTeSaSvili st., aWaris<br />
eTnografiuli masalebi.-`enimkis moambe’’, II, tfilisi, 1937.<br />
25. „mnaTobi’’, #12, 1956.<br />
26. narimanaSvili g., mgelaZe n., aWariswylis xeobaze gamavali<br />
savaWro-satranzito gzebis Sesaxeb.-`iberia-kolxeTi’’ (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
klasikuri da adremedivievuri periodis arqeologiuristoriuli<br />
kvlevani), III, Tbilisi, 2007.<br />
27. nikolaZe n., baTumi, kreb.: #4, 1873.<br />
28. sixaruliZe i., <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> toponimika, I,<br />
baTumi, 1958.<br />
29. tbeTis sulTa matiane (gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da<br />
saZiebeli daurTo Tina enuqiZem), Tb., 1977.<br />
30. tivaZe g., samcxe-saaTabago gurjistanis didi davTris mixedviT.-Jurn.<br />
„mnaTobi’’, #3, Tbilisi, 1946.<br />
31. SamilaZe v., alpuri mesaqonleoba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi,<br />
1969.<br />
32. SoSiaSvili n. TorelTa feodaluri saxlis istoria da<br />
SoTa rusTaveli.-`SoTa rusTaveli’’, Tbilisi, 1966.<br />
33. wereTeli d., dRiuri #3.-`aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumi’’,<br />
xelnawerTa fondi, 1950.<br />
34. WiWinaZe z., qarTveli kaTolikeni da qarTvelTa dakarguli<br />
soflebi, Tbilisi, 1904.<br />
35. WiWinaZe z., qarTvel mahmadianTa didi gadasaxleba osmaleT-<br />
Si, tfilisi, 1914.<br />
36. qarTlis cxovreba, II, Tbilisi, 1959.<br />
37. Архив института этнографии АНРФ; Материалы грузинского отряда, ПК,<br />
Л. 101, 103, 104.<br />
38. Бромлей Ю., Этнос и этнография, Москва, 1973.<br />
39. Волкова Н., О переселении с гор на равнины на северном Кавказе в. XVII-<br />
XX вв.-СЭ, Москва, 1971.<br />
40. Турецко-русский словарь, Москва, 1945.<br />
54
55<br />
roin malaymaZe<br />
mesaqonleoba liganis xeobaSi<br />
liganis xeobis sameurneo cxovrebaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili mesaqonleobas uWiravs. dargis ganviTareba<br />
ganpirobebulia xeobis xelsayreli bunebriv-geografiuli<br />
pirobebiT, pirvel rigSi _ mdidari alpuri saZovrebis<br />
arsebobiT.<br />
mesaqonleoba miwaTmoqmedebasTan kavSirSi, anu simbiozuri<br />
formiT viTardeboda, rac kanonzomieri movlenaa<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTiani zonis cxovrebaSi (Citaia g. 1997, 171;<br />
SamilaZe v, 1964, gv. 238_239; robaqiZe al. 1957, 18_19;<br />
bregaZe n. 1986, 168).<br />
mesaqonleoba gansakuTrebiT dawinaurebuli iyo murRulis,<br />
devsqelis da nawilobriv borCxis raionis soflebSi.<br />
aq sakmaod bevri hyoliaT msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa<br />
saqoneli. mcire raodenobiT misdevdnen saxedris, joris<br />
da cxenis moSenebas (umikaSvili p. 1877, 8).<br />
liganis xeobis Woroxispira soflebSi (mirveTi, qvemo<br />
da zemo maradidi, borCxa da sxva) mesaqonleobas naklebad<br />
misdeven Sesabamisi sakvebi bazis simciris gamo. g. yazbegi<br />
borCxis magaliTze werda: “garegnulad borCxa sofels<br />
ara gavs. aq 80-mde koxtad aSenebuli saxlia, romelTac<br />
araviTari sameurneo minaSeni ara aqvs. rqiani pirutyvi da<br />
cxeni aq sul ar aris. yvela mcxovrebi navmSeneblobas,<br />
menaveobas da Tixis WurWlis damzadebas misdevs~ (yazbegi<br />
g. 1995, 116).<br />
liganis xeobaSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo patara<br />
tanadobis adgilobrivi jiSis msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa<br />
saqoneli (Солнышкин Н. Е.. 1912, 41), romelic kargad iyo<br />
Seguebuli adgilobriv garemo pirobebs. did mniSvnelobas<br />
aqcevdnen rogorc mewveli, aseve gamwevi pirutyvis (xaris)<br />
jiSianobas. eTnografiuli monacemebiT, saukeTeso xarisxis<br />
mewvel saqonlad iTvleboda cxra kbiliani Zroxa.<br />
amasTan erTad, jiSian Zroxas curne (curi) didi da win<br />
wamoweuli unda hqondes. mis jiSianoba-ujiSobas ara<br />
marto garegnuli niSan-TvisebebiT, aramed “rZianobis” mi-
xedviT arCevdnen. aseve karg gamwev Zalad miCneulia jaga,<br />
anu sqel da grZelkisriani pirutyvi. rogorc vxedavT,<br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba kargad asxvavebda saqonlis ji-<br />
Sianobasa da vargisianobas. es faqtorebi Tavisebur zegavlenas<br />
axdenda rZis produqtebis warmoebasa da gamwevi<br />
Zalis Sromisunarianobaze.<br />
msxvilfexa saqonlidan gansakuTrebuli yurdReba eqceoda<br />
xaris moSenebas. igi saxedris, cxenis gverdiT warmoadgenda<br />
muSa-gamwev Zalas sxvadasxva samuSaos Sesasruleblad.<br />
xaris Semdegi saxelwodebebi moixsenieba: mozveri,<br />
buRa, ura anu daukodavi xari. xars arCevdnen feris<br />
mixedviTac. magaliTad, Savi ferisas yaramans, xolo wi-<br />
Tel-Savi ferisas _ mureSas eZaxian.<br />
samuSaod xars oTxi wlis asakidan iyenebdnen, risTvisac<br />
saWiro iyo misi winaswar gaCveva anu gaxameba. amisTvis<br />
uRelSi Seubamdnen da jilRis gawevas SeaCvevdnen. icodnenAagreTve<br />
xarebis gaCveva kaloobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
eridebodnen ura pirutyvis uRelSi Sebmas.<br />
liganis xeobaSi xars muSa Zalis garda sxva mniSvnelobac<br />
eniWeboda. mas iyenebdnen aq garToba-sanaxaobebSi,<br />
romelic “buRebis Wedobis” saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.<br />
wvrilfexa saqonlis moSeneba SezRuduli iyo, rac<br />
gamowveulia mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT da Sesabamisi<br />
sakvebi bazis simciriT. a. frenkelis monacemebiT, wvrilfexa<br />
saqoneli gavrcelebuli iyo soflebSi: arCveTSi,<br />
omanaSi, TxilazurSi, ozmalSi da sxva (Френкель А. 1879,<br />
119). upiratesoba cxvris moSenebas eniWeboda, radganac<br />
zamTarSi misi Senaxva TxasTan SedarebiT ufro advili<br />
iyo. saojaxo yofaSi didi gamoyeneba hqonda cxvris<br />
matyls. cxvars weliwadSi orjer (martsa da zafxulSi)<br />
kreWdnen, amisTvis gamoiyeneboda specialuri saparsi makrateli,<br />
romelsac “yirxluRs” ewedeboda. erTi cxvris<br />
ganakreW matyls kanZi (kanZi asevea ganmartebuli sulxansaba<br />
orbelianis leqsikonSi, _ sulxan-saba orbeliani.<br />
1965, 355) ewodeboda.<br />
liganis xeobis mesaqonleobaSi sayuradRebo momentebs<br />
Seicavs saqonlis movla-patronobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
wesebi da Sromis organizaciebis sakiTxebi. xeobis mkacri<br />
klimaturi pirobebiT gamowveuli xangrZlivi zamTari mo-<br />
56
saxleobas aiZulebda saqonlis baguri kvebisaTvis saWiro<br />
sakvebi maragi droulad moemaragebia. saqonlis sazamTrod<br />
imaragebdnen: Tivas, Calas, nekers. damxmare funqcias<br />
asrulebda namerCxli, wyavi, Zmerxli, gamxmari laxana<br />
(fxali), anwli da sxva.<br />
eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT saTib-saZovrebi<br />
TiTqmis yvela sofels gaaCnda, magram am mxriv devsqelisa<br />
da murRulis xeobebi gamoirCeoda. devsqelis xeobis sami<br />
sofeli _ devsqeli, Suaxevi, bagini _ kalovanis axaltyes,<br />
axos, berisxevSi, saTibisxevSi, oxvaT, CitaurSi, gaRmoban-<br />
Si ganlagebuli saTib-saZovrebiT sargeblobda, romlebic<br />
sakvebi balaxis (samyurai, katarai, xasimoli, ionja da<br />
sxva) yuaTianobiT gamoirCeoda, saukeTeso sakvebad iTvleboda<br />
ionja, romelsac weliwadSi samjer iRebdnen. Tibvis<br />
erTi mxridan meore mxares gatanil napirs andali ewodeba.<br />
Tibva, romelic aq Walobis saxeliT aris cnobili,<br />
iwyeboda ivlisis bolos. didi farTobis mosamkelad<br />
iwvevdnen rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis nads.<br />
Tivis mosavals isev saTibebSi arsebul sameurneo<br />
nagebobebSi inaxavdnen, romelsac qori ewodeboda. zamTar-<br />
Si an Semodgomaze marxiliT Sin mihqondaT. iq, sadac marxili<br />
ar miudgeboda, gvarmad (Sdr: “gvarala-gorgali, Tavsaxvevi,<br />
Calis konis Sesakravi, Tivis Toki”. Rlonti al.<br />
1984, 151) Sekrul Tivas zurgiT ezidebodnen. amisaTvis iyenebdnen<br />
Tavisebur mowyobilobas_saZnes. am mxriv sainteresoa<br />
liganis xeobaSi gavrcelebuli Cveuleba _ axoToba.<br />
eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT axoToba ewodeba iailebis<br />
siaxloves arsebuli Walebidan (saTibebidan) Tivis<br />
motanasTan dakavSirebul wes-Cveulebas.<br />
zamTarSi msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonlis sakvebisaTvis<br />
didi mniSvneloba hqonda nekeris damzadebasac. iv.<br />
jaiani me-19 s. 90-ian wlebSi amasTan dakavSirebiT werda:<br />
“sazogadod baTumisa da arTvinis olqis mcxovrebT, qarTvel<br />
mahmadianebs, Cveulebad aqvT, visac Txa-cxvari hyavT,<br />
zamTrisaTvis imaT gamosakvebad daamzadon nekeri (muxis<br />
Stoebi foTlebianad). Tu gind bevri, Tiva-Calac hqondeT,<br />
mainc nekeri Tu ar daimzades, ar SeiZleba. radgan aq<br />
zamTari icis. muxis xeebi soflelT gayofili da daCemebuli<br />
aqvT Tav-TavisaTvis, ise rogorc xexili”.<br />
57
nekers Semodgomaze amzadebdnen. saukeTesod iTvleboda<br />
ara marto muxis, aramed cacxvis, Telis, cxemlis nekeri.<br />
pirvel weliwads sanekre xes mTlianad Camosxlavdnen.<br />
aRniSnuli RonisZieba emsaxureboda saukeTeso nekeris<br />
miRebas. aqedan moyolebuli, xe nekerisaTvis yovel mesame<br />
wels isxvleboda.<br />
zamTarSi gamoiyeneboda agreTve wyavi, Zmerxli, suro<br />
da pawki. yvelaze yuaTianad Zmerxli iTvleboda. is ojaxebi,<br />
romlebic ver uzrunvelyofdnen zamTrobiT saqonlisaTvis<br />
saWiro sakvebis dagrovebas da saqonlis gamozamTrebas,<br />
Semodgomis miwuruls cdilobdnen garkveuli<br />
nawili gaeyidaT. me-20 saukunis damdegamde pirutyvi<br />
iyideboda arTvinisa da baTumis bazarze (Солнышкин Н.Е.<br />
41). gayidvis win pirutyvs kudis wvers an balans SeaWrian<br />
da axorSi dakideben _ rwmeniT, “xeli ar gadayveboda”.<br />
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda saqonlis movlas. gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas mewvel saqonels da xars uTmobdnen.<br />
aq mWle, sust saqonels bexrikebi ewodeboda. zogier-<br />
Ti ojaxi sakvebis ukmarisobis gamo saqonels zamTrobiT<br />
mosavlelad mezobels an naTesavs miabarebdnen. amgvari<br />
wesi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxeebSic arsebobda aWaraSi mas<br />
abareba-gabareba ewodeboda (SamilaZe v. 1969: 114-117).<br />
maisis bolos saqonels sazafxulo ialaRebze garekavdnen.<br />
didi mniSvneloba eqceoda mTaSi wamsvlelTa Ser-<br />
Cevas. am mxriv upiratesoba ojaxSi asakiT ufros qals<br />
eniWeboda, romelmac kargad icoda saqonlis movla-patronobis<br />
saqme da rZis produqtebis damzadeba. memTevre<br />
qals meSorTi-saSorTi ewodeboda.<br />
58
ebrikis iailebi. devsqelis xeoba. 2001 weli<br />
qlaskuris iailebi. devsqelis xeoba. 2001 weli<br />
59
devsqelis mosaxleoba karCxlis mTis alpuri saZovrebiT<br />
sargeblobda, sadac mTa-saZovrebi soflebis mixedviT<br />
iyo danawilebuli. sofel trapenis, ebrikas mTa iyo _<br />
TeTriwyali. devsqelis, baginis, Suaxevis_jamikari. qlaskuris,<br />
xebas_patinai/pawa mTa. murRulis xeobis mosaxleoba<br />
dadioda egrisus, Soravlisa da maRaras mTebze.<br />
SeZlebuli pirebi ardaganis saZovrebsac iyenebdnen. kirna-<br />
Tis Temis mosaxleobis nawili dRes adigenis raionis<br />
jazigolis alpuri saZovrebiT sargeblobs.<br />
iyo iseTi ojaxebi an soflebi, romelTac pirutyvi<br />
cota hyavdaT da sazafxulo saZovrebiT anu mTiT ar sargeblobdnen.<br />
soflidan moSorebiT mxolod xarebi gadahyavdaT.<br />
sofeli xarebis raodenobis Sesabamisad or an sam<br />
mwyems SearCevda. isini xarebs saZovrebze mierekebodnen.<br />
maTi daqiravebis pirobebi sxvadasxva iyo, safasuri ganisazRvreboda<br />
rogorc fuliT, ise naturiT. mwyemsi<br />
pasuxismgebeli iyo abarebul saqonelze.<br />
xarebis sadgomi adgili, romelsac iaTaRi ewodeba,<br />
wyalTan axlos unda yofiliyo. yvela sofels, xSirad<br />
Temsac, Tavisi iaTaRi hqonda. magaliTad, murRulis xeobis<br />
sofel ozmalis mosaxleoba xarebs guli yanis<br />
iaTaRze abinavebda. zafxulobiT mTis saZovrebze xarebis<br />
sxva saqonlisagan gamocalkevebis wesi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva<br />
mTiani zolis kuTxeebisaTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli (SamilaZe<br />
v. 1976, 41; makalaTia m. 1964, 56).<br />
saqonlis abarebis/gabarebis wesi sazafxulo saialaRo<br />
periodSi sruldeboda. iyo ojaxebi, romelTac saqoneli<br />
bevri ar hyavdaT an ar SeeZloT sxvadasxva mizezis gamo<br />
mTaSi wasvla, pirutyvs mezobels an naTesavs atanda. aseT<br />
pirebs nabariebs eZaxdnen. isini TavianT saqonels<br />
adgilamde miyvebodnen, iq exmarebodnen memTevres iailis,<br />
boselis SekeTebaSi, bostnis damuSavebaSi, SeSis motanaSi<br />
da ukanve brundebodnen.<br />
liganis xeobis mosaxleobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo<br />
yiSluri meurneobac (yiSlur meurneobaze dawvrilebiT ix.<br />
SamilaZe v. alpuri mesaqonleoba saqarTveloSi. Tb. 1969,<br />
gv. 91-97). yiSla TiTqmis yvela sofels gaaCnda. sofel<br />
devsqelis mosaxleoba Telnaris, qlaskurelebi Savi golis<br />
yiSlebiT sargeblobda.<br />
60
yvelis guda. sofeli kirnaTi. 1998<br />
amrigad, ganxiluli eTnografiuli masalebi gviCveneben,<br />
rom mesaqonleoba miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad warmoadgenda<br />
meurneobis erT-erT ZiriTad dargs. orive dargi<br />
aqac simbiozuri formiT viTardeboda. upiratesoba<br />
msxvilfexa mesaqonleobas eniWeba. mewvel saqonelTan er-<br />
Tad didi yuradReba eTmoboda gamwevi Zalis-xaris mo-<br />
Senebas.<br />
61
Роин Малакмадзе<br />
Скотоводство в Лиганском ущелье<br />
Резюме<br />
В работе установлено, что животноводство в Лиганском ущелье представляло<br />
собой вторую по значимости и продвинутую отрасль после земледелия,<br />
которые развивались в симбиозной форме. В ущелье в основном разводили<br />
крупный рогатый скот, удельный вес мелкого рогатого скота был сравнительно<br />
незначительным. Особое внимание уделялось уходу за дойным и тягловым<br />
скотом, разведению племенных быков, которые использовались в спортивных<br />
праздниках (борьба быков). Скотоводство рассматривается в годовом хозяйственном<br />
цикле. Охарактеризованы формы трудовой организации в скотоводстве,<br />
приготовления, хранения и использования молочных продуктов.<br />
Roin Malakmadze<br />
Stock-breeding in Ligani Gorge<br />
Summary<br />
In work is installed that stock-breeding in Ligani gorge presented itself second on<br />
value and advanced branch after husbandry, which developed in symbiosis to form. In<br />
gorge basically bred the cattle , specific gravity of the sheep and gouts was relatively<br />
small. Emphases was spared care for dairy and taxed live-stock, breeding oxen, which<br />
were used in atheletic holiday (the fight oxen). The cattle bresding is considered in an<br />
annual economic cycle. There are characterized forms to labor organization in cattle<br />
breeding, preparations, keeping and use of the milk products.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. bregaZe n. sameurneo yofis Seswavlis ZiriTadi Sedegebi<br />
qarTul sabWoTa eTnografiaSi, macne, Tbilisi, 1986.<br />
62
2. makalaTia m. masalebi msxvilfexa mesaqonleobisaTvis xevsureTSi,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eTnografiis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1964.<br />
3. robaqiZe al. dasaxlebis formaTa sakiTxisaTvis zemo<br />
aWaraSi, bski Sromebi, 1, baTumi, 1957<br />
4. sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani, t. me-4, wigni 1, Tbilisi,<br />
1965.<br />
5. umikaSvili p. osmalos saqarTvelo, gaz. iveria. 1877.<br />
6. Rlonti al. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tbilisi,<br />
1984.<br />
7. yazbegi g. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. baTumi, 1995.<br />
8. SamilaZe v. msxvilfexa mesaqonleoba zemo aWaraSi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
eTnografiis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1964.<br />
9. SamilaZe v. msxvilfexa mesaqonleoba svaneTSi, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong><br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> yofa da kultura, me-4, Tbilisi, 1976.<br />
10. Citaia g. dasaxlebis tipi mTiuleTSi, Sromebi, t. 1, Tbilisi,<br />
1997<br />
11. Солнышкин Н. Е. Артвин и Артвинский округ, тифл., 1912.<br />
12. Френкель А.Очерки Чурук-су и Батумф, Тифл., 1879.<br />
63
SavSuri farcxi // forCxi<br />
Tamaz futkaraZe<br />
Marina Salikava<br />
Tanamedrove da istoriuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze<br />
guTnuri miwaTmoqmedeba viTardeba eneoliTis gviandel<br />
safexursa da adrebrinjaos xanaSi (Citaia g., jalabaZe g.,<br />
1985,52).<br />
kevrebi, urmebi, farcxebi, uRlebi, focxebi da sxva sameurneo<br />
iaraRebi ucileblad metyveleben, rom masSi gamwev<br />
Zalad gamoiyeneboda: xari, kameCi, cxeni. maT iyenebdnen agreTve<br />
xalxur satransporto saSualebebSi.<br />
gamwev ZalasTan iyo dakavSirebuli farcxis gamoyeneba,<br />
romelsac Cveneburebi SavSeTSi „forCxs“ eZaxian. farcxi//forCxi<br />
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT<br />
aris sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi, romelic gamoiyeneba xnulis<br />
beltis dasaSlelad, miwis gasafxviereblad da TeslisaTvis<br />
miwis misayrelad (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi<br />
leqsikoni, II, 1990,963). SavSeTis sofel ziosSi forCxs „kanjasac“<br />
uwodeben.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, farcxva aris moxvnisa da Tesvis<br />
Semdgomi procesi, roca xdeba niadagSi Teslis mibareba-<br />
CaTesva. amave mizans isaxavs aoSvac, romlis drosac xdeboda<br />
aneulis xelaxla gadaxvna da gadamwvari aneulis gafxviereba<br />
masSi mobneuli Teslis miwaSi garkveul siRrmeze<br />
moxvedris gasaadvileblad. aoSvisaTvis gamoiyeneboda msubuqi<br />
saxvneli _ kavi.<br />
aoSvas mosdevda dafarcxva//daforCxva, romelic gulisxmobs<br />
niadagSi Teslis dafarvas. aRniSnuli samuSaos<br />
Sesasruleblad gamoiyeneba farcxi//forCxi, romelsac<br />
meorenairad SavSelebi kabdos an dasareksac eZaxian. sulxansabas<br />
ganmartebiT, kabdo „safarcxavis ficaria“ (sulxan saba,<br />
1, 1966,343). igi warmoadgens xelnebian ficars, romelzedac<br />
64
gamoebmeba farcxi. erT-erTi xalxuri leqsi mkafiod gamoxatavs<br />
dasaxelebuli iaraRis daniSnulebas:<br />
„kabdom icis samarTali,<br />
maRal-dabals gaasworebso“.<br />
SavSuri forCxi specialistTa gansakuTrebul interess<br />
iwvevs. Cveneburebi ganasxvaveben mis or saxeobas: mownulsa<br />
da ficris. kabdoze mimagrebuli forCxi warmoadgens sam<br />
joxze wnelebiT mownul sameurneo iaraRs. Cawnuli fiCxis<br />
cerebi moqceulia farcxis qveda zedapirze, rac aadvilebs<br />
beltebis daSlas, „niadagis mowrfelebas“, rasac Zvel<br />
qarTulSi „qveynis moqna“-sac eZaxdnen (Citaia g., 2001,125).<br />
CveneburTa TqmiT, „daforCxviT Tesli Cafardeba miwaSi”.<br />
.<br />
farcxi//forCxi.<br />
forCxis//farcxis meore saxe warmoadgens brtyel ficars,<br />
romlis sigrZe 1-1,20 metria, sigane ki 25-30 sm. misi<br />
sidide damokidebulia bunebriv-geografiul pirobebzec.<br />
mTis pirobebSi igi SedarebiT patara zomisaa, barSi ki<br />
piriqiT.<br />
forCxis gasakeTeblad ficars burRiT daxvreten ise, rom<br />
naxvretebi erTmaneTis mimarT ganlagebulo iyos jvaredinad.<br />
65
naxvretebi keTdeba or rigad, luwi raodenobis _ 12, 14, 16 da<br />
a.S. naxvretebSi „Caarigeben“ eCoTi gamoTlil 10-15 sm sigrZis<br />
TiTebs. saforCxe ficars SuaSi wina mxares, sisqeSic<br />
gaxvreten, sadac „xels Caarigeben“ da amagreben xis CiviT an<br />
lursmniT. xels CxnoliT//CknoliT (wkneli) gadaebmeba uReli,<br />
romelSic gamwevi Zala Seibmeba. forCxis TiTebi qveda<br />
zedapiris mxaresaa, rac aadvilebs CaTesvasa da „niadagis<br />
mowrfelebas“. amis Semdeg forCxs gadmoabruneben da misi<br />
swori zedapiriT moasworeben, „datkepnian“, „daaduzeben“ anu<br />
moasworeben niadags.<br />
msgavsi iaraRebi dasturdeba sxva miwismoqmedi xalxis sameurneo<br />
yofaSic - somxeTSi, azerbaijanSi, wina aziisa da<br />
xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi.<br />
SavSeTSi Cvens mier damowmebuli forCxi uSualo<br />
kavSirSia saaneulo da zogjer niadagis damuSavebis rTul<br />
sistemasTan da is samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis ganviTarebis<br />
maRali donis maniSnebelia.<br />
Т. Путкарадзе, М. Шаликава<br />
Шавшетская борона<br />
Резюме<br />
На территории современной и исторической Грузии плуговое земледелие<br />
развивалось еще с периода энеолита. В статье речь идет о распространенном<br />
в Шавшети орудии разрыхления пашни – бороне, которую<br />
проживающие в Шавшети грузины называют «Форчхи». «Форчхи»<br />
непосредственно связан со сложной системой обработки земли и<br />
свидетельствует о высоком уровне развития культуры земледелия.<br />
66
T. Phutkaradze, M. Shalikava<br />
Shavshetian harrow/rake<br />
Summary<br />
On the territory of model and historical Georgia, plough land works had<br />
been developing since the Neolithic age. The given article deals with the<br />
tools of loosening arable land- harrows spread in shavsheti, which is called<br />
is “porchhi” is directly related to the complex technology of cultivation and<br />
indicates a high level of culture of farming.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, nakvesi<br />
meore, Tb. 1990.<br />
2. sulxan saba, leqsikoni qarTuli, 1, Tb., 1966.<br />
3. Citaia g., jalabaZe g., uRlebi da apeurebi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli atlasi, Tb. 1985.<br />
4. Citaia g., Sromebi, t. 4, Tb., 2001.<br />
G<br />
67
jemal varSalomiZe<br />
xis damuSavebis tradiciebi zemo aWaraSi<br />
(xulos raionis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />
zemo aWaraSi xis damuSaveba-gamoyenebis maRalganviTarebuli<br />
donis Camoyalibebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina<br />
obieqturi sinamdvilis sxvadasxva faqtorma. maT Soris<br />
aRsaniSnavia: bunebrivi garemo, mTagoriani reliefi,<br />
samiwaTmoqmedod vargisi miwis simcire, xangrZlivi, uxv-<br />
Tovliani zamTari, savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobisaTvis<br />
xelsayreli gzebis arseboba.<br />
zemo aWaris bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis kvalobaze<br />
meurneobis wamyvan dargad mesaqonleoba Camoyalibda, xolo<br />
miwaTmoqmedeba-saxnav-saTesi miwebis naklebobis gamo<br />
(miuxedavad meurneTa mravalsaukunovani SromiTi gamocdilebisa<br />
da empiriuli dakvirvebis Sedegad SemuSavebuli<br />
niadagdacvis xerxebisa) ver akmayofilebda mosaxleobis<br />
didi nawilis saarsebo moTxovnebs marcvleul kulturebze.<br />
cnobilia, rom zogierT sofelSi sakarmidamo nakveTze<br />
aRebuli simindi (ufro iSviaTad xorbali) naxevar wels<br />
ZlivsRa hyofnidaT. aRniSnul viTarebaSi erTad-erTi gamosavali<br />
iyo _ mezobeli raionebidan marcvleulis Semotanis<br />
Tadarigi zafxulis dadgomidanve daewyoT. saamisod<br />
gamoiyeneboda mravalsaukunovani praqtikiT Semowmebuli<br />
tradicia: mesaqonleobis produqtebiTa (baqraZe d. 1987, 89;<br />
saxokia T. 1985, 155; SamilaZe v. 1969, 150-154) da xis nakeTobebiT,<br />
xis WurWliT (daviTaZe al. 1974, 91-92; misive, 1983, 69-<br />
87; kaxiZe n. 1990, 60-64; misive, 2004, 57, 159) vaWroba Tu aRebmicemoba.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT aseve mniSvnelovani iyo `mosagebelze<br />
_ gare samuSaoze: xis mTlelTa, mxvewelTa, mxerxavTa,<br />
gamocdil xuro-durgalTa Temis, xeobis Tu mis<br />
farglebs gareT `mosarewad~ siaruli. Sua saukuneebis<br />
werilobiTi monacemebis mixedviTac analogiuri faqtebi<br />
damowmebulia tbel abuserisZis (XIII saukune) mier. igi<br />
mogviTxrobs erTi uRleuli xaris patronis, Raribi<br />
glexis, bolok-basilis saSovarze wasvlis Sesaxeb. avtori<br />
68
gvamcnobs, rom glexi qviTxuroobiT Soulobda damatebiT<br />
Semosavals, anu `ÃelTa mier TÂsTa irCenda Tavs~ (abuserisZe<br />
tbeli, 1941, 57).<br />
zemo aWaraSi xis damuSavebisa da gamoyenebis maRalganviTarebuli<br />
kultura istorikos-eTnografebisa (vaxuSti,<br />
1941; baqarZe d. 1997; yazbegi g. 1995; saxokia T. 1985; Citaia<br />
g. 1941; misive, 1947; misive, 1997; misive, 2001; Ciqovani T. 1960;<br />
robaqiZe al. 1960; SamilaZe v. 1969; daviTaZe al. 1974; misive,<br />
1983; kaxiZe n. 1990; misive, 2004; miqelaZe j. 1982) da xalxuri<br />
xiT xuroTmoZRvrebis mkvlevarTa (adamia T. 1956; Гараканидзе<br />
М. 1959; sumbaZe l. 1985) gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />
imsaxurebda. dasaxelebul avtorTa naSromebSi xis<br />
damuSavebisa da nakeTobaTa gamoyenebis sxvadasxva aspeqtia<br />
dasaxelebuli, samSeneblo xelovnebis mravali xerxia gamovlenili,<br />
warmoCenilia xuroTmoZRvrul-konstruqciuli<br />
Taviseburebebi da a.S. amasTan erTad, sakmaod mwiria<br />
cnobebi ostatebis Sesaxeb. amiTac aixsneba is faqti, rom<br />
akad. iv. javaxiSvilma 1935 wels aisrula Tavis `mudmivi<br />
ocneba~ - saguldagulod SerCeuli eqspediciis wevrebi<br />
aRWurva <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobis<br />
istoriisaTvis masalebis Sesakrebad sanimuSo programiT,<br />
romlis erT-erT punqtSi xis WurWelTan dakavSirebiT maT<br />
unda CaeweraT `TiToeuli WurWlis da misi nawilebis da<br />
iaraRebis aRweriloba (sasurvelia CanarTebiTac) da saxelebi;<br />
vin akeTebda: SinaurobaSi akeTebdnen Tu xelosnebi<br />
iyvnen, rogor swavlobdnen am xelobas~ (masalebi, 1976,<br />
24). am programiT masalebi aWaraSic ikribeboda. amgvari<br />
damokidebuleba Cans ZiriTadad xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis<br />
mkvlevarTa da nawilobriv zogierT eTnografTa naSromeb-<br />
Sic. xis ostatTa gvar-saxelebi da maTi xelosnuri memkvidreobisadmi<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvileba eTnografiuli<br />
kvlevis interesebSi Sedioda. SeniSnulia, rom ostatTa<br />
` saxelebis warmoCena da fiqsacia, romlebmac memkvidreobiT<br />
uanderZes STamomavlobas TavianTi xelosnuri saqmianoba,<br />
didi kulturul-istoriuli movlenaa qarTuli<br />
xelosnobis da, saerTod, qarTuli mravalsaukunovani<br />
kulturis SeswavlaSi, qarTveli xalxis istoriuli warsulis<br />
gaSuqebaSi~ (kaxiZe n. 2004, 128).<br />
69
uZvelesi droidan aWaris mTaSi, kerZod, xulos raion-<br />
Si xe-tyis sxvadasxva jiSebi iyo gavrcelebuli, romel-<br />
Tac mosaxleobis sameurneo da kulturul yofaSi udidesi<br />
adgili eWira (Манджавидзе Д.В. 1982). sacxovrebel, sameurneo<br />
da sakulto nagebobaTa mSeneblobaze gamoiyeneboda<br />
naZvi, soWi, fiWvi, cacxvi, Tela, muxa, kakali da sxva.<br />
avejsa da jamWurWleulobas, agreTve skivrsa da kidobans<br />
amzadebdnen. kakalis, Telis, cacxvisa da iSviaTad soWis<br />
xisagan. akvans ZiriTadad cacxvis xisagan, romlis calkeuli<br />
detalebi mzaddeboda wablisagan, bolo dros ki<br />
Txmelasac iyenebdnen. xaratuli dgam-WurWeli (sufra,<br />
sasadilo mrgvali magida, gobi) ixveweboda Telis, cacxvis,<br />
wiflis, wablis, xolo jami da qvija _ cacxvis, Txmelisa<br />
da Telisagan.<br />
eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT irkveva, rom zemo<br />
aWaris mosaxleoba kargad erkveoda tyis im praqtikul<br />
mniSvnelobaSic, rasac igi asrulebda, rogorc zvavmewyer-Rvarcofis<br />
Semakavebeli saSualeba da sxv. amitomac<br />
soflis ferdobze arsebul tyeebs safar tyes uwodebdnen,<br />
mas zedmiwevniT ufrTxildebodnen da nakrZalad miiCnevdnen.<br />
zemo aWaraSi tyeebi iyofoda saTemo da sagvareulo<br />
sakuTrebad. saTemo tyeSi TiToeuli gvari samSeneblo<br />
mizniT SearCevda xeebs da sakuTrebis niSans _ `Tajs~<br />
daadebda. 1. sof. uCxoSi abulaZeebis Taji iyo _ ∧, dekana-<br />
Zeebis _ ∨, bolqvaZeebis _ ≡, dioknisSi ZirkvaZeebis Tajs<br />
¬ (`Carxitari~) erqva, SavaZeebis (`batifexa~), saginaZeebis<br />
_ III, kaxaZeebis _ X, kaxaZeebs sof. tabaxmelaSi hqondaT I<br />
niSani, sof. TagoSi cecxlaZeebis Taji iyo _ niSani,<br />
sof. danisparaulSi papiZeebis Tajs V (`kurdRliyura~)<br />
ewodeboda. sof. boZaurSi SavaZeebs hqondaT + (`xaCi~), maT<br />
ganayof SavaZeebs ki ----- Taji, xozrevaniZeebs ki _ <br />
(`mgvali~), riyeTSi mcxovreb xozrevaniZeebs V (`kurdRliyura~),<br />
SanTaZeebs _ V , sof. WerSi zogs `xaCuri~ (jvari-<br />
_<br />
viT), zogs `yiliji~ ƒ (xmaliviT) zogs X, 000, * (varskvlaviseburi).<br />
sof bakoSi dumbaZebis gvars Tajis saxiT<br />
hqonda _ d, abaSiZeebs _ a, beriZeebs _ b.<br />
))<br />
70
CasiZebuli mamakaci Tu meuRlis (ojaxis) gvars mii-<br />
Rebda, mas ufleba hqonda esargebla colis sagvareulo<br />
TajiT.<br />
qarTuli enis aWaruli dialeqtis leqsikaSi Taj-i,<br />
Tajis dadeba saqonlis sakuTrebis gamosaxatavad niSandebas,<br />
dadaRvas, TaRis (daRis) dakvras. samSeneblod<br />
damzadebul gaTlil xeze, tyeSi xeze `gasacocxleblad~<br />
Semodgmul skaze da sxva... ,,Zvelad Taji Toxumis (gvari)<br />
niSans warmoadgenda, romelic 7 gobegis (Taobis) Semdeg<br />
unda Secvliliyo~ (ix. S. niJaraZe, 1971).<br />
sagvareulo TajiT samSeneblo xe-tyis Seguleba-dasakuTrebamde<br />
gaarkvevdnen merqnis vargisianobas, rac culis<br />
yuis xeze dartymiT gamoicnoboda. `gamofuturebuli~ e.i.<br />
Rruiani xe aseT SemTxvevaSi xmas gamoscemda, rasac advilad<br />
amCnevdnen. wiwvovani xeebis SerCevisas yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebdnen garekanze _ qerqze. `mwife~ xes muqi mowi-<br />
Talo, damskdari qerqi da daxrili totebi unda hqonoda.<br />
samasalod vargisi iyo swori da naklebtotebiani xe,<br />
romelic xSir tyeSi izrdeboda. calke mdgom xes `obol<br />
xes~ uwodebdnen. metad didi mniSvneloba hqonda ornamentis<br />
amosakveTad gamiznul xes, romelsac totebi, e.w.<br />
`rokebi~ cota eqneboda. samasaled xeebs zamTarSi Wridnen<br />
e.i. maSin, roca xeSi `wyali~ naklebia. miaCndaT, rom aseT<br />
pirobebSi moWrili xe ufro mtkicea da droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
merqans Wia da CrCili ar daazianebda. xis moWrisaTvis<br />
amjobinebdnen noembris, Tebervlis da martis<br />
Tves. mianiSnebdnen siZneleebsac: dekembersa da ianvarSi xe<br />
iyineba da rkinasaviT magari xdeba, culi ar ekareba. mTxr.<br />
memed ixas Ze kaxaZe, 50 wlis, sof. tabaxmela, xulos raioni,<br />
masala Cawerilia 1982 wels.<br />
Segulebul-dasakuTrebul xeebs oTxi-xuTi kaci Wrida<br />
an xerxavda, Semdeg `Seamsubuqebdnen~, e.i. totebs SemoaWridnen<br />
da mrgval morad gaitandnen, Tu mouxerxebeli iqneboda,<br />
maSin oTxkuTxad gaTlidnen da daxerxavdnen ficrebad.<br />
ficrebs gasaxmobad `dabeRlavdnen~. daxerxil ficrebs<br />
wvimisagan dacvis mizniT kidura ficrebiT gadaxuravdnen<br />
daxrilad (varSalomiZe j. 1974, 113).<br />
xis xelosnuri tradiciis Camoyalibebasa da mis Semonaxulobas,<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganapirobebda sxva-<br />
71
dasxva obieqturi faqtori, romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi<br />
unda gamovyoT bunebrivi resursebis, kerZod, xe-tyis siuxve,<br />
rasac XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan am kuTxeSi mogzaur-mkvlevarTa<br />
yuradRebac mieqcia. ase, magaliTad, 1873<br />
wels dimitri baqraZes xuloSi misvlamde `... ayvavebuli<br />
tyeebi unaxavs~ (baqraZe d. 1987, 58), xolo sof. CanCxaloSi<br />
misi yuradReba miupyria `Zveli wminda urTxlis koromebs~<br />
(baqraZe d. 1987, 81). erTi wlis Semdeg, 1874 wels, giorgi<br />
yazbegis Tvals SeumCneveli ar darCenia, rom sof. Caodan<br />
sxalTaSi mimavali gza `...gadis muxiT mdidar tyeze~. mas<br />
CaoSi unaxavs Zirianad moTxrili kaklis kunZebi, romelic<br />
erT gorel somexs wina wels Seusyidia, mouWria da<br />
TandaTanobiT gadahqonda focxovidan axalcixeSi (yazbegi<br />
g. 1995, 41). sxalTidan xixaZirisken mimaval mogzaurs mxedvelobidan<br />
ar gamohparvia gzis garSemo muxnar tyeSi kaklis,<br />
msxlisa da wablis uzarmazari xeebi. aseve, mas xixa-<br />
ZirSi misvlamde SeumCnevia isic, rom aryebsa da fiWvebs<br />
daeWira muxnaris adgili (yazbegi g. 1995, 50).<br />
Tedo saxokias, 1897 wels, sof. RorjomSi Sesvlamde<br />
saTibebSi axlad moWrili xis kunZebi unaxavs, ris gamoc<br />
gulnatkeni dasZenda: `...saTibebs afarToeben, magram samagierod,<br />
tyesa spoben. Tu ase mihyvnen, male tyes sul<br />
gaaCanageben~ (saxokia T. 1985). safiqrebelia, rom tyis gametebuli<br />
gaCexva aseve gamowveuli iyo axlad Tavsmoxveuli<br />
rusuli sakanonmdeblo reJimiTac T. saxokias Tanamgzavrisgan<br />
_ suleiman beriZisagan gaugia: `...vidre xvanTqris<br />
xelSi viyaviT tyes, rogorc gvindoda, ise vWridiTo~<br />
(saxokia T. 1985, 169). tyiT sargeblobisaTvis safasuris<br />
dawesebam, sxva axal garemoebebTan erTad, aWaris mosaxleobis<br />
mRelvareba gamoiwvia. 1878 wlidan mefisnacvlis<br />
brZanebiT tyidan merqnis gamotanis gamo Wris adgilis<br />
gasawmendad, xe-tyis Rirebulebis 10 procentis gadaxda<br />
dawesda. amaze `zemo aWaris mosaxleobam protesti ganacxada<br />
da maT dasamSvideblad 1895 w. droebiTi sagangebo<br />
RonisZiebebi SemuSavda~ (muSkudiani q. 1982, 16). generalma<br />
komarovma gancxadebis erT-erT punqtSi xalxs piroba misca:<br />
`tyeebiT sargebloba, rogorc osmaleTis dros yofila,<br />
isev im wesze da kanonze darCebao~ (ix. saxokia T. 1985,<br />
192).<br />
72
T. saxokia sxalTis xeobaSi, qoCaxSi, begebis sasaxlis<br />
SemogarenSi, xedavda mSvenier naSen naZvis tyes. igi wers:<br />
`gzebi rom iyos da masalis gamotana da gayidva SeiZlebodes,<br />
am tyis patronisaTvis metis-metad saxarbielo iqneboda~<br />
(saxokia T. 1985, 290). avtoris cnobiT, xe-tyis realizaciis<br />
iSviaTi SemTxvevebic yofila. igi werda: `... aTasSi<br />
erTxel artaanidan Tu focxovidan Tu gadmovlen glexebi<br />
aqauri xe-tyis sayidlad. magram imaT waRebuli tyes arc<br />
ki etyoba~ (saxokia T. 1985, 290).<br />
mogzaur-mkvlevarTa cnobebidan irkveva, rom zemo aWaris<br />
mkvidrT xe-tyis gayidvis SesaZlebloba TiTqmis ar<br />
hqoniaT, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zemoT aRniSnul<br />
oriode SemTxvevas.<br />
eTnografiuli monacemebiT, xe-tyiT vaWrobis aseve<br />
oriode SemTxvevac dadasturda. `nikolozis dros~ (e.i.<br />
revoluciamdel periodzea saubari) sof. agaris mosaxleobas<br />
axalcixeli vaWrebisaTvis naZvis, soWisa da katris<br />
xeebi daumzadebiaT da miuyidiaT. xe-tyis transportirebis<br />
siZnelis gamo am cdas Semdgomi ganmeoreba ar hqonia<br />
(mTxr. iremaZe Saban xuseinis Ze, 83 wlis, sof. agara,<br />
masala Cawerilia 1982 wels).<br />
meore SemTxveva ufro gviandelia. sofel paqsaZeebidan<br />
baTumSi gasayidad xarebiT CautaniaT naZvis, soWisa da<br />
fiWvis morebi. 1 mori 1 maneTad gauyidiaT. baTumSi Casvlasa<br />
da ukan dabrunebas 7 dRe dasWirvebia mTxr. gelaZe<br />
iusuf ismailis Ze, 76 wlis, sof. paqsaZeebi. masala Cawerilia<br />
1982 wels. .<br />
mZime ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gamo mTis mosaxleobas<br />
isRa darCenoda, rom mdidari xe-tye gamoeyenebinaT sxvadasxva<br />
WurWlis (gobi, jami, kolofi, kabiwi da a.S.) dasamzadeblad.<br />
sakuTriv ojaxis moxmarebisaTvis da aseve gasayidad<br />
mezobel guriisa da mesxeT-javaxeTis, SavSeTisa da<br />
imerxevis soflebSi. megreli mesaqonleebi, romlebic<br />
baxmaros midamoebSi zafxulobiT saqonels abalaxebdnen,<br />
zemo aWarel ostatebs sulgunisaTvis gvarda║kapiwebs ukveTavdnen<br />
(daviTaZe al. 1983, 78). erTi sasulgune gvarda<br />
eTnograf al. daviTaZis gaangariSebiT 15-20 maneTi Rirda,<br />
xolo kolofebi, zomis kvalobaze, 2-dan 5 maneTamde.<br />
mkvlevari miuTiTebs rom `aWarel ostatTa nexelav<br />
73
WurWels didi gasavali hqonda agreTve, axalqalaqsa da<br />
axalcixeSi~ (daviTaZe al. 1983, 79) xis nakeTobaTa realizacia<br />
xdeboda fulze an xorbalsa da qerze gacvlis<br />
meSveobiT. aseTi viTareba niSandoblivi iyo ZiriTadad<br />
mesxeT-javaxeTisaTvis ( mesxeTsa da javaxeTSi zemo aWarlebs<br />
CahqondaT kasri, qarsangi, tabaki da sxv. (ix. masalebi.<br />
1979, 141, 144). T. saxokias cnobiT sof. bakosa da qoCax-<br />
Si `...xis jam-WurWels akeTeben da artaanSi gaaqvT. iyideba<br />
metad iafad~ (saxokia T. 1985, 22). ramac eTnografiul<br />
sinamdvilemde moaRwia. sof. RrelSi, udeSi da sxva soflebSi<br />
xulodan cxeniT CahqondaT xis kasrebi, karaqis<br />
yuTebi, qarsangebi, xis kovzebi da cvlidnen xorbalze an<br />
simindze (mTxr. WaRiaSvili nina lazares asuli, 80 wlis,<br />
sof. ude, masala Cawerilia 1979 wels).<br />
xulos raionis mosaxleobis sameurneo yofaze, kerZod,<br />
rogorc iTqva, xiT muSakobis xelovnebaze, gansakuTrebiT<br />
meWurWleobasa da durglobaze nayofieri gavlena moaxdina<br />
aseve guriasTan, SavSeTTan da qvemo aWarasTan<br />
aqtiurma savaWro-ekonomiurma urTierTobam. cnobilia, rom<br />
zemoaWareli xuroebi, aseve rogorc vakijvreli gurulebi,<br />
baxmaros midamoebSi aSenebdnen saxlebs gasayidad<br />
(saxokia T. 1985, 128). xolo Rorjomeli meWurWleebi rZis<br />
produqtebisaTvis kabiweuls, kolofebs, xeSi gamoxvewil<br />
gobebs, jamebs, qvijebs amzadebdnen. baxmaros mimdebare<br />
ialaRebze: zotiyelSi, SedrekilSi, Zelgoraze maT mier<br />
Camotanil xis WurWels baxmaroSi yidulobdnen guriis<br />
mejogeebi, aseve baxmaros damsveneblebi (daviTaZe al. 1974,<br />
91). marcvleulis nakleboba aiZulebda qveda Txilvanel<br />
meWurWleebs axalqalaqSi cxeniT CaetanaT xis gobebi, kasrebi,<br />
kovzebi da mieyidaT somxebisaTvis an xorbalze gadaecvalaT<br />
(mTxr. qamaSiZe folad qeremis Ze, 82 wlis, sof.<br />
qveda Txilvana. Cawerilia 1970 wels). WurWlis fasi damokidebuli<br />
iyo mis sidideze. sidides mniSvneloba hqonda<br />
marcvleulze gacvlis drosac.<br />
amrigad, xulos raionis meWurWle ostatebi xis am nakeTobebiT<br />
akmayofilebdnen sakuTari ojaxis, soflis, Temis<br />
mosaxleobis moTxovnebs da rogorc ukve iTqva, aWaris<br />
mezobel regionebSic gadahqondaT. dadgenilia ZiriTadi<br />
marSrutebi: xulos raionidan sxalTis xeobis gavliT ga-<br />
74
dahqondaT artaanSi, goderZis gadasasvlelze gavliT _<br />
axalcixeSi, axalqalqSi da adigenSi, xolo zotiyelze gadasvliT<br />
_ baxmaroSi, Coxataursa da mis axlomaxlo soflebSi.<br />
eTnograf g. gasitaSvils dadgenili aqvs xulos<br />
raionidan sof. aralSi, andriawmindasa da valeSi xis<br />
nakeTobaTa gadazidvis gzebi (gasitaSvili g. 1962, 95; misive,<br />
1972, 95).<br />
zemoaWarel xis ostatebs mesxeT-javaxeTSi maSin mihqondaT<br />
cxenebiT WurWeli, roca am mxareSi mosavali aRebul-dabinavebuli<br />
hqondaT. aseTi drois SerCeva xelsayreli<br />
iyo marcvleulis mepatronisaTvis, xolo nakeTobaTa<br />
gamyidveli ki simind-xorbleulis marags nel-nela<br />
umatebda. zemo aWaraSi marcvleulis simcire erT-erTi um-<br />
Tavresi faqtori iyo, rac ubiZgebda glexs mdidari xetyis<br />
resursebi gamoeyenebina xis nakeTobaTa dasamzadeblad<br />
da gasayidad. zemoT iTqva rom, T. saxokia sofel<br />
RorjomSi yofnisas miRebul STabeWdilebebSi miuTiTebda,<br />
rom niadagi gamofitulia da simindi Tebervlamde an<br />
martamde Tu gahyvebao (saxokia T. 1985, 165). mogzaurisaTvis<br />
SeuCivliaT: `Zabuni miwa gvaqvs, simindi da puri cota<br />
modiso~ (saxokia T. 1985, 159), an kidev `... yovel mosaxles<br />
... simindi uTesia, juja simindi~ (saxokia T. 1985, 170).<br />
savele-eTnografiuli masalebiT dadasturebulia ise-<br />
Ti faqtebic, rom mezobeli raionis sofel kikibodan sagangebod<br />
Camosulan sof. didaWaraSi osman xasanis Ze<br />
SavaZesTan da SeuZeniaT kabiwebi, kolofebi, kasrebi. o.<br />
SavaZe wylis Carxzec xvewavda jamebs, sufrebs, xelgobebs.<br />
mas xiT xelosnobis garda mWedlobac codnia. osmans<br />
`ustioba~ memkvidreobiT miuRia. mis mamas xasans (1975<br />
wels gardacvlila 85 wlis) sofel Rorjomsa da agaraSi<br />
100-mde saxli auSenebia. babuas _ ali SavaZes saxlebis<br />
mSeneblobasTan erTad CuqurTmis kveTac codnia. ostatis<br />
meCuqurTmeobaze naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs is faqti,<br />
rom mas gaukeTebia a. demetraZis ( a. demetraZis saxli<br />
amJamad q. TbilisSi, Ria cis qveS muzeumSia ganTavsebuli )<br />
saxli da CuqurTmebiT masve Seumkia igi (mTxr. SavaZe osman<br />
xasanis Ze, 75 wlis, sof. didaWara. masala Cawerilia 1986<br />
wels).<br />
75
ali SavaZis mama yasum SavaZe, romlis gardacvalebis<br />
TariRi ucnobia, xis usta yofila.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, erTi ojaxis farglebSi gvaqvs xelosnobis<br />
ramdenime TaobaSi memkvidreobiT gadacemis unikaluri<br />
faqti, rac bunebrivia, ekonomiuri pirobebiTac iyo<br />
gamowveuli. sofel almeSi mcxovreb 106 wlis abulaZe qeleS<br />
axmedis Zis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: `vinc usta iyo,<br />
sulic imas edga~ (mTxr. abulaZe qeleS axmedis Ze, 106<br />
wlis, sof. alme (oqtomberi). masala Cawerilia 1982 wels)<br />
ostatebi adastureben imasac, rom marto xelobiT ojaxs<br />
ver arCendnen.<br />
xulos raionSi mopovebul savele eTnografiuli masalebis<br />
safuZvelze irkveva, rom TiTqmis yvela sofelSi<br />
iyvnen saojaxo jam-WurWlis ostatebi. wylis Carxze ori<br />
kaci muSaobda. erTi maTgani Suaze gaWril xis mors<br />
sasurveli WurWlis formaze uxeSad SemoWrida _ `Semoaqofitebda~,<br />
fargliT Semoxazavda WurWlis Sida da gare<br />
konturebs. meore ostati ki _ xvewda. oriveni dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />
10-12 gobs gamoxvewdnen. ase, magaliTad, qveda<br />
TxilvanaSi sabel qamadaZe da kukula qamaSiZe gamoirCeodnen<br />
jamebisa da gobebis gamoxaratebiT. amaTgan k. qamaSiZe<br />
cnobili iyo imiTac, rom panta msxlis xisagan iseT karg<br />
kovzebs amzadebda, rom laqwasmuls waagavda. sofel bo-<br />
ZaurSi bevri xvewda gobebs, sufrebsa da jamebs. im adgils<br />
sadac samxvewelo dazgebi hqondaT gamarTuli `CarxiReles~<br />
uwodebdnen. kviaxiZe TevraT alis Ze (gardaicvala<br />
1950 wels, 75 wlis) sofel riyeTSi cxovrobda. igi<br />
cnobili iyo ara marto gobebis, sufrebis, sanayebis damzadebiT,<br />
aramed aseve xvewda magidis `fexebs~, xertlebsa<br />
da akvnis detalebsac. saojaxo WurWlis xvewis codnagamocdileba<br />
memkvidreobiT gadavida eziz genjalis Ze<br />
SanTaZis Svilebsa da SviliSvilebze (ezizi 1910 wels<br />
gardacvlila 60 wlis asakSi, igi kargi mWedelic yofila).<br />
sofel tabaxmelaSi wylis Carxze saojaxo jam-Wur-<br />
Wels mravali ostati akeTebda. am saqmianobiT gamoir-<br />
Ceodnen gobaZeebi, beriZeebi da kaxaZeebi. es xeloba Tanda-<br />
Tan Sesustda da xelosnebmac Tavi gaanebes am saqmes.<br />
sofel qedlebidan sofel uCxoSi qibar kaxaZe da misi Svili<br />
Sirin kaxaZe dadiodnen da Telis, cacxvis an Txmelis<br />
76
xisagan akeTebdnen xis saojaxo jam-WurWels. iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca sof. almeSi sxalTis xeobidan mosuli<br />
ostatebi xvewavdnen gobebsa da sufrebs. sxva sofelSi,<br />
Temsa Tu xeobaSi wasul mxevwelze ityodnen `mosagebze~<br />
wavidao. T. saxokias cnobiT, goms akravda tye, sadac `...mu-<br />
Saoben aWarelni da garSemo soflelTaTvis xis jam-Wur-<br />
Wels amzadebdnen~ (saxokia T. 1985, 56). nikolozis dros<br />
(revoluciamdel periodzea saubari) moxvewili sufra 1<br />
maneTi Rirda, gobi 50 kapiki, jami 20 kapiki.<br />
saojaxo avejidan gansakuTrebuli Rirsebis iyo skivri,<br />
radganac igi ara marto saojaxo moxmarebis sagani iyo,<br />
aramed saqorwino urTierTobis procesSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan<br />
atributs warmoadgenda. SeuZlebeli iyo gasaTxov<br />
qals samziTvod tansacmeli an samkauli ar gaemzadebina<br />
winaswar. yovelive amas emateboda momavali saqmrosa da<br />
misi axloblebisaTvis sagangebod moqsovili Wreli windebi,<br />
romlebic paratZals unda mietana saCuqrad. samziTvo<br />
skivris Semkoba-moCuqurTmebis mimarTac gansakuTrebiT<br />
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. Znelad moiZebneboda ise-<br />
Ti samziTvo skivri, romelzedac borjRala ar yofiliyo<br />
gamosaxuli. skivri advilad gadasatani iyo memTevrebisaTvis<br />
sazafxulo ialaRebze _ cxenze `akiduli~ mihqondaT<br />
mTaSi. skivrze gamokveTili CuqurTmebis mravalferovneba<br />
da ostaturad Sesruleba garkveulad prestiJulobis<br />
faqtori iyo, miT umetes Tu igi patarZals mihqonda<br />
mziTvad. mravali faqtia dadasturebuli imisa, rom<br />
samziTvo skivri Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemula memkvidreobiT,<br />
radgan `dacdili~ hqondaT da `fexbednierad~ iyo<br />
miCneuli. aseve mniSvneloba hqonda imas, rom namziTvari<br />
skivris patroni dRegrZelobiT da kargi xandazmulobiT _<br />
xangrZlivi sicocxliT gamoirCeoda. 1982 wels, sof. didaWaraSi<br />
moCuqurTmebuli skivri vnaxeT, romelic guleSan<br />
rejebis asul SavaZes hqonia mziTvad. guleSans 103 weli<br />
ucocxlia (gardaicvala 1962 wels). amave sofelSi aseve<br />
didi xnis skivri inaxeboda Tamar oTaris asul gobaZis<br />
ojaxSi. gasagebia, rom am skivris ostatis saxeli ar SemorCenila.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT gamorCeuli yofila sof.<br />
dioknisSi mcxovrebi aliSan ZirkvaZe. mas 12 samziTvo<br />
skivri gaukeTebia. sagulisxmo faqti gviambo sof. tabaxmelaSi<br />
mcxovrebma sxofie aliSanis asulma gobaZem, Tavisi<br />
77
mamis skivris ostatobaSi daxelovnebis Sesaxeb. man gaixsena,<br />
rom jer kidev bavSvi iyo, roca erTi kaci movida da<br />
mamamiss sTxova nigvzis xis skivri gaekeTebina da `CaeSenebina~<br />
bzis Txeli ficari misi xelis mtevanis gamosaxulebiT.<br />
aliSan gobaZes 15-ze meti samziTvo skivri hqonia<br />
gakeTebuli.<br />
skivri aucilebeli aveji iyo ara marto ubralo glexis<br />
ojaxisaTvis, aramed, igi socialurad dawinaurebul<br />
fenis warmomadgenlebisTvisac. g. yazbegi ximSiaSvilebis<br />
ojaxSi yofnisas werda: `begma gviCvena uzarmazri skivri<br />
firmanebiT da patentebiT savse~ (yazbegi g. 1995, 46).<br />
zemo aWaraSi `meakvneoba~ xelosnobis qvedargad ar Camoyalibebula<br />
da ar ganviTarebula iseTi intesivobiT,<br />
rogorc WurWlis mxveweloba. akvnebs akeTebdnen saxlis<br />
mSenebeli durglebi. cota iyvnen iseTi ostatebi, romlebic<br />
mxolod akvnis keTebiT iyvnen dakavebuli. akvnis<br />
ustebad cnobili iyvnen sofel riyeTSi qedeliZe memed zeqerias<br />
Ze, sof. didaWaraSi felul SavaZe. aRsanSnavia is<br />
garemoeba, rom xis ostatebi akvnebs ZiriTadad adgilobrivi<br />
moTxovnebis mixedviT akeTebdnen da ara bazarze<br />
gasayidad. Tu vinmes gamorCeulad lamazi akvnis SeZena<br />
hqonda gamiznuli, igi usaTuod q. baTumSi SeiZenda. baTumis<br />
bazarze kirnaT-maradididan, axalSenidan, boboyva-<br />
Tidan, dolognidan da sxva soflebidan mohqondaT mravaldetaliani<br />
xaratuli akvnebi, romlis ostatebi mxolod<br />
am saqmeSi iyvnen daxelovnebulni. baTumSi SeZenili<br />
akvani, `gawyobili~ e.i. leib-sabniT, baliSiT da TeTreuliT<br />
dakompleqtebuli, 130 maneTi Rirda.<br />
zemo aWaruli akvani forma-moyvanilobiT ar gansxvavdeboda<br />
qvemo aWarulisagan. akvanTan dakavSirebuli wes-<br />
Cveulebebic msgavsia, e.i. akvani pirveli bavSvis dabadebis<br />
Semdeg unda SeeZinaT, an saamisod miecaT dakveTa da<br />
ormocamde (bavSvis dabadebidan 40 dRe igulisxmeba) unda<br />
mietana dedis xaziT bavSvis bebias. gogonas akvani ufro<br />
meti xaratuli detalebiT iyo moruli, vidre vaJisa.<br />
ityodnen: `biWi saxlSi rCeba da ubralo akvanic eyofao~<br />
(mTxr. SavaZe SuSana memedis asuli, 51 wlis. sof. didaWara,<br />
masala Cawerilia 1986 wels).<br />
Zvelad lurjad, mogvianebiT ki yavisfrad Rebavdnen.<br />
akvani daaxloebiT 1 Txis fasi Rirda.<br />
78
marTalia, zemo aWaruli akvani Raribia moxaratebuli<br />
detalebiT, vidre qvemo aWaruli, magram mas gaaCnia moqarguli<br />
artaxebis saxiT sayuradRebo dekoratiuli komponentebi<br />
mzis gamosaxulebiT da sxva geometriuli konfiguraciis<br />
aplikaciebiT. naqargebi bavSvis Tavsafarsa da<br />
sabansac hqonda. aseve, aRsaniSnavia akvnis kamaraze, bavSvis<br />
Tavis mxares `dakeknili~ mZivebis Sebmis magiuri funqcia.<br />
am mizniT Txunelis gamxmar fexebs an qsovilSi gaxveul<br />
gvelis Zvlebs (ConCxs) Camokidebdnen. im akvanSi, sadac<br />
bavSvi gardaicvleboda, sxva bavSvs ar Caawvendnen _ ubedurs<br />
uwodebdnen (varSalomiZe j. 1987, 88).<br />
saojaxo avejidan tradiciuli iyo kidobani, romelSic<br />
umTavresad fqvils inaxavdnen. am WurWels Cveulebriv<br />
durglebi akeTebdnen da igi gansakuTrebuli Semkulobis<br />
mqone ar iyo. bolo 50-60 wlis win adgilobrivma ostatebma<br />
daiwyes tansacmlis karadebisa da komodebis damzadeba<br />
fabrikuli nawarmis msgavsad. yavisferze Rebavdnen<br />
da laqsac usvamdnen. kustaruli aveji TandaTanobiT<br />
Seicvala fabrikuli saZineblebiT, sawolebiT da samzareulo<br />
garniturebiT.<br />
amrigad, zemo aWaris mosaxleobis xis damuSavebis<br />
ZirZvel tradiciebSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira mesaqonleobasa<br />
da miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
inventarisa da sxva saojaxo-sayofacxovrebo sagnebis damzadebas.<br />
xis nakeTobebs praqtikuli gamoyenebis saukeTeso<br />
TvisebebTan erTad dekoratiuli ieric gaaCnda, rac ostatTa<br />
mraval Taobis Sromisa da SemoqmedebiTi unaris<br />
Serwymis Sedegi iyo.<br />
xeze WurWlis mxvewelTa, mekapiwe ustebis da sxva<br />
xelosanTa naxelavebi did mowonebas imsaxurebda ara<br />
marto adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi, aramed misi realizacia<br />
xdeboda zemo aWaris mezobel kuTxeebSi: guriaSi, mesxeTjavaxeTSi,<br />
SavSeTSi da sxvagan. aRniSnuli viTareba mosaxleobis<br />
ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan erTad<br />
kontaqtebis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo, ramac nayofieri<br />
niadagi Seuqmna mTis mosaxleobas aqtiuri da uwyveti<br />
savaWro-kulturuli urTierToba hqonoda qarTul samyarosTan<br />
warsulis Znelbedobis pirobebSic ki.<br />
79
zemoaWaruli skivrebi da xaratuli WurWeli<br />
sof. naRvarevi. 1972 w.<br />
sof. didaWara. 1982 weli<br />
80
sof. dioknisi. 1982 weli<br />
sof. qiZiniZeebi. 1973 weli<br />
81
Джемал Варшаломидзе<br />
Традиции обработки дерева в Верхней Аджарии<br />
(По этнографическим материалам Хулойского района)<br />
Резюме<br />
В традициях обработки дерева населения Верхней Аджарии значительное<br />
место занимало изготовление инвентаря и других предметов<br />
семейного бытового назначения, которые были связаны с продукцией<br />
скотоводства и земледелия. Деревянные изделия вместе с наилучшими<br />
практическими свойствами имели и декоративную внешность, что было<br />
итогом труда и творчества многих поколений мастеров.<br />
Токарные деревянные изделия мастеров пользовались большим<br />
спросом не только среди местного населения, но они реализовывались и<br />
в соседних с Верхней Аджарией регионах - в Гурии, Месхет-Джавахети,<br />
Шавшети и т.д. Отмеченные обстоятельства вместе с улучшением экономических<br />
условий населения были наилучшими средствами установления<br />
контактов, что создало благоприятную почву для населения<br />
горных регионов для активных и долговременных торгово-культурных<br />
взаимоотношений с остальным грузинским миром и в условиях<br />
тяжелого прошлого.<br />
Djemal Varshalomidze<br />
Traditions of the processing tree in Upper Adjara<br />
(On ethnographic materials of Khulo region)<br />
Summary<br />
In traditions of the processing tree the populations of Upper Adjara<br />
significant place occupied the fabrication of the stock and the other subjects<br />
of the household home purpose, which were connected with products of<br />
cattle breeding and husbandry. The wooden products together with best<br />
practical characteristics had and decorative appearance that was a total result<br />
of the labour and creative activity of the many generations masters.<br />
The turned wooden productsof these masters used the plenty of demand<br />
not only amongst local population, but they were realized and in nearby with<br />
Upper Adjara regions - in Guria, Meskhet-Djavakheti, Shavsheti and etc.The<br />
82
noted circumstances together with improvement of the economic conditions<br />
of the population were the best facility of the determination contact that<br />
created favourable ground for population of this mountain region for active<br />
and permanent trade-cultural relations with rest georgian world and in<br />
conditions of heavy past.<br />
literatura<br />
1. abuseriZe tbeli. bolok-basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi da<br />
abuseriZeTa sagvareulo matiane. l. musxeliSvilis gamocema,<br />
Tbilisi, 1941.<br />
2. adamia i. qarTuli xalxuri xuroTmoZRvreba. aWara. Tbilisi,<br />
1956.<br />
3. baqraZe d. arqeologiuri mogazauroba guriasa da aWaraSi.<br />
baTumi, 1987.<br />
4. Гараканидзе М. Грузинское деревянное зодчество. Тбисиси, 1959.<br />
5. gasitaSvili g. xis damuSavebis xalxuri wesebi. Tbilisi, 1962.<br />
6. gasitaSvili g. xis damuSavebis xalxuri wesebi mesxeT-javaxeTSi.<br />
kr.: mesxeT-javaxeTi. Tbilisi, 1972.<br />
7. daviTaZe al. qarTuli materialuri kulturis istoriidan.<br />
baTumi, 1974.<br />
8. daviTaZe al. qarTuli xalxuri transportis istoriidan.<br />
baTumi, 1985.<br />
9. varSalomiZe j. ornamenti xeze zemo aWaraSi (masalebi aWaruli<br />
ornamentis Sesrulebis teqnologiisa da teqnikis SeswavlisaTvis).<br />
_ kr.: <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kultura<br />
da yofa. II, Tbilisi, 1974.<br />
10. varSalomiZe j. ornamenti xeze (zemo aWaris eTnografiuli<br />
masalebis mixedviT) _ kr.: <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mosaxleobis<br />
yofa da kultura. III, Tbilisi, 1975.<br />
11. varSalomiZe j. ornamenti xeze (aWaris eTnografiuli masalebis<br />
mixedviT). baTumi, 1979.<br />
12. varSalomiZe j. akvani da masTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebani<br />
aWaraSi _ kr.: <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> yofa da<br />
kultura. XVI, Tbilisi, 1987.<br />
13. varSaniZe S. gzebi da sagzao nagebobani Zvel aWaraSi. baTumi,<br />
1979.<br />
14. vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a. Tbilisi, 1941.<br />
15. kaxiZe n. xelosnoba aWaraSi. _ kr. <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
yofa da kultura. XVII, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />
83
16. kaxiZe n. xelosnoba <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi. baTumi,<br />
2004.<br />
17. Манджавидзе Д.В. Реликтовые леса Аджарии и их народно-хозяйственное<br />
значение. Тбисили, 1982.<br />
18. masalebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis<br />
istoriisaTvis. akad. iv. javaxiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT.<br />
t. I, aRmSenebloba da aveji. Tbilisi, 1976.<br />
19. masalebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis<br />
istoriisaTvis. akad. iv. javaxiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT.<br />
t. II, meWurWleoba Tbilisi, 1979.<br />
20. miqelaZe j. sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobani aWaraSi.<br />
baTumi, 1982.<br />
21. muSkudiani q. xe-tyis dammuSavebeli mrewveloba da samrewvelo<br />
proletariati revoluciamdel <strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />
(1880-1914). Tbilisi, 1982.<br />
22. robaqiZe al. dasaxlebis formaTa sakiTxisaTvis zemo aWaraSi.<br />
baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Sromebi. I,<br />
Tbilisi, 1960.<br />
23. robaqiZe al. dasaxleba da sacxovrebeli nagebobani aWaraSi.<br />
_ kr.: aWaris mosaxleobis yofisa da kulturis sakiTxebi.<br />
Tbilisi, 1967.<br />
24. saxokia T. mogazurobani. baTumi, 1985.<br />
25. sumbaZe l. qarTuli xiT xuroTmoZRvreba. Tbilisi, 1985.<br />
26. qse _ qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. 11, Tbilisi, 1987.<br />
27. yazbegi g. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. baTumi, 1995.<br />
28. SamilaZe v. mesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebuli sameurneo nagebobani<br />
aWaraSi. _ kr. aWaris sofeli. Tbilisi, 1969.<br />
29. SamilaZe v. alpuri mesaqonleoba saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi,<br />
1969.<br />
30. Ciqovani T. zemo aWaruli saxli. baTumi samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
institutis Sromebi. t. I, 1960.<br />
31. CijavaZe n. samiwaTmoqmedo yofis istoriidan aWaraSi. Tbilisi,<br />
1971.<br />
32. Citaia g. xevsuruli saxli `sene~. analebi iv. javaxiSvilis<br />
sax. istoriis institutis Sromebi. I, Tbilisi, 1947.<br />
33. Citaia g. sicocxlis xis motivi lazur ornamentSi. enimkis<br />
moambe, X, Tbilisi, 1941.<br />
34. Citaia g. Sromebi. I, Tbilisi, 1997.<br />
35. Citaia g. Sromebi. III, Tbilisi, 2001.<br />
84
nodar kaxiZe<br />
pirveli eTnografiuli eqspedicia aWaraSi<br />
(eqspediciis 75 wlisTavis gamo)<br />
aWaris eTnografiul Seswavlas saukuneze meti xnis<br />
istoria aqvs. igi dakavSirebulia cnobili qarTveli mogzauri<br />
mkvlevrebis _ d. baqraZis, g. yazbegis, z. WiWinaZis,<br />
T. saxokias da sxvaTa saxelebTan. isini pirvelebi iyvnen,<br />
romlebmac aWara da <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva<br />
kuTxeebi (Woroxis mxare, lazeTi) fexiT moiares da metad<br />
faseuli istoriul-eTnografiuli xasiaTis cnobebi dagvitoves.<br />
am cnobebs dRes wyaros mniSvneloba aqvs aWarisa<br />
da mTlianad <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriuli<br />
warsulis SeswavlaSi. maTma gamokvlevebma mniSvnelovnad<br />
gaamdidra qarTuli eTnologiuri mecniereba, romelsac<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi didi amocanebi dausaxes<br />
ilia WavWavaZem da misma Tanamoazreebma. ilia WavWavaZe<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWebda xalxSi Sekrebil eTnografiul<br />
da folklorul masalebs, xalxuri wes-Cveulebebis, tradiciebis<br />
amsaxvel cnobebs qarTveli xalxis warsulis<br />
kvlevaSi (WavWavaZe i. 1967, 162-167).<br />
qarTuli eTnologia XIX-XX saukunis mijnaze axali<br />
amocanebis winaSe dadga. eTnologiis zogadTeoriuli<br />
problemebisa da meTodologiuri principebis SemuSavebis<br />
paralelurad saWiro gaxda farTo savele-saeqspedicio<br />
saqmianobaze dafuZnebuli konkretuli eTnografiuli<br />
kvleva-Zieba, romlis gareSe qarTuli eTnologiuri mecniereba<br />
srulyofilad ver ganviTardeboda, igi ver gadaiqceoda<br />
mecnierebis calke damoukidebel dargad.<br />
aRniSnuli problemebis Semdgom damuSavebasa da<br />
srulyofaSi XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebuli<br />
wvlili Seitana qarTuli eTnologiuri skolis fuZemdebelma,<br />
akademikosma giorgi Citaiam. man, rogorc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
saxelmwifo muzeumis eTnografiis ganyofilebis<br />
xelmZRvanelma, 1930 wlebidan samuzeumo saqmianobasTan<br />
erTad mTavar amocanad dasaxa savele-SemkreblobiTi mu-<br />
85
Saobis farTod gaSla <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> uklebliv yvela kuTxeSi.<br />
misi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTveloSi aTeulobiT<br />
eTnografiuli eqspedicia Catarda. erT-erTi maTgani<br />
iyo 1933 wlis eTnografiuli eqspedicia aWaraSi. misi<br />
eqspediciis dRiurebi Sesulia Tavisi Sromebis III tomSi<br />
(Citaia g. 2001).<br />
es iyo pirveli eTnografiuli eqspedicia aWaraSi,<br />
romelSic monawileobdnen axalgazrda mecnierebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
saxelmwifo muzeumidan (eTnografebi vera bardaveliZe<br />
da rusudan xaraZe, enaTmecnieri stefane menTeSa-<br />
Svili, mxatvari m. popovi), aWaris mxareTmcodneobis biurodan<br />
(folkloristi da eTnografi jemal noRaideli,<br />
istorikosi vukol iaSvili). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi eTnografiuli kvleva-Zieba Tavdapirvelad<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo muzeumis eTnografiis ganyofilebaSi<br />
iyo koncentrirebuli.<br />
aWaraSi eqspediciis Catarebas win uZRoda mosamzadebeli<br />
muSaoba. 1933 wlis 24 ivniss <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> muzeumis<br />
warmomadgenlebi ewvivnen aWaris ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariats<br />
da aWaris mxareTmcodneobis biuros (ase ewodeboda<br />
maSin dRevandel aWaris saxelmwifo muzeums), sadac<br />
gadawyda momavali eqspediciis Catarebis dro da<br />
marSruti. amave dRes gaimarTa mxareTmcodneobis biuros<br />
gafarToebuli sxdoma, sadac isaubres eqspediciis miznebsa<br />
da amocanebze. aqve gadawyda eqspediciis muSaobaSi adgilobrivi<br />
samecniero Zalebis monawileobas sakiTxi. amis<br />
Sesaxeb iuwyeboda gazeTi `sabWoTa aWaristani” 1933 wlis<br />
27 ivnisis werilSi.<br />
eqspedicia baTumidan 26 ivliss gaemgzavra da xulos<br />
sastumroSi dabanakda. igi Tvenaxevris manZilze grZeldeboda<br />
da metad rTul pirobebSi uxdeboda muSaoba. eqspediciis<br />
wevrebma moiares Rorjomis, xixaZiris, sxalTis,<br />
Wvanis, merisis xeobaTa 30-mde sofeli. ewvivnen agreTve<br />
goderZis uReltexilis, beSumis, sairiCairis, zotiyelis,<br />
sofel didaWaris alpuri saZovrebis zonas. pirveli savele<br />
gasvla eqspediciam sofel dekanaSvilebSi moawyo.<br />
eqspediciis periodSi Seikriba metad saintereso da<br />
mravalferovani eTnografiuli, folkloruli, leqsikuri<br />
da sxva saxis masalebi, romlebSic asaxulia aWaris mosax-<br />
86
leobis tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sameurneo cxovreba,<br />
materialuri da sulieri kulturis Taviseburebani, axali<br />
cxovrebis majiscema. fotoze iqna aRbeWdili eTnografiuli<br />
saqmianoba. foto masalis didi nawili dResac inaxeba<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo muzeumis, iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a<br />
da kavkasiis eTnologiis ganyofilebis, aWaris saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumis fondebSi. batoni giorgi aTeuli wlebis<br />
manZilze muSaobda am institutis eTnologiis seqtoris<br />
gamged. eqspediciam moawyo moZravi gamofenebi xulosa da<br />
qedaSi.<br />
piradad eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis, baton g. Citaias<br />
mTavari dakvirvebis sfero iyo samiwaTmoqmedo yofa, sacxovrebeli<br />
da sameurneo nagebobani. mkvlevarma vertikaluri<br />
zonalobis WrilSi ganixila aWaris miwaTmoqmedeba<br />
da gamoyo misi sami tipi (baruli, mTuri, alpuri), aqve<br />
mogvca TiToeuli maTganis daxasiaTeba (Citaia g. 2001, 356).<br />
g. Citaiam aWaraSi gavrcelebuli simindisa da xorblis<br />
jiSebic Seiswavla. `aWarlebis monapovrad” CaTvala xorblis<br />
erTi jiSi, romelic xalxSi `tredisferi puris marcvlis”<br />
saxeliT iyo cnobili. misive cnobiT, am jiSis<br />
xorbali <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxeebSi maSin cnobili ar<br />
iyo.<br />
g.Citaias saeqspedicio dRiurebSi cnobebi daculia<br />
agreTve aWaris niadagebze, niadagebis aRmniSvnel terminologiaze,<br />
rac xalxuri niadagmcodneobis maRal doneze<br />
miuTiTebs.<br />
savele eTnografiuli monacemebis safuZvelze g. Citaiam<br />
pirvelma SeimuSava sacxovrebel nagebobaTa tipologiuri<br />
klasifikacia, aseve pirvelma mogvca aWaraSi gavrcelebuli<br />
saxvneli iaraRebis (jilRa, aruna da sxv.) aRweriloba.<br />
misi daxasiaTebiT, aWaruli jilRa mesxur saxvnelebTan<br />
erTad adgilobrivi warmoSobis unda iyos Tavisi<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis terminologiiT (Citaia g. 2001,<br />
357). jilRisa da mis msgavs saxvnelebze cnobebi g. Citaias<br />
adrec hqonda Sekrebili <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxeebis<br />
magaliTze, romlebic Semdeg farTod gamoiyena iv.javaxiSvilma<br />
saqarTveloSi saxvneli iaraRebis istoriis Ses-<br />
87
wavlisas da saTanado mecnieruli Sefaseba misca mas (javaxiSvili<br />
i. 1930, 183-188).<br />
zogadi eTnografiis Suqzea ganxiluli da Sefasebuli<br />
g.Citaias mier aWaraSi gavrcelebuli tradiciuli xis<br />
saketi `daTva-boyva”, romlis nimuSsac man Rorjomis xeobaSi<br />
miakvlia. aWaruli xis saketebis Seswavlisas (aseT<br />
saketebs aWaris mTis zonaSi dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi<br />
pirvandeli funqcia) mkvlevarma moiSvelia ucxouri literaturis<br />
monacemebi da daadgina, rom aWaruli `daTvaboyvas”<br />
saxiT qarTul eTnografiul sinamdvileSi Semonaxulia<br />
uZvelesi tipis saketi, romlis msgavsi gamosaxulia<br />
ori aTas welze uxnes babilonur Zeglebze (Citaia g. 2000,<br />
356).<br />
mTeli eqspediciis da piradad g. Citaias dakvirvebis<br />
Tema iyo aWaris soflad axali yofis damkvidrebis procesebis<br />
(kolmeurneobaTa, kulturul dawesebulebaTa da<br />
gzebis mSenebloba, wera-kiTxvis ucodinarobis likvidacia<br />
da a.S.) Seswavla.<br />
mravalmxriv sayuradReboa j.noRaidelis mier Sekrebili<br />
eTnografiuli da folkloruli masalebi, romleb-<br />
Sic aRwerilia xalxuri wes-Cveulebebi, Tqmuleba-gadmocemebi,<br />
zRaprebi, zepirsityvierebis sxva nimuSebi. eqspediciis<br />
muSaobas SuamTobis xalxuri dResaswaulis Catarebac<br />
daemTxva da bunebrivia, j. noRaidels mis Sesaxebac<br />
Cauweria masalebi. misi cnobiT aWaris adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan<br />
erTad sezonur saialaRo cxovrebas misdevdnen<br />
axalcixeli mesxebi, kaxabris, gonios, sarfis mcxovreblebi,<br />
maT Soris qurT-xemSilebi, romlebic SuamTobis<br />
dResaswaulSi monawileobdnen. j. noRaideli aRwers Suam-<br />
Tobis ceremoniebs, aWarul, lazur da qurT-xemSilTa<br />
cekvebs, romelTa Sesaxeb cnobebs g. Citaias saeqspedicio<br />
dRiurebSic vxvdebiT (Citaia g. 2001, 361).<br />
misi cnobiT, SuamTobis dros naCadrev-Cegilis saZovrebis<br />
zonaSi mobinadre xemSilebis cekva iyo `xorumi”,<br />
qurTebisa - `qurTbari”. mocekvaveni kravdnen naxevarwres,<br />
romelSic dafze da zurnaze damkvrelebi imyofebodnen.<br />
aWarlebis `xorumi” ki imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom mocekvaveni<br />
mTlian wres qmnidnen SuaSi aseve daf-zurnaze damkvrelebiT.<br />
lazebi ki xemSilebTan erTad cekvavdnen.<br />
88
eqspediciis samuSao gegmiT masalebi ikribeboda aWara-<br />
Si maSin SemorCenil religiur gadmonaSTebze, magiur wes-<br />
Cveulebebze, astralur kultze, muslimanur dResaswaulebze<br />
(v. bardaveliZe), saojaxo yofaze, naTesaur urTier-<br />
Tobaze (r. xaraZe). am saxis monacemebi gamoyenebulia dasaxelebul<br />
avtorTa sxvadasxva naSromSi. g. Citaia Tavis<br />
dRiurebSi SedarebiT vrclad aRwers aWaraSi maSin gavrcelebul<br />
muslimanur dResaswaulebs, rogoricaa bairami,<br />
yurban-bairami, mevludi, aSura da sxv. aseve sainteresoa<br />
mis mier Sekrebili cnobebi lazarobasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
romelSic amoikiTxeba warmarTuli, qristianuli da muslimanuri<br />
elementebi (Citaia g. 2001, 360-366). didad sainteresoa<br />
eqspediciis is monapovari, romelsac, g. Citaias<br />
sityviT, `aWaris istoriisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.”<br />
esaa naqalaqar akvaneTSi aRmoCenili veSapoidebi da ciklopuri<br />
nagebobani, romlebic g. Ciataias azriT VIII-IX<br />
saukuneebs ganekuTvneba da `aWaris istoriis siRrmeSi<br />
gvaxedeben” (Citaia g. 2001, 357). eqspediciis es monapovari<br />
pirveli cnobaa aWaraSi veSapoidebis arsebobaze. Meurneobis<br />
calkeuli dargebis amsaxvel leqsikur masalebs<br />
krebda enaTmecnieri stefane menTeSaSvili, romelic<br />
Semdeg calke statiad gamoqveynda (menTeSaSvili s. 1937).<br />
eqspediciis saqmianoba farTod aisaxa fotofirze.<br />
fotomasalis nawili inaxeba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifo muzeumis,<br />
iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
institutis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eTnologiis seqtoris,<br />
aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis fondebSi.<br />
aWaris pirveli eTnografiuli eqspediciidan, romelsac<br />
batoni giorgi Citaia xelmZRvanelobda, 75 weli gavida.<br />
am xnis manZilze aWaraSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda<br />
ara marto savele-SemkreblobiTi muSaoba, aramed saerTod<br />
eTnologiuri kvleva-Zieba da TvalsaCino miRwevebicaa mopovebuli.<br />
am warmatebis avtoria baTumis niko berZeniSvilis<br />
samecniero-kvleviTi institutis eTnologiis ganyofileba,<br />
romelsac institutTan erTad wels daarsebis 50<br />
wlisTavi Seusrulda.<br />
am xnis manZilze eTnologiis ganyofilebam Tavisi ZalebiT<br />
(igi amJamad 9 wevrs iTvlis _ (3 mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
6 mecnierebaTa kandidati) Tbilisel da moskovel<br />
89
kolegebTan erTad aWarasa da mis farglebs gareT (samcxejavaxeTi,<br />
guria, samegrelo, imereTi, svaneTi, raWa, leCxumi,<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) 40-ze meti eqspedicia ganaxorciela.<br />
1975 wlamde eTnografiul eqspediciebs xelmZRvanelobda<br />
profesori al.robaqiZe, romelic imavdroulad<br />
eTnografiis ganyofilebisa da eTnografiuli problemuri<br />
Temis xelmZRvanelad iTvleboda. 1975 wlidan<br />
dRemde eqspediciebs xelmZRvanelobs istoriis mecniereba-<br />
Ta doqtori nodar kaxiZe. savele-saeqspedicio masalebis<br />
analizis safuZvelze ganyofilebis wevrebma gamosces 15<br />
monografia, 18 dargobrivi krebuli. garda amisa, sxvadasxva<br />
gamocemebSi dabeWdes 200-ze meti samecniero statia,<br />
samecniero sesiebsa da konferenciebze waikiTxes 150-ze<br />
meti moxseneba, romelTa didi nawili dabeWdilia statiebisa<br />
da Tezisebis saxiT. 1958 wlidan 2008 wlamde eTnografiul<br />
eqspediciebSi Skrebili savele masalebi xelnaweri<br />
dRiurebis saxiT samas erTeulze mets aRwevs, saeqspedicio<br />
masalebze dawerili wliuri naSromebi ki orasi<br />
erTeulia. es monapovari qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis<br />
Zvirfasi SenaZenia, romelsac, gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs aWarisa da mTeli<br />
<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mosaxleobis tradiciuli<br />
da Tanamedrove yofis SeswavlaSi (SamilaZe v., 2008,<br />
18-21; kaxiZe n. 2008).<br />
amJamad institutis eTnologiis ganyofileba warmatebiT<br />
ikvlevs <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriul-eTnologiur<br />
problemebs. am saqmeSi saeqspedicio savele-<br />
SemkreblobiT muSaobas kvlavac prioritetuli mniSvneloba<br />
eqneba.<br />
90
aWaris pirveli eqspediciis monawileebi (1933 weli)<br />
giorgi Citaia vera bardaveliZe rusudan xaraZe<br />
(1890-1986) (1899-1970) (1909-1965)<br />
(eqspediciis<br />
xelmZRvaneli)<br />
jemal noRaideli<br />
vukol iaSvili<br />
(1907-1966) (1888-1965)<br />
91
keramikuli WurWlis damzadeba.<br />
(Suaxevi. 1930-iani wlebi.)<br />
aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis fondebidan<br />
marcxnidan: ali gabaiZe, ismail gabaiZe, bolo xalvaSi,<br />
xusein xalvaSi, axmed gabaiZe. sazze ukravs xaji beriZe.<br />
sof. xixaZiri. 1933 weli<br />
92
Нодар Кахидзе<br />
Первая этнографическая экспедиция в Аджарии<br />
(75-летие экспедиции)<br />
Резюме<br />
В статье характеризуются итоги и значение первой этнографической<br />
экспедиции в Аджарии, которая была проведена летом 1933 года отделом<br />
этнографии Госмузея Грузии под руководством известного ученого,<br />
основателя Грузинской этнографической школы, академиком<br />
Г.С.Читая.<br />
В состав экспедиции входили представители указанного отдела<br />
(В.С. Бардавелидзе, Р.Л.Харадзе, С.Ментешашвили и др.) и краеведческого<br />
бюро Аджарии (Д.Ногаидели, В.Яшвили). Члены экспедиции в ходе<br />
1,5 месячной полевой работы собрали весьма ценные этнографические,<br />
фольклорные и другого рода материалы из сел Верхней и частично<br />
Нижней Аджарии в ущельях Горджоми, Хихадзири, Схалта, Чвана, Мериси,<br />
а также в альпийской зоне летних поселений (Годердзский перевал,<br />
Бешуми).<br />
Собранные материалы охватывают широкий круг хозяйственной<br />
жизни, материальной и духовной культуры, которые имеют большое<br />
значение в изучение быта и культуры населения горной Аджарии 30-ых<br />
годов XX века. Материалы первой этнографической экспедиции Аджарии<br />
использованы в ряде исследований участников экспедиции, а также<br />
в работах других исследователей, изучавших этнографию и историю<br />
Аджарии, как драгоценный сравнительный материал.<br />
Nodar Kakhidze<br />
First Ethnographic Expedition in Adjara<br />
(75 years to expeditions)<br />
Summary<br />
In article are characterized totals and importance of the first ethnographic<br />
expedition in Adjara, which was organized in summer of 1933 by division of<br />
ethnography of State Museum of Georgia, which was guided under the<br />
direction of the known scientist, founder of the Georgian ethnographic<br />
93
school, academician G.S.CHITAYA.<br />
In personnel of the expeditions entered the representatives of the<br />
specified division (V.S.BARDAVELIDZE, R.L.HARADZE, S.MENTE-<br />
SHASHVILI and others) and agency of local lore of Adjara (D.NOGAIDE-<br />
LI, V.YASHVILI). The members of expeditions in the course of 1,5 month<br />
field works have collected very valuable ethnographic, folklore and the other<br />
sort of material from the villages of Upper and partly Lower Adjara in gorge<br />
of Gordzhomi, Hihadziri, Shalta, Chvana, Merisi, as well as in alpine zone of<br />
the summer settlings (Goderdzi mounting pass, Beshumi).<br />
The collected materials covers the broad circle of economic life, of<br />
material and spiritual culture, which are of great importance to study way of<br />
life and cultures of the population of mountain Adjara in 30-th of XX<br />
century. The materials of first ethnographic expedition in Adjara were used in<br />
the studies of participants of expeditions, as well as in works of the other<br />
researchers who studied ethnography and history of Adjara, as precious<br />
comparative material.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. kaxiZe n. niko berZeniSvilis institutis eTnologiis ganyofilebis<br />
50 wlisTavi. - niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sromebi.<br />
IV. baTumi, 2008.<br />
2. menTeSaSvili s. aWaris eTnografiuli masalebi - enimkis<br />
moambe, t. I. naw. I, Tbilisi, 1937.<br />
3. SamilaZe v. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis niko berZeniSvilis<br />
saxelobis baTumis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis<br />
50 wlisTavi. miRwevebi da perspeqtivebi. - niko berZeniSvilis<br />
institutis Sromebi. VI. baTumi, 2008.<br />
4. Citaia g. aWaruli daTva-boyva. - Sromebi, II, Tbilisi, 2000.<br />
5. Citaia g. 1933 wlis aWaristanis eqspedicia (dRiuri). – Sromebi,<br />
III, 2001.<br />
6. WavWavaZe WavaZe i. xalxis CveulebaTa Seswavlis Sesaxeb. – publicisturi<br />
werilebi. t. 4. Tbilisi, 1967.<br />
94
95<br />
naila CelebaZe<br />
sqesTa Tanafardobis problema xalxuri<br />
aRzrdis sistemaSi<br />
(aWaris eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis, misi kulturis, mecnierebisa<br />
Tu xelovnebis progresis kanonzomierebaTa analizisaTvis<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs memkvidreobiTobis<br />
procesebis swor axsnas. ganviTarebis procesSi realurad<br />
myardeba kavSiri axalsa da Zvels Soris, romlis<br />
drosac warsulidan aRebuli racionalurisa da progresulis<br />
SenarCunebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis winsvlis saqmeSi.<br />
sazogadoebis progresisaTvis gansakuTrebuli funqcia<br />
ekisreba socialur ujreds _ ojaxs, romelmac eTnikuri<br />
TviTmyofadobisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebis gadarCenisaTvis<br />
xangrZliv brZolaSi ganuzomlad didi roli Seasrula.<br />
xalxuri aRzrdis umTavresi principebi iTvaliswinebda<br />
tradiciebisa da zne-Cveulebebis SeTvisebas da Taobidan<br />
Taobaze maT gadacemas (xinTibiZe an. 1976). aWarul<br />
ojaxSi, rogorc saerTod qarTuli ojaxisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli,<br />
bavSvs pataraobidanve unergavdnen samarTlianobis,<br />
patiosnebis, sikeTis, mSobliuri miwisa da xalxis<br />
siyvaruls.<br />
yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli da harmoniuli pirovnebis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi aRzrdis sistemis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes<br />
aspeqts zneobriv-sqesobrivi aRzrda warmoadgens. swored<br />
masSi xdeba qalis memkvidreobiT miRebuli unar-Cvevebis<br />
gamovlena, raTa momaval TaobaSi moxdes Rirseuli mamakacuri<br />
Tvisebebisa da qaluri xiblis warmoCena.<br />
mozard TaobaSi siyvarulisa da swori seqsualuri<br />
orientaciis gamomuSaveba araerTi samecniero disciplinis<br />
mizans warmoadgens. am mxriv sayuradReboa rogorc fsiqologiis,<br />
sociologiis, eTikis, seqsologiis, seqsopaTologiis,<br />
aseve eTnologiur mecnierebaSi miRweul kvlevaTa<br />
Sedegebic.
sagulisxmoa, rom jer kidev uZveles civilizaciaTa<br />
wiaRSi arsebobda sqesobriv urTierTobaTa calkeuli<br />
problema. TviT civilizaciis dasawyisi Tavis TavSi Seicavda<br />
or pirvelad sawyiss, romlebic ara marto upirispirdebodnen,<br />
aramed avsebdnen kidec erTmaneTs. kacobriobis<br />
maradiuli swrafva srulyofisaken, misken mimavali<br />
gza Cadebuli iyo miTologemaSi, romelic `in-ianis”, anu<br />
ori urTierTsapirispiro sawyisis _ mdedruli `in”-isa da<br />
mamruli `ian”-is gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. masSi `in”<br />
sawyisi daxurul-konservatul formas, xolo mamruli<br />
`ian”-i gaxsnil, moZrav sawyiss Seadgenda (avaliani m., gvalia<br />
t., 1996, 8-9). sayuradReboa miTologiuri koncefciac,<br />
romelSic samyaro, RmerTebi da adamianebi erTian sistemaSi<br />
arian warmodgenilni. magaliTad, antikur cnobierebaSi<br />
farTod aris warmodgenili orsqesianobis anu androginiis<br />
idea, romlis Tanaxmad dedrobiTi sqesis arsebebs<br />
hqoniaT mamruli sqesis niSnebi da piriqiT.<br />
samyaros mTlianobis miTologiuri gaazreba (Tele E.,<br />
1986) Taviseburad aisaxa qarTul arqaul cnobierebaSic.<br />
masSi sityva miwis dedrul sawyisze pirdapiri mimaniSnebelia<br />
termini dedamiwa, xolo ca – kosmosi moiazreba<br />
rogorc mamruli sawyisi (kiknaZe z., 1986,126). samyaros<br />
maradiulobas qmnis mamakacisa da qalis polaruli kosmiuri<br />
Zalebi da maTi SeerTeba hgavs quxilis dros cisa<br />
da miwis kosmiur qorwinebas. amdenad, arqaul cnobierebaSi<br />
samyaros mowesrigebis safuZvlad mamakacisa da qalis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gamoyenebis mcdelobas hqonda adgili.<br />
aseTi dapirispireba iyo bedniereba da ubedureba, sicocxle<br />
da sikvdili, marjvena da marcxena, Zlieri da susti<br />
da sxv. romlebic yoveldRiuri cxovrebis calkeul<br />
niuansSi iCenda Tavs. es garemoeba sainteresod aris<br />
gaazrebuli samecniero gamokvlevebSi (Леви-Строс К.,1983).<br />
am problemisadmi tradiciuli midgoma kargad vlindeba<br />
xalxuri aRzrdis sistemaSi, kerZod, sqesobriv stratifikaciaSi,<br />
romelSic sqesobrivi rolebi ierarqiuladaa<br />
organizebuli. qarTulSi TiToeuli sqesis zogadi aRniSvnis<br />
mizniT gamoiyeneba sityvebi: mamakaci(kaci) da dedakaci<br />
(qali). aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki sityva mamakaci, ubralod,<br />
gamoxatavs mamrobiTi sqesis adamians, kacs, sityva deda-<br />
96
kaci asakgadasuli gaTxovili qalis aRmniSvnel termins<br />
warmoadgens (fenrixi h., sarjvelaZe z. 1990, 459, 616). i.<br />
abulaZis ganmartebiT, sityvas ,,kaci~ Zvel qarTulSive<br />
hqonia qmris mniSvneloba (abulaZe i. 1973). rac Seexeba<br />
sityvas ,,deda~, misgan nawarmoebi sityvebi xSiria Zvel<br />
qarTul saliteraturo enaSic, romlisganaa miRebuli<br />
sityva deda-li, iseve rogorc mamisagan sityva mamali<br />
(surgulaZe i. 1986, 100;171).<br />
sqesobrivi stratifikaciisa da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
calkeuli sakiTxisadmi tradiciuli midgoma kargad vlindeba<br />
xalxuri aRzrdis sistemaSi. aWaris eTnografiuli<br />
monacemebis safuZvelze garkveulia, rom terminologiuri<br />
diferenciacia sqesobrivi niSnis mixedviT ufro mcirewlovan<br />
gogonebSi (prati, cica da a. S.) igrZnoboda, vidre<br />
vaJebSi. siberec ufro adre dgeboda. magaliTad, aseTia<br />
termini morbedic, romelic 3-4 wlidan ufro adreuli<br />
asakis gogonas aRniSnavda, vidre vaJs. saerTod, gogos<br />
simwife, xalxuri SexedulebiT, gacilebiT adre iwyeboda,<br />
vidre vaJebisa. misi fiziologiuri momwifebis dasawyisad<br />
daaxloebiT 13 weli iyo miCneuli (javaxiSvili i.1956,130).<br />
Tanamedrove mecnieruli midgomiTac qalTa tipi saerTo<br />
funqciebis mixedviT ufro adre mwifdeba, vidre vaJebisa<br />
(gogonebSi 16-17 w., vaJebSi _ 21 weli, anu, roca mTavrdeba<br />
maTi ConCxis zrda). Suaxnis asaki orive sqesisaTvis erTi<br />
da imave terminiT aRiniSneboda – Suadgani (noRaideli j.<br />
1933), Svaxne, Suaxne. siberec, qalisTvis ufro adre dgeboda<br />
_ ormoci wlis Semdeg (CelebaZe n. 2005,48). Sainteresoa<br />
is garemoebac, rom aWaraSi sicocxlis sawyisi da<br />
sabolooo etapi gaigivebulia erTi cnebiT _ Cvili. Garkveulia,<br />
rom es procesi mecnierebaSi aris ontonogenetikuri,<br />
anu Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde, organizmis<br />
individualuri ganviTarebis evoluciis diferenciaciis<br />
periodi. amasTan, SeniSnulia, rom sqesobrivi dimorfizmi<br />
zrdis dros Zlierdeba, Semdeg stabiluri xdeba da<br />
bolos sus- tdeba (Кон И.1988).<br />
terminologiaSi sqesobrivi gamijvna biologiuri, religiuri<br />
Tu sxva faqtorebis safuZvelze, aixsneba romelime<br />
sqesis dawinaurebiT uflebriv-qonebriv aspeqtSi (goginaSvili<br />
i.1986,147). terminebi coli da qmari klasifika-<br />
97
toruli xasiaTisaa. sityva `meuRle” IV-VI ss. Aaris damowmebuli<br />
da mosalodnelia, rom igi warsulSi gamoxatavda<br />
orive sqesis Tanabar mdgomareobas saojaxo cxovrebis ama<br />
Tu im sferoSi (ingoroyva p. 1931,111).<br />
eTnografiuli masalebiT irkveva, rom TiToeuli sqesis<br />
mimarT SexedulebaTa Camoyalibeba iwyeboda jer kidev<br />
bavSvis gaCenamde. sainteresoa agreTve mSobiarobis periodi<br />
da masTan dakavSirebul ritualur-magiur ciklSi<br />
qmris monawileoba (wylis wveTebis TiTebs Sua dagubeba,<br />
Tofis gasrola), romelic eTnografiul mecnierebaSi<br />
kuvadis reliqtad aris miCneuli.<br />
sqesobrivi diferenciacia axalSobilisadmi damokidebulebaSic<br />
vlindeba (banaoba, Wipis moWra). amasTan,<br />
adgili aqvs calkeuli sagnis mamrul (safule, culi) da<br />
mdedrul (boseli, xertali, cocxi) sawyisebTan dakavSirebas<br />
(CelebaZe n. 2005, 45). sainteresoa, rom xertalTan<br />
erTad TurqeTis qarTvelebi axaldabadebul bavSvs xelSi<br />
nemss, Zafs miscemdnen (malaymaZe r.2008,111). irkveva, rom<br />
qaluri bunebis sagnebs ZiriTadad Sromis iaraRebi da piradi<br />
nivTebi, samkaulebi warmoadgenda. am mxriv sainteresoa<br />
j. noRaidelis mier Cawerili zRapari `maTraxi”, romelSic<br />
cocxi qalad gadaiqca (noRaideli j.1971,114). am<br />
garemoebas unda ukavSirdebodes is wesi, rodesac deda<br />
martod darCenili bavSvis akvanTan cocxs miayudebda.<br />
qarTul miTologiaSi mravladaa analogiuri magaliTebi:<br />
vaJuri bunebisaa – Sibi, qalurisa – Tasi, aseve, mdedrulmamruli<br />
erTianobis gamomxatvelia sakideli da keria (kiknaZe<br />
z.1986,126-130) da aseve, SesaZloa puri da marili. Xalxuri<br />
warmodgeniT, keriis dangreva, dedakacis sikvdils<br />
moaswavebda, xolo sakidlis Camovardna _ mamakacisas. am<br />
wyvils enacvleba sxva wyvilic – sakideli da qvabi.<br />
aRniSnuli principiT esenic upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs<br />
da orive erTad ojaxis erTianobis simbolos warmoadgenda.<br />
kerasTan xdeboda dedoflis ziareba da agreTve, mtrebis<br />
Serigebac. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli elementebi<br />
(buxris qva, jaWvi) aWarul samziTvo kompleqsSic Sedioda<br />
(CelebaZe n. 2005,125).<br />
xalxuri aRzrdis sistemaSi sqesobrivi diferenciaciis<br />
problema axalSobili bavSvis movlis, saxelis darqmevisa<br />
98
da sxva TaviseburebaTa SeswavlaSic vlindeba. magaliTad,<br />
gogonas dasabanad gamoiyeneboda balaxebi: tenco, mariamxela.<br />
banaobis dReebi ufro metad gogonas ekrZaleboda.<br />
aseTi dRe oTxSabaTi iyo, romelic TiTqosda Zmis janmrTelobis<br />
dacvas emsaxureboda..<br />
SeiniSneba arsebiTi sxvaoba saxelebis darqmevis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
mTel saqarTveloSi, maT Soris aWaraSic,<br />
vaJis gaCenas meti sixaruliT xvdebodnen, Tumca ZeobiT<br />
orive sqesis bavSvis dabadebas aRniSnavdnen. simbolizebulia<br />
kerZebic: vaJis saxelze amzadebdnen flavs, xolo gogosaTvis<br />
fafas - `xaviws”. aseTi tradicia TurqeTSi<br />
mcxovrebma qarTvelebmac Semoinaxes. gansxvavebulia qobuleTis<br />
mosaxleobaSi arsebuli wesi, sadac orive sqesis<br />
bavSvisaTvis mzaddeboda mxolod `xaviwis” fafa. garkveuli<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeboda akvanSi bavSvis Cawvenis Cveulebasac.<br />
ase magaliTad, bavSvs male rom aedga fexi da<br />
Tavisuflad gaevlo, vaJis akvnis kamaraze mamals, xolo<br />
gogos akvanze dedals gadaafrendnen (CelebaZe n., 2005, 45).<br />
bavSvebis aRzrda mTeli ojaxis, uwinaresad ki _ mSoblebis<br />
movaleobas warmoadgenda. masze mniSvnelovnad<br />
korelirebda saojaxo sfero, mezobelTa, naTesavTa wre<br />
da ra Tqma unda, TanatolTa garemo.<br />
bavSvebi TavianTi sqesis anatomiur-fiziologiuri<br />
Taviseburebebis Secnobas sakmaod bevr dros andomebdnen.<br />
ufro xangrZlivi procesi ki fsiqikuri niSnebis Secnoba<br />
iyo. pirveladi sqesobrivi socializaciis dros bavSvebs<br />
aCvevdnen Sesabamis sqesobriv rols. daaxloebiT 1,5 wlidan<br />
bavSvebSi yalibdeba sqesobrivi mikuTvnebuloba da igi<br />
6-7 wlisaTvis mTavrdeba, rodesac ukve darwmunebulia<br />
Tavis TavSi.<br />
Taviseburad xdeboda TiToeuli sqesis socializacia<br />
asakobriv periodizaciaSi. igi damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu<br />
romeli saqmianobisaTvis amzadebdnen bavSvs – e. i. xdeboda<br />
sqesobrivi rolis diferencireba. gogonebs amzadebdnen<br />
saojaxo saqmianobisaTvis, vaJebs ki sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.<br />
sqesobriv gansxvavebas gansazRvravs agreTve<br />
ganridebis meqanizmi. tabuirebulia kerZebi, adgili aqvs<br />
sacxovrebeli saxlis segregacias, mokrZalebas ufrosebis<br />
mimarT, cecxlTan jdomis wess. bavSvebi sxdebodnen<br />
99
qalebTan, kerZod, buxris marcxena mxares. e.i. adgilebis<br />
gamoyofa xdeboda ierarqiulad ufros-umcrosobis principis<br />
mixedviT. bavSvebSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebis Secnobas<br />
ganapirobebda sxva momentebic, kerZod, tabuirebuli ker-<br />
Zebi (kuWi, guli, danayili suneli).<br />
bavSvTa socializaciis dros xdeboda sqesobrivi diferencireba.<br />
aWaris eTnografiuli monacemebiT irkveva,<br />
rom vaJebs adre asakidan aniWebdnen met Tavisuflebas,<br />
maSin, rodesac 7-8 wlis gogonebs Cadrs axuravdnen.<br />
vaJebis Cabma sqesobriv socializaciaSi ufro intensiurad<br />
xdeboda da zewolac meti iyo imisaTvis, rom SeeTvisebinaT<br />
mamakacuri manerebi. am dros xdeboda sqesobrivi<br />
rolebis gamijna da im warmodgenebis formireba, riTac<br />
unda ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTi qalsa da mamakacs. amasTan,<br />
vaJebi daaxloebiT 7 wlidan ufro energiulebi iyvnen da<br />
amave dros, agresiulebic. garda amisa, tradiciuladac<br />
vaJebs ufro afasebdnen. es Cans Semdeg gamonaTqvamebSic:<br />
`uSvilobas gogo-Svilic sjobiao”, `qals Tma grZeli aqvs<br />
da Wkua mokleo”, `gogo sxvisi nacariao~, `qals cxra kexi<br />
aqvs, erTis Sedgma Tu mogaswra zrugze, mere yvelas Segadgamso”<br />
(msxalaZe a. 1967,104). xalxuri SexedulebiT Cans,<br />
rom qalSi didi, mzardi Zalaa, romelic mamakacebisagan<br />
sifrTxiles moiTxovs. `9~ cifri Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
gamravlebis usazRvro potencias Seicavda. magaliTad, 9<br />
Zma da 9 patarZali, esaa sofeli sofelSi, Tumca `9~-s<br />
avbediTi mxarec hqonda. igi sabediswero xdeba, roca `9~<br />
Zma emsgavseba `9~ devs, romelTa uzomo simdidrisa da<br />
eqspansiurobis niSani `cxraTavianobaa” da sxv.<br />
sqesobriv diferenciaciaSi naTlad vlindeba qalTa<br />
mgrZnobiare buneba, maTi mxatvruli interesebi da mamakacTa<br />
miswrafeba sagnobrivi saqmianobisaken, romelic<br />
ukavSirdeba fizikur siZneleebsa da abstraqtuli ideebis<br />
ganviTarebas (`urTierTdamatebis Teoria”), masSi mamakacebi<br />
`instrumentalurebia”, qalebi ki ufro `eqspresiulebi”.<br />
arsebobs mosazreba, rom bunebiT qalebi axlos arian<br />
bunebasTan, mamakacebi ki – ara. radgan xalxi kulturas<br />
met pativs scems, vidre bunebrivs, gamodis, rom meti pativiscemaa<br />
mamakacebis mimarT. e.i. sazogadoeba wina planze<br />
100
ufro mamakacs ayenebs, vidre qals (Кон И.1988). qalis SedarebiT<br />
met bunebriobas ganapirobebs biologiuri, socialuri<br />
da fsiqologiuri (gogonaTa identifikacia qalTa<br />
saqmianobis dros) faqtorebi. amis mixedviT aris diferencirebuli<br />
saaRmzrdelo funqciebic. magaliTad, SromiT<br />
saqmianobaSi funqciebis ganawileba qalsa da mamakacs<br />
Soris niSnavs am saqmianobis stratifikacias, gansazRvrul<br />
ierarqias. aq mTavar moments saqmianobaTa prestiJuloba<br />
warmoadgens. ase rom, nebismier sazogadoebaSi qalisa<br />
da mamakacis individualur gansxvavebasa da Tvisebebs<br />
ganapirobebs iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtoric, rogoricaa<br />
sazogadoebriv sawarmoo saqmianobaTa sqesobrivi rolebis<br />
diferenciacia.<br />
amdenad, sqesobrivi stratifikaciis tradiciuli modelis<br />
mixedviT mamakacs eniWeba wamyvani roli, xolo qali<br />
ki daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSia (qali privilegiuria<br />
ojaxSi, sazogadoebaSi ki SezRuduli).<br />
TiToeuli sqesis bavSvi ama Tu im sqesobrivi rolis<br />
Sesrulebis dros moqmedebs Sinagani meqanizmiT, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac mimdinareobs mamakacuri da qaluri sqesobrivi<br />
identurobis formirebis procesi da romelic<br />
mocemul sazogadoebaSi Sesabamisi kulturuli normebiT<br />
miiReba. es aris sqesobrivi socializaciis procesi, romelsac<br />
aqvs agreTve simboluri mniSvnelobac. es garemoeba<br />
naTlad ikveTeba mozardTa iniciaciebis dros, romlis<br />
Sedegad isini zrdasrul axalgazrdebad iTvlebodnen.<br />
safiqrebelia, rom, radgan warsulSi qals farTo sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
ar amzadebdnen, amitom masze ar axdendnen<br />
Zlier zemoqmedebas, e.i. ar sWirdeboda xelovnuri<br />
sociokulturuli struqturebi Tavisi cxovrebiseuli<br />
ciklisTvis. vaJTa iniciaciis mixedviT Cans, rom maTi<br />
socialuri pasuxismgeblobis momenti ufro didia, xolo<br />
qalTa - ufro naklebi.<br />
specialur samecniero literaturaSi iniciaciebi aRiniSneba<br />
Cacmis, sqesobrivi simwifisa da sxvadasxva niSnebiT.<br />
gogonebSi igi gamoixateba CacmaSi sayuris gakeTebiT,<br />
sqesobrivi simwifis dasawyisad muJde baliSis momzadebiT,<br />
aseve SromiTi saqmianobis (qsova, cocxis daWera) dawyebiT.<br />
101
vaJebs 7 wlidan monaTlavdnen, 14-15 wlidan ki `manidSi~<br />
waiyvandnen. vaJTa socializaciis uZvelesi formaa truxmenelTa<br />
adaTi `atamandriu”, anu vaJis `cxenze Sesma” (ris<br />
Sedegadac biWunas cxovrebaSi siWabukis xana iwyeboda). m.<br />
kevliSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, igi unda iyos mowifuli<br />
vaJis mamakacTa organizaciaSi miRebisa da Sesabamisad,<br />
matriarqatidan patriarqatze gardamavali movlenac (kevliSvili<br />
m., 2005,96-97). e.i. qalTa cxovrebiseuli cikli<br />
uwyvetad, stabilurad gaiazreba, xolo vaJTa cxovrebiseuli<br />
cikli - wyvetilad.<br />
sqesobriv stratifikacias mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs<br />
sqesobrivi simbolizmi. misi kvali zeda paleoliTSi SeiniSneba<br />
sqesTa polarizaciis uZvelesi niSnebiT – genitaliebiT.<br />
aseve, miTologiaSic, orsqesiani RvTaebebi ormagi<br />
genitaliebiT aris warmodgenili. igi bevrma adaT-Cveulebamac<br />
Semoinaxa. es problema asaxulia bibliaSic. qarTul<br />
miTologiaSi sayuradReboa samZimari (xaxmatis jvari). `igi<br />
mouxelTebelia, kac-diacis saqmisaTvis”-o (kiknaZe z. 1986,<br />
152). aseve `xaxmatis jvari” yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi<br />
moqmedebs ara rogorc calke mdedri, aramed mTeli Tavisi<br />
bunebiT, dedrul-mamruli erTianobiT” (kiknaZe z. 1986, 150,<br />
151). samZimari vaJis saxlSic diasaxlisobs. aWaris eTnografiuli<br />
masalebis mixedviT analogiuri funqciisaa tyis<br />
qali//feri qali, romelsac, xalxuri gadmocemiT, Svilic<br />
ki gauCenia da `kanonieri” mamis colisaTvis miucia. am<br />
magaliTs SeiZleba sxva axsnac moeZebnos.<br />
dakanonebuli sqesobrivi rolebi SeiZleboda Sromisa<br />
Tu socialuri mdgomareobis mxriv darRveuliyo. am dros<br />
xdeboda yvela binaluri (ori nawilisagan Semdgari)<br />
opoziciis `simboluri kulturis” brunvaSi moqceva: Cacmis,<br />
sqesobrivi rolebis da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi, anu simboluri<br />
inversiis dros, ritualurad neitralizdeba<br />
mamakacsa da qals Soris arsebuli dapirispireba.<br />
aWaraSi arsebuli gadmocemiT, cisartyelaze gadaxtoma<br />
gogonaTa sqesis Secvlas iwvevda. aRsaniSnavia, rom sqesTa<br />
Canacvlebis cdebs ufro vaJebis mxridan vxvdebiT. magaliTad,<br />
`fadikos” TamaSoben vaJebi, romlebic qalis tansacmels<br />
icvamdnen da qalis rols asrulebdnen. e.i. sqes-<br />
Ta Canacvleba vaJebis mxridan arcTu iSviaTia da isini<br />
102
formalurad aRwevdnen amas, maSin rodesac gogonebi mas<br />
ideaSi Tu warmoidgendnen. es gasagebicaa, radgan, sazogadoebaSi,<br />
sadac mamakacebs ukaviaT mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
pozicia, yuradReba maT seqsualur simboloebsa<br />
da wes-Cveulebebze aris gamaxvilebuli.<br />
bavSvebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen dResaswaulebsa da<br />
ceremoniebSi, rac xels uwyobda maTi sqesobrivi orientaciisa<br />
da sqesobrivi rolis SeTvisebis saqmes.<br />
amrigad, xalxuri aRzrdis umTavress mizans srulyofili<br />
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba warmoadgens, romelSic<br />
metad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs sqesobriv stratifikacias.<br />
bavSvebs Soris sqesobriv gamijvnaze fiqri maT<br />
dabadebamde iwyeboda, Semdgom ki amgvari damokidebuleba<br />
naTlad iCenda Tavs rogorc terminologiaSi, ise sqesobriv<br />
socializaciaSi da sqesobriv simbolizmSi. tradiciuli<br />
modelis mixedviT dasturdeba mamakacis wamyvani<br />
adgili rogorc ojaxSi, ise sazogadoebaSi. yovelive es<br />
ganapirobebda bavSvebSi Sesabamis sqesobriv rols da maT<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebas.<br />
Наила Челебадзе<br />
Проблема полового соотношения в системе народного воспитания<br />
Резюме<br />
Проблема половых соотношений в системе народного воспитания<br />
имеет особое значение. Половое разделение между детьми выявляется<br />
как в терминологии, так и в половой социализации и в половом символизме.<br />
Согласно традиционной модели половой стратификации выявляется,<br />
что мужчина имеет ведущую роль как в семье, так и в обществе,<br />
что определяло соответствующий характер взаимоотношений между<br />
детьми разного пола.<br />
103
Naila Chelebadze<br />
Problem of Sexual Correlation in the System of Popular Education<br />
Summary<br />
The problem of sexual correlation in the system of national education<br />
has special meaning. Sexual division between children reveals itsels in the<br />
terminology, in the sexual socialization and in the sexual symbols. According<br />
to the traditional model of sexual stratification, it is revealed, that a man has a<br />
leading role in the family and in the society. It defines the character and<br />
relation between the children of each sex.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. abulaZe i. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni (masalebi). Tb., 1973.<br />
2. avaliani m., gvalia t. kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebaTa<br />
interpretaciis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1996.<br />
3. goginaSvili i. naTesaobis sistemis socialuri ganpirobebulobis<br />
problema. macne (istoriis seria), Tb., 1986, #2.<br />
4. ingoroyva p. Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli kalendari. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
muzeumis n=moambe. T. VI, tf. 1931.<br />
5. kevliSvili m. xalxuri aRzrdis problemebi. istoriis mecn.<br />
kand. samecn. xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertacia.<br />
Tb., 2005.<br />
6. kiknaZe z. qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa sistema. Tb. 1986.<br />
7. malaymaZe r. liganis xeoba(istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvleva).<br />
Tb., 2008.<br />
8. msxalaze a. andazebi. aWaris mosaxleobis yofisa da kulturis<br />
sakiTxebi, Tb., 1967.<br />
9. noRaideli j. aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis arqivi. #368, rveuli<br />
#2. 1933.<br />
10. noRaideli j. Nnarkvevebi da Canawerebi. wigni I. baT., 1971.<br />
11. surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika. Tb.,<br />
1986.<br />
12. fenrixi h, sarjvelaZe z. qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri<br />
leqsikoni. Tb., 1990.<br />
13. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. nakveTi<br />
1-2, Tb., 1990.<br />
14. CelebaZe n. qali da ojaxi. Tb., 2008.<br />
104
15. xinTibiZe an. aRzrdis ideebi qarTul xalxur SemoqmedebaSi,<br />
Tb., 1976.<br />
16. javaxiSvili iv. qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis istoriis sakiTxebi.<br />
Tb., 1956.<br />
17. Кон И. Ребенок и общество. М., 1988<br />
18. Леви-Строс К.,1983.<br />
19. Tele E. Due frau als mythos.1985.<br />
105
vaxtang SamilaZeS<br />
manuCar loria<br />
ilia WavWavaZe cxovrebis wesis<br />
erovnul TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
saqarTveloSi damjdari, mkvidri meurneobis struqturulad<br />
mravalferovani dargebisa da masTan Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli<br />
qarTveli xalxis fsiqikuri wyobis Taviseburebebi<br />
imTaviTve idga feodaluri qarTuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
azrovnebis yuradRebis centrSi. amasTan, qarTuli istoriografia<br />
didi gulisyuriT adevnebda Tvals sxva tomebisa da<br />
xalxebis yofasa da kulturas, cxovrebis wess. amis naTeli<br />
dadasturebaa imdroindel <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvrebTan momTabare<br />
dampyrobTa gamoCena, romelic qarTuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris mier sruliad ucxo da ucnob Zalad iqna aRqmuli.<br />
„udabnoTa vrcelTa... Soris damkvirdebul arian kacni<br />
mჴecisa bunebisani, mtacebelni, romelTa saxeli ars da<br />
cxovreba aqlemisa zurgi, naTesavni uricxჳni romelTaTჳs<br />
viTarca ZaRlni mbrZolelni arian mჴecTa da velurTa ...“ -<br />
werda mematiane momTabare dampyrobTa Sesaxeb (,,martviloba<br />
gobronisa~, 1964, 179).<br />
qarTveli da sxva kavkasieli xalxebis mkvidri, aborigenuli<br />
kulturuli memkvidreobis uZvirfasesi realiebi<br />
aqvs mikvleuli da gaanalizebuli vaxuSti bagrations Tavis<br />
TxzulebebSi, rac Semdeg n. maris, iv. javaxiSvilis, e. Tayai-<br />
Svilisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebSi araerTxelaa miTiTebuli<br />
„erTiani kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaros“ ucilobel komponentebad.<br />
am faqtze araerTxel miuTiTebdnen feodaluri xanisa<br />
da axali drois evropeli (diubua de monpere, koxi,<br />
spenseri, giuldenStedti da sxv.), rusi (m. kovalevski, f.<br />
leontoviCi, a. stoianovi da sxv.) da kavkasieli (xan–girei,<br />
Sora nogmovi, x. aboviani, a. bakixanovi, k. xeTagurovi, s. zvanba<br />
da sxv.) mogzaur-mkvlevrebi da sazogado moRvaweebi.<br />
106
yofisa da kulturis am umniSvnelovanesi sferos erovnul<br />
TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb fuZemdebluri mosazrebebi aqvs<br />
gamoTqmuli ilia WavWavaZes. iTvaliswinebda ra qarTuli<br />
istoriografiisa da saerTod, qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
tradiciul Sefasebas binadari, aborigenuli da momTabare<br />
yofis Sesaxeb, ilia elis tomTa moxetiale cxovrebas<br />
momTabareobis Sinagani bunebiT xsnida. „Cveneburi TaTari<br />
ufro euli kacia, vidre fexmokidebuli, kvidri binadari.<br />
adgilidam adgilze gadasvla, erTi binidan ayra, meoreze<br />
xelaxla dabinaveba aramcTu eadvileba, TiTqmis Cveulebad<br />
aqvs gamxdari. es gaadvilebuli ayra-dayra xSirad iqamde midis,<br />
rom mTeli sofeli dRes rom aq aris, xval im adgilas<br />
soflis natamalic ar Cans, ayrila da sxvagan gadasula deda<br />
budianad... TaTari ufro mwyemsia, gareT moaruli, vidre Sin<br />
mjdomi muSakaci. TaTari mwyemsad gadis mTeli Tavisis<br />
saxlobiT, wvrili SviliT, deda-wuliT. saca samwysos sa-<br />
Zovaria, iq misi binaa,“ – werda ilia (WavWavaZe i., 1956 2 , 211).<br />
momTabare, moxetiale cxovreba ilias TaTaris damjdar<br />
muSakacad Camoyalibebis xelisSemSlel komponentad miaCnda.<br />
„euloba, binamoukidebloba, es TiTqmis boganod siaruli, ra<br />
Tqma unda, ver gamounaskvavs adamians imisTana xasiaTs rom<br />
damjdari, dadgromili da mudmivi muSakaci gamovides,“ -<br />
werda igi (WavWavaZe i., 1956 2 , 211). amasTan, momTabarisa da<br />
binadari meurnis Sedarebisas ilia WavWavaZe mkveTr zRvars<br />
avlebda qarTveli glexkacisa da momTabare TaTris<br />
fsiqologias, xasiaTs Soris. „ojaxis-Sviloba, ekonomikuri<br />
welmyaroba, binis mkvidrad erT adgilas mokideba, romelic<br />
qarTveli glexkacisaTvis idealia cxovrebisa, TaTars gunebaSic<br />
ar gauvlis. igi mZime saqmis muSakaci ar aris. xangrZlivsa<br />
da gauwyvetel garjas, Sromas gaurbis, arc uyvars.<br />
miwaSi oflis Rvras, miwis xangrZliv muSaobas binisa da<br />
miwis siyvaruli aqezebs. TaTars arc erTi miaCnia samudamod,<br />
arc meore da ram unda Seayvaros dRes is, rasac xval ese<br />
advilad Tavs anebebs utkivrad, daunaneblad,“ - werda igi<br />
(WavWavaZe i., 1956 2 , 211).<br />
107
meurneobis gaZRolisa da cxovrebis am ori, safuZvelSive<br />
arsebuli gansxvavebuli wesis Sedarebisas ilia WavWavaZe<br />
metad sayuradRebo msjelobamde midis. igi uaryofda mefis<br />
reaqciul moxeleTa zerele daskvnas ganapira xalxebis, maT<br />
Soris qarTvelebisa da kavkasiis sxva xalxebis CamorCenilobis<br />
Sesaxeb da SeiZleba iTqvas mecnieruli sizustiT gansazRvravda<br />
damjdari samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis upiratesobas<br />
momTabareobasTan. am sakiTxze msjelobisas ilia WeSmariti<br />
mkvlevris unarsa da alRos avlenda da qarTveli<br />
xalxis binadari meurneobis Sefasebas mniSvnelovani konkretul-istoriuli<br />
problemebis fonze iZleoda. kerZod,<br />
binadari cxovrebis wesi da ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba<br />
mas ara marto sazogadoebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis,<br />
aramed qveynis, xalxisa da eris sicocxlisunarianobis<br />
gansazRvrul komponentad miaCnda (SamilaZe v., 1995, 108).<br />
„diax batonebo, Cvenis guliTadis fiqriT, qveyana imisia,<br />
visac erT xelSi xmali uWiravs da meoreSi guTani. marto<br />
xmali, marTalia, TavisTavadac Zlieria, magram versad<br />
xangrZliv fexs ver moikidebs, Tu amxanagad guTani ar<br />
iyolia... amis magaliTi monRolebi arian, romlebic mxolod<br />
xmals miendvnen, miesivnen qveynebs, gadaswves, gadabuges,<br />
magram Tavadac aRigaven pirisagan miwisa. didi romic<br />
ki, TiTqmis mTeli qveynis myrobeli, imitom daeca, rom<br />
xelSi marto xmali eWira da guTani ki ara. Cven ki dResac<br />
qarTvelebi varT. es erTi muWa xalxi ram Semogvinaxa<br />
xmalma da guTanma. Cven rom dRes bina gvaqs, adgilzed<br />
rom fex-mokidebuli varT, sxvebsaviT ar daviqsaqseniT, ar<br />
gadavcvivdiT aqeT-iqiT, Cven rom amdens dauZinebels mters<br />
gavuZeliT, gavuZeliT da gadavarCineT, Cveni eri rom<br />
dedamiwas SerCa da dedamiwa ersa, - eg imitom, - rom erT<br />
xelSi xmali gveWira da meoreSi guTani dasabamidan dRemde,“<br />
– aRniSnavs ilia (WavWavaZe i., 1955 1 , 122).<br />
am Tavis debulebas ilia WavWavaZe sxva publikaciaSic<br />
usvams xazs: „kidev vityvi, rom Cveni Zal-Rone, Cveni cxovrebis<br />
da vinaobis burji, Cveni mkvidri da utyuari Semnaxveli,<br />
Cveni sikeTe da simdidrea, – miwa da guTania. romels<br />
ersac es ori sagani xelT SerCenia, imas Tavi imdenad kidev<br />
108
Seunaxavs, rom SeuZlian TavmomwonebiT Tqvs: me eri var da<br />
mkvidri bina maqvs sadReisod da samermisodac,“ – werda ilia<br />
(WavWavaZe i., 1955 2 , 174).<br />
qarTuli erovnuli sulisa da cnobierebis cxovrebis<br />
qarTuli wesis upiratesobas ilia WavWavaZe kidev ufro<br />
myar niadags uqmnis binadari meurneobis, aseve umniSvnelovanesi<br />
dargis mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis magaliTze. ilias samarTliani<br />
SexedulebiT erT sameurneo kompleqsSi warmodgenili<br />
miwis moqmedeba venaxis movla-moSeneba da Rvinis dayeneba<br />
iseTi maRali rangis sameurneo-kulturuli monapovrebia,<br />
romelic xazs usvams xalxis ara marto maRalganviTarebulobas,<br />
aramed qarTveli kacis maRal inteleqtualur<br />
SesaZleblobasac. „@TiTqmis arc erTi venaxis patroni glexi<br />
ar aris CvenSi, rom am saganzed Wkvad misaRebi darigeba da<br />
rCeva ar mogceT. am mxriv Cveneburi glexi evropiel mecniersac<br />
ki ajobebs. imitom, rom miwaTmoqmedebaSi saerTod da<br />
venaxeobis saqmeSi calke gamocdileba didi ram aris, da<br />
Cveneburi glexi evropiels mecnierzed gamocdilebiT metismetad<br />
win iqneba, imitom, rom adgilis kacia” (WavWavaZe i.,<br />
1956 3 , 75). ilias kargad esmoda, rom qoCadmavlobis tradiciebze<br />
aRzrdili elis tomis TaTari miwaTmoqmedebisa da<br />
miT ufro vazis moSenebisaTvis aSkarad Seuferebeli iyo.<br />
samagierod „vaJkacoba, aqeT-iqiT gareT siaruli TaTars<br />
ufro meomar kacad hxdis, vidre mSvidobian muSad. igi kargi<br />
cxenosania, pataraobidanve iwvrTneba cxenosnobasa da TofiaraRis<br />
xmarebaSi. gareT siaruli mTeli ojaxobiT amas xels<br />
uwyobs,“ - werda ilia (WavWavaZe i., sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
nakli da misi ekonomikuri mizezebi, 1956 2 , 211).<br />
cxovrebis wesis erovnul TviseburebaTa Sesaxeb ilia<br />
WavWavaZes sayuradRebo miniSnebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis, kerZod,<br />
qarTveli ebraelebisa da somxebis Sesaxebac. Tu gadavavlebT<br />
Tvals Cveni qveynis warsuls, rogorc polieTnikur saxelmwifos,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq Sromis ganawileba Tavidanve<br />
eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT moxda. rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTvelebi<br />
Tavidanve Camoyalibdnen rogorc soflis meurneobis<br />
109
mwarmoeblebi, miwaTmoqmedni, vaWrobas ki ratomRac saTakilod<br />
miiCnevdnen. vaWroba, rac ilias azriT, ver Seqmnida<br />
erovnuli mTlianobis myar winapirobas, ZiriTadad somxebis<br />
xelSi aRmoCnda (WavWavaZe i., Sinauri mimoxilva, 1883 weli,<br />
237; misive, uReltexili, 1950, 237). cxadia, ilia iTvaliswinebda<br />
amis Sedegad saqarTveloSi mimdinare eTnosocialur<br />
procesebs da erTmaneTs udarebda miwaTmoqmed da movaWre<br />
sazogadoebas. misi sityviT, „marto vaWrobazed miqceuli eri<br />
darRveulia, gaqsuebuli, gafantulia“. amitom is sxvaze unda<br />
iyos mikedlebuli, Sexiznuli, kerZod, im erTan, romelsac<br />
xelT upyria miwa da guTani (WavWavaZe i., 1955 4 , 174).<br />
aseTi mkacri Sefasebis miuxedavad, ilia da misi TanamebrZolebi<br />
rodi uaryofdnen vaWrobis adgilsa da rols<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis epoqalur moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad.<br />
marTalia, rainduli xasiaTis qarTvels ar hqonda midrekileba<br />
vaWrobisaken, magram aseTi mentalitetis Camoyalibebas<br />
erSi, vaJa-fSavelas azriT, adrindelma „tvinfratuna<br />
inteligenciam“ Seuwyo xeli da Teatralur warmodgenebSic<br />
ki vaWroba mxdalobis, siwuwkisa da matyuarobis sinonimad<br />
aqcia. „amgvarma literaturam xeli Seuwyo Cveni Tavad-aznaurobis<br />
bedovlaTobas, dardimandobas, sinamdvileze<br />
Tvali davxuWeT da saqmis arss Rrmad ver CavwvdiT. Sedegad<br />
ra miviReT. is, rom vaWrobis mTeli sfero somxebs CavugdeT<br />
xelSi... Cvenma inteligenciam... nacvlad imisa, rom erisaTvis<br />
eCvenebina swori gza cxovrebisa, eswavlebina Tavisi Tavis<br />
movla-patronoba, qarTvel kacs aaRebina xeli Tavis pirovnebaze,<br />
Tavis Tavze, Seitana xalxSi damaxinjebuli kosmopolitizmi<br />
erTobis saxeliT, moukla erovnuli grZnoba, daux-<br />
So energia, dauketa gza TviTcnobierebisaken“ – werda vaJafSavela<br />
(vaJ-afSavela, 1964 1 , 287). axali sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebis fonze erisa da qveynisaTvis vaWroba-aRebmicemobis<br />
mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas poeti aSkarad aRiarebs,<br />
rom qarTvelobas aklia Tavis dacvis, sakuTrebis, interesebis<br />
dacvis is grZnoba, rasac ganaTlebuli erebi avlenen.<br />
„Cven rogorc ers, Tu sicocxle da arseboba gvwadia, val-<br />
110
debuli varT Cveni sargo, Cveni sakuTreba davicvaT da Cveni<br />
yofa-cxovrebac ise movawyoT, rogorc CvenTvis iqneba gamosadegi“<br />
(vaJ-afSavela, 1964 2 , 214).<br />
vaWroba-aRebmicemobis adgilsa da rolze erovnuli<br />
fsiqikisa da xasiaTis Camoyalibebis procesSi, ilia WavWavaZe<br />
kidev ufro Sorsmimaval daskvnas akeTebs qarTvel ebraelTa<br />
magaliTze. „iveriaSi“ gamoqveynebul statiaSi „uriebis bedi”<br />
ilia Cveuli gulmodginebiTa da sidinjiT aanalizebda<br />
ebrael tomTa istoriul warsuls uZvelesi periodidan<br />
da maT vaWrobasa da aRebmicemobaSi daxelovnebas gamudmebiT<br />
devna-rbevasa da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi daqsaqsvis<br />
process ukavSirebda. ilias marTebuli daskvniT, ebrael-<br />
Ta erovnul Tvisebamde amaRlebuli midrekileba vaWrobaaReb-micemobisadmi,<br />
maTi erTi qveynidan meoreSi adgilmonacvleobis<br />
mizezi unda yofiliyo, romlis drosac maT<br />
ar SeeZloT SeeZinaT uZravi qoneba, mamuli da xeli moekidaT<br />
miwis damuSavebisaTvis. jer kidev Cveni welTaRricxvis<br />
70-ian wlebSi „ebraelebs daekargaT samSoblo, veRar<br />
gauZles romaelTa mflobelobas da iZulebulni iyvnen gadasaxlebuliyvnen<br />
sadme...TiTqmis arsad ar aZlevdnen uriebs<br />
uwindels droSi nebas adgil-mamulis SeZenisas da ra<br />
eqnaT, Tu vaWrobisaTvis da xel-saqmisaTvis ar moekidaT<br />
xeli!. es orive saqme ki iseTi saqmea, rom romelic ki maT<br />
mohkidebs xels, ufro eCveva erTis qveynidan meoreSi gadasvlas,<br />
vidre miwis muSaki” (WavWavaZe i., 1881, 147). amave<br />
werilSi ilia kvlav ubrundeba ebraelTa beds. „saSualo<br />
saukuneebSi uriebs mosveneba arsad ara hqondaT; yvelgan<br />
qristes mwvaleblebs eZaxdnen. bevrgan akrZaluli hqondaT<br />
adgil-mamulis SeZena da Tunda kidec akrZaluli ar hqonodaT,<br />
rogor gabedavdnen uriebi uZrav qonebis dapatronebas,<br />
rodesac guli dajerebuli ara hqondaT, rom xvalindel<br />
dRes mTels maT qonebas sxvani ar daepatroneboden...<br />
am mizezebis gamo uriebs mTeli Tavisi Wkuis Rone<br />
vaWrobisaTvis da Tval-margalitis, fulis, advilad Sesanaxis<br />
ganZis mopovebisaTvis unda miemarTnaT da am saqmeSi<br />
iseTi gamWriaxoba da xelovneba gamoiCines, rom verc erTi<br />
xalxi moqiSped ver gauxdeba” (WavWavaZe i., 1881, 147).<br />
111
da mainc, kvlav sainteresoa ilias dakvirveba qarTvel<br />
ebraelTa mimarT. misi SeniSvniT, „Zvirad sadme SesTvisebian<br />
uriebi sxva xalxs ise, rogorc qarTvelebs SeeTvisen.<br />
Cvenda samwuxarod ar viciT, ra ufleba hqondaT CvenSi<br />
uwindel dros uriebs, SeeZloT Tu ara adgil-mamulis<br />
SeZena, hqondaT Tu ara neba yvelgan dasaxlebisa, - magram<br />
es ki viciT, rom ukanasknel dros da exlac arc erT im<br />
uflebas ar iyvnen moklebulni, romelnic qristianebsa<br />
hqondaT miniWebuli. CvenSi uriebi TiTqmis yvelani SesaniSnavs<br />
qalaqSi da dids dabebSi scxovroben; adgil-mamulic<br />
bevri aqvT SeZenili da zogan msubuqad TiTonve mu-<br />
Saoben mamulSi. maT SeiTvises Cveni ena, Cveni tansacmeli,<br />
zogierTi Cveni zne da Cveuleba da darwmunebuli varT,<br />
rodesac qarTveli xalxis WkuaSi Cavardeba da Tavisi Tavi<br />
saparsavi cxvari aRar egoneba, bevri uriebi daanebeben<br />
vaWrobas Tavsa da miwis muSaobas mihyofen xelsa” (WavWavaZe<br />
i., 1881, 146).<br />
ilia WavWavaZe qarTvel ebraelTa mkvidrobis sakiTxs samarTlianad<br />
ukavSirebda miwaTsargeblobis formebTan , rac<br />
misi azriT gansazRvruli unda yofiliyo maTi binadari, „fexmokidebuli<br />
cxovrebisa“ Cvens qveyanaSi. amasTan, cnobilia,<br />
rom mwerali miwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis<br />
tradiciul formebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebda cxovrebis<br />
qarTuli wesis formirebis procesSic. marTalia, saTemo da<br />
sakomlo miwaTmflobelobis dapirispirebas, SeZlebul meurneTa<br />
mier saTemo miwebis mitaceba-misakuTrebasa da gaRaribebuli<br />
fenis daCagvras igi qarTuli soflis ekonomikuri<br />
wyobis naklad miiCnevda, magram ar uaryofda imasac, rom<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebis mtkivneul procesebsac<br />
sazogadoeba udavod progresisken mihyavda. mwerali<br />
aanalizebda ra monacemebs, glexis miwisadmi ltolvas,<br />
Tu rogor iyo glexi miwaze mijaWvuli, aRniSnavda: „amitomac<br />
Znelia CvenSi glaxkacisTvis adgilidam daZvra... amitomac<br />
CvenSi binadars mcxovrebs „mkvidri“ hqvian da ara „mdgmuri“,<br />
rogorc zogierTis enaSia. CvenSi rom glexkacma Tavi daanebos<br />
Tavis adgils, unda jer gulidam amoiRos Tavisi Temi,<br />
Tavisis ojaxis warsuli, Tavisi mama–papa, romelTa naSTi,<br />
112
Zegli TviToeuli vazia, TviToeuli xea, mama–papis xeliT<br />
darguli da ofliT morwyuli, da romelsac igi samkvidros<br />
eZaxis. yovel amis gulidam amoReba Znelia” (WavWavaZe i.,<br />
1956 1 , 181).<br />
amrigad, aq ganxiluli monacemebi gvaCveneben, rom ilia<br />
WavWavaZis Sexedulebani cxovrebis wesis erovnul TaviseburebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb mniSvnelovanwilad scildeba wminda publicisturi<br />
ritorikis farglebs da mowinave evropuli mecnieruli<br />
azrovnebis fonzea gaSuqebuli da gaanalizebuli. eris<br />
istoriis da erovnuli xasiaTis am Sefasebebs sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis istoriul kanonzomierebaTa WrilSi, garda<br />
mecnieruli mniSvnelobisa, politikuri datvirTvac gaaCnia.<br />
mwerali arcerT moments ar uSvebs xelidan, raTa xalxs Tavisi<br />
kuTxis, adgilis dedis, Tavisi samkvidros, misi warsuli<br />
tradiciebisa da awmyos siyvaruli, patriotuli grZnobebi ar<br />
Seaxsenos da ar gauRviZos. yovelive es ki eris cxovrebaSi<br />
fundamenturi da siRrmiseulia, misi momavlis perspeqtivebzea<br />
gaTvlili.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT qveynis materialuri<br />
da sulieri potencialis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli<br />
cxovrebis wesi – adamianTa midrekileba da erTguleba tradiciuli<br />
saqmianobisadmi ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa da demografiuli<br />
stabilurobis, xalxis harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis<br />
is modelia, romelsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia<br />
qveynis demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis procesSi. swored<br />
amitomaa, rom ilias humanistur principebs am sferoSi Tanamedrove<br />
JReradoba gaaCnia da sadReisodac aqtualuria.<br />
113
Вахтанг Шамиладзе, Манучар Лория<br />
Илья Чавчавадзе о национальных особенностях образа жизни<br />
Р е з ю м е<br />
В работе рассмотрены некоторые взгляды Ильи Чавчавадзе на<br />
хозяйственно-культурные особенности образа жизни аборигенного и<br />
экзогенного населения Грузии, определяющие процессы формирования<br />
их национального самосознания. Подчеркиваются психологические<br />
аспекты характера местного населения и кочевников, населяющих<br />
Грузию в недавнем историческом прошлом. Особое внимание уделено<br />
аналитическому обзору культурно – бытовых аспектов еврейской и<br />
армянской диаспоры Грузии, авторским определением исторически<br />
скопившихся причин их склонности к торговле и к городской жизни.<br />
Vakhtang Shamiladze, Manuchar Loria<br />
Ilia Chavchavadze about national characteristics ways of life<br />
Summary<br />
In the work are discussed Ilia Chavchavadze’s some views about<br />
economic-cultural peculiarities of lives of indigenous and exogenous<br />
population of Georgia, defining the process of formation of their national<br />
consciousness and are underlined psychological characteristic aspects of<br />
local population and nomads, occupying Georgia in recent historical past.<br />
Particular attention is given to the analytical review of cultural-household<br />
aspects of the Jewish and Armenian Diaspora of Georgia. According the<br />
author’s definition of historically accumulated reasons of their inclination<br />
towards trade and city life.<br />
literatura<br />
1. martviloba gobronisa, Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi,<br />
I, Tb., 1964.<br />
2. vaJ-afSavela, gikvirT, Txz., t. IX, Tb., 1964 1 .<br />
114
3. vaJ-afSavela, fiqrebi, Txz., t. IX, Tb., 1964 2 .<br />
4. SamilaZe v., ilia WavWavaZe da momTabareobis sameurneo-kulturuli<br />
problemebi saqarTveloSi, SoTa rusTavelis<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, I, baTumi, 1995.<br />
5. WavWavaZe i., uriebis bedi „iveria”, #3, 1881.<br />
6. WavWavaZe i., uReltexili, Txz., t.II, Tb., 1950.<br />
7. WavWavaZe i., Sinauri mimoxilva, 1881 weli, noemberi, Txz., t.V,<br />
Tb., 1955 1 .<br />
8. WavWavaZe i., Sinauri mimoxilva, 1882 weli, ivlisi-agvisto,<br />
Txz., t.V, Tb., 1955 2 .<br />
9. WavWavaZe i., Sinauri mimoxilva, 1883 weli, Txz., t.V, Tb., 1955 3 .<br />
10. WavWavaZe i., Sinauri mimoxilva, 1883 weli, ianvari, Txz., t.V,<br />
Tb., 1955 4 .<br />
11. WavWavaZe i., kerZo da saTemo miwaTmflobeloba, Txz. t. VI,<br />
Tb., 1956 1 .<br />
12. WavWavaZe i., sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nakli da misi ekonomikuri<br />
mizezebi, Txz., t.VI, 1956 2 .<br />
13. WavWavaZe i., Rvinis qarTulad dayeneba, Txz., t.VII, Tb., 1956 3 .<br />
115
Tamila lomTaTiZe<br />
cfreknj nthvbyjkjubf _<br />
fhmfek hovtyf-ofhvjlutyfsf<br />
ofhvjlutyfsf<br />
htrjycnhem]bbc<br />
cfiefkt,f<br />
(aWaris eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />
saukuneTa siRrmeSi warmoSobili wes-Cveulebebis arqetipis<br />
aRsadgenad gansakuTrebiT saintereso masalas iZleva<br />
sakulto leqsika. tradiciul dResaswaulSi saweso<br />
moqmedebebs axlavs magiuri sityviereba, teqstualuri masala,<br />
romelSic aisaxeba xalxis ~miTosuri azrovneba~, anu<br />
simboloebad gardaqmnili garesamyaro (b. jorbenaZe,<br />
1997:46). yoveli Zveli ena Tavis wiaRSi aracnobierad Tu<br />
cnobierad inaxavs msoflmxedvelobrivi faqtebis mTel<br />
wyebas, rac mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba zogierTi dakarguli<br />
Tu miviwyebuli miTosuri Sinaarsis gamovlenaSi (z. KiknaZe,<br />
1979:9). qarTuli sakulto leqsikac qarTvelTa uZvelesi<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebis mraval anarekls inaxavs da<br />
misi, rogorc gverdiTi, damxmare faqtoris, damatebiTi<br />
eTnografiuli masalis kvleva, zogjer iZleva saSualebas<br />
davadasturoT ama Tu im wes-Cveulebis arseboba an misi<br />
funqcionaluri daniSnuleba.<br />
aWaris eTnografiulma yofam Semogvinaxa araerTi arqauli<br />
dResaswauli, romelSic Tavs iCens qarTveli xalxis<br />
religiuri azrovnebis sxvadasxva aspeqti. amave dros,<br />
aWaraSi, sarwmunoebrivi siWrelis pirobebSi, maTSi Tanaarseboben<br />
sxvadasxva religiisa da epoqebis danaSrevebi,<br />
dawyebuli arqauli droidan axali drois inovaciebis<br />
CaTvliT. wes-CveulebaTa sinkretuli formiT arsebobis pirobebSi<br />
miCqmalulia uZvelesi plastebi, ris gamoc tradiciulma<br />
dResaswaulma da wes-CveulebaTa didma nawilma<br />
saukuneebis manZilze dahkarga Tavisi pirvandeli daniSnuleba<br />
da gadmonaSTebis, mcire fragmentis, TamaSobis, an<br />
sulac magiuri sityvierebis saxiT SemorCa, magram xSirad<br />
dResaswaulis simboluri gaazreba swored sakulto terminologiaSi<br />
ikiTxeba. amitomac, aq sakulto leqsika zog-<br />
116
jer dResaswaulis rekonstruqciis erTaderT saSualebas<br />
warmoadgens da swored misi SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli zogierTi<br />
ritualisa da wes-Cveulebis uZvelesi Zirebis<br />
garkveva, arqauli reliqtebis aRdgena da transformaciis<br />
im gzisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba, rac ama Tu im dResaswaulma<br />
gaiara. sakulto leqsikis saSualebiT dResaswaulis<br />
pirvelsaxisa da Tavdapirveli daniSnulebis garkvevas<br />
aWaris eTnografiul yofaSi Semonaxuli dadegis dResaswaulis<br />
saSualebiT SevecdebiT.<br />
dadegi//<br />
//dadegoba<br />
aWaraSi 1 seqtembers (1 enkenisTves)<br />
imarTeboda. dadegoba Rames yanaSi siminds ~SebeWden~ -<br />
simindis furclebs sanTliT erTmaneTs miawebebdnen, rom<br />
av sulebs Wirnaxulis baraqa ar gamoeliaT. ~yanebi SebeWde,<br />
jazebma (avma sulebma) rame ar awyenioso,~ _ ityodnen.<br />
ojaxis diasaxlisi bavSvebsac yuris ZirSi sanTlis<br />
jvars miawebebda, rom eSmakebs ar evnoT. saxlis SesasvlelSic<br />
sanTlis jvars miakravdnen, karebSi umcros<br />
rZals daayenebdnen da etyodnen: ~rZalo, karebi daklite,<br />
amaRam baRnebs araferi evnoso.~ (j. noRaideli, 1971:62).<br />
sxva monacemiT, 1 enkenisTves (seqtembers) saxlSic da<br />
yanaSic oTxive mxares SebeWdaven Taflis sanTlis jvriT<br />
(sanTliT simindis foCebs gadaabamdnen), bavSvebsac yuris<br />
ZirSi sanTlis jvars miawebebdnen: ~qajma Tmai ar mowyvitos,<br />
niSani ar weiRoso~. xalxis rwmeniT, Tu waiRebda,<br />
bavSvi avad gaxdeboda. ~SebeWdil~ saxlSi avi sulebi _<br />
qajebi ar Sevidodnen (T. lomTaTiZe, 2002:52). rogorc<br />
dResaswaulis SemorCenili fragmentebidan Cans, mas damcavi<br />
funqcia eniWeboda da misi daniSnuleba iyo mosavlisa<br />
da ojaxis dacva avi sulebisagan. dadegs kudianobasac<br />
uwodeben. pirvel seqtembers jazebis dResaswaulia, Torem<br />
isini sxva drosac moqmedebeno, - ityodnen (j.noRaideli,<br />
1971:68). guriaSic kudianoba anu elioba pirvel seqtembers<br />
imarTeboda, amas kidev Secva saRamo erqva da JirJRiloba<br />
(lamproba) icodnen. gurulebis rwmena-warmodgenebiT, am<br />
dRes TavianTi moRvaweobis wliur angariSs mzakvrebi//kudianebi<br />
abareben rokaps. Tanac mas msxverpli – pirutyvi,<br />
nivTebi, mosavali - unda miarTvan. amisagan Tavi<br />
rom daecvaT, gurulebi saxl-kars, pirutyvs, bostans,<br />
yanebs oTxive kuTxeSi ~SebeWdvidnen~ sanTliT, Tanac ku-<br />
117
dianebs ~gadaukiJinebdnen: ~Seni svi da Seni Wame, Cemsas<br />
jvari damiwere~-o (ap.wulaZe, 1971:110).<br />
aWaraSi SemorCenili dadegobac avsulebis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTuli dReoba Cans, magram dResaswaulis saxelwodebam<br />
gvafiqrebina, rom misi simboluri gaazreba ufro Rrma<br />
unda iyos da qarTvelTa uZveles kosmogoniur rwmenawarmodgenebs<br />
unda asaxavdes.<br />
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Tanaxmad dade-<br />
gi igivea, rac damdegi Tvisa, marxvisa... (qegli, 1953). amgvaradaa<br />
igi gaazrebuli gurul dialeqtSic: dadegi – pirveli<br />
seqtemberi, axali wlis damdegi, pirveli dRe, warmarTuli<br />
dResaswauli, kudianebis Ramea (s.JRenti, 1936:48,<br />
g.SaraSeniZe, 1938:19, al.Rlonti, 1984:624). Zvel droSi es<br />
iyo wlis dasawyisi, romelic Semodgomis damdegs, e.i.<br />
enkenisTvis pirvels modioda (i.Wyonia, 1936:42), qarTvelebi<br />
odiTgan marTlac akvirdebodnen mzis moZraobas cargvalze<br />
da masTan sameurneo yofis calkeul etaps akavSirebdnen.<br />
rogorc qarTveli mkvlevarebis (iv. javaxiSvili,<br />
p. ingoroyva, k. kekeliZe, v. bardaveliZe) mieraa Seswavlili,<br />
uZvelesi qarTuli kalendari mzis mimoqcevaze yofila<br />
damyarebuli. mzis kalendris calkeuli periodis dasawyisad<br />
miCneulia mzis Sesvla sagazafxulo, sazafxulo,<br />
saSemodgomo da sazamTro mzebudobaSi. aWaraSi SemorCenili<br />
dadegobac mzis kalendaruli wlis dasawyisTan unda<br />
yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi<br />
Semonaxulia cnobebi saqarTveloSi wlis dasawyisis<br />
orgvari dReobis arsebobis Sesaxeb – saeklesiosi<br />
da samoqalaqosi. saeklesio dReoba 1 ianvars modioda, samoqalaqo<br />
- 1 seqtembers (iv.javaxiSvili, 1941:7). p. ingoroyvas<br />
gamokvleviTac Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli kalendari,<br />
romelic warmarTuli xanidan ax.w. me-6 saukunemde moqmedebda,<br />
zodiaqos rkalSi mzis moZraobis mixedviT iyo<br />
agebuli da mis Tanaxmad axali wlis dasawyisi agvistos<br />
meore naxevarSi, agvisto-seqtembris sazRvarze uwevda (p.<br />
ingoroyva, 1931:418-446; 1933:291). k. kekeliZis Tanaxmadac,<br />
qarTvelebs sxvadasxva xanaSi sxvadasxva weliwadi hqondaT<br />
da erT-erTi maTgani seqtemberSi iwyeboda (k. kekeli-<br />
Ze, 1940:95). maSasadame, dadegi ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli<br />
kalendris dasawyisi, damdegi, axali welia. guruli dia-<br />
118
leqtis leqsikonebSic (s.JRenti, 1936:48; g. SaraSeniZe,<br />
1938:19; al.Rlonti, 1984:624) igi amgvaradaa gaazrebuli:<br />
dadegi Zveli wlis bolo da axali wlis dasawyisia da<br />
Zvelis wasvlas da axlis dadgomas niSnavs, magram wlis<br />
dasawyisis aRminiSvnel terminad qarTulSi dResac aqtiurad<br />
ixmareba da-m-deg<br />
deg-i da ara dadegi (imave gurul dialeqtSic!).<br />
Sinaarsobrivadac, dadegsa da damdegs Soris<br />
didi semantikuri sxvaobaa: damdegi aRniSnavs momavals,<br />
imas, rac moZraobaSia, unda movides, mogviaxlovdes (damdegi<br />
weli, Tve), dadegi ki erT adgilze mdgomi, gaCerebulia.<br />
qarTulSi deg//<br />
//dg<br />
Ziri saerTo qarTvelur donezea<br />
aRdgenili da dgomas, adgils, gaCerebas aRniSnavs (v-deg,<br />
da-dg-a, m-deg-i, me-deg-i). sulxan-sabac dg- Zirs dgomas<br />
ukavSirebs (dadga, dadgineba, dadgma, dadgoma, dgma...) (saba,<br />
1928). am Ziris mniSvneloba erTnairia qarTulSic, Wanur-<br />
Sic, megrulSic (arn. Ciqobava, 1938:268; m. Cuxua, 2000-<br />
2003:104). am Zirisagan nawarmoebi formebi Zvel qarTul<br />
saliteraturo enaSic xSiria (aR-deg, aR-v-deg-iT, dg-es da<br />
sxv.) da dgomas, gaCerebas aRniSnavs (h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe,<br />
1990:98) specialur literaturaSic termini dade-<br />
gi//<br />
//da<br />
dade<br />
degoba<br />
mzis erT adgilze gaCerebis - buniobis - anu<br />
dReRamtolobis, drois im monakveTis aRmniSnvnel terminad<br />
ganixileba, roca mze ekliptikaze Tavisi xiluli<br />
wliuri moZraobisas gadakveTs cis ekvators da TiTqos<br />
Tavis ~budeSi~, kosmiuri aryofnis wiaRSi uZravad dgas<br />
(bardaveliZe, 1939:4; T. Cxenkeli, 1971:92; z. kiknaZe, 1979:102; m.<br />
makalaTia, 1985:47) vfiqrobT, aWaraSi Semonaxuli dade-<br />
gi//<br />
//da<br />
dadegobac<br />
degobac mzis erT adgilze dgomas unda ukavSirdebodes.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, seqtembris Tveze modis<br />
Semodgomis bunioba - Semodgomis dReRamsworoba - dadegi<br />
- mzis saSemodgomo budeSi misvla. aWaruli dadegobac<br />
mzis kalendaruli wlis am periods unda asaxavdes da,<br />
amdenad, qarTveli xalxis solaruli rwmenis orbitaSi<br />
unda iyos moqceuli.<br />
mze qarTuli warmarTuli religiis erT-erT ZiriTadi<br />
sawyisia, qarTvelebi Tayvans scemdnen mzes, rogorc uzenaes<br />
RvTaebas. solaruli kultis arsebobis kvali Semor-<br />
Cenilia aWaris zepirsityvierebasa da eTnografiul yofa-<br />
Sic. zRaprebSi mze oqros sasaxleSi cxovrobs, masTan<br />
119
misvlac SeiZleba mzis bilikiT an faskunjis meSveobiT da<br />
gasaubrebac. mze siTbosa da sinaTlis momcemicaa da Tavisi<br />
pirisnabanis saSualebiT sicocxlis momniWebelic. mzis<br />
kultis arsebobaze miuTiTebs qarTuli daficebis formulebic:<br />
~Senma mzem~, ~Cemma mzem~, ~Senma mzegrZelobam~;<br />
amindis gamoTxovis ritualSi mcxunvare mzis moTxovnis<br />
magiuri formulac: ~aRar gvinda wvima-wyali, RmerTo mogve<br />
mzisa Tvali~ da sxv. qarTul miTologiaSi mzis simboloa<br />
Tvali. aWaraSi xandazmulTa metyvelebaSi dResac<br />
SeiniSneba gamoTqmebi: ~mzi Tvali~, ~mzi Tvali madlma~,<br />
~mzi Tvali gamCenma~, ~mzi Tvalze vficav~ da sxva, rac<br />
utyuari daficebisas iTqmis. eTnografiul yofaSi solaruli<br />
kultis arsebobis kvali swored dadegobaSia SemorCenili.<br />
dadegs solaruli kultmsaxurebis orbitaSi, garda<br />
saxelwodebisa, aqcevs ritualis dRemde SemorCenili mTavari<br />
momenti - simindis yanebis, saxlis, sameurneo nagebobebis,<br />
saojaxo nivTebis, ojaxis wevrebis ~SebeWdva~<br />
sanTlis jvriT. rogorc cnobilia, mze-RvTaebis nayofierebis<br />
gamomwvevi, macocxlebeli da amaRorZinebeli funqcia<br />
adamianebs gadahqondaT mis ritualur simboloebze<br />
(cecxli, kera, nakvercxali, naperwkali, nacari, kvamli,<br />
sanTeli da sxva), romlebic mzis miwier insinuaciebad<br />
miiCneoda. cecxli odiTgan moeqca kosmogoniuri rwmenebis<br />
orbitaSi da kultmsaxurebis aucilebel Semadgenel nawilad<br />
iqca, rogorc mzis mTavari miwieri simbolo. miTologiur-kosmogoniur<br />
sistemebSi mze ganixileba, rogorc<br />
ciuri cecxli, koconi_miwieri da maT Soris ganuyofeli<br />
kavSiri arsebobs, rac ganapirobebs msoflios mravali<br />
xalxis yofaSi miwieri cecxlis saSualebiT zeciuri<br />
cecxlis gaZlierebis rwmenaze dafuZnebuli Cveulebebis<br />
arsebobas (Соколова В.К. 1983:234-244; Календарные обычай и<br />
обряды в странах Зарубежной Европы, 1983:75) qarTulma eTnografiulma<br />
yofamac Semogvinaxa cecxlis, rogorc mzis<br />
miwieri simbolosadmi miZRvnili specialuri dResaswaulebi:<br />
WeWeToba Rame samegreloSi, kudianebis Rame fSavSi,<br />
kudianTwuTxa _ xevsureTSi, Wiakokona _ qarTl-kaxeTSi,<br />
lamproba//lampari//li-qureSi da mariamwmindoba svaneTSi<br />
da sxv. (v.bardaveliZe, 1939:45; ap.canava, 1970:67; qsnis xeoba,<br />
120
1975:244; l.boZaSvili, 1988:132). es dResaswaulebi ~cecxlis<br />
dReobebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili eTnografiul literaturaSi.<br />
~cecxlis dReobebisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebrivi<br />
koconebis danTeba da cecxlis sxvadasxvagvari<br />
atributikiT (muguzali, nakvercxali, naxSiri, kvamli da<br />
sxv.) kudianebis gandevna, koconebis garSemo orive sqesis<br />
axalgazrdobis Sekreba, cekva-TamaSi da molxena (v.bardaveliZe,<br />
1941:82).<br />
miCneulia, rom koconebis danTebis wes-Cveuleba unda<br />
warmoadgendes Cveni xalxis kulturis ganviTarebis arqauli<br />
safexuridan momdinare mzesTan dakavSirebul magiur<br />
ceremonials, romlis mizani unda yofiliyo ara imdenad<br />
cecxlis saSualebiT avi sulebis gandevna, ramdenadac<br />
buniobis dReebSi ciuri cecxlis - mzis gaZlierebis<br />
survili da am cecxlis e.i. mzis siTbosa da sinaTlis miwasTan<br />
da adamianebTan daaxloeba, rom am gziT miwis<br />
mosavlianoba da saqonlisa da adamianis keTildReoba<br />
uzrunveleyoT (v. bardaveliZe, 1941:88; m. makalaTia, 1985:47).<br />
xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT cecxlSi mze saxierdeboda<br />
da igi ganixileboda, rogorc mzis miwieri nawili, romelsac<br />
iseTive magiuri Zala miewereboda, rogoric mzes.<br />
Tavdapirvelad, albaT, magiuri daniSnulebiT ritualebSi<br />
mxolod cecxli gamoiyeneboda, xolo Semdeg ki,<br />
transformaciis Sedegad, cecxli misma modernizebulma<br />
saxesxvaobebma (nacari, naxSiri, nakvercxali, CiraRdani,<br />
sanTeli da sxv.) Secvala. mze-RvTaebis funqciebi swored<br />
maTze gadadioda da isinic yovelgvari uwmindurebisa da<br />
boroti Zalisagan damcav magiur saSualebad miiCneoda. aqve<br />
unda aRvniSnoT, rom aWaraSi, ise rogorc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sxva kuTxeebSi, naxSiri, nakvercxali farTod gamoiyeneboda<br />
Selocvis ritualebSi da sxvadasxva avadmyofobebis<br />
mkurnalobisas. magaliTad, Tvalcemulis Selocvisas<br />
locvis rituali sxva atributebTan (dana, wyali) erTad,<br />
sruldeboda naxSirze. naTvalevze icodnen Tmis, fqvilis<br />
dawva nakvercxalze da am kvamls uxrColebdnen avadmyofs.<br />
sCans, am moqmedebiT surdaT nakvercxlis, naxSiris, rogorc<br />
mzis insinuaciis cxovelmyofeli Zala avadmyofze<br />
gadasuliyo. amave mizniT icodnen aWaraSi ~Tvalwyalis~<br />
damzadebac. igi gamoiyeneboda akvnis bavSvebis samkurna-<br />
121
lod. akvnis bavSvs, roca muceli astkivdeboda, asmevdnen<br />
~Tvalwyals~, romelic mzaddeboda wyalSi Cayrili gavarvarebuli<br />
nakvercxlis an keridan aRebul cxeli miwis<br />
galesviT. miRebul siTxes bavSvebs asmevdnen. ~Tvalwyal-<br />
Si~ kargad Cans kavSiri Tvals, rogorc mzis simbolos, da<br />
mzis miwier insinuacias _ keras Soris. aWaraSi Semonaxuli<br />
Tvalcemulis Selocvis erT-erT variantSi cecxli<br />
mzis Tvalad moixsenieba: ~zisa Tvali raisa - cecxlisa!~<br />
(j. noRaideli, 1940:187).<br />
amgvarad, droTa ganmavlobaSi solarul wes-CveulebebSi<br />
momxdara cecxlis Canacvleba misi saxesxvaobebiT.<br />
es kargad Cans dadegobaSi, romelic Tavisi arsiT ~cecxlis<br />
dReobebis~ saerToqarTul sqemaSi jdeba, magram araa<br />
SenarCunebuli Tavdapirveli saxiT. cecxli am wes-CveulebaSi<br />
mis erT-erT simbolo-saxes _ sanTels Seucvlia.<br />
msgavsi procesi momxdara evropis bevr qveyanaSic, sadac<br />
aseTive dResaswaulebis dros koconis nacvlad anTeben<br />
ramdenime sanTels, romelsac adamianebi iseTive magiur<br />
damcav funqcias aniWeben, rogorc ritualur cecxls<br />
(Календарные обычаи и обряды в странах зарубежной Европы,<br />
1983).<br />
amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis dadegoba<br />
SemorCa, rogorc mxolod damcavi funqciis matarebeli<br />
wes-Cveuleba, saxelwodeba da ~cecxlis dReobebis~ kvali<br />
miuTiTebs, rom igi solaruli kultmsaxurebis gadmonaS-<br />
Ticaa. Tumca TviTon is faqtic, rom dadegi kudianebis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dResaswaulia, avlens mis kavSirs<br />
mzis kultTan. cnobilia, rom xalxuri rwmeniT avsulTa<br />
da boroti Zalebis gaaqtiurebis periodad mzis wliuri<br />
kalendris aqtiuri dReebia (mzebudoba, dadegi, bunioba,<br />
nabunioba) miCneuli. am dros mze dasustebuli, Ronemixdili,<br />
uZluria da borot Zalebs gasaqani eZlevaT moqmedebisaTvis.<br />
xalxis rwmeniT: WeWeToba Rames kudianebi,<br />
mCxibavebi, mzakvalni tabakonis mTaze iyrebian (ap.canava,<br />
1970:67) an kidev dadegobas mzakvrebi//kudianebi rokaps,<br />
kudianebis ufross, angariSs abareben da msxverpls swiraven<br />
(ap.wulaZe, 1971:110). mecnieruladac damtkicebulia,<br />
rom es aris ara mxolod sameurneo sezonTaSoriso gardamavali<br />
dReebi, aramed swored is kosmiuri gardatexis<br />
122
dReebi bunebaSi, romlebsac dRes magnitur dReebad moixsenieben<br />
da romlebic zemoqmedeben adamianebze, cxovelur<br />
da mcenareul samyaroze (Бюннинг Э., 1961; Парнов Е., 1974:62).<br />
gadmocemiT, aseT dReebSi mcenareebis zrdac ki wydeba<br />
(g.SaraSeniZe, 1938:19; al.Rlonti, 1984:38). SesaZloa, Soreul<br />
warsulSi samyaroze xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Sedegad<br />
adamianebma SeamCnies es kanonzomiereba da am dakvirvebis<br />
Sedegad dagrovebuli empiriuli codnis safuZvelze aRmocenda<br />
swored maTi rwmena wlis garkveul dReebSi eSmakiseuli,<br />
qtonuri Zalebis dedamiwaze TareSisa da maTgan<br />
Tavdasacavad damcavi magiis sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebis<br />
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aseT dReebs aWaraSi ukumo,<br />
naxs//kvimat dReebs eZaxian. kvimati niSnavs avs, borots,<br />
ukuRmarTs, bediTsa da faTerakians (qegli, 1955). wlis<br />
gansazRvruli dReebis saSiS, kvimat dReebad miCneva miRebulia<br />
msoflios mravali xalxis yofaSi. aseTi dReebia 1<br />
maisi _ valpurgiis Rame, 24 ivlisi _ wm. ioanes dRe da<br />
sxva. saqarTveloSi aseT dReebad miCneulia 1 seqtemberi _<br />
dadegi, vnebis kviris xuTSabaTi, eliobis winaRame da sxv.<br />
aseT dReebSi adamianebi avsulebisagan Tavs icaven apoTropiuli<br />
simboloebiT (wriuli formis sagnebi, narekliani<br />
an wiTeli feris mcenareebi, nali, jvari da sxv.).<br />
maTgan yvelaze gamokveTili solaruli simboloa jvari,<br />
romelic figurirebs swored dadegobaSi.<br />
apoTropiuli daniSnulebis sagnebs didi roli hqondaT<br />
dakisrebuli wina aziis uZvelesi kulturis xalxebSi:<br />
SumerebSi, asurelebSi, babilonelebSi, subarel-alaroidel<br />
tomebSi. isini am mizniT saxlis misasvlelTan da<br />
TviT saxlSi hkidebdnen apoTropiuli daniSnulebis sagnebs,<br />
Tu maT simboloebs. amave xalxebSi aseTive daniSnulebis<br />
iyo jvari (g.Citaia, 2000:171). dRes jvari qristianuli<br />
rwmenis simboloa (~jvaris saxem mogagonos da warmogidginos<br />
Sen igi, romeli iyo damokidebuli TviT jvarzed<br />
mTasa zeda golgoTasa~ - g.qiqoZe, 2005:36), magram igi,<br />
rogorc sakraluri niSani Tavdapirvelad kosmogoniuri<br />
Sinaarsis iyo da ise, rogorc msoflio miTologiur azrovnebaSi,<br />
qarTveli xalxis miTologiur-kosmogoniur<br />
sistemaSic jvari mzis arqaul msoflxatadaa miCneuli.<br />
Tavisi struqturiT jvari ganzogadebuli kosmogoniuri<br />
123
niSania da warmoadgens mzis oTx mdgomareobas caze, mis<br />
ciklurobasa da brunvas (i.surgulaZe, 1986:35). amave dros<br />
igi Tavidanve damcavi niSanic iyo, radgan solarul<br />
warmodgenebSi iRebda saTaves (j.ruxaZe, 1999:134). jvris<br />
aseTi simboluri datvirTva kargad ikiTxeba qarTul mi-<br />
Tologiasa, ornamentul simbolikasa Tu sakulto da sayofacxovrebo<br />
nivTebis dekorSi. jvris amgvari simboluri<br />
gaazreba Cans qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviTac<br />
(v.bardaveliZe, gCitaia, 1939; v.bardaveliZe, 1941; g.Citaia,<br />
1941; T.oCiauri, 1954; m.CarTolani, 1961; i.surgulaZe, 1986;<br />
j.ruxaZe, 1999 da sxv.). jvari dadegobis Cvenamde moRweuli<br />
ZiriTadi atributia. misi, rogorc mzis stilizebuli gamosaxulebis,<br />
mzis kultis materialuri gamovlinebis monawileoba<br />
am ritualSi kidev erTxel adasturebs mosazrebas,<br />
rom dadegis dResaswauli inaxavs qarTveli<br />
xalxis solarul rwmenaTa kvals da dResaswaulis simboluri<br />
gaazreba saxelwodebasTan erTad misi atributebis<br />
saSualebiTacaa gamoxatuli. dadegSi mzis damcavi funqcia<br />
mzis simbolos - jvris meSveobiT xorcieldeba. swored<br />
igia damcavi magiur-apoTropiuli niSani, romliTac<br />
avsulebisagan icaven saxl-kars, Wirnaxulsa da ojaxis<br />
wevrebs. asea dadegobis gurul variantSic. aqac aucileblad<br />
Taflis sanTlis jvars miakravdnen an iseTi saxiT<br />
miawebebdnen sanTels, rom aucileblad jvari gamosaxuliyo<br />
(al. Rlonti, 1984:630). jvris saSualebiT xdeba ~Se-<br />
beWdva~ aWaraSic. termin Se-beWd<br />
beWd-v-is Ziri beWed/beWd (beWedi/SebeWdva)<br />
migvaniSnebs, rom igulisxmeba mzis beWdis,<br />
niSnis, daRis dasma (SebeWdili - beWeddasmuli; nabeWdi -<br />
dabeWdil qmnili; aRbeWuda - beWdis dasma, ~aRbeWudad<br />
iTqmis mironis cxeba~ - saba, 1928). amgvarad, jvari gvevlineba<br />
rogorc beWedi, sabeWdavi, romelic avsulebisaTvis<br />
miuwvdomels xdis adamianebsa da nivTebs. jvari, rogorc<br />
damcveli simbolo-niSani, gamosaxulia mcireaziur da<br />
egeosur sabeWdavebze da miCneulia, rom maTac apoTropiuli<br />
mniSvneloba hqondaT da avi Tvalisagan damcvelis<br />
funqcia eniWebodaT (ir. surgulaZe, 1986:41).<br />
jvris sxvadasxvagvari stilizebuli gamosaxulebebi<br />
sabeWdavebze adastureben mzis am simbolos sakralur<br />
mniSvnelobas da xazs usvamen mis arqaul semantikas. aWa-<br />
124
aSi jvris meSveobiT ~iketeboda~ karebi avsulTaTvis<br />
(saxlis SesasvlelSi sanTlis jvars miakravdnen, karebSi<br />
umcros rZals daayenebdnen da etyodnen: ~rZalo, karebi<br />
daklite, amaRam baRnebs araferi evnoso.~) am TvalsazrisiT<br />
Zalze sainteresoa is faqtic, rom qarTulma eTnografiulma<br />
sinamdvilem Semogvinaxa uZvelesi tipis saketi -<br />
aWaruli ~daTva-boyva~, romelic analogiuria babilonur<br />
beWed-cilindrebze gamosaxuli mze-RvTaebis gasaRebebisa<br />
da asaxavs qarTveli da Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebis<br />
Sexedulebebs cis karebis gasaRebis mflobeli mzis RvTaebis<br />
Sesaxeb (g.Citaia, 2000: 353-354). mzis simbolos - jvris<br />
meSveobiT saxl-karisa da Wiraxulis ~SebeWdva~, ~daklitva~<br />
exmianeba koncefcias amgvari saketebis apoTropiul<br />
daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. saerTod, arqauli tradiciiT, simbolo-niSanTa<br />
dasma sagnebze xdeboda garkveuli wesiT,<br />
garkveuli koncefciis Sesabamisad, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />
saganze gamosaxuli sakraluri niSani miuTiTebda am sagnis<br />
romelime RvTaebisadmi kuTvnilebaze. am wesis Tanaxmad<br />
jvris dasma nivTebze niSnavda, rom isini mzis niSniT<br />
iyo aRbeWdili (i. surgulaZe, 1986:123). ese igi, dadegis<br />
dResaswaulSi jvriT ~SebeWdili~ saxl-kari, yana, adamianebi<br />
mze-RvTaebis mieraa xeldasmuli, Caketili da m.S.<br />
daculi avsulebisagan. ase rom, am niSniTac (jvris,<br />
rogorc mzis simbolos apoTropiuli daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba)<br />
dadegobis dResaswauli solarul kults ukav-<br />
Sirdeba.<br />
amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom aWaris eTnografiulma<br />
yofam Semodgomis buniobis - dadegisadmi - miZRvnili<br />
dResaswauli Zalze transformirebuli saxiT Semogvinaxa<br />
da dRes masSi Wirs solaruli kultmsaxurebis kvalis<br />
danaxva, dResaswaulis saxelwodebis - dadegi//dadegoba -<br />
CaRrmavebuli kvleva SesaZlebels xdis gaviazroT dResaswaulis<br />
simboluri arsi da iZleva xelCasaWid masalas<br />
misi arqetipis aRdgenisaTvis. es kidev erTxel adasturebs<br />
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sakulto leqsika yvelaze<br />
ukeT inaxavs da Taobidan Taobas gadascems masSi daunjebul<br />
umniSvnelovanes informacias ritualis Tavdapirveli<br />
daniSnulebisa da raobis Sesaxeb.<br />
125
Тамила Ломтатидзе<br />
Культовая терминология - способ реконструкции<br />
архаического мировоззрения<br />
(На основе этнографических материалов Аджарии)<br />
Р е з ю м е<br />
В Аджарии, в результате влияния многих факторов, в том числе и<br />
религиозной синкретизации, большинство обычаев и обрядов потеряло<br />
первоначальную значимость, сильно трансформировалось и сохранилось<br />
в виде пережитка, фрагмента, детских игр или в культовой терминологии,<br />
но и этот материал даёт возможность проследить за генезисом<br />
того или иного ритуала. Особо богатый материал в этом плане<br />
даёт культовая терминология. В статье рассматривается культовая<br />
терминология ритуала «Дадеги»//«Дадегоба», сохранившиеся в себе<br />
сакральную семантику и религиозные верования грузинского народа и<br />
дающееся возможность восстановить первоначальное осмысление и<br />
функциональное назначение ритуала.<br />
Tamila Lomtatidze<br />
Worship Terminology - a Way to Reconstruction of the Archaic World<br />
Outlook<br />
(On base of Adjara Ethnographic Materials)<br />
Summary<br />
In Adjara, as a result of many factors influence, including religious<br />
syncretism, majority customs and rites has lost initial value, was powerfully<br />
transformed and in the terminology of the fragmens, baby plays or in<br />
worship, but also this material enables to track for genesis that or other<br />
rituals. Specifically rich material in this plan gives worship terminology. In<br />
article is considered worship terminology of the ritual "Dadegi". It in itself<br />
preserved sacramental semantics and religious beliefs of Georgian folk and<br />
enabling to restore the initial comprehension and functionality of the ritual.<br />
126
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. v. bardaveliZe, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, I, axalwlis<br />
cikli, Tb., 1939.<br />
2. v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan<br />
(RvTaeba barbar-babar), Tb., 1941.<br />
3. v. bardaveliZe, gCitaia, qarTuli xalxuri ornamenti, I, xevsuruli,<br />
Tb., 1939.<br />
4. l. boZaSvili, fSavi da fSavelebi, Tb., 1988.<br />
5. p. ingoroyva, Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli kalendari V-VIII<br />
ss. ZeglebSi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> muzeumis moambe, t.VI, tf., 1931.<br />
6. p. ingoroyva, Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli kalendari, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
muzeumis moambe, t.VII, tf., 1933.<br />
7. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli ena da eortalogiuri weliwadi, enimkis<br />
moambe, V-VI, Tb., 1940.<br />
8. z. kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia, Tb., 1979.<br />
9. T. lomTaTiZe, memindvreobasTan dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebi<br />
aWaraSi, (sakandidato disertacia, nabeWdi), baTumi, 2002.<br />
10. m. makalaTia, mesaqonleoba aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTianeT-<br />
Si, Tb., 1985.<br />
11. j. noRaideli, aWaris zepirsityviereba, w.II, Tb., 1940.<br />
12. j. noRaideli, narkvevebi da Canawerebi, .I, baTumi, 1971.<br />
13. sulxan saba orbeliani, qarTuli leqsikoni, tf., 1928<br />
14. T. oCiauri, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (qadagoba),<br />
Tb., 1954.<br />
15. s. JRenti, guruli kilo, tf., 1936.<br />
16. j. ruxaZe, bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli<br />
saqarTveloSi, Tb.,1999.<br />
17. i. surgulaZe, qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika, Tb.,<br />
1986.<br />
18. h. fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa etimologiuri<br />
leqsikoni, Tb., 1990.<br />
19. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, I, Tb., 1953.<br />
20. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikoni, t.IV, Tb., 1955.<br />
21. g. qiqoZe, sityva od-s sektembers, jvris amaRlebasa zeda,<br />
qarTuli mwerloba, t. 23, Tb., 2005.<br />
22. qsnis xeoba, Tb., 1975.<br />
23. al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona, Tb., 1984.<br />
24. g. SaraSeniZe, guruli leqsikoni, qarTvelur enaTa leqsika, I,<br />
Tb., 1938<br />
25. m. CarTolani, qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturis istoriidan,<br />
Tb., 1961.<br />
127
26. g. Citaia, sicocxlis xis motivi lazur ornamentSi, enimkis<br />
moambe, X, Tb., 1941.<br />
27. g. Citaia, Sromebi, t.II, Tb., 2000.<br />
28. arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni,<br />
Tb., 1938.<br />
29. m. Cuxua, qarTvelur ena-kiloTa SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tb.,<br />
2000-2003.<br />
30. T. Cxenkeli, tragikuli niRbebi, Tb., 1971.<br />
31. ap. canava, qarTuli zepirsitiyvierebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1970.<br />
32. ap. wulaZe, eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1971.<br />
33. i. Wyonia, sityvis kona, Tb., 1937.<br />
34. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, w..IV, naw..I, tf., 1941.<br />
35. b. jorbenaZe, ena da kultura, Tb., 1997.<br />
36. Бюннинг Э., Ритмы физиологических процессов (Физиологические часы),<br />
М., 1961.<br />
37. Календарные обычаи и обряды в странах Зарубежной Европы, М., 1983.<br />
38. Парнов Е., Под знаком лунных рогов, «Наука и религия», №8, М., 1974.<br />
39. Соколова В.К., Весенно-летние календарные обычай русскмх: украинцев и<br />
белоруссов, М., 1983.<br />
128
naila CelebaZe<br />
saqorwino tradiciebi<br />
Termes (TurqeTi) qarTvelebSi<br />
(eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />
Terme TurqeTis teritoriaze samsunis vilaieTis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Semavali sakmaod didi dasaxlebaa, romelic<br />
72 sofels aerTianebs. XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, muhajirobis<br />
periodSi, TermeSi bevri qarTveli dasaxlebula,<br />
romlebsac sadReisod qarTul metyvelebasTan erTad myarad<br />
aqvT Sesisxlxorcebuli mSobliuri adaTebi da zne-<br />
Cveulebebi. maT Soris yuradRebas iqcevs saqorwino tradiciebi,<br />
romlebSic wminda socialuri urTierTobebis<br />
garda farTod aisaxeba mosaxleobis kulturuli mdgomareobac.<br />
am institutis Seswavlam kidev erTxel dagvarwmuna<br />
CveneburTa erovnuli cnobierebis myarad SenarCunebasa<br />
da saimedoobaSi.<br />
winamdebare naSromSi saqorwino tradiciebi Seswavlilia<br />
Termes maRalmTiani soflis magaliTze, romelsac qobuleTidan<br />
wasulma muhajirebma pirvelmosaxle qarTvelis<br />
saxeli _ wiTura hasani anu sarihasani uwodes. sofels<br />
Tavisi mdebareobis gamo evjidaRs anu saxlmTasac eZaxian,<br />
romelic or nawilad iyofa: quSCuaga (Citis niskarta) da<br />
ienidoRani (axali Sevardeni). aqaurma mosaxleobam mSvenivrad<br />
icis Tavisi warmomavloba da isini Tavisuflad<br />
ixseneben maTi winaprebisagan gagonil ambebsa da sagvareulo<br />
istoriebs. erTi sityviT, maT sakmaod Zaldautaneblad<br />
dagvisaxeles maTi qarTuli gvarebi: civaZe, CelebaZe, gogmaCaZe,<br />
CxaiZe (kirCxeli), gogitiZe, golomaniZe da a. S.<br />
sakvlev regionSi saqorwino Cveulebis Seswavlidan<br />
Cans, rom mTlianobaSi misi ZiriTadi etapebi Tanxvedrilia<br />
zogadqarTul tradiciul qorwinebasTan, garda im gamonaklisisa,<br />
razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari.<br />
winasaqorwino akrZalvebidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
eqceoda erovnul-sarwmunoebriv urTierTobebs, teritoriul<br />
principebs, sofelSi dadgenil moralur-eTikur<br />
129
normebsa da sxva faqtorebs. mas Semdeg, rac vaJis ojaxi<br />
sarZlos SearCevda da moiwonebda, masTan `daTlil” kacs<br />
gaagzavnidnen da warmatebuli molaparakebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ityodnen - `sityva gedeiWrao”. amis Semdeg mSoblebi Seadgendnen<br />
qaliSvilze misacemi saCuqrebis sias. iwereboda<br />
jeizi (mziTevi), romelsac xels awerda sasiZos mama,<br />
sarZlos mama da `nandobi” kaci. qorwineba syidviTi xasia-<br />
Tis iyo da amitom sarZlos mamas fulic eZleoda. amis<br />
Semdeg qals `niSans daamben~ anu daniSnaven. gogos dade<br />
Tavisi muli, ufrosi Zmis coli an mamida unda yofiliyo.<br />
niSnobas siZe ar eswreboda.<br />
qorwilamde erTi dRiT adre sadedoflos saqorwilo<br />
tansacmels gaugzavnidnen. Tavze jer TeTr, Semdeg ki<br />
wiTeli abreSumis dvaRs daaxuravdnen.<br />
qorwilis dRes ojaxSi dedoflis Zma an biZaSvili<br />
mayars ezoSi ar SeuSvebda da `WiSkars mosWrida”. mayari<br />
maT fuls miscemda. amis Semdeg saxlTan mividodnen da<br />
karebTan mdgomi sapatarZlos `nenemisi ZuZus faras meiTxovda”.<br />
amaze ityodnen: `nenemisma kari mosWrao” da siZis<br />
mama fuls masac aCuqebda. mayrebi saxlSi Sevidodnen,<br />
`dade wevdoda gelinTan da racxas daambida mas saCuqars,<br />
oqros an fuls”.<br />
saqorwilo sufraze uxvad unda yofiliyo xorciTa da<br />
qaTmiT momzadebuli kerZebi, flavi, taTli (baqlava), Romidan<br />
gakeTebuli suTli da bolos asuTa (Tafliani fafa),<br />
romelic aseve zemoaWarul saqorwilo sufraSi yvelaze<br />
bolos gaaqvT.<br />
saqorwilo sufrasTan qalebi da mamakacebi calkcalke<br />
isxdnen. SeZlebuli siZe oTx davls anu dols winaswar<br />
gaagzavnida sacolis ojaxSi. mayari 3-4 saaTs dar-<br />
Ceboda da kargadac moilxendnen. asrulebdnen specialur<br />
saqorwilo simReras: `eqvsi insani ityoda - sami insani<br />
erken; datevda es sami da meore sami aswevda anu `muuyivnebdnen”.<br />
ori mobanda, erTi ki simReras ityoda. erTni<br />
iwyebdnen:<br />
gza ar vici wasavali, amwia da wimiyvana,<br />
didodaSi Cimiyvana.<br />
`iqeTebi” etyodnen:<br />
davJdeT biWo davfiSmandeT, Tavze mia cexlis ali,<br />
130
gadavaxti baxCaSi, vals vikrefdi kalTaSi,<br />
erTma gogom sevda momca, mimayena WarxalSi.<br />
garda amisa, qorwilze icodnen gaSaireba, romlis<br />
teqsti qarTul sinamdvileSic kargad aris cnobili. Gogos<br />
mxare `muuleqsavda”:<br />
dedamTili alajaÁ, me guukeTe salajaÁ,<br />
gavaxvie xamSi, gedevqnie xramSi da a. S.<br />
dedofali pirvelad Zmas an das Sehyavda mayrebTan.<br />
wasvlis dros, roca dedofals//`gelins” gamoiyvandnen,<br />
mayrebi erTmaneTs gadasZaxebdnen: `Wo, gamomigzavne banio”<br />
da daamRerebdnen –`oo, vahai he.....”.Omusikaluri instrumentebidan<br />
maTTvis cnobili iyo akordeoni, davli anu<br />
doli, defi//dafi, Wiboni, salamuri da duduRi//duduki.<br />
popularul saqorwilo cekvebs warmoadgenda: xoroni,<br />
gogos samoba//cekva, sqeli nigozi(qabajevi), qavqasura, romelsac<br />
sami kaci asrulebda, horoni//xorumi, danebiT<br />
cekva anu `danis cekva” (babai qorwilze imfrad samebda,<br />
kargad uuficxebdao). roca saqarTvelodan gamovidnen, ma-<br />
Sin `qali da kaci erTad isamobdnen.” qorwilis dasasruls<br />
aucileblad unda ecekvaT `gurjuxoroni”, anu<br />
qarTuli xorumi. qorwili sakmaod xalisiani da xmauriani<br />
iyo. qorwilze `imdon fiStos isrodnen, aaduRebdnen, Weri<br />
daxvretili iyo”.<br />
saerTod, qorwilSi orive mxaris mayrebi gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen. dedoflis ojaxSi yofnis<br />
dros isini `mrgval qaTams” moiTxovdnen, Semdeg dedoflis<br />
Zmas miscemdnen, romelic yamas//danas daartyamda. am<br />
wess zogjer nefec asrulebda, romlis axsna Cvenma informatorebma<br />
ver SeZles. SevniSnavT, rom analogiuri<br />
Cveuleba damowmda qobuleTis saqorwino tradiciebSic.<br />
informatorTa TqmiT, Sua qorwilis dros aucileblad<br />
unda Sesruldes `ori ambavi, romlis gareSec mayari dedofals<br />
saxlidan ver gaiyvans: pirveli: qalis mxare did<br />
xeze kvercxs `daambeben xaSriT da mayarma unda Camoagdos<br />
fiStoT da ara TofiT, `magi da moklas”. meore: `gaduugdeben<br />
3-4 feSqirs (pirsaxocs), vinc waaxteba, cxeniT gaiqceva.<br />
ityodnen _ Zalvan kaÁ geiqca misma cxenmao. erTmaneTs<br />
arTmevdnen feSkirs da vinc gaaswrebda WiSkrebSi,<br />
feSqiric imis iyo. vinc magari iyo is weiRebda da fexiT<br />
131
mirboda. qoCxos rom gaiqnevdnen, igi qorwilze dakluli<br />
saqonlisaa da sobeli iqneboda, xmeli araa, amitom srialobs<br />
xelidan. Cxubobdnen erTmaneTSi, gaaTrevdnen erTmaneTs:<br />
xan saxlis qveS, xan wyalSi, xan xeze, xan axorSic<br />
gadadioda dava”. amis Semdeg mayars eZleoda dedoflis<br />
wayvanis ufleba.<br />
dedoflis wasvlis win samziTvo nivTebs meqorwileTa<br />
dasanaxad gamoitandnen. `jeizs gareT dayridnen, mayari<br />
dainaxavda da daswerdnen”. im skivrze dedoflis Zmas<br />
`daajdumlebdnen” da 0,5 an 1 liras miscemdnen. wamosvlis<br />
win dedofals fexsacmelSi fuls Caudebdnen `kai muuvdebao”<br />
anu kargad wauva saqmeo. gamoTxovebisas yvela qali<br />
tiroda. qorwinebis es etapi tradiciul Turqul<br />
qorwilSi Zalze gansxvavebulia. CveneburebSi ver damkvidrda<br />
sadedoflosTan gamoTxovebis Turquli Cveuleba,<br />
romlis drosac masTan Tanatoli gogonebi midiodnen da<br />
specialur dResaswauls awyobdnen.<br />
dedofals Zmis an biZaSvilis, anda, taias//dedis Zmis<br />
cxenze dasvamdnen da mas sami adamiani waiyvanda. erTi<br />
cxenosani win gaiWreboda. igi maxarobeli iyo da siZisagan<br />
saCuqars _ fuls moiTxovda. qorwili yvela Cveneburis<br />
saerTo sixaruli iyo da qorwinebis ciklis es etapi, rogorc<br />
Cans, emigrantuli Tanacxovrebis periodSi unda<br />
warmoSobiliyo Tu SemorCeniliyo, radgan tradiciul<br />
qarTul qorwilSi am garemoebis Sesatyvisi analogi Cven<br />
ver davafiqsireT. am Cveulebis arsi Semdegia: mayrebi<br />
siZis ojaxSi misvlamde drodadro gzaze Cerdebodnen da<br />
megobrebTan erTad cekvavdnen. dedofals maspinZeli ojaxebi<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad asaCuqrebdnen. erTi ram faqtia,<br />
Cveneburebs erTmaneTis gafrTxilebisa da urTierTpativiscemisaTvis<br />
marTlac rom yvelaferi uRoniaT. maxaroblis<br />
misvlis Semdeg siZesTan jer mziTevi mihqondaT. Ezo-<br />
Si Seitandnen skivrs da `Zveli adeTiT skivris mimtan Zmas<br />
fuls miscemdnen”. dedofals `ormocdaaTi fexi rom<br />
duurCeba saxlze, gogoskena dade eubneba biWis mxares,<br />
rana aCuqos - meiTxovs ia//an Zroxas, xes(Txils), miwas da<br />
dedamTili an simauri aCuqebs. Tu ara – erinjs anu saqonels<br />
aCuqebs. ise gelins//rZals siZis saxlSi ar Seiyvandnen.<br />
dodofali cxenzea, WiSkrebSi araa Sesuli. memre<br />
132
meiyvaneben siZes da daanaxveben dodofals, romelic cxenzea.<br />
siZe gadaayris fuls, Seqers, erTmaneTs jer ver xedaven.<br />
memre orive mxaris dade Cameiyvaneben cxeniT ezoSi”.<br />
dedamTili sarZlos xelSi awvdida purs, yurans da danas<br />
da saxlSi Sesvlis dros ki biWis dade rZlis saxlidan<br />
moparul Wiqas daamtvrevda - `aseTi adeTi iyo”. Semdeg<br />
karis Tavze danas daasobdnen da dedofals saxlSi Seiyvandnen.<br />
muli an dedamTili gugums an Wiqas rZals gamosacdelad<br />
daudebdnen da Tu mixvdeboda, Wkvianiao masze<br />
ityodnen.<br />
saxlSi Seyvanis Semdeg dedofals vaJianobis dabedebis<br />
mizniT kalTaSi biWs Causvamdnen, Semdeg romelime patara<br />
biWi gaxdida fexsacmels da fuls amoiRebda. am wess aWarul<br />
qorwinebaSi gogonebi asrulebdnen im mizniT, rom<br />
maT kargi iRbali dabedebodaT.<br />
saxlSi Seyvanis Semdeg biWis dade nefe-dedofals er-<br />
Ti Wiqidan daaalevinebda SarbaTs da ityoda _ erTmaneTi<br />
`SeuyvardeT SeqersaviTo”. am dros nefe uCumrad dedofals<br />
Tavze xels daartyamda - `sityva duujeros, kacis<br />
xelis qveS iyoso. amis mere dedofals feCes uuwevdnen,<br />
Semdeg gamua nefe da wava”. igi dilamde dedofalTan aRar<br />
Cndeboda.<br />
siZis ojaxSi misvlis Semdeg dedoflis mayaric Wirveulobda<br />
da iwyebda moTxovnebs. magaliTad, ramdenime<br />
kaci, zogjer aTi an metic, moiTxovda `mrgval qaTams”,<br />
romelic `afsili iyo moxarSuli xorciT da brinjiT”.<br />
garda amisa iTxovdnen Txils, sigaras. mayrebi cdilobdnen<br />
siZis ojaxisaTvis zianis miyenebas: `racxas waaqcevdnen,<br />
fiStos isrodnen, qeremeTebi//kramiti gatydeso”. es<br />
Cveuleba aWaruli qorwilis msgavsia, romelic `gevezobis”<br />
saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. sainteresoa agreTve<br />
`sufris dakavebis” anu gamocanebiT romelime kerZis moTxovnis<br />
tradicia, romelic dRemde aris Semonaxuli zemo<br />
aWaris mosaxleobis mexsierebaSi. magaliTad: `win ityodnen<br />
gaTovdeso da brinjze Saqars moayridnen, ityodnen<br />
gawvimdeso _ iaRs(erbos) moasxamden” da a. S.<br />
dadianebi anu mdadeebi dilamde fxizlobdnen, rom<br />
nefe dedofalTan ar miparuliyo. roca saRamos nefededofals<br />
oTaxSi `Saagdebdnen”, siZes gasamxneveblad misi<br />
133
naTesav-megobrebi zurgze jiRs daartyamdnen. amis Semdeg<br />
dedoflis mayrebi midiodnen.<br />
qorwilis Semdeg erT-ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi colqmari<br />
erTmaneTis mimarT Zalzed moridebulad iyvnen da<br />
saWmels calk-calke Seeqceodnen.<br />
qorwinebis Semdgomi cikli moicavda `siZis stumrobas”,<br />
`sadilis mitanas”, gaTxovili qalis mSoblebis<br />
ojaxSi misvlas da sxva wesis Sesrulebas. qorwilidan<br />
`sami an 7-10 dRis mere, siZe movdoda da dedamTils racxas<br />
muutanda _ Casacmels”. stumrebi gamZleobis Sesamowmeblad<br />
siZes zurgze Seaxtebodnen, wyals gadasxamdnen<br />
anu `uuficxebdnen” da moTxovnebs wauyenebdnen. igi Tavis<br />
dasaRwevad yviroda da Tevzis, raxis, an sigaras motanas<br />
sTxovda Tavisianebs. Semdeg siZes gawyobil sufrasTan<br />
miiwvevdnen da specialurad gakeTebuli mrgvali xaWapurebiT<br />
umaspinZldebodnen. siZem sufra `erTi xeliTda aswios”.<br />
am dros siZe ar Wams. `kobzebs meiparviden biWis<br />
mxare _ racxa maCuqono”. simauric yanaSi xes an Zroxas<br />
aCuqebda, riTac moigebda mis guls da siZec Wamas iwyebda.<br />
aWaraSi dRemde farTod gavrcelebuli `sadilis mitanis”<br />
tradicia kargad Semoinaxes Cveneburebma: sidedri<br />
(dedamTili) siZes 10-15 dRis Semdeg estumreboda, romelsac<br />
ZRvnad mihqonda: xaWapurebi (`xaWapurs SigniT kvercxebia<br />
da esaa zRveni, romlis zemodan `susamia”), zogi<br />
mogrZo, zogic mrgvali formis, romlis zedapirs WiqebiT<br />
gaalamazebdnen. garda amisa, gaTxovil SvilTan dedas<br />
tkbileulobac mihqonda. mitanil sadils sofelSi saaxlobloSi<br />
daarigebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom `sadilis mitanis”<br />
dro da saxelwodeba (sxvagvaradac ityodnen-<br />
`zRveni|//ZRveni guukeTebiao”) aWarulis msgavsia da misi<br />
arsic analogiuradaa axsnili _ gogo `mSieri ar dar-<br />
Ceso.” sagulisxmoa, rom am wess Turquli mosaxleobis<br />
saqorwino tradiciebSi analogi ar moepoveba.<br />
amrigad, TurqeTSi mcxovrebi Termes qarTvelebis saqorwino<br />
tradiciebis Seswavlam warmoaCina am institutis<br />
qarTul saqorwino tradiciebidan momdinareoba da maTi<br />
srulyofilad Semonaxva. yovelive es kargad vlindeba<br />
qorwinebis ciklis ZiriTadi etapebis TanmimdevrobaSi,<br />
saqorwino leqsikaSi, qorwilTan dakavSirebuli garToba-<br />
134
mxiarulebis qarTul xalxur tradiciebSi da musikalurfolklorul<br />
memkvidreobaSi.<br />
amasTan, qorwinebis institutis Seswavlidan Cans, rom<br />
masSi Semonaxulia ara mxolod Zveli tradiciebi, aramed<br />
moxda misi gamdidreba axali niSnebiTac, rac TurqeTSi<br />
mcxovreb qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli eTnofsiqologiuri<br />
garemos arsebobiTa da sxva faqtorebiT unda iqnas axsnili.<br />
Наила Челебадзе<br />
Свадебные традиции у грузин в Терме (Турция)<br />
(по этнографическим данным)<br />
Резюме<br />
На основе этнографических данных выясняется, что жители<br />
Термеского района Турции хорошо сохранили свадебные традиции и в<br />
том числе ее основные этапы, отдельные детали которого имеют<br />
сходство с традиционными грузинскими свадебными обрядами. Кроме<br />
этого, в свадебном цикле отмечаются новые признаки, свидетельствующие<br />
о близости и взаимоуважении между соотечественниками.<br />
Naila Chelebadze<br />
Georgians Wedding Traditions in Terme (Turkey)<br />
Summary<br />
According to the ethnographical data, it is clear that the inhabitants of<br />
Terme region of Turkey kept their wedding traditions well, especially its<br />
main stades, some parts of which have similarity with the traditional<br />
Georgian wedding traditions. Except this new signs are seen in the wedding<br />
cycle that testifies of the proximity and the reciprocity among the<br />
compatriots.<br />
135
manuCar loria<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa<br />
istoriul-eT<br />
eTnografiuli<br />
Seswavlis<br />
istoriidan<br />
qarTul-ebraul urTierTobebs sakmaod didi xnis<br />
istoria aqvs. ebraelebma saqarTveloSi Tan moitanes^<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciul-yofiTi kultura, religia<br />
da qarTul eTnosTan erovnuli integraciis fonze<br />
SeinarCunes nacionaluri TviTmyofadoba. qarTveli ebraelebis<br />
warsulis Seswavlis pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba<br />
ukavSirdeba cnobil qarTvel sazogado moRvawes z.<br />
WiWinaZes. mis mcire formatis wignSi mokled daxasiaTebulia<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (Tfilisi, Zegami,<br />
breTi, cxinvali, muxrani, qareli, surami, awyveri, axalcixe,<br />
baraleTi, axalqalaqi, quTaisi, saCxere, kulaSi, zekari,<br />
oni, banZa, sujuna, lailaSi, senaki, foTi, zemo xoda-<br />
Seni, SaSiani, qirisxevi, veliscixe, uriaTubani, baTumi,<br />
baqo, manglisi, sagarejo, areni, gokia, Cixori, ozurgeTi,<br />
Wala-tye, xotevi, TamaraSeni, ali, axaldaba, muxrani)<br />
mcxovrebi ebraelebis istoriul-eTnografiuli Taviseburebani<br />
(WiWinaZe z., 1990, 66).<br />
XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi samecniero TvalsazrisiT<br />
nayofier muSaobas eweoda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa<br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi. 1933 wlis 23 noembers,<br />
RaribkomTan arsebuli kultbazis SenobaSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi gaixsna. amas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT akademikosi g. Citaia igonebda: @30-ian<br />
wlebSi, im dros Sinsaxkomis pasuxismgebeli muSaki iyo<br />
rusi ebraeli a. linecki, imis daxmarebiT, sinagogaSi, Cemi<br />
konsultaciiT gaixsna ebraelTa eTnografiuli muzeumi”<br />
(cagareiSvili T., 2006, 162).<br />
1933-1936 wlebSi muzeumma moawyo samecniero eqspediciebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> TiTqmis yvela regionSi, sadac kompaqturad<br />
cxovrobdnen qarTveli ebraelebi. eqspedicia swavlobda<br />
da agrovebda masalebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa is-<br />
136
toriisa da eTnografiis, maTi materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb.<br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli masalebis Seswavla-damu-<br />
Savebis Sedegad, 1937 w. moewyo stacionaluri eqspozicia<br />
Temaze _ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa Zveli da axali yofa.<br />
gamofenebSi warmodgenili iyo istoriuli sabuTebi saqar-<br />
Tvelos ebraelTa Sesaxeb, maTi yofisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
eqsponatebi, diagramebi, kartogramebi, foto da ferweruli<br />
suraTebi.<br />
muzeumma samecniero potencialis gazrdasTan erTad<br />
1940, 1941, 1945, 2006, 2008 wlebSi gamosca xuTi krebuli. am<br />
krebulebSi daibeWda ebraul TematikasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
araerTi saintereso naSromi: <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa aRebmicemobis<br />
istoriisaTvis - 1800-1864 (i. papismedovi); <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
ebraelTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba XIX saukuneSi (m.<br />
Sukini); terminebi: ebraeli,^israeli,@uria (m. mamisTvali-<br />
Svili); istoriuli dokumentebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa<br />
Sesaxeb (n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT); mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili<br />
qva ebrauli warweriT (a. krixeli); istoriuli sabuTebi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa Sesaxeb 1828-1846 wlebSi (S. Cxetias<br />
redaqciiT); istoriuli mimoxilva kavkasiaSi sxva qalaqel<br />
(ruseTis da evropiel) ebraelTa dasaxebis Sesaxeb (a.<br />
krixeli); axalcixeSi mcxovreb ebraelTa xalxuri mkurnaloba<br />
(i. qurCiSvili)... (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa istoriuleTnografiuli<br />
muzeumis Sromebi, 1940, 1941, 1945).<br />
eTnologiuri kvlevis procesSi vizualuri saSualebis<br />
gamoyenebam safuZveli daudo axal samecniero mimarTulebas<br />
– vizualur anTropologias. am mxriv, ebraelebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT sainteresoa TviTnaswavli mxatvris Salom<br />
koboSvilis Semoqmedeba. man fanqriT, akvareliTa da<br />
zeTiT 60-ze meti mcire da didi zomis suraTi daxata. Esenia:<br />
ajla, agyala, avamdyofi bavSvi eqimbaSTan, amuletebiT<br />
movaWre misioneri, aTara, batonebis wamloba, bavSvis<br />
dabadeba, bavSvis windasacveTad wayvana, bazari axalci-<br />
xeSi, breTis biblia, dvacatniki, ebraelTa kvartali<br />
(axalcixe)<br />
cixe), ebraeli sovdogari, ebraelTa darbeva, lila-<br />
xana<br />
na, mikve, mikveSi daavadebuli qali eqimbaSTan, misione-<br />
ris mier bavSvebis kurTxeva, mojamagire biWi, mekurtneebi,<br />
mdidari ebraelis coli midis abanoSi, malkuti, nefe,<br />
patarZali, patarZlis wayvana abanoSi, simxa Toris dResas-<br />
137
wauli, fulis ganawileba agyalis Semdeg, furimi, finj-<br />
raoba, falaxaze ayvana, quCaSi movaWre mewvrilmaneebi,<br />
qaTmis dakvla ritualuri wesiT, yma ebraelebis gayidva<br />
feodalebis mier, xelsaqme, xerimi-anaTema, Saqar puris<br />
gatana, cekva, jeizi da sxv. naxatebSi detaluradaa mocemuli<br />
ebraelTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis araerTi mniSvnelovani<br />
aspeqti (wiwuaSvili S., 2006, 248-254).<br />
gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi eTnografiuli masala ebraelTa<br />
tradiciuli yofis sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb<br />
(niSnoba, qorwili, mSobiaroba, bavSvis aRzrda, micvalebulis<br />
datireba da sxva) daculia r. TavdiSvilis naSromSi<br />
- @eTnografiuli narkvevi quTaisel ebraelTa Zveli<br />
yofa-cxovrebidan# (TavdiSvili r., 1940).<br />
kavkasiaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa istoriis calkeul sakiTxebs<br />
i. davidma rusul enaze fundameturi naSromi miuZ-<br />
Rvna - @История евреев на Кавказе#, romelic or tomad gamoica.<br />
monografiaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia statistikis,<br />
demografiis, eTnolingvistikis, socialuri da sameurneo<br />
yofis, tradiciebis, religiis, ganaTlebis sakiTxebze...<br />
naSromi qronologiurad XVIII s-is meore naxevridan XX<br />
saukunis 20-ian wlebamde periods moicavs (Давид И., 1989).<br />
qarTvel ebraelTa da qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobebis<br />
istoriiis araerTi aspeqtia gaanalizebuli e. mamisTvalis-<br />
Svilis monografiaSi - @qarTvel ebraelTa istoria#. gansakuTrebiT<br />
sayuradReboa sxvadasxva ebrauli Temis, maTi<br />
dasaxlebisa da gansaxlebis istoria, qarTvel ebraelTa<br />
gvarsaxelebi, ebraelTa saqmianoba, migraciuli procesebi.<br />
avtori ganixilavs im faqtorebs, romelTa gamo ebraelebi<br />
tovebdnen pirvelsacxovriss da saxldebodnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sxvadasxva qalaqSi: TbilisSi, baTumSi, quTaisSi da<br />
sxva. aq isini qmnidnen kompaqtur dasaxlebebs, calkeuli<br />
ubnebis saxiT. aRniSnuli monografia moicavs sakmaod<br />
xangrZliv periods, ebraelebis saqarTveloSi pirveli gamoCenidan,<br />
XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde (mamisTvaliSvili e.,<br />
1995).<br />
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos T. ivelaSvilisa da T.<br />
cagareiSvilis monografia qarTvel-ebraelTa yofisa da<br />
kulturis Sesaxeb - @gvixmobs mamuli mama-papaTa#. naSromSi<br />
naCvenebia qarTul garemoSi ebraelTa damkvidrebis<br />
138
Taviseburebebi. masSi qarTveli ebraeli warmoCenilia, rogorc<br />
ori eris mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis saintereso modeli.<br />
avtorTa daskvnebi damyarebulia mdidar eTnografiul<br />
masalaze, rac zrdis gamokvlevis samecniero Rirebulebas<br />
(ivelaSvili T., 1995).<br />
qarTvel ebraelTa gvarsaxelebis, samzareulos Seswavlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania i. gagulaSvilis sami<br />
naSromi -@@ebraul sakuTar saxelTa mcire leqsikoni#,<br />
@qarTvel ebraelTa gvarebis leqsikoni# da @qarTvel ebraelTa<br />
samzareulo# (gagulaSvili, 1998).<br />
ebraelTa materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb mdidari masala<br />
aris daculi S. bostanaSvilis naSromSi - @sinagogebisa<br />
da ebrauli sasaflaoebis arqiteqtura saqarTveloSi#<br />
(bostanaSvili S., 1998).<br />
1921-194 wlebSi saqarTveloSi ebraelTa saqmianobis<br />
Sesaxeb saintereso daskvnebi da mdidari saarqivo masala<br />
gvxvdeba S. vadaWkorias wignSi - @ebraelTa sakiTxi da<br />
qarTuli sinamdvile (1921-1940)# (vadaWkoria S., 2005).<br />
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mcxovreb ebraelTa wes-<br />
Cveulebebi ganxilulia israelSi gamocemul sxvadasxva<br />
avtorTa SromebSi: i. zaleri, x. donini, S. vagSali, g. di-<br />
Ceri, i. teluSkini, b. grinbergi da sxva, romlebic did<br />
daxmarebas gviweven Cvens sakvlev regionSi mcxovreb ebraelebTan,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, evropel ebraelebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
tradiciuli kulturis mTeli rigi aspeqtebis garkvevaSi<br />
(Залер И., 1977; Донин Х., 1990, Вагшал Ш.,1990; Дичер Г.,<br />
1994; Телушкин Й., 1999; Гринберг Б., 2000).<br />
ebraelTa eTnoreligiuri struqturis dadgenaSi sayuradReboa<br />
d. zaslavskis, m. ixilovis, j. rozenbergis, m.<br />
alsbuleris, n. draganis, i. krupnikis Sromebi (Заславский Д.,<br />
1932; Ихилов М.,1950, Rothenberg J., 1971; Altsbuler M., 1998; Daragan<br />
N., 1998; Крупник И.,1998 ).<br />
qarTvel ebraelTa istoriisa da eTnologiis sxvadasxva<br />
sakiTxze daculi iqna sakandidato disertaciebi:<br />
qarTveli ebraelebis yofa da kultura (kvebis sistema -<br />
z. jinjixaSvili), qarTvel ebraelTa yofa da kultura<br />
(l. magali), axalcixel ebraelTa tradiciuli yofa (c.<br />
mesxiSvili), qarTvel ebraelTa socialur-ekonomikuri da<br />
139
kulturuli mdgomareoba 1921-1940 wlebSi (q. abulaZe),<br />
qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobani qarTuli presis mixedviT<br />
(XIX s. meore naxevarSi- XX s. dasawyisi - S. wiwuaSvili),<br />
qarTvel ebraelTa tradiculi saojaxo yofa da sulieri<br />
kultura (raWis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT - q.<br />
SoSiaSvili), ebraul-qarTuli urTierTobebis istoria Zv.<br />
w. aR. VI s-dan ax. w. aR-is IV s-mde (d. CoCiSvili); ebrauli<br />
diaspora <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SavizRvispireTSi: aWara (kulturologiuri<br />
da istoriul – eTnografiuli Taviseburebani -<br />
m. loria)... (jinjixaSvili z., 1990; magal-maRalaSvili l.,<br />
1993; mesxiSvili c., 1998; abulaZe q., 2000; wiwuaSvili S.,<br />
2001; SoSiaSvili q.,^ 2002; CoCiSvili d., 2003; loria m.,<br />
2005).<br />
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi ebraelTa<br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli da kulturologiuri<br />
Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb XIX saukunidan dawyebuli araer-<br />
Ti saintereso naSromi daibeWda. qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobebis<br />
kvleva erTnairad saintereso iyo da aris<br />
rogorc qarTuli, ise ebrauli samecniero wreebisaTvis.<br />
yovelive es ufro mravalferovans xdis am ori eris<br />
Tanacxovrebis istoriul palitras da xels uwyobs qar-<br />
Tul-ebrauli urTierTobebis gamtkicebas.<br />
Манучар Лория<br />
Из истории историко-этнографических<br />
исследований евреев Грузии<br />
Резюме<br />
Начиная с XIX века, о евреях Грузии было издано немало интересных<br />
трудов (З. Чичинадзе, Р. Тавдишвили, И. Давиди, Э. Мамиствилишвили,<br />
Т. Ивелашвили, Т. Цагареешвили, И. Гагулашвили) и были защищены<br />
кандидатские диссертации (З. Джинджихашвили, Л. Магал-<br />
Магалашвили, К. Абуладзе, Ш. Цицуашвили, К. Шошиашвили, М.<br />
Лория). Изучение грузино-еврейских взаимоотношений представляет<br />
интерес как для грузинских, так и для научных кругов Израеля. Всё это<br />
140
делает историческую палитру совместного проживания более многообразной<br />
и содействует улучшению грузино-еврейских отношений.<br />
Manuchar Loria<br />
From the history of Georgian-Jewish<br />
Historical-ethnographic research<br />
Summary<br />
About Georgian Jews many interesting works have been published from<br />
XIX century (Z. Chichinadze, R.Tavdishvili, I.Davidi, E. Amistvalishvili,<br />
T.Ivelashvili, T. Tsagareishvili, I.Gagulashvili) and Ph.D.thesis have been<br />
maintained too ( Z. Jinjikhashvili, L.Magalashvili, Q. Abuladze, Sh.Tsitsuashvili,<br />
Q.Shoshiashvili, M.Loria). Research on Georgian- Jewish relations<br />
was and still is interesting as for Georgian, as for Jewish scientific fields.<br />
This makes much more diverse historical palette of these two nations and<br />
strengthens Georgian-Jewish relations.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. abulaZe q., qarTvel ebraelTa socialur-ekonomikuri da<br />
kulturuli mdgomareoba 1921-1940 wlebSi,^ sakandidato sadisertacio<br />
naSromi,^ xelnaweris uflebiT, Tbilisi, 2000.<br />
2. bostanaSvili S. sinagogebisa da ebrauli sasaflaoebis<br />
arqiteqtura saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1998.<br />
3. gagulaSvili i. ebraul sakuTar saxelTa mcire leqsikoni,<br />
Tbilisi, 1998.<br />
4. gagulaSvili i. qarTvel ebraelTa gvarebis leqsikoni, Tbilisi,^1998.<br />
5. TavdiSvili r. eTnografiuli narkvevi quTaisel ebraelTa<br />
Zveli yofa-cxovrebidan, Tbilisi, 1940.<br />
6. vadaWkoria S. ebraelTa sakiTxi da qarTuli sinamdvile (1921-<br />
1940), Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
7. ivelaSvili T. cagareiSvili T. gvixmobs mamuli mama-papaTa<br />
(eZRvneba israelSi wasul qarTvel ebraelebs da maT STamomavlobas),<br />
Tbilisi, 1995.<br />
141
8. loria m. ebrauli diaspora <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SavizRvispireTSi:<br />
aWara (kulturologiuri da istoriul - eTnografiuli Taviseburebani),<br />
sakandidato sadisertacio naSromi,^ xelnaweris<br />
uflebiT, Tbilisi, 2005.<br />
9. magal-maRalaSvili l. qarTvel ebraelTa yofa da kultura,<br />
sakandidato sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT,<br />
Tbilisi,^1993.<br />
10. mamisTvaliSvili e. qarTvel ebraelTa istoria, Tbilisi,<br />
1995.<br />
11. mesxiSvili c. axalcixel ebraelTa tradiciuli yofa, sakandidato<br />
sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT, Tbilisi,<br />
1998<br />
12. papismedovi i. TviTnaswavli mxatvari S. kobiaSvili da misi<br />
Semoqmedeba. - <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli<br />
muzeumis Sromebi ,II,^ Tbilisi,^ 1941.<br />
13. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis<br />
Sromebi, Tbillisi, 1940, 1941, 1945.<br />
14. SoSiaSvili q. qarTvel ebraelTa tradiculi saocaxo yofa<br />
da sulieri kultura (raWis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT),^sakandidato<br />
sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT,^Tbilisi^<br />
2002.<br />
15. qarTvel ebraelTa samzareulo: eTnografiuli masalebi /<br />
Sekriba, daamuSava...ilia gagulaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1998<br />
16. CoCiSvili d. ebraul-qarTuli urTierTCobebis istoria Zv. w.<br />
aR. VI s-dan ax. w. aR-is IV s-mde ,sakandidato sadisertacio<br />
naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT, Tbilisi, 12003.<br />
17. cagareiSvili T. akad. giorgi Citaia da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa<br />
istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi (mecnieris arqividan).-<br />
d. baazovis sax. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa istoriuleTnografiuli<br />
muzeumis Sromebi,^ IV, Tbilisi^ 2006.^<br />
18. WiWinaZe z. qarTveli ebraelebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />
19. wiwuaSvili S. qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobani qarTuli presis<br />
mixedviT (XIX s. meore naxevarSi- XX s. dasawyisi), sakandidato<br />
sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris uflebiT, Tbilisi,<br />
2001.<br />
20. wiwuaSvili S. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli<br />
muzeumi (1933-1951 ww.).- d. baazovis sax. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, IV,<br />
Tbilisi, 2006.<br />
21. jinjixaSvili z. qarTveli ebraelebis yofa da kultura (kvebis<br />
sistema)^ sakandidato sadisertacio naSromi, xelnaweris<br />
uflebiT, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />
22. Гринберг Б. Традиционный Еврейский Дом, Иерусалим, 2000.<br />
142
23. Давид И. История евреев на Кавказе, I-II, Тель-Авив, 1989.<br />
24. Дичер Г., Пастернак Ш. Бар-Мицва, Иерусалим, 1994.<br />
25. Донин Х. Быть евреем, Иерусалим, 1990.<br />
26. Вагшал Ш. Еврейское воспитание, Иерусалим, 1990.<br />
27. Залер И. Основы законоположения правила и обычаи, I, Иерусалим, 1977.<br />
28. Заславский Д. Евреи В СССР, Москва, 1932.<br />
29. Ихилов М. Большая Семья и Патронимия у Горских Евреев.- СЭ, ~1,<br />
Москва- Ленинград, 1950.<br />
30. Крупник И. «ЛАХЛУХИ» - Курдистанские Евреи В СССР. - СЭ, ~12,<br />
Москва, 1998.<br />
31. Телушкин Й. Еврейский мир, Иерусалим, 1999.<br />
32. Altsbuler M. Synagogues and Rabbis in the Soviet Union in the Light of<br />
Statistics, 1953-1964.– Jews in eastern Europe, vol. 35, No 1, 1998.<br />
33. Daragan N. Soviet Ethnography and the «Jewish Question». – Jews in eastern<br />
Europe, vol. 35, No 1 1998.<br />
34. Rothenberg J. the Jewish Religion in the Soviet Union, New York, 1971.<br />
143
144<br />
ineza zoiZe<br />
aWaris materialuri kultura osmalTa<br />
batonobis periodSi<br />
osmalTa samsaukunovani batonobisa da islamis ZaldatanebiTi<br />
gavrcelebis pirobebSi aWaris mosaxleobam ZiriTadad<br />
SeinarCuna erovnuli Rirebulebebi, zne-Cveulebebi<br />
da rac mTavaria, am batonobis periodSic ar gauwyvetia<br />
aWaras sulieri kavSiri dedasamSoblosTan. magram,<br />
ucxo reJimma islamis religiis damkvidrebiT garkveuli<br />
zegavlena mainc moaxdina mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebaze. es<br />
zegavlena aisaxa yofis sxvadasxva mxareebze, maT Soris<br />
materialur da sulier kulturaze.<br />
osmalebma aWaraSi TavianTi Zalauflebis damyarebisa<br />
da islamis gavrcelebis mizniT daiwyes eklesia-monastrebis<br />
ngreva da maT nacvlad am qristianul sakulto<br />
nangrevebze meCeTebis ageba. erT-erT aseT faqts imowmebs<br />
g. yazbegi. igi miuTiTebda, rom qristianuli eklesiis<br />
saZirkvelze iyo aSenebuli meCeTi xulos centrSi, zemo<br />
aWaris mmarTvelis Serif ximSiaSvilis rezidenciasTan<br />
axlos (yazbegi g. 1995: 37) meCeTebis mSeneblobaSi iyenebdnen<br />
xis an qvis naeklesiar masalas. rig SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
qristianul sakulto Senobasac interierSi umniSvnelo<br />
cvlilebebiT pirdapir meCeTebad aqcevdnen. es eTnografiuli<br />
masalebiTac naTlad Cans. sofel axoSi (qedis<br />
raioni) mcxovreb xandazmul mamakacebs winaparTa gadmocemiT<br />
axsovT, rom muslimanobis miRebis Semdegac axoelebi<br />
didxans loculobdnen eklesiaSi, romelic gaTavisuflebuli<br />
iyo qristianuli jvrebisagan. zogjer xdeboda<br />
jvrebis SeniRbva, misi gamrudebuli saxiT gamosaxva. xSirad<br />
ingreoda eklesiebi da xdeboda misi masalis jameebis<br />
mSenebloblobaze gamoyeneba. meCeTi Sinagani dagegmarebiT<br />
sruliad gansxvavdeba qristianuli samlocvelo taZrisagan.<br />
konstruqciulad igi oTxkuTxa Senobaa, romelsac<br />
zemodan amSvenebs samreklos msgavsi koSki anu “minareTi”,<br />
saidanac xoja morwmuneebs locvis dawyebis dros<br />
amcnobs. Senobis SigniT, salocavi darbazis <strong>samxreT</strong>isaken
mimarTul kedelSi moTavsebulia mihrabi anu mTavari salocavi<br />
(.varSalomiZe j.1979: 86) arabeTSi centralur da<br />
did jameebs ori an meti minareTi hqonda. aseTia qalaq<br />
meqaSi agebuli centraluri jame, romelsac Svidi minareTi<br />
aqvs. aWaraSi agebul meCeTebs mxolod erTi minareTi<br />
hqonda. soflis meCeTebs Soris yvelaze didi xulos raionis<br />
sofel Rorjomis meCeTia, sadac osmalTa batonobis<br />
damkvidrebis Semdeg TurqeTidan sagangebod iyvnen movlenili<br />
xojebi. maT evalebodaT islamis sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisaTvis<br />
zrunva (i. abaSiZe, aWaris sax. muzeumis<br />
xelnawerTa fondi, #3.67)<br />
osmaleTis mTavrobis moxelis udieri moqmedeba pirvel<br />
rigSi aRSfoTebas iwvevda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi.<br />
xalxi dampyroblebs upirispirdeboda da ar aZlevda<br />
eklsiebis ganadgurebisa da jameebis mSeneblobis saSualebas.<br />
TurqeTis mTavroba iZulebuli Seiqmna daTmobaze<br />
wasuliyo. garkveuli periodiT SeaCeres eklesia-monastrebis<br />
ngreva da maT gverdiT daiwyes jameebis ageba. dro-<br />
Ta viTarebaSi ki umoqmedod darCenili eklesiis saamSeneblo<br />
masalebi gadmohqondaT jameebze. magaliTad, sofel<br />
axos (qedis raioni) jameze gamoyenebuli iyo aqauri eklesiis<br />
CuqurTmiani karebi (kaxiZe n. 2004:50).<br />
konkretuli cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wels aigo<br />
aWaraSi pirveli meCeTi, ar mogvepoveba. z. WiWinaZis cnobiT,<br />
romelic aWaraSi mogzaurobis dros sofel zvareSi<br />
(qedis raioni) selim aRa iSioRlis, TurmaniZisa da sxva<br />
aWarel mahmadianTagan Cauweria, pirveli meCeTi osmalebs<br />
sofel ergeSi auSenebiaT. mosaxleobac pirvelad aq<br />
gamuslimanebula. meore meCeTi augiaT sofel orcvaSi,<br />
mesame – sofel merisSi. Semdgom jame-meCeTebis mSenebloba<br />
Suaxevisa da xulos soflebSi dauwyiaT, rasac mosaxleobis<br />
didi winaaRmdegoba mohyolia (WiWinaZe z. 2004:85).<br />
osmalo dampyroblebma aWaris mosaxleobis Seupovari<br />
winaaRmdegobis gamo ver SeZles aq erTdroulad qristianuli<br />
religiis aRmofxvra da muslimanuri religiis<br />
damkvidreba. amitomac pirvel etapze aWaraSi jame-meCe-<br />
Tebis ricxvi arc Tu ise didi iyo. mxolod TanzimaTis<br />
periodSi daCqarda maTi mSenebloba. intensiuri xasiaTi<br />
ki man XIX saukunis 50-70-ian wlebSi anu aWaraSi osmalTa<br />
145
atonobis dasasrulis wina meoTxedSi miiRo. isini aWara-<br />
Si islamis mTavar ideologiur dasayrden centrebad iqca.<br />
1873 wlis monacemebiT aWaraSi daaxloebiT 139 meCeTi iyo.<br />
aqedan baTumis okrugSi iyo 24 meCeTi, Curuqsus okrugSi<br />
– 17, zemo aWaris okrugSi – 39, maWaxlis okrugSi – 29.<br />
(ИКОИРГО, т. II, 1873) uSualod qalaq baTumSi sami meCeTi<br />
arsebobda. pirveli iyo “azizeis jame”, romelsac xSirad<br />
sulTan jamesac uwodebdnen. igi qalaqis mTavar, azizies<br />
moedanze mdebareobda (dRevandeli Tavisuflebis moedani).<br />
gadmocemiT, es jame sulTan abdul mejids (1839-1861 ww.)<br />
auSenebia dedis TxovniT maSin baTumSi dabanakebuli<br />
Turqi jariskacebisaTvis. meore jame iyo “orTa jame” anu<br />
Sua jame, romelic mdebareobda Turqul bazarSi da xisagan<br />
yofila aSenebuli. james XIX s. 90-ian wlebSi xanZari<br />
gaCenia da damwvara. amis Semdeg am adgilas aages qvis<br />
meCeTi, romelic mouxatavs laz murad ustas. Tavdapirvelad<br />
james minareTi ar hqonda. saxelwodeba momdinareobs<br />
iqidan, rom igi “azizies” jamesa da “baS-james”<br />
Soris mdebareobda. “orTa jame” qalaq baTumSi dRes moqmedi<br />
muslimanTa mTavari samlocveloa. Mmesame jame iyo<br />
axmed-faSa ximSiaSvilis jame, anu igive “baS-jame”, romelic<br />
arsebobda 1892 wlamde. igi mdebareobda axlandeli<br />
jorjiaSvilis quCis dasawyisSi baTumis meCeTebze mzrunvelobas<br />
agrZelebda ruseTis mTavrobac, Tumca, maTze<br />
TurqeTis mTavrobac ar kargavda interess. es naTlad Cans<br />
baTumis samxedro gubernatorisadmi kavkasiis mTavarmar-<br />
Teblis 1904 wlis 28 oqtombris mimarTvaSi, saidanac irkveva,<br />
rom TurqeTis elCma peterburgSi Txovna gaugzavna<br />
ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros qalaq baTumSi “azizies<br />
meCeTis” materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis<br />
Sesaxeb, TurqeTis elCis Txovna garkveulwilad gaiTvaliswina<br />
ruseTis mTavrobam (aWaris csa, fondi i-6, aRwera<br />
I, saq. 238, f. 38).<br />
XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebis monacemebiT qalaq baTumSi<br />
arsebuli meCeTebi Setanili iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ZeglTa dacvis<br />
sagangebo siaSi (suicsa, fondi 284, aRwera I, saqme 216,<br />
fondi 9).<br />
marTalia, osmalTa batonobis dros aWaraSi materialuri<br />
kulturis ZeglTa Soris mTavari adgili meCeTebs<br />
146
ekava, magram maTi mSeneblebi da meCuqurTmeebi isev adgilobrivi<br />
_ qarTveli, kerZod ki lazi da aWareli<br />
ostatebi iyvnen, romlebic meCeTebis mSeneblobaSi qarTul<br />
saxlTmSeneblobis tradiciebs iyenebdnen. amiTac aixsneba<br />
is garemoeba, rom muslimanur sakulto nagebobaTa dekoraciaSi<br />
ikiTxeba qarTuli ornamentiT Semkulobis tradicia<br />
(kaxiZe n. 2004: 49). maze XIX saukunis mogzaur-mkvlevrebic<br />
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. rusma arqiteqtorma,<br />
akademikosma pavlinovma, romelic XIX saukunis bolos<br />
mogzaurobda <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi, moinaxula<br />
da aRwera rogorc qristianuli, aseve muslimanuri sakulto<br />
nagebobani, SeniSna meCeTebis interieris Semkulobis<br />
msgavsebaze eklesiis ornamentis elementebTan (Павлинов А.<br />
1893, T. 761).<br />
meCeTebi umetesad xisagan Sendeboda, maTi mSeneblobiT<br />
lazebi gamoirCeodnen rogorc xis damuSavebis profesionali<br />
ostatebi. amaze vaxuSti batoniSvilic miuTiTebda:<br />
“lazebi kacni arian xelovanni xis muSakobiTa” (vaxuSti,<br />
1941:114)<br />
jameebis mSeneblobisas daculi iyo mTeli rigi savaldebulo<br />
wesebi. kerZod, james garSemoweriloba oTxkuTxa,<br />
xSirad kvadratuli formis unda yofiliyo. mtkiced<br />
ganisazRvreboda jamis aivnis orientacia da igi yovelTvis<br />
CrdiloeTiT eqceoda. james interierSi Sesvlisas<br />
morwmune pirdapir <strong>samxreT</strong>isaken, muslimanuri wminda<br />
adgilisaken, – meqasaken unda yofiliyo mimarTuli (varSalomiZe<br />
j. 1979: 86) jame formis, zomis an gadaxurvis wesis<br />
mixedviT xSirad ar gansxvavdeboda sacxovrebeli nagebobisagan<br />
da garegnuli formiTac yuradRebas ar iqcevda.<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki soflis meCeTebi, romelTa umetes nawilis<br />
ar hqonda muslimanuri sakulto ZeglebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
komponenti minara (minareTi) (varSalomiZe j.<br />
1975:66) interieris SemkulobiT ki isini namdvil xuroTmoZRvrul<br />
nimuSebs ganekuTvneba. tradiciulad ostati,<br />
romelic meCeTs aSenebda, mis SesasvlelTan an sxva adgilas,<br />
gareT Tu SigniT amotvifravda warweras, sadac miTi-<br />
Tebuli iyo mSenebelis saxeli da aSenebis dro. warwerebi<br />
umetesad arabul enaze sruldeboda, miuxedavd imisa, rom<br />
mSeneblebi umetesad qarTvelebi iyvnen. sailustraciod<br />
147
moviyvanT Suaxevis raionis sofel dRvanis james, romlis<br />
aRmosavleT kedelze gamosaxulia qarTuli CuqurTma,<br />
qvemoT ki amoikiTxeba arabuli warwera, romelic Semdegi<br />
Sinaarsisaa: “davamTavre da vTqvi madloba, Tu SecdomiT<br />
Sevasrule, mapatie, xelobis Semsrulebeli ibraim efendi<br />
SavSeTeli, 1908 w.” rogorc xandazmuli mTxroblebi miu-<br />
TiTeben, es meCeTi agebulia lazi ostatis mier (varSalomiZe<br />
j. 1976:105). qristianul sakulto nagebobaTa dekoratiuli<br />
Taviseburebebis gagrZelebaa jameebze vazis gamosaxva,<br />
romelic ZirZveli qarTuli tradiciebis _ vazis<br />
kultisadmi xarkis gaRebis, misi Tayvaniscemis maniSnebelia.<br />
qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis tradiciuli iyo<br />
ornamentSi jvrebis gamosaxva, rasac sastikad krZalavda<br />
muslimanuri religia. amitomac qarTveli xelosnebi jvars<br />
stilizebur formaSi, SeniRbulad gamosaxavdnen, rac<br />
ornaments ufro rTul saxes aZlevda. magaliTad, sofel<br />
Rorjomis jamis karebze gamosaxulia jvari, romelic<br />
kvadratSia Casmuli da diagonalurad, iqsiseburad aris<br />
warmodgenili. amitomac erTi SexedviT Znelia amgvar ornamentSi<br />
jvris aRqma (varSalomiZe j. 1976:66). jvris SeniRbuli<br />
formis gamosaxvis sxva magaliTebic aris cnobili.<br />
magaliTad, sofel xinos jamis minbaris kedlis SemkulobaSi<br />
wreebi Tokiseburi grexilicaa da maTi urTierTgadakveTis<br />
are mcire wriTaa dafaruli, romelSic jvaria<br />
gamosaxuli. es ise moxerxebulad aris gadawyvetili, rom<br />
TiTqos jvari ki ara wreebis ubralo gadakveTa iyos.<br />
muslimanuri kanonmdeblobebiT akrZaluli iyo meCeTis<br />
CuqurTmaSi cocxali arsebis, gansakuTrebiT adamianis<br />
figuris amokveTa. religiuri zegavlena SeimCneoda ara<br />
marto sakulto nagebobebis CuqurTmaze, aramed saojaxo<br />
moxmarebis sagnebzec. ase, magaliTad, sofel lomanaurSi<br />
(Suaxevis raioni) e.o. qamadaZis ojaxSi fiqsirebulia skivri,<br />
romelic ojaxis wevrTa monaTxrobiT saukunenaxevrisaa.<br />
skivris wina xedi mTlianad moCuqurTmebulia. CuqurTmaSi<br />
yuradRebas ipyrobs xe-kacis gamosaxuleba.<br />
rogorc irkveva, adamianis figura stilizebul formaSi<br />
mcenaris saxiT aris warmodgenili (varSalomiZe j.1976:109).<br />
irkveva rom meCeTebis ornamentaciaSi umetesad mcenareuli<br />
saxeebi figurirebda, amis Sesaxeb miTiTebebs yuranSic<br />
148
vxvdebiT. masSi didi yuradReba eTmoba egzotikur da<br />
xileul mcenareTa walkotebs, ciur mnaTobebs, moCuxCuxe<br />
nakadulebs, rac miwier cxovrebaSi adamianebis samoTxis<br />
warmosaxviT gagebas uyalebebs (yurani, 1906, 127).<br />
islamis zegavlena SedarebiT naklebi da SeumCneveli<br />
iyo aWaris mosaxleobis sacxovrebel da sameurneo nagebobaTa<br />
mSeneblobaSi. gamonakliss Seadgens mSeneblobas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli zogierTi wes-Cveuleba.<br />
aWaraSi saxlis aSenebis dawyebis dRed dawesebuli iyo<br />
kvira, rasac informatorebi xsnian imiT, rom samyaros<br />
arseboba am dRidan iwyeba. es muslimanuri religiis zegavlenad<br />
unda CaiTvalos, ramdenadac qristianuli religiis<br />
mixedviT kvira dRe uqmed aris gamocxadebuli da<br />
am dRes umniSvnelo saqmis keTebac ki codvad iTvleba.<br />
kvira dRes aseTi mniSvnelovani saqmis wamowyeba, rogoricaa<br />
saxlis mSenebloba, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> arc erT kuTxeSi<br />
ar dasturdeba. (aWaris x. axvledianis sax. saxelmwifo<br />
muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi, #141, f.13.)<br />
muslimanuri religiis zegavleniT aWaraSi sacxovrebeli<br />
saxlis kompleqss emateba erTi komponenti – “abdesxana”,<br />
anu xel-fexis dasabani adgili ojaxis wevrTaTvis,<br />
romelic sruldeba muslimanuri locvis win muslimanuri<br />
sarwmunoebis Tanaxmad mlocvelebs locvis win unda<br />
daebanaT xel-piri da am daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda<br />
“abdesxana” romelic saxlis aivanze iyo mowyobili.<br />
qarTuli enis aWarulma dialeqtma Turqulisagan Sei-<br />
Zina ZiriTadad muslimanur-religiuri kultis amsaxveli<br />
terminebi, romlebic TviT TurqulSi arabuli enidan<br />
damkvidrda, radganac muslimanuri sarwmunoebrivi dogmebi<br />
arabeTSi aRmocenda da arabul enaze daiwera (niJaraZe S.<br />
1971:60). muslimanuri religiis gavleniT Semodis da<br />
mkvidrdeba aseve saxlis calkeul nawilebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
ucxo saxelwodebani. esenia: iazloRi, meidanoda,<br />
muTvaRi, musandara, merdivani. iazloRi derefnis aRmniSvnelia,<br />
meidanoda – sastumro oTaxisa, musandara – bargis<br />
Sesanaxi saTavsosi, merdivani – kibisa. muTvaRi ki is oTaxi<br />
iyo, qvis buxriT, sadac kerZebi mzaddeboda da saZinebladac<br />
gamoiyeneboda. (,miqelaZe j1982, 60).<br />
149
qarTuli ornamentiT iyo Semkuli saxlis karisa da<br />
interieris svetebi, sastumro oTaxis Weri, saxuravis bolo<br />
arSia, aivnebi. uZvelesi qarTuli sacxovrebeli saxlis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi komponenti iyo buxari, roimelic<br />
Senobis mTavar kedelTan Sendeboda. buxari aWaraSi TiTqmis<br />
yvela sacxovrebel saxls gaaCnda. mas gansakuTrebuli<br />
sakulto daniSnulebac hqonda. buxari Sendeboda specialurad<br />
mowveuli ostatebis mier, buxars umetesad amSvenebda<br />
geometriuli da mcenareuli figurebi, romlebic<br />
islamisaTvis, rogorc aRvniSneT, SedarebiT miRebuli iyo.<br />
xSirad buxris dafaze amokveTili iyo arabuli locvis<br />
teqsti, romelic islamis gavlenaze miuTiTebs, magram amas<br />
arc Tu ise xSiri xasiaTi hqonda.<br />
Amrigad, osmalTa batonobis xanaSi islamma garkveuli<br />
zegavlena moaxdina aWaris mosaxleobis materialur<br />
kulturaze. qristianuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebis-eklesiebis<br />
umetesi nawili Caanacvla meCeTebma, romlebic<br />
osmaleTis xelisuflebis mTavar ideologiur dasayrdens<br />
warmoadgenda. Tumca maTi mSeneblebi da meCuqurTmeebi,<br />
metwilad adgilobrivi qarTveli – lazi da aWareli<br />
ostatebi iyvnen, romlebic meCeTebis SemkulobaSi qar-<br />
Tuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel tradiciebs<br />
iyenebdnen. amitomac meCeTebi ganixileba rogorc qarTuli<br />
saxlTmcodneobis tradiciebze aRmocenebuli fenomeni,<br />
rogorc konstruqciuli, ise moCuqurTmebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
islamisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi SeimCneoda<br />
sacxovrebeli saxlis konstruqciaSi. ufro metad ki es<br />
gavlena aisaxa saxlis Semadgeneli nawilebis saxelwodebebSi.<br />
150
Инеза Зоидзе<br />
материальная культура Аджарии в период<br />
османского господства<br />
Резюме<br />
В период османского господства ислам оказал определенное влияние<br />
на материальную культуру Аджарии. Большая часть памятников<br />
христианской материальной культуры была заменена мечетями,<br />
которые представляли собой важнейшую идеологическую опору<br />
османской власти. Следует отметить, что их строителелями большей<br />
частью были местные жители лазы и аджарцы. Возводя мечети, украшая<br />
их орнаментами, ониб используя традиции грузинского зодчества,<br />
выражали в стилизованной форме христианские символы.<br />
Таким образом, мечети как с конструктивной, так и с орнаментационной<br />
точки зрения могут быть рассмотрены как феномены, отражающие<br />
традиции грузинской архитектуры.<br />
Наряду с этим заметно использование характерных исламских<br />
элементов в конструкциях жилых зданий местных жителей, хотя в<br />
большей мере это влияние выразилось в наименованиях составных<br />
частей жилищ.<br />
Zoidze Ineza<br />
Influence of Islam at Material Culture of Adjara in the period of<br />
Osmans’ Dominance<br />
Summary<br />
Islam partially influenced at material culture of Adjarian population<br />
during domination of Osmans. The most parts of Christian material cultural<br />
monuments were interchanged by mosques, which were main ideological<br />
base for Osmanly authority. But their constructors and engravers were<br />
Georgians – Lazian and Adjarian masters basically, who used traditions<br />
characteristic for Georgian architecture.<br />
that is why , the Georgian mosque are considered to be phenomenal,<br />
created from the traditions of Georgian house building as constructional, as<br />
ornamental point of view.<br />
151
the usage of Islam’s characteristic elements in construction of dwellingplace<br />
were also observed. Furthermore, this influence was reflected at the<br />
names of the consisted parts of the house<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. abaSiZe i. jame, aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi,<br />
#3<br />
2. aWaris a/r csa, fondi p-1, aRw. 3. saq. 54, f.5<br />
3. vaxuSti aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a, Tb., 1941<br />
4. varSalomiZe j. xeze kveTilobis xalxuri tradiciebi qvemo<br />
aWaraSi, <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> yofa da kultura,<br />
VII, Tb., 1979<br />
5. kaxiZe n.xelosnoba <strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi, baTumi,<br />
2004<br />
6. miqelaZe j. sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi aWaraSi,<br />
baTumi, 1982<br />
7. nikolaiSvili W.aWaruli saxlis tipebi.asmxf#141f. 13<br />
8. yazbegi g. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1995<br />
9. yurani (qarTuli Targmani), tf., 1906<br />
10. WiWinaZe z. qarTvelTa gamuslimeba, Tb., 2004<br />
11. ИКОИРГО, Тифлис, 1873<br />
152
153<br />
oTar TurmaniZe<br />
politikuri represiebi saqarTveloSi<br />
samamulo omis wlebSi (1941-1945)<br />
1945)<br />
1941-1945 wlebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam axali politikuri<br />
represiebi ganaxorciela, romelic atarebda globalur<br />
xasiaTs ssr kavSiris masStabiT. 1941-1945 wlebSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli represiebidan umZimesi iyo mosaxleobis<br />
iZulebiTi gasaxleba Sua aziaSi, yazaxeTSi, cimbirsa da<br />
Soreul aRmosavleTSi. sabWoTa xelisuflebam mosaxleobis<br />
deportacia ganaxorciela saxelmwifo uSiSroebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis mizniT. Tumca amis realuri safuZveli<br />
ar arsebobda, amiT uxeSad dairRva adamianis uflebebi,<br />
rasac iTvaliswinebda ssr kavSirisa da mokavSire respublikebis<br />
konstituciebi, sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebi.<br />
umaRlesi politikuri xelmZRvanelobis davalebiT<br />
represiebi ganaxorcieles ssr kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministroebma. jer kidev 1941<br />
wlis agvistoSi ssr kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi<br />
Seiqmna specgasaxlebis ganyofileba, sadac detalurad<br />
damuSavda mosaxleobis deportaciis instruqciebi,<br />
wesebi da meTodebi.Mmosaxleobis iZulebiTi gasaxleba Catarda<br />
autanel pirobebSi, ris Sedegad udanaSaulo adamianebma<br />
udidesi tanjva-wvaleba gadaitanes da maTi mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili daiRupa.<br />
mosaxleobis iZulebiTi gasaxleba daiwyo ssr kavSirze<br />
faSisturi germaniis Tavdasxmis Semdeg. 1941 wels gaauqmes<br />
germanelTa avtonomiuri respublika volgispireT-<br />
Si da imave wlis SemodgomisTvis yazaxeTSi, uzbekeTSi,<br />
yirgizeTsa da Soreul aRmosavleTis mxareSi gaasaxles<br />
446 aTasi germaneli, xolo 1942 wlis damlevs maTi<br />
ricxvi 1,2 milionamde gaizarda. 1943-1944 wlebSi Crdilo<br />
kavkasiidan gaasaxles yaraCaelebi, yalmuxebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi,<br />
balyarebi, yabardoelebi, xolo yirimidan TaTrebi.<br />
mosaxleobis iZulebiT gasaxlebas sxva qveynebSic<br />
hqonda adgili. aSS-is prezidentis franklin ruzveltis<br />
1942 wlis 19 Tebervlis dekretiT qveynis SigniT gaasax-
les iaponelebi. isini Caasaxles e. w. ,,rezervaltis” zonebSi.<br />
1944-1945 wlebSi poloneTidan, slovakiidan, CexeTidan,<br />
daniidan qveynis farglebs gareT gaasaxles iq<br />
mcxovrebi germanelebi da ungrelebi.<br />
saqarTvelodan germanelebis iZulebiT gasaxlebis<br />
Sesaxeb ssr kavSiris Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetma<br />
dadgenileba miiRo 1941 wlis 8 oqtombers da igi Catarda<br />
15 dReSi – 15-dan 30 oqtombramde.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi mosaxleobis<br />
gasaxlebis Sesaxeb arcerTi sityva araris naTqvami.<br />
iq laparakia droebiTi gasaxlebis Sesaxeb. konkretulad,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 34-e muxlSi<br />
naTqvamia: saqarTvelodan adamianebis gaZeveba, an im adgilas<br />
cxovrebis akrZalva xdeba droebiT 1-dan 3-mde, an<br />
3-dan 10 wlamde vadiT sasamarTlo ganaCeniT (7. 14-15).<br />
magram sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis am moTxovnas yurad-<br />
Rebas aravn aqcevda. igi daviwyebas eZleoda. 1941 wels<br />
saqarTvelodan yazaxeTSi gaasaxles 19186 germaneli anu<br />
5226 ojaxi, maT Soris aWaridan iyo 6 ojaxi, Tbilisidan-<br />
1549, afxazeTidan-261, samaCablodan-12, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> danar-<br />
Ceni raionebidan - 3398 ojaxi. (Отлэн С. В. 1998, 20;6.244).<br />
omis wlebSi mosaxleobis iZulebiT ayra-gasaxlebas<br />
permanentuli xasiaTi hqonda. 1942 wels, magaliTad, moqalaqeTa<br />
erT nawils gauxsenes 20-30-iani wlebis gamosvlebSi<br />
aqtiuri monawileoba. Aam motiviT isini 1942 wels<br />
daapatimres da Soreul cimbirSi gaasaxles, xolo 1943<br />
wels aseTive bedi ergoT maTi ojaxebis mTlian Semadgenlobas.<br />
imave 1943 wels mSobliuri kerebidan ahyares da<br />
cimbirsa da Soreul aRmosavleTis mxareSi gaasaxles is<br />
ojaxebi, romelTa wevrebma Tavi aarides armiaSi samsaxurs.<br />
am kategoriis represirebulni ZiriTadad iyvnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sazRvripira raionebidan. cxadia, ara marto<br />
aqedan, aseTi qmedebas maT aiZulebda umZimesi cxovrebis<br />
pirobebi da autaneli sapolicio reJimi, ris gamoc mosaxleobis<br />
erT nawils ar gaaCnda sampaTia sabWoTa weswyobilebis<br />
mimarT da dakarguli hqondaT momavlis imedi.<br />
magaliTad, maSindeli xulos raionis sofel wablanidan<br />
1943 wels gaasaxles 2 ojaxi (8 suli), samoleTidan<br />
154
_ 1 (3 suli), laklakeTidan - 4 ojaxi (17 suli), sul samive<br />
soflidan 1943 wels cimbirSi iZulebiT gaasaxles 28<br />
suli (7 ojaxi), maT Soris iyo 21 qali (13).<br />
1944wlis gasaxleba ZiriTadad moxda erovnuli niSnis<br />
mixedviT. ssr kavSiris Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis<br />
1944 wlis 31 ivlisis dadgenilebis safuZvelse saqarTvelodan<br />
gaasaxles Turqebi, qurTebi, hemSilebi da sxva<br />
eTnikuri jgufi, romlebic kompaqturad cxovrobdnen<br />
ssr kavSir-TurqeTis sazRvrispira raionebSi. gasaxlebas<br />
safuZvlad daedo maTi politikuri arasaimedoba, TurqeT-<br />
Tan kavSiri, religiuri erTianoba.<br />
Turqebs, qurTebsa da hemSilebs bralad edebodaT ja-<br />
SuSoba TurqeTis sasargeblod da ssr kavSiris winaaRmdeg<br />
ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. amave dros isic unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom Turqebs, qurTebsa da hemSilebs aqvT TavianTi<br />
istoriuli samSoblo da maTvis misaRebi da sasargebloc<br />
iqneboda sakuTar erebTan cxovreba. amiT saqarTveloc<br />
ganTavisufldeboda ucxo eTnikur jgufebisagan<br />
da qarTvel xalxs saSualeba miecemoda Seevso esoden<br />
aucilebeli ,,sasicocxlo sivrce” Tavisi kuTvnili teritoriis<br />
xarjze, magram am konkretul SemTxvevebSi miu-<br />
Rebeli iyo gasaxlebis arsebuli wesebi da meTodebi.<br />
instruqciis Tanaxmad, romelic ssr kavSiris Sinagan<br />
saqmeTa saministrom 1944 wlis 20 seqtembrs daamtkica,<br />
Turqebis, qurTebisa da hemSilebis gasaxlebisas vinmes mimarT<br />
SeRavaTebi ar vrceldeboda, asaxlebdnen uklebliv<br />
yvelas, maT Soris komunistebs, samamulo omis monawileebsa<br />
da ordenosnebs. gamonakliss Seadgendnen sxva eTnikuri<br />
jgufebis dedakacebi, romlebic gaTxovilni iyvnen<br />
sxva erovnebaze. eseni gasaxlebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen.<br />
Turqebis, hemSilebis da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis gasaxlebisaTvis<br />
mobilizebuli iyo saWiro raodenobis samxedro<br />
da specsamsaxurebis nawilebi, transporti. deportirebul<br />
mosaxleobas atandnen mcire raodenobis sursaT-sanovages<br />
da piradi moxmarebis sagnebs, mTlianad 500 kg-mde. pirutyvi,<br />
soflis meurneobis produqtebi da uZrav-moZravi<br />
qoneba, aRricxvis Semdeg, gadaecemoda kolmeurneobebsa<br />
da adgilobriv sabWoebs (6. 124_126).<br />
155
1944 wels saqarTvelodan Sua aziaSi, ZiriTadad uzbekeTSi,<br />
gaasaxles 19818 ojaxi. specialuri gasaxleba moxda<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> 27 raionidan da q. Tbilisidan. gasaxlebul-<br />
Ta ZiriTadi kontingenti iyo samcxe-javaxeTidan, kerZod,<br />
adigenis raionidan gaasaxles 5921 ojaxi, axalcixidan _<br />
5597, aspinZidan _ 4532, axalqalaqidan - 769, bogdanovkidan<br />
(amJamad ninowminda) 176 ojaxi. sul samcxe-javaxeTidan<br />
gaasaxles 16995 ojaxi, rac 1944 wels deportirebulTa<br />
saerTo ricxvis daaxloebiT 86%-s Seadgenda. (6. 227.).<br />
gasaxlebisas samcxe-javaxeTSi cxovrobda 208116 suli,<br />
maT Soris qarTveli iyo 19734, somexi-88047, Turqi-87168,<br />
qurTi-3830, rusi-7929, ukraineli-553, berZeni-141, sxva eTnikuri<br />
jgufi-764 suli (6. 227.). rogorc vxedavT, deportirebuli<br />
mosaxleobis didi nawili Turqebze modioda.<br />
magram maSin gaurkveveli darCa maTi namdvili erovnuli<br />
kuTvnileba. saqme is aris, rom Turqebad gamocxadebuli<br />
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili qarTvelebi iyvnen.<br />
TurqeTisa da carizmis batonobis periodSi sagrZnoblad<br />
Seirya maTi erovnuli cnobiereba. amis gamo iyo, rom<br />
qarTvelebis nawili erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT<br />
Turqebad Seiracxnen. deportirebis Semdeg mTavrobis<br />
organoebSi didZali Txovna-saCivrebi Sedioda, sadac isini<br />
garkveviT aRniSnavdnen, rom Turqebad Seracxul mosaxleobas<br />
araviTari kavSiri aqvT Turq erovnebasTan.Ees sakiTxi<br />
arc mTavrobis Sesabamis organoebs da arc mecnierebsac<br />
ar hqondaT saTanadod garkveuli. deportirebulebi<br />
TavianT gancxadebebSi aRniSnavdnen, rom Turqebad<br />
iwodebodnen 1936 wlamde. amis Semdeg azerbaijanlebs<br />
akuTvnebdnen, xolo gasaxlebisas Seracxuli iyvnen isev<br />
Turqebad (5,17).<br />
samwuxarod, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sabWoTa xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelTa<br />
erTi nawili xels uwyobda maT gaTurqebas.Mmesxebis<br />
koleqtiur gancxadebas, romelic Sevida <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
saxalxo ganaTlebis komisariatSi da moiTxovdnen<br />
qarTuli skolebis gaxsnas, adevs mariam oraxelaSvilis<br />
aseTi rezolucia: ,,Tqven TaTrebi xarT da<br />
azerbaijanulad unda iswavloTo”. sabWoTa xelisufleba<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi agzavnida azerbaijanel partiul muSakebs<br />
da maswavleblebs, molebsac ki, vidre mTlianad ar<br />
156
gaaTurqes mahmadianuri mosaxleoba da 1944 wels ar gaasaxles<br />
Sua aziaSi (miminoSvili r. 1990, 251).<br />
calke ganxilvas moiTxovs aWaridan 1944 wels deportirebuli<br />
mosaxleobis sakiTxi. samcxe-javaxeTisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, am regionSi erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT<br />
saeWvo da gaorebuli mosaxleoba ar SeimCneoda. Yyvela<br />
maTganis erovnuli kuTvnileba garkveuli da dazustebuli<br />
iyo. am Temaze aWaridan deportirebuli mosaxleobis<br />
mimarT sadao TiTqmis ar yofila, gasaxlebis wesebi da<br />
meTodebi igive iyo, rac mTlianad saqarTveloSi da<br />
saerTod ssr kavSirSi.<br />
<strong>samxreT</strong>-<strong>dasavleT</strong> saqarTveloSi, kerZod, aWaraSi,<br />
Turqebi, qurTebi daHhemSilebi dasaxldnen osmalTa batonobis<br />
periodSi. isini kompaqturad saxlobdnen baTumis<br />
(amJamad xelvaCauri) da qobuleTis raionebSi. qalaqad da<br />
aWaris danarCen raionebSi Turqebi, qurTebi da hemSilebi<br />
saxlobdnen spontanurad, mxolod zogierT sofelSi iyo<br />
TiTo-orola ojaxi. Turqebisagan gansxvavebiT qurTebi ar<br />
iTvlebodnen soflis sazogadoebis wevrebad da isini hem-<br />
SilebTan erTad ZiriTadad eweodnen momTabare cxovrebas.<br />
maTi mTavari saqmianoba mesaqonleoba iyo.<br />
aWaris gasabWoebis Semdeg xelisufleba Seecada qur-<br />
Tebisa da hemSilebis binadar cxovrebaze gadayvanas.<br />
saamisod maT nawils miwis nakveTebic gamouyves saxlebis<br />
asagebad. 1939 wels <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kp(b) aWaris saolqo<br />
komitetma da avtonomiuri respublikis saxalxo komisar-<br />
Ta sabWom specialuri komisia Seqmna qurTebisa da hemSilebis<br />
sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb.<br />
am mimarTulebiT komisia iTvaliswinebda mTel rig<br />
RonisZiebebs (8 .93-95 ). SemuSavebuli RonisZiebebis nawili<br />
praqtikulad kidec ganxorcielda.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, 1944 wels moulodnelad aWaridan,<br />
rogorc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> danarCeni raionebidan, Sua aziaSi<br />
gaasaxles Turqebi, qurTebi. 2000 wels Sedgenili cnobis<br />
mixedviT maTi saerTo raodenoba 1764 ojaxs Seadgenda.<br />
erovnebis mixedviT iyo: Turqi - 668 ojaxi, qurTi - 792,<br />
hemSili - 304 ojaxi. gasaxlebulTa kontingenti <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros cnobebis mixedviT ase<br />
nawildeboda:<br />
157
q. baTumidan: Turqi - 84 ojaxi, qurTi - 75 ojaxi,<br />
hemSili - 6 ojaxi (sul 165 ojaxi); baTumis raionidan:<br />
Turqi - 346 ojaxi, qurTi - 472 ojaxi, hemSili - 231ojaxi<br />
(sul 1049 ojaxi); qobuleTis raionidan: Turqi - 70 ojaxi,<br />
qurTi - 198 ojaxi, hemSili - 34 ojaxi (sul 302 ojaxi);<br />
qedis raionidan: Turqi - 44 ojaxi, qurTi - 12 ojaxi, hem-<br />
Sili - 5 ojaxi (sul 61 ojaxi); xulos raionidan - Turqi<br />
- 124 ojaxi, qurTi - 35 ojaxi, hemSili - 28 ojaxi (sul 187<br />
ojaxi) (6, 247; naTmelaZe m., 2002:38-39).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, 1944 wels aWaridan deportirebuli<br />
mosaxleobis didi nawili baTumis raionze modioda. isini<br />
kompaqturad saxlobdnen kaxabris dablobsa da mdinare<br />
Woroxis marcxena napiris zRvispira soflebSi. 1944 wels<br />
sofel goniodan gaasaxles 59 komli, axalsoflidan – 79,<br />
mejiniswylidan – 117, kaxabridan - 138, Warnalidan - 63,<br />
Txilnaridan – 38, maxodan - 120, maxinjauridan - 47, SarabiZeebisa<br />
da xelvaCauridan – 63, axalSenidan – 26, winsvlidan<br />
– 17, feriidan – 15, salibauridan – 14, joWodan –<br />
13 komli da sxva (1).<br />
gasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen qarTvelebic, Tumca maTi<br />
gasaxleba mTavrobis dadgenilebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ar<br />
yofila. magaliTad, 1944 wels sofel gonios, urexisa da<br />
yorolisTavidan gaasaxles 5 qarTveli moqalaqe. (2. 1; 3, 1-<br />
3.). imave 1944 wels aWaridan gaasaxles lazebis 60 komli,<br />
romelebic erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT qarTvelebi<br />
arian.Mmagram maSin, rogorc Cans, Turqebs miakuTvnes. amis<br />
Sesaxeb moskovSi l. berias saxelze 1945 wlis 25 marts<br />
specialuri werili gaagzavna sazogado moRvawem m. vaniliSma,<br />
romelic saxalxo komisars sTxovda specgasaxlebidan<br />
lazebis dabrunebas. marTlac, amis Semdeg yvela<br />
lazi samSobloSi daabrunes. sxvaTa Soris, aseTive bedi<br />
ergoT yirimSi mcxovreb mcire erovnebis warmomadgenlebs<br />
yaraimebs, romlebic iqedan gasaxlebul TaTrebs miayoles.Ll.Bberias<br />
gankargulebiT maT aRar SexebiaT deportacia<br />
(rubeni n. 2002).<br />
Turqebis, qurTebisa da hemSilebis gasaxlebisTanave<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebam saTanado RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela<br />
mosaxleobisagan dacarielebuli teritoriebis<br />
Sesavsebad. marTlac, am soflebSi mciremiwiani raione-<br />
158
idan Camosaxles qarTveli mosaxleobis erTi nawili.<br />
erovnuli da socialuri TvalTaxedviT es progresuli<br />
RonisZieba iyo. maRalmTiani raionebi, sadac nayofieri<br />
miwebis metismeti simcirea, nawilobriv ganitvirTa Warbi<br />
mosaxleobisagan. cxadia, ase iyo aWaraSic. Turqebis,<br />
qurTebisa da hemSilebis gasaxlebis Sedegad Seqmnili teritoriuli<br />
vakuumi Seivso aWaris mTianeTidan Camosaxlebuli<br />
mosaxleobiT.<br />
araqarTveli elementebis gasaxleba saxelmwifo<br />
sazRvripira soflebidan sxva qveynebSic ganxorcielda<br />
(aSS, TurqeTi da sxva). saqarTveloSi maTi deportacia,<br />
rogorc zemoT iTqva, ganxorcielda policiur-barbarosuli<br />
meTodebiT: axal sacxovrebel adgilebSi specaRricxvaze<br />
ayvana, policiuri zedamxedvelobis qveS moqceva,<br />
maTTvis uZrav-moZraviQqonebis CamorTmeva da xelisuflebis<br />
adgilobriv organoebsa da kolmeurneobebze gadacema,<br />
faqtobrivad ki ganiaveba. xelisuflebis mier specgasaxlebis<br />
gauqmebis Sedegad deportirebulma ucxotomelebma<br />
survili gamoTqves aWaraSi dabrunebaze.Aararegalurad<br />
kidevac dabrunda ramdenime ojaxi, magram aq maTi miRebis<br />
saSualeba aRar arsebobda. rogorc adgilobrivi macxovreblebi,<br />
ise aWaris xelisufleba Turqebis, qurTebisa da<br />
hemSilebis dabrunebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. ssr kavSiris<br />
umaRlesma politikurma xelmZRvanelobam aWaris adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobisa da xelisuflwbis pozicias<br />
gagebiT moekida.<br />
cxadia, ucxo eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis sulerTi iyo<br />
Sua aziaSi icxovrebdnen Tu saqarTveloSi. arcerTi ar<br />
iyo maTi istoriuli samSoblo. realurad umjobesi iyo<br />
ssr kavSiris im regionebSi cxovreba, sadac miwis didi<br />
resursebi arsebobda. swored aseTi regioni iyo yasaxeTi<br />
da Sua azia, Turqebi, qurTebi da hemSilebi aRniSnuli<br />
regionis mosaxleobis religiiTac enaTesavebodnen.<br />
omis wlebSi uSiSroebis organoebma axali ,,kontrevolucionerebi”<br />
aRmoaCines aWaraSi. am braldebiT 1944 wels<br />
daapatimres xulos raionis sofel stefanaSvilebis kolmeurneobis<br />
brigadiri g. arTmelaZe da kolmeurne x.<br />
iremaZe, romelTac Tbilisis samxedro tribunalma 10-10<br />
wliT patimroba miusaja (4. 157).<br />
159
1941-1945 wlebSi represirebulTa reabilitacia daiwyo<br />
amave saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. igi etapobrivad ganxorcielda.<br />
politikurma represirebulebma aRidgines Tavian-<br />
Ti uflebebi, magram qurTebisa da qemSilebis aWaraSi<br />
dabruneba SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan soflebi, sadac<br />
isini cxovrobdnen, mTianeTidan Camosaxlebulma mosaxleobam<br />
Seavso. rac Seexeba e. w. ,,Turq mesxebs”, es sakiTxi<br />
dResac gadauWrelia.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa erovnul akademiaSi am sakiTxze<br />
specialuri komisia muSaobs. sakiTxma globaluri<br />
xasiaTi SeiZina, ramdenadac e. w. Turq mesxebs Tavs daatydaT<br />
axali tragedia. 1989 wels uzbekeTis respublikidanac<br />
gamoaZeves. isini ruseTis federacias Seexiznen da<br />
moiTxoves saqarTveloSi dabruneba. 2005 wlis 5 ivliss<br />
TbilisSi, xolo 2006 wlis martSi axalcixeSi gaimarTa<br />
samecniero konferenciebi e. w. Turqi mesxebis samSobloSi<br />
dabrunebis Sesaxeb da miRebul iqna Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi.<br />
Отар Турманидзе<br />
Политические репрессии в Грузии годы<br />
отечественной войны (1941-1945 гг.)<br />
Резюме<br />
В статье рассмотрены политические репрессии, проводившие<br />
Советским правительством в Грузии. Особое внимание уделяется<br />
депортации населения из Грузии. Проанализированы их действительные<br />
причини и итоги.<br />
160
Otar Turmanidze<br />
The political repressions during the<br />
Create patriotic war in Georgia (1941-1945)<br />
Summary<br />
In the partied there is examined political repressions which were.<br />
Conduced by Soviet government in Georgia. Particularly attention is<br />
given to Deportation of the population of Georgia. Reasons and overall<br />
desalts are analyzed.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
1. aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, f. r-1038, an. 4, ss. 1,<br />
6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.<br />
2. iqve, s. 8.<br />
3. iqve. s. 22.<br />
4. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, an. 8, s. 615.<br />
5. iqve, s. 226.<br />
6. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, f. 31, an. 1,<br />
s. 80.<br />
7. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. Tb., 1954.<br />
8. bsmsrda, dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli 1933-1941ww.,<br />
baTumi, 1986 weli.<br />
9. r. miminoSvili, ramdeni mteri hyavs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>! Tb., 1990.<br />
10. m. naTmelaZe, demografiuli procesebi saqarTveloSi XX<br />
saukunis 40-ian wlebSi. Tb., 2002.<br />
11. Отлен с. В. Времена не выбирает. Тб., 1998.<br />
12. n. rubeni, vin iyo lavrenti beria. gaz. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
respublika, 26 ivnisi, 2002.<br />
13. o. TurmaniZe, 2002 wlis ivlisSi Sekrebili masalebi.<br />
161
Аскер Ахмед<br />
Бакинский Славянский Университет<br />
РЕЛИГИОЗНОЕ УЧЕНИЕ «СУХРАВЕРДИЙА»<br />
И ШИХАБЕДДИН АБУНАФС ОМАР<br />
СУХРАВЕРДИ<br />
В исследовании и изучении истории нашего народа, его религии, а<br />
также религиозных отношений огромная роль принадлежит исторической<br />
этнографии. С этой точки зрения изучение духовного наследия и<br />
религиозных отношений в Азербайджане в XII-XIV вв. сегодня приобретает<br />
значимую актуальность. В исследуемых нами XII-XIV вв. Азербайджан<br />
уже отличался своими богатыми религиозными и культурными<br />
традициями, достаточно развитой инфраструктурой, что превратило его<br />
в одну из передовых стран в исламском мире. Тебриз, Марага, Ардебиль,<br />
Гянджа, Нахичевань, Шемаха, Барда считались центрами расцвета<br />
исламской культуры. Именно в этот период Азербайджан подарил<br />
исламской культуре выдающихся ученых-мыслителей во многих<br />
областях науки, внесших свой потенциальный вклад не только в исламский<br />
мир, но и в мировую цивилизацию в целом. В XII-XIV вв.<br />
десятки азербайджанских мыслителей трудились над проблемами<br />
ислама, используя теоретико-практические подходы, высказывали интересные<br />
мнения, создавали произведения. Этот период можно охарактеризовать,<br />
как период поиска и выявления фундаментальных проблем в<br />
Исламе, появления и развития новых религиозных теорий и течений.<br />
Расположение Азербайджана в центре слияния культур, существовавшее<br />
здесь религиозное и этническое многообразие, а также толерантность<br />
и свободомыслие, время от времени являлись подоплекой для<br />
появления здесь новых религиозных течений. Довольно распространенным<br />
не только в Азербайджане, но и во всем исламском мире в средние<br />
века являлось религиозное течение «Суфизм» и его некоторые ветви.<br />
Азербайджан известен исламскому миру как родина таких суфийских<br />
тарикатов как сухравердия, хуруфизм, сафавия, захидия, халватийа, а<br />
также тарикатов ровшания и гюлшания, которые считаются ветвями<br />
халватии.<br />
Одним из суфийских тарикатов, созданных азербайджанцами в XII<br />
в. в Багдаде, был тарикат Сухравердийа, который впоследствии широко<br />
162
распространился в исламском мире. Многие исследователи связывают<br />
возникновение данного тариката с именем Абу-Наджиба Сухраверди<br />
(1097-1168). Однако идеологические основы тариката были созданы и<br />
разработаны его племянником Абу Нафсом Омаром Сухраверди. Тарикат<br />
Сухравердийа, систематизированный Омаром Сухраверди, начиная<br />
с его времен до наших дней, нашел свое широкое распространение от<br />
границ Турции вплоть до Индии, найдя тем самым огромное количество<br />
приверженцев. Впоследствии появляются новые ветви в этом течении.<br />
Примером этому можно указать братства его сына Имамеддина<br />
Мухаммеда (умер в 1257), шейха Шираза Наджибаддина Бузгуша (умер<br />
в 1279) и некоторые другие, которые составляли отдельное крыло<br />
Сухравердии. (7) Турецкий исследователь Озлем Йылмаз, указывая на<br />
распространение данного течения в Анадолу, сообщает: «Религиозные<br />
учения «Йасавия, Мевлавия, Кубравия и Руфаийя в Сухравердии<br />
сыграли важную роль в развитии Анадолу. Дервиши Сухравердии не<br />
сумевшие распространить свое учение в Анадолу в тот период,<br />
впоследствии в первой половине XV в. образовали новое крыло Зейния,<br />
получившее эту возможность и его культурное влияние продолжалось<br />
на протяжении веков» (3). Несмотря на преследования, великие<br />
личности, как шейхи Нуреддин Абд ес-Самед ен-Натанзи, Абдарраззаг<br />
ел-Кашани (умер в 1329), Саид ибн Абдуллах ел-Фаргани (умер в 1300),<br />
считали себя полностью приверженцами Сухравердии. Тарикаты<br />
Захидийа, Сефевийа и Хальватийа, широко распространенные в Азербайджане,<br />
основывались в своем идеологическом начале на Сухравердию.<br />
В Индии же данное учение открыто вело свою деятельность как<br />
независимая школа мистического направления. Школа, созданная<br />
известным учеником Сухраверди Нуреддином Мюбареком Газневи<br />
(умер в 1234), до сих пор продолжает свою деятельность в этой стране.<br />
(2, 65)<br />
По мировоззрению члены суфийского братства Сухравердийа<br />
придерживались канонов, вложенных в основу течения Абу Гамидом<br />
ал-Газали, ибн Араби и Омаром Сухраверди. Они часто предавались<br />
зикру в коллективе и по одиночке. В начале коллективной формы зикра<br />
было принято произносить вслух «келмейи-шахадат» (свидетельство),<br />
после чего прочитывались суры «Фатихе» и «Ихлас», а затем молитвы<br />
зикра. Данный ритуал был обязателен для всех братьев. Индивидуальный<br />
зикр проводился молча, первым произносилось первая часть «келмейи-шахадат»а,<br />
а затем молитва зикра из шести слов. Процесс принятия<br />
в братство проходил следующим образом: подготовка в кандидаты<br />
(мюриды) в течении 3-6 месяцев, и в этот период приверженец<br />
163
рассказывал свои сны шейху, а тот тем временем определял его<br />
душевное состояние. Суфии носили головной убор, сшитый из 4-5 или<br />
12 кусков. Цвет головного убора мог быть любым (12, 172).<br />
Идеологические и теоретико-практические основы учения Сухравердийа<br />
были подготовлены Омаром Сухраверди, обладавшим энциклопедическими<br />
знаниями, являвшимся одновременно учителем, воспитателем,<br />
одним из великих интеллектуалов своего времени. Не случайно<br />
его называли шейхом всех суфиев Багдада (Шейх аш-шуйух) (12, 171).<br />
Абу Нафс Омар Сухраверди родился недалеко от Зенджана в городе<br />
Сухраверд (в 1145г.) Его учитель Абдулгадир Джили, обладавший<br />
суфийским орденом Гадрия, надеясь на великое будущее своего ученика,<br />
как-то сказал ему: «Тебе суждено быть последним среди великих<br />
умов Ирака» (1). Свое начальное образование Сухраверди получил от<br />
своего дяди Абу-Наджиба Сухраверди (1097-1168), благодаря которому<br />
Омар Сухраверди выбрал это мистическое течение. Переехав в Багдад,<br />
Сухаверди продолжил свое образование в известном в те времена<br />
медресе «Низамия», где остался после окончания в роли педагога. Чтобы<br />
продолжить свое образование в соответствии с правилами суфиев,<br />
он становится последователем гениального Шейха Ахмеда ел-Газзали.<br />
Впоследствии, в честь уже известного всем Сухраверди, на берегу реки<br />
Тигр Халифом Насиром был построен ханегах Марданийя. Имя Сухраверди<br />
приобретает популярность на всем Востоке. Огромное количество<br />
поклонников мечтают стать его последователями. Он становится<br />
мюршидом (духовным наставником) таких великих шиитских шейхов,<br />
как Абу Мухаммед Рузбихан Багли Ширази (умер в 1209), Исмаил ал-<br />
Кесри (умер в 1193), а также Аммар ал-Бидлиси (умер в 1200). Впоследствии<br />
его ученики стали мюршидами такого великого суфия Хорезма,<br />
как Наджмеддин Кубрани (основоположник учения «Кубравия»).<br />
(2, 64) Омар Сухраверди был всесторонне развитой личностью своего<br />
времени, являясь одновременно великим суфийским теоретиком, философом,<br />
знатоком теологии, а также и общественно-политическим деятелем<br />
и дипломатом. Сумев заинтересовать своим учением представителей<br />
духовенства и правящую элиту того временен, и тем самым,<br />
создав теплые отношения с ними, Омар Сухраверди смог обеспечить<br />
членов братства соответствующими должностями. Благодаря этим<br />
дружелюбным отношениям, Сухраверди назначают советником халифа<br />
ан-Насира Ли-Диниллаха (1180-1225), поручив ему ответственную дипломатическую<br />
должность. По историческим сведениям нам известно,<br />
что Омар Сухраверди смог изменить враждующие отношения между<br />
Халифом и айубитами, а также и с султаном Хорезма, на более бла-<br />
164
гоприятные. Для этого Сухраверди, как представитель своего халифа,<br />
отправляется в Сирию, Египет, в столицу аййубитов Халеб для дипломатических<br />
переговоров.<br />
Современники пишут о его жарких обсуждениях с учеными Халеба<br />
следующее: «Сухраверди, произнося свои изречения во дворце ал-<br />
Малика аз-Захира, задел своей красноречивостью сердца слушателей<br />
так, что на глаза их наворачивались слезы» (2, 65). Затем, уже в 1217-<br />
1218 гг. Сухраверди отправляется на переговоры с Хорезмшахом<br />
Мухаммедом, готовившимся к военным действиям с 400 тыс. войском,<br />
и предотвращает наступление. (3) Спустя год он направляется с дипломатической<br />
миссией в Анадолу, встречается в Конье с правителем<br />
сельджуков Алааддином Кейгубадом I. Описывая его поездку в Малую<br />
Азию, ибн Биби сообщает, что, услышав о прибытии посла в Аксарай,<br />
султан Алааддин отправляется на встречу к нему вместе с правителями<br />
фитуввов, суфиев и ахиев. При встрече с Сухраверди султан целует его<br />
руку, а также ноготь коня с золотой подковой, привезенного в подарок<br />
ему Шейхом. Этот эпизод поездки Шейха Сухраверди в Конью,<br />
описанный Шамсаддином Ахмедом Афлаки, представляется интересным.<br />
Азербайджанский философ уделяет особое внимание дипломатическим<br />
отношениям, сложившимся между отцом Джалаладдина Руми и<br />
известным в ту пору политическим деятелем Вахааддином Веледом<br />
(умер в 1231). Историк сообщает: «Передав пожелания халифа, Вахааддин<br />
с почтением сообщает Сухраверди о том, что сухравердии очень<br />
любят античные предметы и являются их близкими родственниками.<br />
Объявляя их родней от имени своего правительства, Вахааддин Велед<br />
несомненно намекает на их тюркские корни, т.е. признает их азербайджанцами<br />
(1).<br />
Являясь послом и государственным деятелем при Халифе, Сухраверди<br />
был также Шейхом, приверженцем, руководителем тариката,<br />
теоретиком суфизма и ученым философом. Он посвятил суфизму и<br />
философии такие великие произведения, как «Авариф ал-маариф»<br />
(Благо духовного познания), «Магамат ал-арифин» (Магамы<br />
(подходящие моменты) мудрецов), «Рисале фи-т-тасаввуф» (Трактат о<br />
суфизме), «Рисале фи-р-рух» (Трактат о душе), «Сочинения исповеди<br />
верующих и разоблачение греческих гнусностей», «Завещания<br />
Сухраверди», «Футухат» (Завоевания) и другие, которые были известны<br />
в те времена и впоследствии. Еще в XIII-XVI вв. многие его<br />
произведения, а также комментарии к ним переводились с арабского на<br />
персидский и турецкий языки. Трактат «Рашт ан-наджиб ал-имание ве<br />
165
кешв ел-фадаих ел-йунанийа» имел особую ценность для истории<br />
философии, следует отметить, что он был направлен против<br />
«философов-эллинистов». В дальнейшем книга была переведена на<br />
персидский язык в 1373 г. Майинаддином Йазди (4). А в 1458г. «Авариф<br />
ал-маариф» (Благо духовного познания) переводится на турецкий язык<br />
Хаджи Ахмед бин Сейди ал-Бигави (3).<br />
Великий суфий Шейх Омар Сухраверди в некоторых своих<br />
произведениях большое место отводит описанию изречений суфийских<br />
интеллектуалов, раскрывает и анализирует сущность их идей. В своем<br />
труде («Благо духовного познания»), описывая рассуждения шейхов о<br />
сущности суфизма, он пишет: «Для описания изречений шейхов о сущности<br />
суфизма необходимо более тысячи слов. Для этого мне понадобится<br />
огромное количество времени. Следует отметить определенную<br />
систему, вобравшую в себя раскрытие смысла суфизма. Лишь слова<br />
позволяют выявить ту грань, где смыслы сходятся и наоборот. Итак,<br />
допустим: «суфи»-это то, что постоянно очищает: оно является тем, что<br />
очищает нашу душу, избавляя нас от человеческого эго (нафс), тем<br />
самым очищая бытие, в котором мы существуем. Становясь господином<br />
нашего «нафса», мы очищаемся, приобретая «суфи». Благодаря нашему<br />
«нафсу», очищение становится необходимостью. Каждый раз наши<br />
страсти пробуждаются в нас в неповторимых обликах своих. С помощью<br />
«суфи» мы приобретаем ту проникновенную предусмотрительность,<br />
умоляя бога о спасении и приближении к нему. Загрязняя нашу<br />
плоть и души, нафс каждый раз вводит нас в суфи (очищение), чтобы<br />
снова возродиться в нас. Мы принадлежим душой богу своему, а нафс<br />
правит душою нашей. Разум, каким бы глубоким ни был, не способен<br />
довести нас до слияния с Аллахом. Великий Аллах сказал: «Будьте<br />
справедливыми свидетелями Вечному победителю-Аллаху» (10, 99).<br />
«Избавление от нафса во имя Аллаха нашло свое оправдание в суфизме»<br />
(11, 194). Осознавая сложность пути суфизма, Сухраверди<br />
основывался на высказываниях некоторых шейхов и изрекал: «Тасаввуф<br />
(суфизм) есть страдание. Если покой сущий, то тасаввуф не существует<br />
вообще. Сокровенным здесь является то, что душа находится в божественной<br />
тоске, стремится к ней, т.е. душа суфия пребывает в<br />
вечном скитании на чужбине» (11, 194).<br />
Омар Сухраверди своим суфийским учением о ценностях представлял<br />
нейтральное крыло в суфизме, он всегда советовал высшим суфиям<br />
не выходить за грани нравственного этикета и религиозных обычаев во<br />
время пребывания сверхсуфиев в «сема» (экстатические обряды). Он<br />
утверждал: «Тасаввуф всегда строится только на правде, истине,<br />
166
ведущей по верному пути. Если верный суфий не может подавить свое<br />
«я» во имя Аллаха, он не должен посещать «сема», где люди доходят до<br />
экстатического состояния духа. При желании добиться духовной<br />
чистоты и путем божественной любви добиться слияния с Аллахом, он<br />
должен подавить в себе «нафс». Прежде, чем войти в этот обряд, суфий<br />
должен до конца осознать свои действия и желания, а если он примет<br />
твердое решение, он должен просить у Аллаха благодати. После он<br />
должен войти в «сема» со спокойным сердцем и душой» (8, 253),<br />
Книга Сухраверди «Авариф ал-маариф» являлась настольной для<br />
суфиев и время от времени многие из них черпали знания из нее. Он<br />
писал о своей книге следующее: «В этой книге я указал велиям и<br />
суфиям дорогу к Аллаху и Суннету, я рассказал им о том, что любое<br />
деяние имеет свою подоплеку, я пожелал им до конца дней своих не<br />
отступать от веры в Аллаха» (8, 13). Этот знаменитый мусульманский<br />
мыслитель пытался сплотить в единое целое суфизм и богословие,<br />
разрешив тем самым недопонимания между суфистами и духовенством,<br />
доказывая, что не каждый суфий может до конца познать «истину<br />
истин», но это не должно остановить его от выполнения основных<br />
требований ислама. По его мнению, выполнение требований ислама<br />
приближает человека к богу, помогая ему воздерживаться от своих<br />
желаний, тем самым самосовершенствоваться, сливаясь с абсолютом.<br />
Он верил, что суфии являются продолжателями религиозного крыла<br />
"Ахл-и сунна», следовательно суфии совершали богомолье в рамках<br />
шариата, постигая основы и правила религии, они тем самым шли к<br />
истинной цели ее, приближаясь к вере (6).<br />
Омар Сухраверди, раскрывая смысл таких «макамов» (моментов),<br />
как «товбе»-покаяние, «зюхд»-отшельничество, «ейтийаткарлыг»-осторожность,<br />
«фягирлик»-бедность, «сабр»-терпение, «разылыг»-довольство,<br />
доказывал, что суфий может самосовершенствоваться лишь путем<br />
очищения своего «эго». Как и Газзали, он утверждал, что постижение<br />
истины путем прохождения через «состояния» и «макамы» и достижение<br />
вечного абсолюта возможно лишь путем мистического самосовершенствования<br />
(5).<br />
Сухраверди описывал ровно восемь видов «состояния» сердца:<br />
«махаббат», «шевг», «гурб» (моральная близость), «унс» (духовная близость),<br />
«хайа» (стыд), «габз и бест» (сужение и расширение), «иттисал»<br />
(соединение), «фена и бега» (проходящее и остающееся). Сухраверди<br />
уделял особое внимание схожим и разным качествам макамов (момент и<br />
место пребывания) и состояния, отмечая, что состояние может<br />
постоянно меняться в зависимости от ситуаций. Данные категории,<br />
167
также имели взаимозависимые друг от друга особенности. Шейхи<br />
высказывают множество мнений по поводу близкого смыслового<br />
значения слов «макам» и «состояние». Также схожие элементы внутри<br />
самих понятий вызывали определения и изречения шейхов. Между тем<br />
главным в постижении и осознании этих понятий является выделение<br />
их различий для посвящения себя «зикру». То, что кажется<br />
«состоянием» для одного, другому может показаться «макамом» (8,<br />
606). Он показывает превращение таких состояний как «назарет»-<br />
самоконтроль, «таваккюл»-полагаться на волю Аллаха, «риза» причащение<br />
в макам. Находясь в состоянии «таваккюл», божий слуга наконец<br />
полностью приобретает ее. Позже, приобретя покой в состоянии «риза»,<br />
он находит свой макам (место) в нем (8, 606).<br />
Основную идею его учений составляла проблема познания истины.<br />
Опираясь на три ступени суфизма (шариат, тарикат и хагигат), суфии<br />
различали познание как достоверно научное, достоверно тождественное<br />
и достоверно истинное. Достоверно научно то, что мы только познаем<br />
то, что слышим, достоверно тождественно то, что видим и, последнее,<br />
достоверно истинно то, что мы познаем истину, сливаясь с нею в одно<br />
целое (1).<br />
Особенный интерес в деятельности Омара Сухраверди представляют<br />
его два философских трактата об обряде «футувве» (отрочество).<br />
В этих книгах он разработал основные принципы «футувве». «Футувве»<br />
(так называлось братство умелых), рожденное из социальной действительности<br />
того времени, являлось одним из видов «религиозного<br />
эзотеризма» (скрытое, мистическое-А.Ахмад), идеологические основы<br />
которого заложены суфиями. С точки зрения ценности, «футувве»<br />
напоминало рыцарские, ремесленные ордены воинственного Запада в<br />
средние века. Вовлечение в обряд «футувве» было возможно только<br />
после выполнения определенных ритуалов. Обряд принятия кандидатов<br />
в собратство проводился одним из трех способов: чтением клятвы;<br />
выдачей меча или сабли, или же питьем из священного бокала братства.<br />
Деятельность братства полностью зависела от контракта заключенного<br />
между его членами (4). Во время правления халифа ан-Насира создание<br />
«футувве» одобрялось им. Он был заинтересован в создании организаций<br />
на разных землях халифата, но особенно его привлекали аристократические<br />
футувве. Омар Сухраверди, являясь духовным советником при<br />
халифе ан-Насире, славившимся своей симпатией к шиитам и исмаилитам,<br />
принимал большое участие в создании форм управления в аристократических<br />
футувве. Кандидатов, достигших статуса членства в<br />
братстве, награждали специальными ремнями «зуннар». По обычаю<br />
168
братства ремень, посланный халифом, завязывался на юношу в состоянии<br />
«айан-ашраф» (озарение) старшим мюршидом Шихабеддином<br />
Абунафс Омаром Сухраверди. До наших дней дошли также сведения о<br />
церемонии посвящения в братство «Ахи» Султана Иззаддина Кейкавуса<br />
I и многих других господ. Церемония сопровождалась исполнением<br />
ритуальных танцев. Сухраверди, прибывший во дворец от имени своего<br />
халифа, принял активное участие в этих танцах, несмотря на свой<br />
возраст (2, 65-66). Впоследствии Абу Нафс, отвергнув единство субстанций<br />
человека и Аллаха (пантеизм), создал систему «монотеизма» в<br />
суфизме (9, 27).<br />
В заключение следует сказать, что Омар Сухраверди глубоко<br />
изучил и перенял идеи, изречения своих предшественников суфийских<br />
мыслителей, по - своему обобщив их в единое целое.<br />
Asker Akhmed<br />
Summary<br />
One of the first tarigats in a history sufism Sukhraverdizm is connected<br />
to a name of Azerbaijani – Abu Nadjib Suhraverdi (1097-1168) and his<br />
nephew Abu Nafs Lobster Suhraverdi. This tarigat, being released from some<br />
carnal needs, clears itself and thus accepts idea of formation of the perfect<br />
person. In effect, belong to moderate wing sufism in Sukhraverdi theoretical<br />
and practical basis of brotherhood sufism were prepared outstanding by the<br />
person of time the Lobster the expert - Sukhraverdi. A lot of his products, in<br />
particular « Gift of knowledge » (« Avarif al maarif ») translated on many<br />
languages since XIII century, becoming the reference book sufism, was very<br />
popular. It also has written two philosophical treatises about Furtive,<br />
considered as the charter Achilles which has played the important role in a<br />
political life.<br />
Литература:<br />
1. Əbu Nəfs Sührəverdi, Vikipediya, açıq ensiklopediya.<br />
http://az.wikipedia.orq/wiki/<br />
169
2. Çingiz Qacar. Qədim və orta əsrlər Azərbaycanın görkəmli şəxsiyyətləri. B,:<br />
Nicat, 1997<br />
3. Özlem Yılmaz / Ulaş Yıldız. Şeyxlerin şeyhinin tarikatı: Sühreverdiyye,<br />
“Sabah”qazetesi, 2005/11/03<br />
4. Анри Карбен. Метафизика суфизма Омарa Сухравeрди. История исламской<br />
философии. http://farhang.al-shia.ru/karbin/karbin46.html<br />
5. Əbu Nəfs Sührəverdi. http://dagestani.vabariik.et.dark-legion.org/az/sührəvərd<br />
6. Orhan Hançerlioğlu. Düşünce Tarihi. 1.Cilt, 7.Bölüm.<br />
http://www.kurtuluscephesi.com/sozluk/dustarih4.html<br />
7. Шихабеддин Абу Нафс Омар Сухраверди.<br />
http://sufism.ru/perssufi/p_syhravardi.htm<br />
8. Şihaveddin Sühreverdi. Avarifül- Mearif (Gerçek tasavvüf). Đstambul. Umran<br />
Yayımları, 1995<br />
9. Zakir Məmmədov. Orta əsr Azərbaycan filosofları və mütəfəkkirləri. Bakı.<br />
Azərbaycan Dövlət Nəşriyyatı, 1986<br />
10. Quran, 4-135<br />
11. Şərq fəlsəfəsi (IX-XII əsrlər). Bakı, Bakı Dövlət Universitetinin nəşriyyatı, 1999<br />
12. H. Đmanov, A. Əhədov. Orta əsr islam şərqində fəlsəfi fikir. B.: Bakı Dövlət<br />
Universiteti nəşriyyatı, 1998<br />
170
kritika da bibliografia<br />
mniSvnelovani kulturologiuri gamokvleva<br />
qarTul eTnografiaSi *<br />
kvebis xalxuri sistema,<br />
romelic adamianis sameurneo-kulturuli<br />
moRvaweobis<br />
farTo speqtrs<br />
moicavs, sazogadoebis sicocxliT<br />
uzrunvelyofis<br />
acileblobis TvalTaxedviT,<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi<br />
universalur, globalur<br />
xasiaTs atarebs.<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
uadresi etapebidan, kvebis<br />
sistemam, rogorc garkveul<br />
geografiul garemo-<br />
Si adamianis mier sakveb<br />
saSualebaTa mopovebis, misi<br />
gadamuSavebis, damzadebisa<br />
da moxmarebis uaRresad<br />
mravalferovanma da<br />
rTulma kompleqsma, adamianis<br />
mier bunebaze yoveldRiuri zemoqmedebis procesSi<br />
TandaTanobiT materialuri sferodan sulieri kulturis<br />
sferoSic gadainacvla da socialuri organizaciis<br />
struqturaSic hpova asaxva. am globaluri faqtorebiT iyo<br />
gamowveuli, sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis kulturis sxva<br />
* recenzia giorgi gociriZis naSromze “kvebis xalxuri kultura<br />
da sufris tradiciebi saqarTveloSi~, Tbilisi, 2007, 386 gv.<br />
171
elementebTan erTad, kvebis xalxuri sistemis lokalur<br />
TaviseburebaTa aRmoceneba, rac sazogadoebis ganviTarebis<br />
Semdgom etapebze eTnikuri specifikis saxiT Camoyalibda.<br />
da swored imitom, rom kvebis xalxuri sistema adamianisa<br />
da saerTod sazogadoebis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis<br />
uadres da umniSvnelovanes sferoebs moicavs da momdevno<br />
epoqebSi erovnul TaviseburebaTa niSnebsac gamokveTilad<br />
atarebs, am kulturologiuri fenomenis istoriisa da<br />
eTnografiis problemuri sakiTxebis kvlevas, sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis rigi kanonzomierebis gasarkvevad da<br />
dasadgenad pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba. am<br />
TvalsazrisiT giorgi gociriZis naSromi “kvebis xalxuri<br />
kultura da sufris tradiciebi saqarTveloSi” (Tbilisi,<br />
2007, 386 gv.), erovnuli saistorio mecnierebis erT-erT<br />
mniSvnelovan SenaZenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gansakuTrebuli<br />
aqtualobiT, struqturuli da meTodologiuri siaxleebiT,<br />
Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvnelobiT gamorCeuli<br />
am fundamenturi xasiaTis gamokvlevis Rirseba scildeba<br />
erTi konkretuli problemisa Tu sakiTxis kvlevis<br />
farglebs da tradiciuli yofiTi kulturis farTo diapazons<br />
warmoaCens. aRniSnul Temaze qarTul eTnologiaSi<br />
dRemde aseTi Semajamebeli, mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> masStabiT<br />
ganmazogadebeli naSromi ar Seqmnila. problema erTgvar<br />
TeTr laqadaa darCenili <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis narkvevebSic<br />
(romelSiac saerTod yofiTi kultura naklebad<br />
Cans), da amdenad, giorgi gociriZis monografia pirveli<br />
cdaa aRniSnuli xarvezis Sesavsebad. amieridan mas gverds<br />
ver auvlis vercerTi eTnologi Tu kulturis istorikosi.<br />
g. gociriZis naSromis zogadi Sefasebisas pirvel rig-<br />
Si unda aRiniSnos problemis aqtualoba sadReiso moTxovnaTa<br />
TvalTaxedviTac. dRes, rodesac qarTuli xalxis<br />
kulturuli memkvidreoba mZime dartymas ganicdis dasavluri,<br />
xSir SemTxvevebSi mdare xarisxis standartebis<br />
Semotevisagan, rodesac ekologiurad sufTa da teqnologiurad<br />
maRalxarisxovan qarTul nawarms, da maT Soris<br />
kvebis warmoebis produqtebs e.w. genuri inJineriis manipulaciebiT<br />
gajerebuli, aTasgvari nitratebiT aRsavse surogatebi<br />
enacvleba da kvlavdakvlav e.w. biznesis da<br />
kontrabandis interesebs Cveni xalxis, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
172
mozardi Taobis janmrTeloba ewireba, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
sakvebi mcenareulisa da cxovelebis maRalxarisxovani<br />
saxeebisa da jiSebis gamoyvanis, kvebis produqtebis<br />
gadamuSavebis, konservaciisa da damzadeba-moxmarebis<br />
TaobaTa mier Semowmebuli Cvevebisa da codna-gamocdilebis<br />
kvleva-Ziebas, tradiciuli xerxebisa da teqnologiebis<br />
propagandas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
g. gociriZis naSromze msjelobisas pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia<br />
meTodologiuri da Teoriuli xasiaTis siaxleebi.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT davasaxelebT naSromis meTodologiur<br />
principebs, rac qarTul eTnologiaSi sruliad<br />
axali, novatoruli Ziebis magaliTia. igi emyareba kvlevis<br />
sistemur meTods, romelic aprobirebulia da prioritetul<br />
mimarTulebadaa miCneuli Tanamedrove kurturologiaSi.<br />
am meTodis ZiriTadi principebi jer kidev XX saukunis<br />
60–70–ian wlebSi amerikeli da evropeli struqturalistebis:<br />
jek vudis, levi strosis, le guranis, eliades<br />
da sxvaTa mier iqna SemuSavebuli da Semdeg sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris masStabiTac warmatebiT gamoyenebuli (a. kleini,<br />
i. marqariani, s. aruTinovi, v. baiburini da sxvebi). aRniSnuli<br />
meTodi emyareba semiotikuri velis sivrcobrivi aRqmisa<br />
da kulturis sistemaTa funqcionalur analizs, rac<br />
sruliad axleburad moiazrebs adamianis faqtors kulturul<br />
memkvidreobaSi. am sakiTxebze msjeloba gaSlilia<br />
naSromis pirvel TavSi, aq avtori Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs<br />
sicocxliT uzrunvelyofis kulturisa da kvebis<br />
sistemis Seswavlis amocanebs saqarTveloSi. aqve exeba sakiTxis<br />
istoriografias. aRsaniSnavia, rom mas wina planze<br />
aqvs wamoweuli iv.javaxiSvilisa da g. Citaias konceptualuri<br />
Sexedulebebi kvebis xalxuri sistemis Seswavlis<br />
Sesaxeb da xazgasmuli aqvs qarTuli eTnografiuli skolis<br />
miRwevebi am saqmeSi. mkvlevari flobs mdidar wyaroTmcodneobiT<br />
bazas–uaxles specialur samecniero literaturas,<br />
romelTaganac zogierTi maTgani pirvelad Semoaqvs<br />
samecniero mimoqcevaSi.<br />
g.gociriZis naSromSi savsebiT marTebulad da sworadaa<br />
SemuSavebuli klasifikaciisa da tipologiis sakiTxebi,<br />
am mxriv igi emyareba tradiciul sameurneo-kulturul<br />
tips Sesabamisi zonaluri da regionaluri Tavi-<br />
173
seburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. naTladaa naCvenebi, rom horizontalur<br />
WrilSi saubaria aRmosavlur qarTul da<br />
dasavlur qarTul kvebis sistemis modelebze, xolo<br />
vertikalur WrilSi mTis, baris da mTiswineTis sitemebze.<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas avtori aniWebs mTiswineTis<br />
zols, romelic sinTezurad iTavsebs mTisa da baris<br />
elementebs da srulfasovnad avsebs kvebiT balanss cilebiT,<br />
cximebiT da naxSirwylebiT, yvela aucilebeli<br />
nivTierebebiT. amdenad es sistema unikaluria da sruliad<br />
gansxvavebuli zogadkavkasiur kulturul arealSi. avtori<br />
Segnebulad da vfiqrobT, sruliad marTebulad cdilobs<br />
calkeul sakiTxebze msjelobisas, iqneba igi sakveb-<br />
Ta saxeobebi Tu gamoyenebis tradiciebi, Tavi aaridos kulinarul<br />
aRwerilobas da mtkiced icavs s.tokareviseul<br />
Segonebas, rom “eTnografiisaTvis is ki ar aris mTavari,<br />
Tu ras Wamdnen Cveni winaprebi Zvelad an rogor Wamdnen,<br />
aramed is Tu ra rols asrulebda da asrulebs tradiciuli<br />
sakvebi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi”. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
mkvlevari TvalsaCinos xdis kvebis socializaciis<br />
problemebis mniSvnelobas, ixilavs maT religiur aspeqtebTan<br />
erTad da ar arRvevs istorizmis princips – daadginos<br />
movlenaTa ganviTarebis stadialuri xasiaTi, kanonzomiereba.<br />
daskvna marTebulia, rom kveba yvelaze ukeT<br />
inaxavs tradiciulobis elementebs, yofiTi kulturis<br />
sxva elementebTan SedarebiT ufro mdgradi da konservatiulia,<br />
Tumca dinamiuroba misTvisac aris metnaklebad<br />
damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
sworia da mecnierulad gamarTlebuli problemis<br />
moqceva im qronologiur CarCoebSi, romelic sam ZiriTad<br />
etaps moicavs:<br />
1. Zvels anu reformamdels (mxedvelobaSia 1864 w.<br />
saglexo reforma),<br />
2. axals anu reformis Semdgoms (1864 wlidan XX s–<br />
is 20–30–ian wlebamde),<br />
3. uaxless anu Tanamedroves (XX saukunis 20–30–iani<br />
wlebidan dRemde).<br />
SesaZloa es sakamaToc iyos, magram erTi ram cxadia,<br />
igi gamoricxavs aqamde arsebul e.w. sabWouri periodizaciis<br />
princips–revoluciamdels da revoluciis Semdgoms.<br />
174
amasTan, iZleva agraruli sistemis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul<br />
suraTs da avlens tradiciuli kvebiTi Cvevebis mentalur<br />
xasiaTs. WeSmaritebaa, rom XX saukuneSi miRweuli<br />
garkveuli aRmavlobis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 60–70–iani wlebidan<br />
ekonomikaSi iwyeba daqveiTebis tendencia, iqmneba<br />
krizisi. qveiTdeba erovnuli sameurneo tradiciebis roli<br />
da ekologiuri, socialuri Tu sxva problemebis fonze<br />
dRis wesrigSi dgeba adamianis gadarCenis, qarTuli genis<br />
gadarCenis problema. amasTan mimarTebaSi jansaRi, racionaluri<br />
da kompleqsuri kvebis sistema, romelic tradiciuli<br />
iyo, dRevandel viTarebasTan Seusabamo xdeba.<br />
naSromSi erT-erT kardinalur sakiTxs warmoadgens<br />
ekologiur problemebze msjeloba, rasac mTeli Tavi aqvs<br />
daTmobili (ix. Tavi II. kvebis sistemis ekologiuri aspeqtebi).<br />
es sakiTxi gaSlilia substratuli fenis variaciebSi,<br />
sadac saubaria tyisa da velis mcenareul sakvebze.<br />
mocemulia veluri da kulturuli floris sakvebad<br />
gamoyenebis daxasiaTeba kulturul-istoriul konteqstSi<br />
da miRebulia marTebuli daskvna imis Taobaze, rom<br />
daaxloebiT XX saukunis 20–30-ian wlebamde qarTvelTa<br />
kvebis sistemaSi wamyvani substratuli adgili ekava mcenareul<br />
sakvebs (maT Soris Semgroveblobis gziT mopovebuls),<br />
rac bunebrivad xels uwyobda kvebaSi naxSirwylebisa<br />
da vitaminebis jeradovnebas. bunebasTan adamianis<br />
harmoniuli kavSiri ganapirobebda kvebis sezonuri reJimisa<br />
da regulirebis process.<br />
sabolood dadgenilia, rom roca irRveva ekologiuri<br />
wonasworoba, irRveva sameurneo cxovrebis wesi da aqedan<br />
gamomdinare kvebis sistemac, misi struqtura, nivTierebaTa<br />
Semadgenloba, ingredientuli baza, mTlianad mTeli balansi.<br />
yovelive es savalalo Sedegebamde midis da kacobriobas<br />
gansacdelis winaSe ayenebs. samwuxarod aseTi<br />
krizisuli viTarebaa Seqmnili CvenSi amJamad, Tanamedrove<br />
periodSi. vfiqrobT es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria<br />
da sagangebo yuradRebas moiTxovs.<br />
naSromSi moculobiT yvelaze didi adgili aqvs<br />
daTmobili sakvebi produqtebis sabazo anu e.w. ZiriTadi<br />
fenis daxasiaTebas, romelSiac Sedis miwaTmoqmedebisa da<br />
mesaqonleobis produqtebi. es kanonzomieria, radgan ise<br />
175
ogorc sxva xalxebSi, aseve CvenSic kvebis sistemis Ziri-<br />
Tadi fena wamyvani sameurneo dargebis ganviTarebazea damyarebuli.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xorbleuli kulturebis qveyanaa, erT–<br />
erTi genetikuri centria. amdenad bunebrivia naSromSi detaluradaa<br />
ganxiluli xorbleuli da marcvleuli kulturebis<br />
roli ZiriTadi sakvebis CamoyalibebaSi. Tanmimdevruladaa<br />
gaazrebuli maTi damuSavebisa da gamoyenebis<br />
xalxuri teqnologiuri safexurebi (meqanikuridan dawyebuli<br />
Termiuli damuSavebiT damTavrebuli). gansazRvrulia<br />
puris, rogorc wminda sakvebisa da wminda sagnis<br />
religiuri funqcia da praqtika–“puri arsebobisa Cvenisa”.<br />
am mxriv gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs msjeloba termin<br />
`puris~ Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. avtori samarTlianad<br />
iziarebs amasTan dakavSirebul mecnierul<br />
mosazrebebs da Tavis mxriv ukavSirebs mas safuvrianobisa<br />
da Rumelebis gaCenis periods, Tumca rogorc SeniSnavs, aq<br />
bevri ram dazustebasa da Semdgom kvlevas moiTxovs.<br />
aRniSnul TavSi uxvi masalaa moyvanili parkosani<br />
kulturebis Sesaxebac, daxasiaTebulia parkosnebis mTeli<br />
areali, mocemulia maTi transformaciis da unifikaciis<br />
sakiTxebi, am mimarTebiT gamokveTilia regionaluri specifika.<br />
calke Tavadaa gamoyofili mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis<br />
produqtebi. avtori uxv eTnografiul masalaze dayrdnobiT<br />
logikurad anviTarebs azrs, rom mevenaxeoba saqarTveloSi<br />
arasodes ar yofila mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT,<br />
meRvineobis gziT ganviTarebuli, aramed iyo kompleqsuri<br />
Rvinisa da e.w. mSrali sakveb produqtebis mwarmoebeli.<br />
amasTan, es dargi savsebiT uzrunvelyofda kvebaSi glukozidebisa<br />
da vitaminebis xvedriT wils da aSkara upiratesobas<br />
flobda mexileobis produqtebTan SedarebiT. magaliTad,<br />
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia grZelvadiani<br />
Senaxvis unariT gamorCeuli strategiuli daniSnulebis<br />
sakvebi “CurCxela”.<br />
mkvlevari Zalze sainteresod da damajereblad msjelobs<br />
“pur-Rvinis”, rogorc wminda sakvebis fenomenze, romelSiac<br />
igi xedavs, erTi mxriv, adreqristianuli xanis<br />
da, meore mxriv, ufro Zveli warmarTuli periodis<br />
176
sinkretul simbolos, amasTan, meRvineobisa da mevenaxeobis<br />
ganviTarebis erTian xazs.<br />
sagangebod unda SevCerdeT mesaqonleobis produqtebze.<br />
am mxriv naSromSi vrceli msjelobaa gaSlili da warmodgenilia,<br />
rogorc rZis produqtebi, aseve xorci da<br />
xorcis nawarmi. xazgasmulia is garemoeba, rom mesaqonleoba<br />
CvenSi rZis meurneobis prevalirebuli formiT<br />
viTardeboda. mTa–baruli mesaqonleobis unikaluri forma–“transhumansi”<br />
ganapirobebda mesaqonleobis uxvi produqciis<br />
warmoebas mTeli wlis manZilze, mkveTrad gamoxatuli<br />
regionaluri specializaciiT. naSromSi naCvenebia am<br />
specializaciis gziT miRebuli “kuTxuri” fenomenebi (mag.,<br />
TuSuri yveli, megrul-svanuri sulguni, imeruli xeleuri<br />
da sxv.). teqnologiuri variaciebis mixedviT axsnilia<br />
<strong>dasavleT</strong> da aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Soris arsebuli<br />
sxvaoba, lokaluri adgilobrivi specifika, religiuri<br />
semantika da sxv. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sejamebisas avtori<br />
akeTebs metad seriozul da damajerebel daskvnas, rom<br />
qarTuli xalxuri kvebis sistemis struqturuli modeli<br />
emyareba samarcvle–sarZeve–saxorce da saRvine warmoebis<br />
praqtikas da, rom es konotaciuri formula unikaluria<br />
da aSkarad gansxvavebuli kavkasiisa da wina aziis kvebis<br />
sistemis konotaciuri formulebisagan. es formula aris<br />
dasturi tradiciuli kompleqsuri kvebis sistemisa.<br />
metad sainteresoa naSromis is nawili, romelSiac saubaria<br />
kvebis reJimis, aRkveTebisa da SezRudvebis da gansakuTrebiT<br />
qarTuli sufris etiketis Sesaxeb. unda iTqvas,<br />
rom am sakiTxebis kvlevaSi avtori sruliad araordinaluria.<br />
igi Zalze moxerxebulad da kargad iyenebs<br />
semiotikur meTods da purobis tradiciebs socializaciis<br />
farTo speqtrSi ganixilavs. g.gociriZe pirveli mecniermkvlevaria,<br />
CvenSi vinc qarTuli sufris kulturuli mozaika,<br />
kerZod ki Tamadobis instituti Rrma retrospeqtrul<br />
WrilSi Seiswavla, SemogvTavaza sityva Tamadis etimologiuri<br />
versia (igi am mxriv ufro sparsuli samyarosken<br />
ixreba) da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, damajereblad<br />
axsna, rom am ucxo termins Zvelad sakuTriv<br />
qarTuli termini “winamZRvari”, “winamZRoli”, “puris ufali”<br />
cvlida. Znelia mas ar daeTanxmo im azrSiac, rom<br />
177
qarTuli sufra Tavisi warmoSobiT sawesoa da Semdeg<br />
xdeba misi socializacia, saero SinaarsiT datvirTva.<br />
axali sityvaa mecnierebaSi “sadRegrZelos” religiuri<br />
semantikis axsnac. avtoris TqmiT “sadRegrZelo”–igive<br />
“warsaTqmelia”, romelic locva-vedrebis, ufro ki dalocvis<br />
formidan modis. uaRresad sayuradRebo da damajerebelia<br />
disertaciis daskvnebSi Camoyalibebuli debulebebi,<br />
romelTa Soris umTavresia is Teza, rom qarTuli<br />
xalxuri kvebis sistema tradiciul-yofiTi kulturis organuli<br />
nawilia. igi iseTive mniSvnelobis erovnuli fenomenia,<br />
rogorc xuroTmoZRvruli Zegli. sistema unikaluria<br />
Tavisi struqturebiT, regionalur-zonaluri TaviseburebebiT.<br />
misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: kompleqsuroba,<br />
racionaluroba, sezonur ciklTa SeTavsebuli, jeradovani<br />
reJimi, mdidari baza, sufris originaluri wesebi da<br />
a.S. ar SeiZleba ar daeTanxmo avtors im WeSmaritebaSi,<br />
rom kvebis qarTuli tradiciuli sistemis modeli Tavisi<br />
ekologiuri da kulturul sameurneo Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad,<br />
erTis mxriv, wina aziur da, meores mxriv ufro<br />
gafarToebuli evraziuli kvebis sistemebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa<br />
da, rom kulturis es unikaluri kompleqsi<br />
SavizRvispireTis civilizaciis kulturul arealSi iqna<br />
Camoyalibebuli.<br />
amrigad, giorgi gociriZis naSromi gamoirCeva konkretuli<br />
mizandasaxulobiT. kvlevis sferoSi moqceuli sakiTxebi<br />
efuZneba avtoris mier mopovebul axal savele eTnografiul<br />
monacemebs, romelic gaanalizebulia arsebuli<br />
samecniero literaturis Suqze da ganzogadebulia<br />
axali meTodologiuri principebis safuZvelze. naSromi<br />
gamoirCeva struqturuli srulyofiT, sadac kvebis xalxuri<br />
sistemis mravalaspeqtiani sakiTxebi ganxilulia qarTveli<br />
xalxis kulturologiuri moRvaweobis farTo fonze.<br />
naSromi gamarTulia enobriv-stilisturi TvalsazrisiTac<br />
da gamoirCeva weris orginaluri maneriT.<br />
g. gociriZis naSromis mimarT seriozuli xasiaTis SeniSvna<br />
ar gagvaCnia, magram viTvaliswinebT ra avtoris<br />
Teoriuli momzadebis dones, gvinda gamovTqvaT oriode<br />
survili, rac SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas Semdgomi<br />
kvlevis procesSi.<br />
178
naSromis SesavalSi da Semdgom saTanado TavebSi avtori<br />
eyrdnoba sabWoTa mecnierebaSi gasuli saukunis 70–80–<br />
ian wlebSi Camoyalibebul e.w. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis<br />
kulturis («Культура жизнеобеспечения») Teoriul da meTodologiur<br />
Sexedulebebs, rac udavod misaRebi da misasalmebelia.<br />
samwuxarod, arc am Teoriis avtorebs da, arc<br />
g.gociriZes ara aqvT miTiTebuli imis Sesaxeb, rom es<br />
Teoria arsebiTad inglisis funqcionaluri skolis fuZemdeblis<br />
bronislav malinovskis Sexedulebebis safuZvelzea<br />
agebuli, romlis Semdgom damuSavebaSi didi wvlili<br />
miuZRviT eTnologiis iseT did Teoritikosebs, rogorebic<br />
arian emil diurkheimi, herbert spenseri, sabolood ki<br />
a.redklif–brauni.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, b.malinovski kulturas Tvlida integralurad,<br />
mTlianad sistemad, romelSic yvela elements<br />
gaaCnia Tavisi garkveuli funqcia. malinovskis azriT<br />
funqciis instituti emsaxureba individis moTxovnaTa<br />
dakmayofilebas. am mosazrebis realizaciisaTvis man<br />
Seqmna moTxovnilebis Teoria, romelSic man gamoyo yvela<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sami done–biologiuri<br />
moTxovnebi, sadac erT-erTi mTavari adgili swored kvebis,<br />
TviTSenaxvisa da gamravlebis funqciebs uWiravT. nawarmoebi<br />
anu instrumentaluri moTxovnebi, sadac wamyvania<br />
ekonomikuri organizacia, samarTali da ganaTleba da<br />
integraluri anu sinTetikuri moTxovnebi codnis, magiis,<br />
religiisa Tu xelovnebis funqciebiT.<br />
b. malinovski Tvlida, rom kultura adanturia da<br />
arsebobs adamianis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
reaqcia am moTxovnebze universaluria da erTnairia yvela<br />
kulturebSi. ase mag., SimSili unda dakmayofildes. swored<br />
amisaTvis adamiani amzadebs sakvebs, iyenebs cecxls,<br />
WurWels da Wams ara marto, aramed garkveul jgufTan<br />
erTad. viTardeba rituali Wamis procesSi da a.S.<br />
amasTan, b.malinovski kulturis socialur funqciebs<br />
ukavSirebda biologiurs. misTvis mTavari iyo ara<br />
funqciis gamovlena, aramed meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
SesaZlo iyo institutebis Secnoba. igi werda, rom adamiani<br />
bevrad sustia cxovelebze. igi iyo mSieri, SiSveli,<br />
SeuiaraRebeli da daucveli da amitomac man Seqmna iara-<br />
179
Rebi da instrumentebi, gaerTianda jgufebad, iswavla erTmaneTTan<br />
urTierToba. miaRwia ra amas, gauCnda meoradi,<br />
instrumentaluri, xolo Semdgom integraluri anu sinTetikuri<br />
moTxovnebi da a.S., romlis Sesaxebac zemoT ukve<br />
iyo aRniSnuli.<br />
aq motanili pasaJebi malinovskis Sexedulebebidan arc<br />
TviTmizania da arc saleqcio kurisis gadamRereba. vfiqrobT<br />
Teoriul da meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT absoluturad<br />
gamarTul am Teorias sruliadac ar daukargavs<br />
mniSvneloba Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis. saqme imaSi<br />
gaxlavT, rom Cvenma somexma da rusma kolegebma sabWoTa<br />
ideologiis mZlavrobis periodSi moxerxebulad gamoiyenes<br />
malinovskisa da radklif braunis es Teoria da axali<br />
saxelwodebiT, kerZod sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis kulturis<br />
saxiT safuZvlad daudes TavianT gamokvlevebs. bunebrivia<br />
amaSi arc araferia gasakviri da saZraxisi. Tavis<br />
droze aseve amerikeli mecnierebis klark uislerisa da<br />
aleqsandre goldenveizeris e.w. kulturuli olqebisa Tu<br />
kulturuli zonebis Teoriuli Sexedulebebidan aRmocenda<br />
n.Ceboqsariovis, m.levinisa da sxv. cnobili saklasifikacio<br />
sistema sameurneo–kulturuli tipebisa da istoriul–eTnografiuli<br />
olqebis Sesaxeb, rasac dResac<br />
warmatebiT iyeneben eTnologiaSi.<br />
Cvens am SeniSvnas survili imitom vuwodeT, rom dRes<br />
qarTul mecnierebaSi sabWoTa ideologiuri wnexis saboloo<br />
daZlevisa da ukugdebisaTvis, aucilebelia qarTul<br />
eTnologias davubrunoT Teoriuli memkvidreobis srulfasovani<br />
speqtri, rac Tavis droze SemuSavebuli iqna<br />
cnobili evolucionistebis, difuzionistebis, sociologiuri<br />
Tu eTnofsiqologiuri skolebis warmomadgenelTa<br />
mier da, rac Tundac mxolod meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
uaRresad gaamdidrebda qarTul eTnologias. g.gociriZisaTvis,<br />
romelic kargad icnobs da iyenebs semiotikis<br />
Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis levi strosis, lerua guranis,<br />
eliades, n.gureviCis, a.baiburinisa da sxv. naSromebs,<br />
qarTul eTnografiaSi am siaxleebis Semotana did siZneles<br />
ar unda warmoadgendes.<br />
g.gociriZem kvebis xalxuri sistemis ganmazogadebeli<br />
kvlevis procesSi Teoriul sakiTxTa farTo wre moicva<br />
180
da wina aziur-kavkasiur eTnokulturul problemebsac gadawvda.<br />
kvlevis diaqronul WrilSi igi exeba sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis uadres epoqebsac. igi pureulis terminebze<br />
msjelobisas mimoixilavs T. gamyreliZis lingvistur<br />
Sexedulebebsac indoevropuli gavlenebis Sesaxeb. sasurveli<br />
iyo avtori oriode sityviT Sexeboda uaxles<br />
mecnierul miRwevebs am mxriv, romlis mixedviTac paleoanTropologiuri<br />
da arqeologiuri monacemebis Suqze,<br />
wina aziisa da amierkavkasiis teritoria indoevropuli<br />
rasis warmoSobis samSoblod iqna aRiarebuli. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
imas, rom sapientaciis procesis msoflios 8<br />
centridan erT-erT kerad amierkavkasiac (wina aziasTan er-<br />
Tad) moiazreba (n.vavilovi, p.Jukovski da sxv.) da amis<br />
safuZvlad aq pureulisa da sxva mcenareuli sakvebis reliqturi<br />
formebis arsebobaa miCneuli, vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT<br />
g. gociriZis naSromSi warmodgenili monacemebi<br />
pirdapir exmaureba dRes mecnierebaSi ase aqtualurad<br />
dasmul zemoT aRniSnul problemas, rac SesaZlo iyo<br />
ufro gabedulad xazgasmuliyo sarecenzio naSromSi.<br />
bunebrivia, aq motanili SeniSvnebi da survilebi sruliadac<br />
ar amcireben giorgi gociriZis naSromis mecnierul<br />
Rirebulebas. piriqiT, recenziaSi warmodgenili<br />
sakiTxebis mimoxilva gvarwmunebs, rom avtorma daZlia<br />
sakvlevi Temis saxiT dasmuli seriozuli mecnieruli<br />
problema da qarTveli xalxis kulturologiuri moRvaweoba,<br />
kvebis xalxuri sistemis magaliTze, saTanado mecnierul<br />
doneze warmoaCina. g.gociriZis saxiT qarTuli<br />
eTnologiis wamyvan specialistTa rigebs seriozuli Zala<br />
Seemata.<br />
vaxtang SamilaZe<br />
181
mecnieruli naSromi liganis xeobaze *<br />
roin malaymaZis wigniT<br />
`liganis xeoba” mniSvnelovnad<br />
Seivso is vakuumi, romelic<br />
arsebobda TurqeTis<br />
sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis<br />
yofisa da kulturis<br />
istoriul-eTnografiul<br />
SeswavlaSi. naSromSi warmodgenili<br />
mdidari eTnografiuli<br />
masala, eTnonimebi,<br />
terminebi, udavod didi<br />
wvlilia qarTuli xeobis<br />
yofisa da kulturis kvlevis<br />
saqmeSi.<br />
sarecenzio wigni uSualod<br />
avtoris mier 1998 –<br />
2000 wlebSi moZiebuli masalebis<br />
safuZvelzea dawerili.<br />
wigni moicavs 240 gverds, masSi mocemulia pirTa da<br />
geografiul saxelTa saZieblebi, xeobis ruka, 48<br />
fotosuraTi, danarTebi mosaxleobis statiskur maxasia-<br />
Teblebze. wigni bevrad moigebda, Tu daerTvoda avtoris<br />
mier gadaRebuli unikaluri videomasalebic, riTac<br />
vizualurad ufro srulyofil warmodgenas miscemda<br />
mkiTxvels mis samecniero Rirsebebze.<br />
avtoris sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom man pirvelma<br />
warmoadgina am tipis gamokvleva liganis xeobaze, romlis<br />
momzadebasa da gamocemas win uZRoda mravalwliani<br />
samecniero Sroma mTeli rigi sirTuleebiT. aRniSnul<br />
* recenzia roin malaymaZis wignze `liganis xeoba“ (istoriuleTnologiuri<br />
gamokvleva) gamomcemloba `artanuji”, Tbilisi,<br />
2008 weli, gv. 240.<br />
182
periodSi avtori intensiurad da nayofierad TanamSromlobda<br />
TurqeTis Sesabamis wreebTan da gamomcem- lobeb-<br />
Tan, romlebSic ibeWdeboda r. malaymaZis, da misive daxmarebiT,<br />
kolegebis samecniero statiebic.<br />
avtorma Tavisi soliduri gamokvleviT mecnierul<br />
mimoqcevaSi Semoitana xeobis sazRvargareTuli nawilis<br />
mosaxleobis metad saintereso is eTnografiuli masalebi,<br />
romlebic dRemde nawilobriv an sruliad ar iyo<br />
cnobili mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis. man Seiswavla da<br />
gamoiyena farTo wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza, romlis safuZvelze<br />
daaxasiaTa liganis xeobis istoriuli da Tanamedrove<br />
teritoriuli sazRvrebi. xeoba moicavda gansazRvrul<br />
teritorias mdinare Woroxis qvemowelze, romlis<br />
sazRvari Crdilo-<strong>dasavleT</strong>idan Woroxisa da<br />
aWariswylis SesarTavTan, sofel aWariswylamde aRwevda.<br />
wignSi aRwerilia liganis orive mxaris eTnografiuli<br />
msgavseba-gansxvavebani. dRes xeobis teritoriis didi<br />
nawili istoriul qarTul mxareebTan (tao-klarjeTi,<br />
SavSeT-imerxevi, maWaxeli da sxva) erTad Sedis arTvinis<br />
vilaieTad wodebuli administraciul - teritoriuli er-<br />
Teulis SemadgenlobaSi. naSromSi mocemulia saintereso<br />
cnobebi Tanamedrove liganis mosaxleobis eTnikur<br />
Semadgenlobaze, religiur aRmsareblobaze, sameurneo da<br />
kulturuli tradiciebis Semonaxulobis sakiTxebze.<br />
avtori liganis xeobis eTnologiuri daxasiaTebisas<br />
farTod iyenebs Sesadarebel masalas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva<br />
mezobel kuTxeTa eTnografiuli sinamdvilidan. aseTi<br />
midgomiT iqna Seswavlili sameurneo yofis sakiTxebi,<br />
romlebsac safuZvlad daedo sameurneo-kulturuli klasifikacia.<br />
Cans, rom dRemde orad gayofil xeobas bevri<br />
msgavsi Taviseburebani axasiaTebs meurneobisa da materialuri<br />
kulturis sferoSi. sameurneo yofidan avtori<br />
did adgils uTmobs Zveli tradiciuli dargebis daxasia-<br />
Tebas. magaliTad, memindvreobaSi axos aRebis tradicias.<br />
aRwerilia sakmaod originaluri wes-Cveuleba `axoToba”,<br />
romelic subalpuri da alpuri zonis Walebidan saqonlis<br />
sakvebis motanasTan aris dakavSirebuli. wignSi aRwerilia<br />
aRniSnuli saqmianobis detalebi da masTan dakav-<br />
Sirebuli leqsikuri ganmartebebi (nambuli anu nawvimari,<br />
183
xami miwa, miwis gacveTa, mariamoba da sxv.). ZvelqarTuli<br />
saxelwodebebi SeiniSneba saxnav-saTesi nakveTebis saxelwodebebSi<br />
(nafuzari, venaxi). aRwerilia yanebi, maTi damuSavebis<br />
wesebi, SromaSi urTierTdaxmarebisa da Seziareba-Seamxanagebis<br />
formebi (oTxziari, uSuri//oSuri yana,<br />
romelic saijaro wesiT muSavdeboda).<br />
avtori vrcel masalas iZleva xalxuri niadagmcodneobis<br />
Sesaxeb da axdens maT diferencirebas vargisianobis<br />
mixedviT (Tiriani, qviSnarevi, WonWyo, Worto, sodomo<br />
(bibliuri sodomi). mTlianobaSi daaskvnis, rom liganis<br />
magaliTze saxeze gvaqvs xalxuri niadagmcodneobis<br />
maRali done da misi dacvis iseTi efeqturi saSualebani,<br />
rogoricaa terasebi. memindvreobis xasiaTi kargad vlindeba<br />
iaraRebis nairgvarobaSi da maT ZvelqarTul terminologiaSi<br />
(culi, Toxi, kirka anu weraqvi, saxneveli,<br />
aruna, kavuri, jilRa, focxi, kevri da sxv.) aRwerilia<br />
xarebis saTvalo tabikebiT morTvis metad originaluri<br />
wesi. wignSi mravalferovnadaa warmodgenili marcvleuli<br />
kulturebi da maTi gavrcelebis masStabebi (dika, doli,<br />
ziraaTi, putna puri, xasi puri, simindis adgilobrivi<br />
jiSi, maradiduli da sxv.). avtori imowmebs toponimebsac,<br />
romlebSic SemorCenilia adreuli marcvleuli kulturebis<br />
arseboba (nafetvari, naRomvari da a.S.). memindvreobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT interess iwvevs kaloobis dawyebisa<br />
da miwis samuSaoebis damTavrebasTan dakavSirebuli wes-<br />
Cveulebebi, romlebic avtoris SexedulebiT adrindeli<br />
periodisaa.<br />
wignSi saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili mevenaxeobameRvineobisa<br />
da mexileobis sakiTxebs. meurneobis dargebi<br />
viTardeboda qarTuli sameurneo tradiciebis safuZvelze,<br />
rac Tavs iCens SromiT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul<br />
terminologiaSi, samuSao iaraRebis identurobaSi, am<br />
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul wes-CveulebebSi.<br />
mevenaxeoba liganis mosaxleobis erT-erT umTavres<br />
saqmianobas Seadgenda. xeobaSi ZiriTadad maRlari venaxi<br />
iyo gabatonebuli. avtoris cnobiT, liganis xeobaSi<br />
dRemde moipoveba miwaSi Cafluli Wurebi, Zveli marnebi,<br />
romlebic Ria tipisaa. naSromSi mocemulia vazis Zveli<br />
jiSebis ocamde saxelwodeba, romelTa erTi nawili sxva-<br />
184
gan, kerZod, aWaraSi, aRarc ki gvxvdeba (meliskuda, orjoxuli,<br />
dedaberaÁ da usaxelo). damowmebulia specialuri<br />
jiSis yurZeni akido, romelsac sazamTrod inaxavdnen.<br />
saubaria yurZnisagan sxvadasxva produqtis damzadebasa<br />
da moxmarebaze.<br />
xeobaSi gavrcelebuli xexilis jiSebidan CamoTvlilia:<br />
sanTelaÁ, eklesuri, qvasxala, WanuraÁ da sxv. xils<br />
iyenebdnen sxvadasxva sakvebi produqtis dasamzadebladac.<br />
didi gamoyeneba hqonda tyis xilis nayofs, romlisagan<br />
mayvlisa da mocvis Rvinos akeTebdnen.<br />
miwaTmoqmedebasTan urTierTkavSirSia Seswavlili<br />
meurneobis iseTi mniSvnelovani dargi, rogoricaa mesaqonleoba.<br />
xeobaSi umetesad gavrcelebuli yofila adgilobrivi<br />
jiSis patara tanis msxvilfexa saqoneli. dasturdeba<br />
saqonlis abarebis wesi, romlis saxelwodebaa<br />
`nabariebi”. igi aRniSnavda pirs, vinc saqonels ibarebda.<br />
xarebs iyenebdnen rogorc gamwev Zalad, ise sportul<br />
RonisZiebaSi, romelic buRebis Wedobis saxelwodebiT<br />
aris cnobili.<br />
liganis xeobaSi meurneobis sxva gavrcelebuli dargebidan<br />
daxasiaTebulia mefutkreoba, romelic tyiuri, naxevrad<br />
Sinauri da Sinauri formebiT aris warmodgenili.<br />
dafiqsirda naxevrad tyiuri formac (skebis gamoqvabulian<br />
kldeebze an xeebze Semowyobis wesi). damowmebulia<br />
skis sami saxeoba: yavrani, jera da CarCoiani ska. mi-<br />
TiTebulia Taflisa da sanTlis savaWro mniSvnelobaze.<br />
aRwerilia Taflis dawurvis wesebi, mefutkreobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
wes-Cveulebebi.<br />
xeobaSi xelosnobisa da Sinamrewvelobis TiTqmis yvela<br />
dargi iyo ganviTarebuli: mWedloba, xisa da qvis<br />
damuSaveba, keramikuli warmoeba, feiqroba, kiris gamowva,<br />
sapnis damzadeba da a. S.<br />
rTva-qsovis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda ara marto<br />
adgilobrivi nedleulis (matyli, seli, abreSumi) siuxve,<br />
aramed rTva-qsovisa da qargvis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebi.<br />
xelosnobis maRalganviTarebulobaze miuTiTebs<br />
iseTi dargis arseboba, rogoric aris navmSenebloba. DaxasiaTebulia<br />
misi centrebic - borCxa, maradidi da xeba.<br />
navTmSeneblobis saqmes meTvalyureobda `amxanagoba”, rac<br />
185
xelosanTa wodebebisa da gaerTianebebis arsebobis maCvenebelia.<br />
xeoba gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda Tavisi mdidari<br />
kulturul-istoriuli warsuliT. avtoris cnobiT, xeobis<br />
yoveli sofeli xasiaTdeba kulturis TviTmyofadi<br />
elementebis koncentraciiT. wignSi Seswavlilia materialuri<br />
kulturis iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa - saeklesio<br />
nagebobebi, cixesimagreebi (gvara, arTvini//livanis yale,<br />
murRuli, Tamaris cixe, igive gognari), saTvalTvalo<br />
koSkebi, TaRovani xidebi, romelTa ricxvi 18-s aRwevs da<br />
sxv. mravalferovania liganis xeobis sacxovrebeli da<br />
sameurneo nagebobanic. gamoyofilia sacxovreblis ori<br />
tipi: aWaruli orsarTuliani da lazuri. motanilia mas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebuli terminebi (qileri anu sarZie, Tavani,<br />
saxli - igive sastumro//muTvaRi oda, `calpira” saxli da<br />
sxv.). xeobis mTis alpur zonaSi fiqsirebulia orsarTuliani<br />
jargvali nagebobani. calke sameurneo nagebobebs<br />
Soris yuradRebas ipyrobs termini qori, romelsac<br />
saTibebsa da gareyanebSi specialurad Tivis Sesanaxavad<br />
aSenebdnen.<br />
liganis xeobaSi dasaxleba ZiriTadad seruli tipisaa,<br />
romelic sxvadasxva simWidrovis soflebs aerTianebs ubnebis<br />
mixedviT. es aisaxa toponimikaSic (zedubani, qvemobani).<br />
maTi saxelwodebebi gvar-saxelebsac ukavSirdeba. araerTgvarovania<br />
soflebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba. sxvebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, qarTvelebi umetesad soflebSi cxovroben.<br />
rac Seexeba tansacmelsa da Cacmulobas, avtoris cnobiT<br />
maTi tradiciuli saxeebi zogierTi elementis saxesxvaobiT<br />
dRemde aris SemorCenili.<br />
aseve dRemde Semoinaxa Tavi tradiciulma samzareulom.<br />
igi ZiriTadad xorcis, rZisa da mcenareuli produqtebiTaa<br />
warmodgenili. xeobaSi mravali saxeobis yveli<br />
mzaddeboda: xmeli, dampali, CleCili anu dapwnili,<br />
Tavmoxdili, Tavmouxdeli, minji da a. S. amzadebdnen<br />
saritualo kerZebs - aSurasa da korkots.<br />
liganis xeoba Zveli qarTuli gvar-saxelebiTac gamoirCeva.<br />
maTi didi nawili damowmebulia iseT umniSvnelovanes<br />
werilobiT wyaroSi, rogoricaa XII-XVII ss.<br />
186
`tbeTis sulTa matiane.” avtors Tavis naSromSi motanili<br />
aqvs matianiseuli gvar-saxelebi, romelTa nawili xeobaSi<br />
dResac saxlobs. aseTebia: foTeliZe, rastaganiZe, lakuaSisZe<br />
anu nakaSiZe, kaxaberiZe, WaniZe, wiTelaZe da sxv.<br />
aqve daxasiaTebulia liganis xeobaSi mosuli, maT Soris<br />
ucxo eTnikuri warmoSobis gvarebi.<br />
r. malaymaZis naSromSi calke Tavadaa warmodgenili<br />
liganis xeobis mcxovrebTa sulieri kultura. avtori<br />
mimoixilavs aqaurTa yofaSi Semonaxul xalxur dResaswaulebsa<br />
da garToba-sanaxaobebs, rwmena-warmodgenebs,<br />
romlebSic daculia arqauli elementebi.<br />
liganelTa rwmena-warmodgenaTa da wes-CveulebaTa arqauli<br />
formebi gansakuTrebuli mdgradobiT gamoirCevian<br />
da isini mexsierebidan mTlianad ver waSala verc religiurma<br />
faqtorma da verc sacxovrebeli garemos Secvlam.<br />
ase magaliTad, aqaurTa eTnografiul yofas pirvel<br />
rigSi kargad Semounaxavs sameurneo yofasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
wes-Cveulebebi (kanoxi//kanuxi, baxura, lazaroba,<br />
qaSatoba, gargnoba da sxv.), romlebic asaxaven zogadad<br />
qarTvelTa religiuri azrovnebis arqetipebs da naTlad<br />
warmoaCenen xeobis mosaxleobis wes-CveulebaTa organul<br />
kavSirs zogadqarTuli sulieri kulturis uZveles plastebTan.<br />
arqaul dResaswaulTagan liganis xeobaSi yvelaze<br />
srulyofili saxiT Semonaxulia SuamToba, memxlianoba,<br />
mariamoba.<br />
zemoaWaruli da liganis xeobaSi Semonaxuli SuamToba<br />
Tavisi arsiT erTi da igive Sinaarsis dResaswaulia<br />
da maT bevri saerTo elementi gaaCnia. naSromSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia im lokalur Taviseburebebze,^rac<br />
liganuri SuamTobisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da bevri<br />
saintereso daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebasac iZleva. dResaswaulis<br />
siuJeturi qarga da azrobrivi datvirTva<br />
orivegan erTnairia. aqauri SuamTobac mTaSi wasvlasa da<br />
memTevrebis saqmianobas ukavSirdeba, magram dRes liganur<br />
SuamTobaSi ufro meti arqauli elementia Semonaxuli,^<br />
vidre zemoaWarulSi. liganuri SuamTobis ZiraTadi nawili<br />
faqtiurad berikaoba-yeenobis erT-erTi variantia.<br />
aWarisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac eTnografiuli yofa berikaoba-yeenobis<br />
mxolod mkrTal anarekls inaxavs,^ aq<br />
187
SedarebiT srulyofiladaa warmodgenili bunebis ZalTa<br />
aRorZinebis dResaswaulis iseTi momentebi, rogoricaa<br />
niRbosani berikebis monawileoba ritualSi, baraqianobamosavlianobis<br />
survilebis gamomxatveli saweso simRerebis<br />
Sesruleba, patarZlis motacebis an qorwilis inscenireba,<br />
falosis kultisa da erotiuli swrafvis xazgasma,<br />
monawileebs Soris Serkineba-Widaobis gamarTva,<br />
berikas sikvdilisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis inscenireba,^<br />
wyalTan an wyliT magiur-ritualuri qmedebani da a.S. es<br />
elementebi Tavs iCens qurTobis anu igive fatmas ritualSi,<br />
rac aWaruli fadikos tolfasia. magram aWaraSi<br />
saberiko niRbebi, saxis gamurva, bewviani tyapuWebis<br />
gamoyeneba dRes araa SemorCenili. aWaraSi SuamToba<br />
stilizebulia, gaTanamedrovebulia. liganis xeobaSi ki<br />
dRemdea SemorCenili misi arqauli elementebi, uZvelesi<br />
formebi. es gansakuTrebiT dResaswaulis Semadgenel erT<br />
elements - wyalze gasvlas exeba. adre aWaraSic Suam-<br />
Tobis Semadgeneli nawili iyo mTis wyalsatevebTan<br />
locva da msxverplSewirva, magram es mxare ritualisa<br />
axla sruliad miviwyebulia. TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs<br />
ki dResac axsovT da asruleben kidec am rituals.<br />
sarecenzio naSromis avtori savsebiT sworad miuTiTebs,<br />
rom es rituali wylis kults ukavSirdeba da qarTvelTa<br />
uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis kvals inaxavs.<br />
aseve, metad saintereso dResaswaulia kavkasori. Cans,<br />
es saxelwodeba SedarebiT axalia da uZvelesi qarTuli<br />
Cveulebis axal realobasTan adaptaciis Sedegad warmoiSva.<br />
misi ZiriTadi elementia “buRa gureSi”, rac<br />
uZvelesi qarTuli ritualis “buRebis Wedobis” variantia.<br />
liganis xeobis calkeul soflebSi “buRa gureSi”-is<br />
Catarebis dro (aprili-maisi) qronologiuradac emTxveva<br />
aWarasa da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva kuTxeebSi gavrcelebuli<br />
analogiuri sagazafxulo dResaswaulis Catarebis dros.<br />
am dResaswaulis kavkasorTan dakavSirebas avtori savsebiT<br />
marTebulad miiCnevs SedarebiT gviandel movlenad.<br />
dRes ki buRebis Widilis rituali kavkasori saxalxo<br />
zeimis Semadgenel nawiladaa qceuli.<br />
Zalze sainteresod gveCveneba r. malaymaZis mier memxlianobis<br />
damoukidebel, SuamTobisagan gansxvavebul<br />
188
dResaswaulad ganxilva. SuamToba umTavresad mariobis,<br />
anu mariamobis (agvisto) Tvis dasawyisSi imarTeba da<br />
saxelwodeba mariamobac amitom Seerqva. SavSeT-imerxevSi<br />
mas mariamobaSis saxeliT moixsenieben. SuamToba mermindeli<br />
saxelia, radgan dResaswaulis Catareba mTaSi<br />
(alpur saZovrebze) yofnis Sua periods emTxveva.<br />
tradiciulad, memxlianobas\\menxlianobas SuamTobis<br />
Semadgenel nawilad da mTaSi mimavali patarZlis mxleblebis<br />
aRmniSvnel terminad miiCneven. Tumca, vfiqrobT,^<br />
ufro swori unda iyos r. malaymaZis mier misi memxlianebis<br />
- mxalis Semgrovebel qalTa jgufis dResaswaulad<br />
ganxilva. gareuli mxaleulis Segrovebis ritualis elementebi<br />
aWaraSi quSinarobis dResaswaulSia SemorCenili,<br />
magram liganis xeobaSi calke dResaswaulad gvxvdeba.<br />
S.futkaraZis mier TurqeTis sxva regionebSi (zeda ma-<br />
Waxeli, imerxevi) mcxovreb qarTvelebs Soris Cawerili<br />
masaliTac memxlianoba mxlis Segrovebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
aWaraSi mas dRes sasoflo an saerTo-saTemo ritualis<br />
saxe ara aqvs, magram dRemdea SemorCenili adre gazafxulze<br />
saWmelad vargisi mindvris balaxebis Segrovebisa<br />
da misgan mxaleuli kerZebis damzadebis Cveuleba. am wess<br />
dResac mtkiced icaven ufrosi Taobis qalebi da cdiloben<br />
tyiuri mxaleulis (dvarula da sxv.) Segrovebas<br />
da misgan kerZebis damzadebas.<br />
xalxuri garToba-TamaSobebidan gavrcelebuli Cans<br />
qurToba, anu fatma romelSic arqauli, winaqristianuli<br />
xanis religiur-ritualuri mxareebic amoikiTxeba.<br />
amgvarad, r. malaymaZis naSromSi kargadaa naCvenebi<br />
sakvlev regionSi jer kidev SemorCenili zogadqarTul<br />
kulturul-istoriul garemoSi arsebuli tradiciebi,<br />
sulieri kulturis^arqauli elementebi. metic, aq wes-<br />
CveulebaTa bevri iseTi mxarea Semonaxuli, romelic aWaraSi<br />
ukve miviwyebulia, an Zalze transformirebuli saxi-<br />
Taa SemorCenili. rogorc ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavda,<br />
CvenTan SemorCenilia ganviTarebis gzagavlili da cvlilebebiani<br />
zne-Cveulebebi. magram isini istoriul siRrme-<br />
Si Caxedvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. liganis xeobaSi Semor-<br />
Cenili xalxuri dResaswaulebi swored aseTi istoriuli<br />
189
svlisa da tradiciaTa retrospeqciis SesaniSnav saSualebas<br />
iZleva.<br />
madloba avtors, romelic mravalferovani eTnografiuli<br />
monacemebiTa da saintereso dakvirvebebiT Seecada<br />
Cveneburebis erovnuli TviTmyofadobis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
miewodebina iseTi saSuri wigni, rogoricaa<br />
`liganis xeoba”. madloba redaqtors - istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtors, profesor nodar kaxiZes, da yvela imaT,<br />
vinc Tavisi profesionaluri midgomiTa da sasargeblo<br />
rCevebiT garkveuli wvlili Seitanes esoden saWiro wignis<br />
gamocemaSi. wignis recenzentebi arian profesorebi _<br />
biWiko diasamiZe da irakli baramiZe.<br />
wigni gankuTvnilia ara marto mkvlevarTaTvis, aramed<br />
mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvisac.<br />
naila CelebaZe<br />
Tamila lomTaTiZe<br />
190
sarCevi<br />
Содержание<br />
nodar kaxiZe - muhajirobis asaxva qarTul presaSi (gazeT<br />
`droebaSi~ aWaraze daculi cnobebis mixedviT) 5<br />
Нодар Кахидзе – Отражение махаджирства в грузинской прессе<br />
(По данным газеты «Дроеба» об Аджарии) 15<br />
Nodar Kakhidze – Reflection of Forced Migration (muhadjiroba) in<br />
Georgian press (As of newspapers "Droeba" about Adjara) 16<br />
jemal miqelaZe – zendidis cixe da misi Siga nagebobebi<br />
(istoriul-eTnografiuli daxasiaTeba) 18<br />
Джемал Микеладзе – Зендидская крепостъ и её внутреннее строение<br />
(Историко-этнографическая характеристика) 32<br />
Djemal Mikeladze – Zendidi fortress and its inner construction<br />
(Historic- ethnographical overview) 33<br />
nugzar mgelaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe – gvarTa migraciis<br />
zogierTi sakiTxi aWaraSi 34<br />
Нугзар Мгеладзе, Тамаз футкарадзе - Некоторые вопросы миграции<br />
фамилий в аджарии 52<br />
Nugzar mgeladze, tamaz futkaradze - Some problems of the Family<br />
migracion in adjara 52<br />
roin malaymaZe - mesaqonleoba liganis xeobaSi 55<br />
Роин Малакмадзе – Скотоводство в Лиганском ущелье 62<br />
Roin Malakmadze – Stock-breeding in Ligani Gorge 62<br />
Tamaz futkaraZe, , marina Salikava – SavSuri farcxi //<br />
forcxo 64<br />
Тамаз Футкарадзе, Марина Шаликава - Шавшетская борона 66<br />
Тamaz Phutkaradze, Marina Shalikava - Shavshetian harrowrake 67<br />
jemal varSalomiZe – xis damuSavebis tradiciebi zemo<br />
aWaraSi (xulos raionis eTnografiuli masalebis<br />
mixedviT) 68<br />
Джемал Варшаломидзе – Традиции обработки дерева в Верхней<br />
Аджарии (По этнографическим материалам Хулойского района) 82<br />
Djemal Varshalomidze – Traditions of the processing tree in Upper Adjara<br />
(On ethnographic materials of Khulo region) 82<br />
nodar kaxiZe<br />
- pirveli eTnografiuli eqspedicia aWaraSi<br />
(eqspediciis 75 wlisTavis gamo) 85<br />
Нодар Кахидзе – Первая этнографическая экспедиция в Аджарии<br />
(75-летие экспедиции) 93<br />
191
Nodar Kakhidze – First Ethnographic Expedition in Adjara<br />
(75 years to expeditions) 93<br />
naila CelebaZe - sqesTa Tanafardobis problema xalxuri<br />
aRzrdis sistemaSi (aWaris eTnografiuli masalebis<br />
mixedviT) 95<br />
Наила Челебадзе - Проблема полового соотношения в системе<br />
народного воспитания 103<br />
Naila Chelebadze - Problem of Sexual Correlation in the System<br />
of Popular Education 104<br />
vaxtang SamilaZe, manuCar loria – ilia WavWavaZe<br />
cxovrebis wesis erovnul TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb 106<br />
Вахтанг Шамиладзе , Манучар Лория – Илья Чавчавадзе о<br />
национальных особенностях образа жизни 114<br />
Vakhtang Shamiladze, Manuchar Loria - Ilia Chavchavadze about<br />
national characteristics ways of life 114<br />
Tamila lomTaTiZe - cfreknj nthvbyjkjubf - fhmfek<br />
hovtyf-ofhvjlutyfsf htrjycnhem]bbc cfiefkt,f<br />
(fzfhbc tsyjuhfabekb vfcfkt,bc vb[tldbs) 116<br />
Тамила Ломтатидзе - Культовая терминология - способ реконструкции<br />
архаического мировоззрения (На основе этнографических<br />
материалов Аджарии) 126<br />
Tamila Lomtatidze – Worship Terminology - a Way to Reconstruction of<br />
the Archaic World Outlook (On base of Adjara Ethnographic Materials) 126<br />
naila CelebaZe – saqorwino tradiciebi Termes (TurqeTi)<br />
qarTvelebSi (eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT) 129<br />
Наила Челебадзе - Свадебные традиции у грузин в Терме (Турция)<br />
(по этнографическим данным) 135<br />
Naila Chelebadze - Georgians Wedding Traditions in Terme (Turkey) 135<br />
manuCar loria – <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ebraelTa istoriuleTnografiuli<br />
Seswavlis istoriidan 136<br />
Манучар Лория - Из истории историко-этнографических<br />
исследований евреев Грузии 140<br />
Manuchar Loria - From the history of Georgian-Jewish<br />
Historical-ethnographic research 141<br />
ineza zoiZe - aWaris materialuri kultura osmalTa<br />
batonobis periodSi 144<br />
Инеза Зоидзе - Материальная культура Аджарии в период<br />
османского господства 151<br />
Zoidze Ineza - Influence of Islam at Material Culture of Adjara in the<br />
period of Osmans’ Dominance 151<br />
192
oTar TurmaniZe - politikuri represiebi saqarTveloSi<br />
samamulo omis wlebSi (1941_1945) 153<br />
Турманидзе Отар - Политические репрессии в Грузии годы<br />
отечественной войны (1941-1945 гг.) 160<br />
Otari turmanidze - The political repressions during the Create patriotic<br />
war in Georgia (1941-1945) 161<br />
Аскер Ахмед - Религиозное учение «Сухравердийа» и Шихабеддин<br />
Абунафс Омар Сухраверди 162<br />
kritika da bibliografia<br />
vaxtang SamilaZe - mniSvnelovani kulturologiuri<br />
gamokvleva qarTul eTnografiaSi 171<br />
naila CelebaZe, Tamila lomTaTiZe - mecnieruli naSromi<br />
liganis xeobaze 182<br />
193
gamomcemlobis direqtori<br />
nana xaxutaiSvili<br />
gamomcemlobis redaqtori _ lali konceliZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori _ eduard ananiZe<br />
xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 8.01.2009<br />
qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16<br />
fizikuri Tabaxi 12.5<br />
tiraJi 100<br />
fasi saxelSekrulebo<br />
daibeWda universitetis stambaSi<br />
q. baTumi, ninoSvilis 35.<br />
194