erekle meoris samxedro politika
erekle meoris samxedro politika
erekle meoris samxedro politika
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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli<br />
Stabi<br />
J7 <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis<br />
departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
lela miqiaSvili<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
<strong>politika</strong><br />
meomris biblioTeka #15<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTxuTmete wigni; seria<br />
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli<br />
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli<br />
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es<br />
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa<br />
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi<br />
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel<br />
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio <strong>samxedro</strong> istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da<br />
a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.<br />
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda,<br />
saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs,<br />
rom brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaxtang goilaZe<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe<br />
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier<br />
2<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
Mmefe <strong>erekle</strong> II<br />
3
qarTveli xalxis cnobierebaSi <strong>erekle</strong> II-s gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />
uWiravs. Mmis saxels ukavSirdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, anu qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefos aRorZinebisaTvis warmoebul brZolebSi mopovebuli<br />
araerTi brwyinvale gamarjveba. E<strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> politikis warmateba<br />
miT ufro mniSvnelovania, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mis gamefebas win<br />
uZRoda qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis gansakuTrebuli Znelbedobis xana: 1723 wlidan<br />
dawyebuli, Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi osmalebi (Turqebi)<br />
batonobdnen, 1735 wlidan ki `osmaloba~ aranakleb mZime `yizilbaSobam~<br />
(iranelTa batonobam) Secvala, romelic 1747 wlamde grZeldeboda. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi, bunebrivia, qveyanaSi sruli ganukiTxaoba sufevda. qveynisaTvis,<br />
Sida aneqsiaze gacilebiT ufro didi ubedureba lekTa TareSi iyo. am<br />
periodSi qarTl-kaxeTSi ar darCenila arc erTi kuTxe, romelic lekebs ar<br />
daerbiaT da gaeZarcvaT. amas mravali mizezi hqonda: lekTa SeiaraRebul<br />
razmebs qarTveli feodalebi xSirad erTmaneTis dasarbevad iyenebdnen; garda<br />
amisa, amboxebul qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad lekebs osmalebic<br />
iyenebdnen, da bolos, upatronod darCenil qveyanaSi lekebi sakuTari<br />
iniciativiTac laSqrobdnen _ Tavs esxmodnen mosaxleobas, Zarcvavdnen mas<br />
da mihqondaT yvelaferi, rasac moixelTebdnen: tyveebi, saqoneli, iaraRi,<br />
sakvebi da sxva. Bbunebrivia, yovelive amas meurneobis dacema,Ymosaxleobis<br />
raodenobis katastrofulad Semcireba, xolo Sedegad zogierTi kuTxis<br />
sruli gaukacrieleba mohyva. iran-osmaleTis mravalwliani metoqeobis<br />
asparezad qceul saqarTvelos sruli ganadgureba emuqreboda. aseT<br />
viTarebaSi, iranis taxts daeufla nadir-Sahi (yofili Tamaz-yuli-xani,<br />
1736-1747 ww.) _ yizilbaSTa avSaris tomis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli. igi<br />
1726 wlidan Sah-TamazTan msaxurobda da warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda<br />
iranis brZolas avRanelebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg, ramac mniSvnelovnad<br />
imoqmeda misi avtoritetis amaRlebaze. 1732 w. man taxtidan Camoagdo Sah-<br />
Tamaz II da misive mcirewlovani Svili abas III Sahad gamoacxada, TviTon ki<br />
droebiT regentobas * dasjerda; garkveuli periodi man sakuTari poziciebis<br />
gasamyareblad gamoiyena da 1736 w. iranis Sahis taxti daikava. 1737-1739<br />
wlebSi ganxorcielebuli laSqrobebis Sedegad nadir-Sahma Seqmna<br />
uzarmazari imperia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic iranis garda, provinciebisa<br />
Tu vasaluri teritoriebis saxiT, Sevida somxeTi, Aazerbaijani,<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, daRestani, avRaneTi, belujistani * , xivisa * da<br />
buxaris saxanoebi * .<br />
Aamrigad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi osmaloba isev yizilbaSobiT<br />
Seicvala, Tumca amiT qveyanaSi araferi Secvlila, piriqiT _ yizilbaSobas<br />
Tan mohyva axali gadasaxadebi da darbevebi, ris sapasuxodac qarTl-kaxeTSi<br />
kvlav ajanyebebi daiwyo. samwuxarod, ajanyebulTa SeuTanxmebeli<br />
moqmedebebisa, da rac mTavaria _ damxmare Zalebis ararsebobis gamo, am<br />
brZolas didi warmateba ar ewera: am droisaTvis iran-osmaleTs Soris<br />
morigi zavi gaformda, Sesabamisad, ajanyebulTaTvis imTaviTve gamoricxuli<br />
4
iyo osmaleTis mxardaWeris mopoveba da am gziT ukve mravaljer nacadi<br />
politikis gatareba, romelic erTi mowinaaRmdegis <strong>meoris</strong> sapirispirod<br />
gamoyenebas gulisxmobda da romelsac qarTvelebi saukuneTa manZilze<br />
warmatebiT iyenebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, ajanyebulTa erTaderT imedad isev<br />
ruseTi rCeboda; am mizniT saimperatoro karze qarTvelTa ramdenime<br />
elCobac gaigzavna, magram arsebul viTarebaSi ruseTisagan daxmarebis<br />
miRebas realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, radganac TurqeTTan omSi (1735-1739<br />
ww.) Cabmul ruseTs, bunebrivia, xels ar aZlevda iranTan urTierTobis<br />
garTuleba; amrigad, sakmaod Zlieri mtris pirispir qarTvelebi martoni<br />
aRmoCndnen. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTveloSi gamwesebuli yizilbaSTa jaris<br />
sardalma sefi-xanma ajanyebis meTaurebs patieba, SahTan Suamdgomloba da<br />
xarkis Semcireba aRuTqva da am dapirebebis wyalobiT Sexvedraze daiTanxma,<br />
Semdeg ki fici gatexa, yvelani Seipyro da ispaanSi nadir-SahTan gagzavna. am<br />
datyvevebul qarTvelTa Soris iyo <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mama _ Teimuraz II.<br />
Teimurazi qarTlis mefis <strong>erekle</strong> I-is (1688-1703 ww.), anu igive<br />
nazarali-xanis vaJi iyo (<strong>erekle</strong> I aRizarda ruseTis samefo karze, sadac<br />
TiTqmis oci weli mZevlad imyofeboda da cnobili iyo nikolozis<br />
saxeliT). Teimurazi jer kaxeTis gamgebeli iyo (1709-1715 ww.), Semdeg ki<br />
_ mefe (1733-1744 ww.); Tavis ZmasTan _ konstantine II-Tan (kaxeTis mefe<br />
1722-1732 ww.) erTad igi aqtiurad ibrZoda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
gabatonebuli osmalebis winaaRmdeg da mniSvnelovani rolic Seasrula maTi<br />
gandevnis saqmeSi; Tumca amis miuxedavad, nadir-Sahi mas karga xans mainc<br />
eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da Teimurazs sakmaod didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda<br />
misi ndobis mosapoveblad.<br />
Teimurazis meuRle (<strong>erekle</strong>s deda) Tamari cnobili qarTveli mefis _<br />
vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tamari qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
gaerTianebis gegmis erT-erT iniciatorad moiazreboda: igi sakmaod Wkviani<br />
politikosi da brwyinvale diplomati iyo; misi gavlena qveynis politikur<br />
cxovrebaze cnobili iyo ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs<br />
gareTac. rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi problemebis<br />
mogvarebaSi dedoflis Rvawlis Sesaxeb kargad icoda nadir-Sahmac,<br />
romelmac jer kidev 1735 wels, erevanSiYyofnisas, roca Teimurazi<br />
TavisTan daibara da daatyveva, mas ubrZana, Tamar dedofalic iq xleboda.<br />
gzaSi Teimurazma gaqceva moaxerxa da saswrafod TuSeTs Seafara Tavi,<br />
riTac dedofalsac aarida tyveobis safrTxe; magram TavisTavad dedoflis<br />
pirovnebiT nadir-Sahis aseTi daintereseba aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, Tu<br />
raoden mniSvnelovani adgili eWira Tamars im periodis saqarTvelos<br />
politikur cxovrebaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom 1736 wlidan, rodesac Teimurazi<br />
nadir-Sahis moTxovniT iZulebiT gaemgzavra irans, kaxeTis gamgeblad Tamari<br />
darCa. igi mtkiced da energiulad marTavda qveyanas da saxelmwifo<br />
Tanamdebobebsac Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr anawilebda.<br />
5
sefi-xanis mier datyvevebuli qarTvelebis iranSi Casvlisas nadir-Sahis<br />
ganwyoba ukve sapirispirod iyo Secvlili, rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda:<br />
SahisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom verc gamahmadianebulma qarTvelebma da verc<br />
maT dasaxmareblad gamwesebulma yizilbaSma sardlebma ver SeZles<br />
saqarTveloSi iranis xelisuflebisaTvis misaRebi da sasurveli reJimis<br />
damyareba, qarTvelTa ajanyebebs bolo ar uCanda, sastik damsjel<br />
RonisZiebebs ki aranairi Sedegi ar mohyolia. Aam garemoebebma Sahi aiZules,<br />
daTmobaze wasuliyo: man Teimurazs kaxeTis mefoba SesTavaza, amis<br />
sanacvlod ki misi qal-vaJis _ <strong>erekle</strong>sa da qeTevanis iranSi gamoZaxeba<br />
mosTxova. im droisaTvis <strong>erekle</strong> mxolod 15 wlis iyo (igi daibada 1720<br />
w.), magram ukve aqtiurad monawileobda saxelmwifo saqmianobasa da<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> operaciebSi, rasac adasturebs <strong>erekle</strong>s mematiane da misive<br />
cxovrebis aRmwereli oman xerxeuliZe: `welsa 1735 movidnen lekni da<br />
qisiyi moarbives. maSin iyo Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli wlisa 15,<br />
romelman Semoiyara soflebidam jari, ewia mindorSi da Zlierad Semoebnen<br />
lekni; garna TviT ese yrma, Ze mefisa Teimurazisa irakli, Sevida Sinagan<br />
jarsa lekisasa da pirvelad aman mokla kaci da amis mxilvelTa kaxTa<br />
erTpirad mimarTes yiviliT da wina wariqcies jari lekisa, dahyares tyveni<br />
da saqoneli da moswyvitnes umravlesni; …... da friad mxiarul iqmnen kaxni,<br />
ixiles ra simxne da mamacoba memkvidrisa misisa~ qarTul istoriul<br />
wyaroebSi uamravi cnobaa Semonaxuli <strong>erekle</strong>s mier brZolis wina xazze<br />
gamoCenili umagaliTo gmirobis Taobaze: mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze,<br />
xandazmul asakSic ki, ar yofila SemTxveva, rom <strong>erekle</strong> sakuTari meomrebis<br />
mxardamxar ar CarTuliyo brZolaSi. Aamis TvalsaCino magaliTi iyo misi<br />
mefobis miwuruls gamarTuli krwanisis brZolac, romlis Sesaxebac<br />
mogvianebiT gveqneba saubari.<br />
Aaqve unda iTqvas, rom <strong>erekle</strong>s siyrmidanve, nebismieri politikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas aseTive Seudrekeloba axasiaTebda. rogorc ukve<br />
aRvniSneT, Teimurazis gaTavisuflebis sanacvlod, nadir-Sahma <strong>erekle</strong>sa da<br />
qeTevanis iranSi Casvla moiTxova. Aamis Taobaze kaxeli didebulebi didxans<br />
bWobdnen; veragi Sahis ndoba ar SeiZleboda, aravin iyo darwmunebuli, rom<br />
batoniSvilebis xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg igi Tavisive sityvas ar gatexda,<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi ki kaxeTi mefisa da taxtis memkvidris gareSe rCeboda.<br />
Aamitomac, usafrTxoebis mizniT, <strong>erekle</strong>s urCevdnen, Tavi Seekavebina iranSi<br />
wasvlisagan, magram man `didad uarhyo warusvleloba Tvisi da hsTqva:<br />
mamaCemi iq unda hyvandesT da Cemis iq misvliT gamoutevebdnen<br />
(gamouSvebdnen, l.m) da me amazed davbrkolde da ara warvide, es Cemgan<br />
SeuZlo ariso.~ Aamrigad, 1737 wlis martSi batoniSvilebi irans Cavidnen.<br />
Nnadir-Sahma qeTevan batoniSvili Tavis Zmiswuls _ ali-yuli-xans miaTxova<br />
colad, Teimurazs kaxeTis mefoba uboZa da saqarTveloSi gamouSva, <strong>erekle</strong><br />
ki TavisTan daitova da indoeTis laSqrobaSi Tan iaxla. sainteresoa, rom<br />
mematianis cnobiT, am Sexvedrisas nadir-Sahs <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis mahmadianur<br />
6
sarwmunoebaze gadasvla SeuTavazebia, magram pasuxad uari miiRo: `Cemi<br />
sikvdili SesaZlebel ars da sulisa (mokvla, l.m.) _ vervis ZaluZso da<br />
arc me gavmahmadiandebio~ amasTan dakavSirebiT, unda iTqvas, rom Sahabasisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, nadir-Sahi saqarTvelos mimarT mkacri<br />
antiqristianuli politikis gatarebis momxre ar yofila: mravalwlovanma<br />
gamocdilebam igi daarwmuna, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis batonobis<br />
SenarCuneba Sahisadmi morCili qristiani mmarTvelis meSveobiT ufro<br />
xelsayreli iyo, vidre gamahmadianebuli qarTveli xanebisa, romlebic<br />
mosaxleobaSi naklebi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. niSandoblivia isic, rom am<br />
droisaTvis religiuri momenti qarTvel mefeTa da kerZod _ Teimuraz II-is<br />
sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si uTuod meorexarisxovani iyo. politikuri orientacia<br />
saqarTvelos interesebis Sesabamisad icvleboda da Teimurazic, Tavisi<br />
winamorbedi mefeebis msgavsad, cdilobda, rom arsebuli situaciiT<br />
nakarnaxevi Zlieri mtrisadmi morCileba qarTl-kaxeTis interesebis<br />
sasikeTod gamoeyenebina. amitomac iyo, rom politikuri viTarebidan<br />
gamomdinare, Teimurazi periodulad nadir-Sahis opoziciur banakSic<br />
yofila, misi erTgulebis damtkicebac xSirad ucdia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
misive Zalebic gamouyenebia sakuTari qveynis interesebisaTvis, xolo nadir-<br />
Sahis damxobis Semdeg _ ruseTis imperiasTan momgebiani urTierTobis<br />
damyarebisTvisac mcdeloba ar dauklia. iseT mtrul saxelmwifoTa<br />
garemocvaSi, rogorSic imdroindeli saqarTvelo imyofeboda, albaT,<br />
sxvagvari <strong>politika</strong> verc gaamarTlebda. Teimurazis moqmedebis sqema<br />
konkretulad ase gamoiyureba: yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma<br />
Teimurazma ruseTisagan ver miiRo daxmareba, amitomac igi nadir-Sahs<br />
swored im momentSi Seurigda, roca es ukanaskneli iranis teritoriebis<br />
Semokrebas amTavrebda da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT grandiozul<br />
laSqrobas gegmavda. Teimurazma zustad gaTvala, rom iranis mbrZanebels<br />
swored maSin sWirdeboda mxardaWera amierkavkasiaSi, sadac Tavisi reJimis<br />
SenarCunebas mxolod yizilbaSTa saokupacio jarebiT ver uzrunvelyofda.<br />
amitom iyo, rom Sahma kaxeTis mefe Teimurazs `qristianoba miuteva~ da<br />
didi pativiT gamoistumra samSobloSi. Aam nabijiT nadir-Sahma erTi mxriv<br />
scada, Seemsubuqebina Tavisive winamorbedTa codvebi qristianuli qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mimarT, meore mxriv, mas kargad esmoda, rom es gza misTvisac<br />
momgebiani iyo, radganac religiuri Semwynarebloba im dros erT-erTi<br />
Zlieri berketi iqneboda saimisod, rom irans aRekveTa qarTvel<br />
politikosTa kavSiri qristianul ruseTTan. yovelive amis Sedegad ki<br />
Teimurazma xarkisagan daixsna kaxeTi, xolo nadir-Sahma Teimurazis<br />
meSveobiT daamSvida mRelvare qarTli, romelsac Sahis mier daniSnulma<br />
yizilbaSma mmarTvelebma (e. w. `veqilebma~) Tavi ver gaarTves.<br />
Nnadir-SahTan <strong>erekle</strong>m TiTqmis ornaxevari weli gaatara da miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom am xnis manZilze, igi mZevlis statusiT imyofeboda, axalgazrda<br />
batoniSvilisaTvis es iyo SesaniSnavi skola, sadac igi gaiwafa aRmosavlur<br />
7
diplomatiaSi, <strong>politika</strong>sa da <strong>samxedro</strong> strategiaSi. amasTanave, nadir-<br />
SahTan erTad indoeTis laSqrobaSi monawileobisas man udidesi sabrZolo<br />
gamocdilebac miiRo da Zlevamosili dampyroblis winaSec saTanadod<br />
warmoaCina sakuTari niWi da unari. amasTan dakavSirebiT, <strong>erekle</strong>s mematianis<br />
TxzulebaSi Semonaxulia erTi gadmocema, romelic mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor<br />
aRafrTovana Sahi <strong>erekle</strong>s maxvilgonivrulma rCevam erT-erTi provinciis _<br />
`sindeTis~ (sindis) * dapyrobisas. Aaq mas sazRvarTan aRmarTuli qvis sveti<br />
daxvda, romelzec Semdegi warwera iyo amokveTili: `ukuniTi ukunisamde<br />
wyeulimc iyos is, vinc am svets gadaabijebs~. am wyevlam crumorwmune<br />
iraneli meomrebi daafrTxo da maT uari ganacxades gzis gagrZelebaze.<br />
Nnadir-Sahma verc muqariT da verc gamxnevebiT ver SeZlo maTi daTanxmeba.<br />
Aam dros <strong>erekle</strong>s misTvis urCevia, rom aRniSnuli sveti daeSalaT da<br />
spiloebis zurgze SemoedoT, spiloebi ki jars waruZRvebodnen. Amgvarad,<br />
wyevla aravis daatydeboda Tavs, radganac arc erTi meomari mas ar<br />
gadabijebda. aseT marjve rCevas Sahi aRtacebaSi mouyvania da madlierebis<br />
niSnad TiTqos 20 aTasi oqroc uboZebia <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis.<br />
1739 w. 28 maiss nadir-Sahma qarTveli batoniSvili guluxvad<br />
daasaCuqra da samSobloSi gamoistumra. xangrZlivi mgzavrobis Semdeg<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> kaxeTSi dabrunda (1739 w. 13 seqtembers) da dauyovnebliv Caeba<br />
qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. Aam droisaTvis kaxeTis samefo karze<br />
dawyebuli iyo qveynis gaerTianebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romlis erT-erTi<br />
sulisCamdgmeli Tamar dedofalic iyo.<br />
aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis dasrulebis Semdeg, nadir-Sahma daRestnis<br />
sabolood damorCileba ganizraxa. Ees masStaburi laSqroba 1741-1742<br />
wlebSi ganxorcielda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom nadir-Sahi mTel<br />
aRmosavleTSi uZlieres xelmwifed iTvleboda, daRestnel mTielTa<br />
Seupovari winaaRmdegobis daZleva man ver SeZlo: lekebi miuval xeobebSi<br />
Caiketnen da Zlieri partizanuli brZola wamoiwyes. Aamis gamo, nadir-Sahis<br />
gegma daRestnis elviseburi dapyrobis Taobaze ver ganxorcielda, omi<br />
gaWianurda, yizilbaSTa mravalaTasian laSqars ki sursaTi Semoaklda. Sahma<br />
advilad ipova gamosavali da saWiro sursaTi amierkavkasiis qveynebisagan,<br />
maT Soris _ qarTl-kaxeTisaganac moiTxova, ramac mosaxleobaSi sapasuxo<br />
ajanyebebi gamoiwvia. jer kidev daRestnis laSqrobamde 1741 w. Sahma<br />
qarTl-kaxeTSi Tavisi sagangebo moxele _ mumeizi (`aRmwereli~)<br />
gamoagzavna, romlis miTiTebiTac TiTqmis yoveli goji miwa, pirutyvi,<br />
xexili, vazi da ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli mosaxle aRweres da dabegres;<br />
gadasaxadebi daaweses TiToeul Senobazec. im periodis kidev erTi qarTveli<br />
mematianis _ papuna orbelianis cnobiT, aseTi mZime gadasaxadebis gadaxda<br />
yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo da amis gamo `mravali suli aiyara, bevri adgili<br />
umetesad aoxrda. Mmravali kaci venaxsa da baRebs Tavisi xeliT kafdis da<br />
aoxrebdis~, xolo qarTlSi puri ise gaZvirda, rom mosaxleoba `balaxis<br />
kurkas gaaxmobdian, dafqvidnen da imas sWamdnen~. Seqmnili mdgomareobis<br />
8
gamo, qarTvelebi ganudgnen nadir-Sahs, mis mier daniSnulma gamgebelma<br />
qarTlSi ajanyebis CaxSoba ver moaxerxa, amitom Tavisi warumateblobis<br />
dasafaravad Teimurazs am ajanyebis monawileoba daabrala da SahTan<br />
daasmina. rogorc oman xerxeuliZe gvamcnobs, ganrisxebulma Sahma ganizraxa<br />
`ayra da mowyveta (daxocva) qarTl-kaxeTisa erisa~. Aaxali ganadgurebisagan<br />
qveyana isev da isev dedofal Tamaris diplomatiurma xelovnebam ixsna,<br />
romelic Teimurazma `waravlina vedrebad yaenisa winaSe,~ raTa misi<br />
mrisxaneba daecxro. Ddedofali daRestanSi dabanakebul nadir-Sahs eaxla da<br />
misTvis Cveuli brZnuli saubriT igi Teimurazis udanaSaulobaSi daarwmuna,<br />
amave dros aRniSna Sahis mimarT <strong>erekle</strong>s erTguli damokidebulebac.<br />
Ddedoflis vizitma sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo. nadir-Sahi molba, Tamaris<br />
yvela Txovna daakmayofila da didi pativiTac gamoistumra. Tumca imis<br />
gamo, rom Tamaris diplomatiiT moxiblulma Sahma kaxeTi gadasaxadebisagan<br />
gaaTavisufla, mTeli simZime qarTlze gadavida, rac Tavis mxriv ajanyebis<br />
axali talRis mizezi gaxda. amave dros, iranSi Seqmnilma sirTuleebma mis<br />
tradiciul moqiSpeebs aqtiurobisaken ubiZges. TurqeTi, romelsac<br />
aSfoTebda nadir-Sahis Zlevamosili laSqrobebis warmateba, ukve omisaTvis<br />
emzadeboda; movlenaTa ganviTarebas yuradRebiT akvirdeboda ruseTic.<br />
qarTlSi mzaddeboda didi SeTqmuleba, romelsac saTaveSi edga Wkviani da<br />
Zlieri Tavadi _ givi amilaxvari. mas saamilaxvro * da qsnis saerisTavo *<br />
eWira, aragvis erisTavi ki misi mokavSire da Tanamoazre iyo; amdenad,<br />
qarTlis CrdiloeT da dasavleT nawils givi amilaxvari akontrolebda.<br />
Mman Teimurazsac SesTavaza ajanyebaSi monawileoba, magram ver daiTanxma<br />
igi. rogorc Cans, Teimurazma im droisaTvis swori gadawyvetileba miiRo.<br />
miuxedavad WeSmaritad keTilSobili ideisa, romelic dampyroblebisagan<br />
qveynis gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda, givi amilaxvari iranelebTan<br />
(yizilbaSebTan) brZolas Turqebis (osmalebis) daxmarebiT apirebda, magram<br />
qarTvelebs jer kidev kargad axsovdaT `osmalobis~ simZime. Seqmnil<br />
viTarebaSi nadir-Sahis interesebi Teimurazisa da Tamaris gegmebs emTxveoda<br />
_ Sahi Teimurazs Tavis erTgul ymad miiCnevda, im dros rodesac osmaleTi<br />
xels uwyobda qarTlis ajanyebas, Sahs aq haeriviT sWirdeboda Tavisi<br />
erTguli momxre, Teimurazs ki qarTlis mefobaze kanonieri ufleba hqonda,<br />
radgan misi meuRle Tamari qarTlis mefis vaxtang VI-is asuli iyo. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, kaxTa mefis mxardaWeras SahisaTvis gacilebiT didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeboda.<br />
Aim xanebSi nadir-Sahi sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.<br />
TurqeTTan wamowyebuli axali omis fonze (1743-1746 ww.) iranis Sida<br />
provinciebSi ajanyebebi mZvinvarebda. TurqeTisave waqezebiT areuloba<br />
daiwyo amierkavkasiis saxanoebSic, xolo daRestanSi warumatebelma<br />
laSqrobam Sahs kidev ufro gaurTula saqme. aseT viTarebaSi qarTlSi<br />
dawyebuli ajanyeba iseTi gavleniani feodalis meTaurobiT, rogoric iyo<br />
givi amilaxvari, irans did saSiSroebas uqmnida. Nnadir-Sahma isic kargad<br />
9
icoda, rom am ajanyebis CasaxSobad sakuTari Zalebis gamoyeneba misTvis<br />
araxelsayreli iyo, radgan qarTvelTa TvalSi iranis Sahi, rogorc<br />
dampyrobeli, mxolod undoblobasa da siZulvils iwvevda. amitom nadir-<br />
SahisaTvis yvelaze kargi gamosavali iyo is, rom qarTvelTa ajanyeba isev<br />
qarTvelebis xeliT CaexSo da am saqmeSi igi Teimurazze ukeTes<br />
kandidaturas versad ipovida, radganac qristiani mefe mosaxleobaSi didi<br />
mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. Tumca amis sanacvlod, Sahs unda ezruna, rom am<br />
saqmeSi Teimurazsac saTanado daintereseba hqonoda da swored aq daemTxva<br />
Sahis gegmebi Teimurazis miswrafebebs saqarTvelos (pirvel rigSi ki _<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis) gaerTianebisaken.<br />
Mmas Semdeg, rac Sahma kaxeTi xarkisagan gaaTavisufla, Teimurazis<br />
politikis momxreTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo qsnisa da<br />
aragvis xeobaSi da MmTlianad qarTlSic, ajanyebis monawile Tavadebs Soris<br />
nel-nela gaCnda iranTan Serigebis survili. Ggarda amisa, gadasaxadebiTa da<br />
ganuwyveteli omebiT ganawameb qarTlis mosaxleobas Tvalwin edga kaxeTi,<br />
sadac arc gauTavebeli urTierTdarbevebi iyo, aRarc yizilbaSTa TareSi da<br />
arc sayaeno xarki. Aaqedan gamomdinare, givi amilaxvrisaTvis Teimurazis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZola gacilebiT ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo, vidre<br />
yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg. Mmokle xanSi, nadir-Sahma kaxeTis mefes daumtkica<br />
aragvis saerisTavo * da qsnis saerisTavoc aRuTqva. es amilaxvrisaTvis<br />
Zlieri dartyma iyo, Tumca igi imeds mainc ar kargavda. 1743 wlisaTvis<br />
iranSi saSineli SimSiloba daiwyo, xalxis ukmayofilebam bevr provinciaSi<br />
ajanyebis saxe miiRo, amave dros SirvanSi gamoCnda iranis taxtis axali<br />
pretendentic da yvelafer amas emateboda iran-osmaleTs Soris dawyebuli<br />
omi. TurqeTis waqezebiT irans ganudga amierkavkasiis saxanoebis didi<br />
nawili. aseT viTarebaSi givi amilaxvris laSqari, romelic zogierTi<br />
cnobis Tanaxmad, 12 aTasi kacisagan Sedgeboda, nadir-SahisaTvis<br />
mniSvnelovan safrTxes warmoadgenda da savaraudod, aqedan gamomdinareobda<br />
misi gadawyvetilebac TeimurazisaTvis aragvis xeobis gadacemis Sesaxeb. amis<br />
Semdeg qsnis xeobis dakaveba did siZneles aRar warmoadgenda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad Teimurazi ZmaTaSoris sisxlisRvras moerida da Seecada<br />
`mravlis wyalobis dapirebiT~ Semoerigebina qsnisxevelni, magram es<br />
mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. maSin man <strong>erekle</strong> kaxeTidan moixmo jariT,<br />
ris Semdegac, rogorc papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs `Sevida kaxi batoni<br />
Teimuraz, daimona xmliT qsnis xevi, dadga Sig~, amis Semdeg givi amilaxvris<br />
winaaRmdeg brZola gadamwyvet fazaSi Sevida. Mmis mflobelobaSi iyo<br />
`sxvilos cixe, ori Wala, surami, kexvi, qcxinvali da qarTlis cixe qsanze,<br />
kidev wiqori~ (wirqoli, l.m.). amasobaSi, amilaxvris momxreTa banakSi<br />
ganxeTqileba gaCnda, amiT isargebles kaxelebma da misi uaxloesi<br />
TanamebrZoli, misive biZaSvili revaz amilaxvari gadmoibires. unda iTqvas,<br />
rom givi amilaxvris mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis pozicia TavisTavad<br />
srulebiTac ar gulisxmobda iranelTa batonobasTan Seguebas; isini<br />
10
ealurad afasebdnen Seqmnil viTarebas da miiCnevdnen, rom im droisaTvis<br />
iranis SahisaTvis mxardaWera TavianTi ZiriTadi miznis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
anu _ qveynis gasaerTianeblad gamoeyenebinaT. movlenaTa Semdgomma<br />
ganviTarebam marTlac daadastura am gadawyvetilebis upiratesoba: qsnisa da<br />
aragvis xeobebis dakargvis Semdeg, givi amilaxvari gamouval mdgomareobaSi<br />
aRmoCnda da daxmarebisaTvis osmaleTs mimarTa, am nabijiT ki sakuTar Tavs<br />
TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni, radganac qarTlis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli<br />
gmiri, misive momxreTa TvalSi, ukve osmalTa momzred iqca. cnobili<br />
qarTveli mecnieri Nniko berZeniSvili Aamis Sesaxeb werda: `qarTlis<br />
sazogadoebis TvalSi, ajanyebas ideuri safuZveli gamoecala, radganac<br />
brZolis dawyebisas amilaxvari qarTlSi osmalTa Semoyvanaze ar fiqrobda,<br />
igi `qarTvelobis~ dasacavad ebrZoda `osmalobasac~ da `yizilbaSobasac~,<br />
swored amitom gaerTianda mis garSemo qarTlelTa mniSvnelovani nawili.<br />
Teimurazis mier warmoebulma <strong>politika</strong>m ki maT daanaxa, rom igi iseve<br />
gaaTavisuflebda qarTls yizilbaSobisagan, rogorc gaaTavisufla kaxeTi im<br />
dros, rodesac osmaleTis daxmarebis mizani mxolod da mxolod qarTlis<br />
dapyroba iyo~.<br />
Aamrigad, Teimurazma qsnisa da aragvis saerisTavoebidan gaaZeva givi<br />
amilaxvris momxreebi. amis sapasuxod 1744 w. zamTarSi axalcixidan<br />
osmalTa didi laSqari daiZra da suramSi dabanakebul amilaxvris jars<br />
SeuerTda. qarTvelTa da TurqTa erTianma jarma (5 aTasamde kaci) aCabeTis<br />
cixeSi gamagrebul <strong>erekle</strong>s Seuties. Mmematianis cnobiT, <strong>erekle</strong>s am dros<br />
daaxloebiT eqvsasamde meomari Hhyavda (300 qarTveli da 300 leki), magram<br />
miuxedavad amisa, iolad SeZlo gacilebiT mravalricxovani miwinaaRmdegis<br />
damarcxeba. istoriuli wyaroebi am brZolas ase aRweren: `gamovidnen kaxni,<br />
dauSines, rom Tofis xmisagan yurTa xma aRar iyo. sZlies kaxTa, gaaqcies<br />
urumni, mihyvnen ukan kafiT (e.i. xovca-JletiT, l.m.) qcxinvalamdis…...… da<br />
gamobrundnen gamarjvebulni. Mmas dRes rom genaxaT batoniSvili <strong>erekle</strong>,<br />
amas bZanebdiT: Tuca lomi, egre ibrZviso! asakiTa iyo mcire, magram rasac<br />
saqmes iqmoda, falavanis Sesadarisi iqneboda.~ Ddamarcxebuli amilaxvari<br />
Tavisi jariT surams dabrunda da sul male, kars momdgari zamTris SiSiT,<br />
axalcixeSi gadavida.<br />
Aamave xanebSi, Teimurazma da <strong>erekle</strong>m kidev erTi didi samsaxuri<br />
gauwies nadir-Sahs: TurqeTTan mimdinare omis fonze iranis SigniTac<br />
gaaqtiurdnen Sahis mowinaaRmdegeni; amjerad, maT sababad gamoiyenes nadir-<br />
Sahis mier iranis taxtis ukanonod miTviseba da wina planze wamoswies<br />
taxtis `kanonieri memkvidre~, romelic Sah-Tamazis Svilad _ `Sah-zadad~<br />
gamoacxades da misTvis mamiseuli taxtis dabrunebis moTxovna wamoayenes.<br />
isedac rTul mdgomareobaSi myofi nadir-SahisaTvis es ukve gamanadgurebeli<br />
dartyma iyo, amitomac man Tavis Svils _ nasrula-mirzas saswrafod<br />
daavala taxtis maZieblis Sepyroba. Nnasrula-mirzam amboxebulebTan<br />
brZolaSi gaimarjva, magram mTavari mizani ganuxorcielebeli darCa: Sah-<br />
11
zadam daaxloebiT askaciani amalis TanxlebiT gaqceva moaxerxa. Ppapuna<br />
orbelianis cnobiT, igi md. Qqsnis xeobisaken gaemarTa, sadac givi<br />
amilaxvari eguleboda, magram iq mas Teimurazi da <strong>erekle</strong> daxvdnen<br />
qarTvelTa jariT, Seipyres igi da ananuris cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. rogorc<br />
ki es ambavi acnobes, madlierebis niSnad nadir-Sahma guluxvad daasaCuqra<br />
qarTveli mefeebi da momavalSi kidev ufro didi wyaloba aRuTqva;<br />
datyvevebuli Sah-zada <strong>erekle</strong>m piradad Cauyvana nasrula-mirzas, romelmac<br />
Tavis mxriv didad dasaCuqrebuli gamoistumra da dapirda `magier jildos,<br />
mswrafl moelodeo~.<br />
Aamrigad, kaxeTis mflobeli mama-Svilis erTguleba da samsaxuri nadir-<br />
Sahma am faqtis Semdeg kidev ufro metad daafasa da maTTvis qarTlis<br />
gadacema ukve uaxloesi momavlis saqme iyo. am fonze yovlad uimedo gaxda<br />
givi amilaxvris mdgomareoba, miT umetes, rom amave xanebSi, ukiduresad<br />
gaxSirda qarTlis mosaxleobis masiuri gadasaxleba kaxeTSi (zogierTi<br />
cnobiT, marto saamilaxvro sami aTasamde komlma datova). amis miuxedavad,<br />
TurqeTi brZolas ar wyvetda: 1744 w. axalcixeli usuf-faSas meTaurobiT<br />
qarTlSi osmalTa didi jari Semovida: maT Tan mohqondaT didi raodenobiT<br />
Tanxa, romelic daRestanSi unda CaetanaT lekTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad,<br />
romlebsac givi amilaxvris mxareze unda ebrZolaT. amilaxvari osmalebs<br />
suramSi Seegeba. Teimurazma mters gorTan gaumarTa brZola, magram<br />
damarcxda, Tumca osmalebma goris cixis aReba ver gabedes da isev ruisSi<br />
dabanakdnen. amis Semdeg givi amilaxvarma da usuf-faSam daRestnelTa<br />
beladi malaCi 4 aTaskaciani jariT (2 aTasi leki da 2 aTasi Turqi)<br />
daRestanSi gagzavnes da Tan gaatanes lekTa jaris dasaqiraveblad<br />
gankuTvnili didZali Tanxa. Ees cnobili gaxda goris cixeSi dabanakebuli<br />
TeimurazisaTvis, romelmac amis Taobaze saswrafod Seatyobina <strong>erekle</strong>s.<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m naCqarevad Sekriba qarTvelTa da yizilbaSTa razmebi da aragvis<br />
marcxena napirze, saguramosTan Causafrda mtris jars, romelic arsaidan<br />
safrTxes ar moeloda da guldamSvidebiT Seudga adidebuli aragvis fonSi<br />
gasvlas. am dros qarTvelebi safaridan gamovidnen da mters ekveTnen;<br />
moulodneli SeteviT dabneulma lek-osmalTa meomrebma ukan daixies,<br />
aragvis marjvena napirze sangrebi Sekres da Tofis sroliT igeriebdnen<br />
mowinaaRmdeges. maSin <strong>erekle</strong> pirveli Sevarda adidebul aragvSi. amis<br />
mxilvelni, misi TanamebrZolnic aRar SeuSindnen wyals da ukan mihyvnen<br />
mefes: `iqmna brZola uZlieresi ... miuxda irakli Ze mefisa da daRistnis<br />
beladi malaCi TviT mohkla~. niSandoblivia, rom malaCi mTel kavkasiaSi<br />
saxelganTqmul da daumarcxebel mebrZolad iTvleboda da misma daRupvam<br />
lek-osmalTa jarze Tavzardamcemad imoqmeda, mematianis sityvebiT<br />
`sikvdilsa missa myis iZlivnen osmal-lekni~, qarTvelebma gaqceul mters<br />
did manZilze sdies, mravali daxoces da tyved Caigdes, mopovebul nadavls<br />
Soris iyo lekTa razmebis dasaqiraveblad gankuTvnili Tanxac. am marcxis<br />
Semdeg usuf-faSa saswrafod aiyara da axalcixeSi gaiqca. <strong>erekle</strong>s mier<br />
12
mopovebuli brwyinvale gamarjvebiT kmayofilma nadir-Sahma ki `moxarulma<br />
warmouvlina mas cxeni oqrosa aRkazmulobiTa da xmali mZimed moWedili~.<br />
am gamarjvebis Sedegi iyo isic, rom 1744 w. ivlisSi nadir-Sahma Teimurazs<br />
qarTlis, xolo <strong>erekle</strong>s _ kaxeTis mefoba uboZa. amrigad, qarTvelTa didi<br />
xnis ocneba asrulda: qarTl-kaxeTSi mama-Svilis gamefeba qveynis<br />
gaerTianebis gzaze umniSvnelovanesi warmateba iyo.<br />
Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, Sahma qarTvel mefeebs gasamrjelo gamouyo<br />
iranis xazinidan, amave dros, kaxeTis msgavsad qarTlsac sagrZnoblad<br />
Seumcira xarki. Aesoden didi warmatebis fonze, givi amilaxvris bedi ukve<br />
gadawyvetili iyo: misma momxreebma erTmaneTis miyolebiT gadainacvles<br />
Teimurazis banakSi; suramis cixeSi gamagrebuli amilaxvari xuTTviani alyis<br />
Semdeg danebda. Nnadir-Sahis moTxovniT, datyvevebuli meamboxe iranSi<br />
gagzavnes. Mmiuxedavad damarcxebisa, qarTlis ajanyebas mainc ar Cauvlia<br />
uSedegod: ajanyebulTa medgarma winaaRmdegobam nadir-Sahi aiZula uari<br />
eTqva Tavis pirvandel gegmaze, romelic miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos<br />
`gayizilbaSebas~. Ggarda amisa, man qarTls daubruna jer kidev XVII<br />
saukuneSi Sah-abasis mier CamorTmeuli mxareebi _ lore * , borCalo da<br />
baidari. * Aamrigad, Teimuraz-<strong>erekle</strong>s mier warmoebulma gonivrulma<br />
<strong>politika</strong>m gaamarTla: qarTli Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdga, qarTvelTa<br />
gamahmadianebis <strong>politika</strong> Sewyda da rac mTavaria, safuZveli Caeyara qarTlkaxeTis<br />
erT samefod gaerTianebas, es ki mTeli saqarTvelos<br />
gaerTianebisaken gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo.<br />
1745 w. Semodgomaze nadir-Sahma gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da amiT<br />
iran-TurqeTis omic dasasruls miuaxlovda. brZolis velidan samSobloSi<br />
dabrunebisas, nadir-Sahma Teimurazs qristianuli wesiT qarTlis mefed<br />
kurTxevis neba darTo. Ees udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo, radgan<br />
saukuneze meti xnis manZilze, qarTlsa da kaxeTSi qristiani mefe taxtze<br />
ar asula. 1 oqtombers Teimuraz II-is mefed kurTxevis ceremoniali Zveli<br />
qarTuli wesiT sveticxovlis taZarSi Sedga.<br />
Mmopovebuli warmatebis miuxedavad, qarTl-kaxeTi jer kidev iranis<br />
vasalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
yizilbaSTa jarebic idga (maT Soris TbilisSic). marTalia, iran-osmaleTs<br />
Soris zavi daido da amieridan oficialurad axalcixis safaSos mxridan<br />
qarTls safrTxe aRar emuqreboda, magram xangrZlivi omebiTa da ajanyebebiT<br />
Ronemixdil iranSic problemebma iCines Tavi. Zlevamosilebis miuxedavad,<br />
imperiuli irani mainc aramyar <strong>samxedro</strong>-feodalur gaerTianebas<br />
warmoadgenda.Aamgvari xelovnuri gaerTianeba ki, rogorc wesi, droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi dasaSlelad aris ganwiruli. osmaleTTan omis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg, nadir-Sahis mmarTvelobis krizisi daiwyo, irani ajanyebebma moicva:<br />
gauTavebelma omebma da am omebiT gamowveulma mudmivad mzardma<br />
gadasaxadebma mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela fenis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia; nadir-<br />
Sahs ki ukve aRar Seswevda imis Zala, rom gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi<br />
13
mieRo da es mRelvareba Caecxro, piriqiT, _ igi Tavis axloblebsac ki<br />
veRar endoboda, radgan SiSobda, rom nebismier maTgans Sahis winaaRmdeg<br />
SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba SeeZlo. Uubralo eWvis niadagze man sakuTari<br />
Svilic ki ar daindo da usastikesad dasaja, xolo mas Semdeg, rac am<br />
eWvis usafuZvlobaSi darwmunda, igive sasjeli gamoutana Tavis kariskacebs,<br />
romelTac brali dasdo, rom win ar aRudgnen mis mier ufliswulis<br />
usamarTlod dasjas.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi, nadir-Sahis morigi gadawyvetileba axali gadasaxadebis<br />
dawesebis Sesaxeb, bunebrivia, sabediswero aRmoCnda: 1747 wels Sahma<br />
sakuTriv iransac da vasalur qveynebsac uzomod didi gadasaxadi dauwesa<br />
(maT Soris mxolod qarTl-kaxeTs wilad xvda fuladi xarki 200 aTasi<br />
Tumnis odenobiT). Aaman iranis mTel teritoriaze biZgi misca ajanyebaTa<br />
axal talRas; es gadawyvetileba qarTvel mefeTaTvis sruliad moulodneli<br />
iyo: bolo wuTamde Sahi maT `megobrulad~ eqceoda. Teimurazmac da<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>mac kargad icodnen, rom mosaxleobisagan aseTi didi gadasaxadis<br />
amoReba yovlad SeuZlebeli iyo, amitom ajanyebisaTvis samzadiss Seudgnen:<br />
xalxi mTebSi gaxiznes, meomrebi ki cixe-simagreebSi ganalages. somxeTazerbaijanis<br />
mmarTvelma xanebmac <strong>erekle</strong>sa da Teimurazs mimarTes TxovniT<br />
_ `Cvenc Tqven ymasaviT gvimsaxureT, saca geprianebodes, Cvens jars iq<br />
gaaxlebTo~.<br />
rogorc ki qarTvel mefeTa daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb Seityo, nadir-<br />
Sahma jari gaamzada saqarTvelos asaklebad, magram Semdeg TviTonve mixvda,<br />
rom misi mxridan es gamousworebeli Secdoma iqneboda da gadawyvetileba<br />
Secvala; papuna orbelianis gadmocemiT, Sahma jari `isev daabruna gzidan<br />
imisTvis (e.i. imis gamo Ll.m.), rom bevrjer enaxa qarTvelTa xmali... axla<br />
qarTli da kaxeTi oriv erTad gaerTebiT ganudgnen, ras daaklebda~. Sahis<br />
ukandaxeva namdvilad ar yofila saqarTvelos mimarT misi `keTilganwyobis~<br />
gamovlineba: mas marTlac mSvenivrad axsovda, TiToeuli meamboxe qarTveli<br />
Tavadis damorCilebac ki ra Zvirad daujda iranis jarsa da xazinas,<br />
Sesabamisad, isic kargad gaTvala, rom ukve gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
damarcxeba gacilebiT ufro Zneli iqneboda; amitomac iyo, rom `Serigebis~<br />
mizniT man gadasaxadis Tanxa meoTxedamde daiyvana da Teimurazs miswera:<br />
`rogorc Sen gindodes, ise gaarigeo. Ees brZaneba ki gaagone xalxs Cemio;<br />
isev qalaqSi Camodi da qveyanas mouareo~. Tumca amis sanacvlod, Sahi<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s iranSi ibarebda, rogorc Cans, amiT igi qarTvelTa morCilebis<br />
saimedo garantias moiTxovda. Teimurazi ver endo cbier Sahs, magram<br />
imisaTvis, rom arc qveyana Caegdo safrTxeSi, arc taxtis memkvidre gaewira<br />
mZevlobisaTvis, gadawyvita, TviTon wasuliyo iranSi; ra Tqma unda, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Teimurazma sakuTari Tavi gawira, radgan aravin icoda, rogor<br />
Caivlida misi viziti iranis mrisxane gamgebelTan. sabednierod, Teimurazi<br />
jer kidev gzaSi iyo, rodesac nadir-Sahi SeTqmulebma mokles (1747 w.<br />
ivnisSi). iranSi Casul Teimurazs Sahis taxtze sakuTari siZe _ qeTevanis<br />
14
meuRle ali-yuli-xani daxvda, romelmac biZis daRupvisTanave Tavi iranis<br />
Sahad gamoacxada da adil-Sahi (samarTliani Sahi) dairqva. Teimurazi siZem<br />
didi pativiT miiRo, Tumca es ganpirobebuli iyo ara imdenad maTi naTesavmoyvrobiT,<br />
ramdenadac _ arsebuli politikuri viTarebiT: iranis axalbeda<br />
mmarTvels Zlieri mokavSireebis Tanadgoma sWirdeboda, radgan nadir-Sahis<br />
daRupvis Semdeg, qveyana anarqiam moicva, feodalur dajgufebaTa Soris<br />
gamwvavda brZola pirvelobisaTvis, jariskacebma qonebis dataceba da<br />
qalaqebis Zarcva daiwyes (erT-erTi iranuli wyaros cnobiT, nadiris<br />
mkvlelobidan 4 saaTis Semdeg misi uZvirfasesi samefo karvisagan aRaraferi<br />
iyo darCenili, yvelaferi iqve daitaces). taxtis axal-axali pretendentebi<br />
erTmaneTs gaafTrebiT ebrZodnen. aseT viTarebaSi, adil-SahisaTvis didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqonda Teimurazisa da <strong>erekle</strong>s mxardaWeras; Tavis mxriv,<br />
Teimurazic ar iyo amis winaaRmdegi, radgan imedovnebda, rom Sahis karze<br />
yofnas qarTl-kaxeTSi <strong>erekle</strong>s warmatebebisaTvis gamoiyenebda, magram adil-<br />
Sahis mmarTveloba Zalze xanmokle aRmoCnda (mxolod 11 Tve), igi sakuTarma<br />
Zmam daamxo, magram arc am ukanasknels dascalda didxans mefoba. Teimurazma<br />
TiTqmis ori weli dahyo iranSi da am periodSi iq ramdenime mbrZanebeli<br />
Seicvala, Tumca rogorc Wkvian da frTxil politikoss Seefereboda,<br />
Teimurazi yvela maTganTan axerxebda saerTo enis gamonaxvas da saqarTvelos<br />
sasikeTod saqmeebis mogvarebas.<br />
Sahis taxtisaTvis gamarTul xangrZliv brZolaSi sabolood sami<br />
uZlieresi sagvareulos warmomadgeneli gamoikveTa: azat-xan avRani, mahmadxan<br />
yajari da qerim-xan zendi. iranSi dawyebulma areulobam garkveuli<br />
zegavlena moaxdina qarTl-kaxeTzec: SahTan gamgzavrebis win, Teimurazma<br />
qarTlis gamgebloba <strong>erekle</strong>sTan erTad gamahmadianebul abdula-begsac<br />
Caabara. Aabdula-begi (igive arCili) vaxtang VI-is Zmis _ ieses vaJi iyo<br />
(sxvadasxva dros orjer gamahmadianebuli iese 1714-1716 ww. qarTlSi<br />
mefobda da antiqarTuli politikis gatarebaSi iranel moxeleebsac ki<br />
gadaaWarba. Ggaremoebis mixedviT, igi iranelebsac emsaxureboda da<br />
Turqebsac). rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTlis taxtze Teimurazis uflebebi<br />
(vaxtang VI-is qaliSvilis xaziT) arc ise myari iyo, radgan rogorc<br />
vaxtangs, ise mis Zmas _ iesesac hyavdaT vaJiSvili memkvidreebi, rac<br />
qarTlis politikur wreebze garkveul zemoqmedebas axdenda. rogorc Cans,<br />
Teimurazma sruliad Segnebulad SeaCera arCevani abdula-begze, riTac am<br />
ukanasknelis pativmoyvareobac daakmayofila da <strong>erekle</strong>sac mSvidi da<br />
usafrTxo mmarTvelobis pirobebi Seuqmna. mematianis gadmocemiT `Teimurazma<br />
abdula-begs ubZana: radgan mefe <strong>erekle</strong> mudam qarTlisaTvis ver moicliso,<br />
qarTls mouareo da erTmaneTis nebiT da SekiTxviT oriv qveynebi mtrisagan<br />
karga gaamagreTo da Cemda mosvlamdis mSvidobianad iyvneTo~; Mmagram<br />
abdula-begma borotad isargebla qarTlSi Teimurazis aryofniT,<br />
daukavSirda saqarTvelosadmi mtrulad ganwyobil Zalebs, maT Soris:<br />
daRestnelebs, nadir-Sahis mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo Tbilisis yizilbaSTa<br />
15
garnizons, qarTlel TavadTa nawils, iranis taxtis erT-erT pretendents<br />
(romelmac mas winaswar qarTlis `mefobac~ ki daumtkica). amis Semdeg, man<br />
safuZvlianad gaamagra Tavisi sabatoniSvilo mamuli _ samSvildis cixe * da<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s SeuTvala: `qarTli Cemiao, damanebe da Sen kaxeTs miepatroneo~.<br />
P<strong>erekle</strong>m jer mSvidobiani gziT scada saqmis mogvareba, Tbileli<br />
episkoposis aTanases SuamavlobiT abdula-begs molaparakeba SesTavaza da<br />
sabatoniSvilo mamulis sarCod gadacema aRuTqva, magram abdula-begisagan<br />
uari miiRo. maSin <strong>erekle</strong>m Zlieri laSqari Sekriba da abdula-begs Seutia.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom qarTlis Tavadebis umravlesobam am brZolaSi <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
mxare daiWira.<br />
Tavisi mdebareobis wyalobiT, samSvildis cixe mTel qvemo qarTlSi<br />
auRebel cixed iTvleboda, amitomac <strong>erekle</strong>m jarebi safarSi ganalaga da<br />
cixes zarbaznebiT Seutia. ramdenimedRiani ormxrivi srolis Semdeg,<br />
abdula-begi molaparakebaze daTanxmda da <strong>erekle</strong>s piroba misca `manamdis<br />
mefe Teimuraz iranis qveynidan mobZandebodes, Cven ornive myudroebiT<br />
viyvneTo.~ E<strong>erekle</strong>m Tavisi momxre daRestneli beladebis meSveobiT<br />
SeTanxmebas miaRwia cixeSi myof abdula-begis momxre lekTa razmebis<br />
meTaurebTan da maT datoves samSvildis cixe. amis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong> Tavisi<br />
jariT TbilisSi dabrunda.<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mokle xanSi abdula-begma Tavisi piroba<br />
daarRvia. azerbaijanSi iranis taxtis axali pretendenti gamoCnda _ adil-<br />
Sahis yofili sardali amir-aslan-xani. Aabdula-begma dro ixelTa da<br />
qarTlis mefobis mosapoveblad mas jariT daxmareba sTxova. Aamir-aslan<br />
xanmac, Tavis mxriv, mas qarTlic `uwyaloba~ da 8 aTasi avRaneli meomaric<br />
gamougzavna. amiT gulmocemulma abdula-begma <strong>erekle</strong>s Tbilisis datoveba<br />
mosTxova, magram qarTlel TavadTa umravlesoba amjeradac mefis gverdiT<br />
dadga (abdula-begs mxolod sabaraTianos * jari miemxro) da <strong>erekle</strong>mac<br />
pasuxad SeuTvala: `sanamdis suli midgas, Cemgan aqedan gasvla ar iqnebao~.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom TviT abdula-begis Zma _ anton kaTalikosi mTeli am<br />
konfliqtis manZilze <strong>erekle</strong>s erTgulad uWerda mxars. gadamwyveti brZola<br />
sololakis mTis ferdobebze gaimarTa; Tavisi jaris erTi nawiliT <strong>erekle</strong><br />
wavkisis mxares dadga, qiziyelebi revaz orbelianis sardlobiT mewinaved<br />
gauSva sabaraTianos jaris winaaRmdeg (romelsac abdula-begis Zma _ useinbegi<br />
meTaurobda). Aam brZolas xatovnad aRwers papuna orbeliani: `Seiqna<br />
omi ficxeli, rom Tofis xmisagan arRara ismoda da komlisagan (e.i.<br />
kvamlisagan, l.m.) jari aRara Canda. Ppirvelsave misvlaze gaemarjvaT revaz<br />
orbelians da qisiyelT, gaaqcives jari. Eese ra naxes, ... Seuties<br />
qarTvelTa da kaxTa, dauwyes kafa, rom RvTis risxva dasces. Ggaiqca es<br />
jari mTliv, xuTi da eqvsi TiTo kacma yizilbaSi egre iWires, miyvnen<br />
iaRlujis * bolomde, darCaT karavi-mofeniloba Tu ram sxva. arasdros<br />
qarTlSi amisTana gamarjveba ar momxdariyo da arc amrigad yizilbaST<br />
qarTlSi damarcxebodaT (e.i. yizilbaSebi qarTlSi ase arasdros<br />
16
damarcxebulan, l.m.). xanebs droSebi aq darCaT, wavidnen sircxvileulni...<br />
abdula-beg mibZanda samSvildes, baraTianni, vinc gadarCnen, mividnen<br />
birTviss * ~. igive brZolis Sesaxeb, oman xerxeuliZe werda: `iZlivnen<br />
mxedrobani sparsTa da baraTianTani esreT, romel erTi ipyrobda aTsa,<br />
xolo erTma mebaReman Seipyro cxra yizilbaSi da ukun iqcnen<br />
sircxvileulni~. Tbilisis mosaxleoba gamarjvebul mefes zeimiT Seegeba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>erekle</strong> Rirseulad moeqca damarcxebulebs. mematianis<br />
cnobiT, man tyved Cavardnili yizilbaSebi `Tav-Tavis qveynebSi gaistumra da<br />
amiT kidev ufro ganifina ambavi gamarjvebisa, an vinc baraTaSvili (e.i. am<br />
sagvareulos warmomadgeneli, l.m.) cocxali moarTves, ganuteva mSvidobiT<br />
da apativa cToma Tvisi, dajda nadimad, naxa lxini da gasca saboZvari~.<br />
Aamis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong>m miiRo gadawyvetileba nariyalasa da metexis<br />
cixeebSi mdgari yizilbaSTa jarebis gaZevebis Taobaze. qarTvelebma sangrebi<br />
aages da cixeebi alyaSi moaqcies, brZolis samzadisSi aqtiurad<br />
monawileobdnen ubralo moqalaqeebic. alyaSi moqceul yizilbaSebs abdulabegi<br />
samSvildidan awvdida sursaTs, amis gamo <strong>erekle</strong>m 500 meomari gagzavna<br />
da gzebi Seakvrevina. yizilbaSebi mainc ar nebdebodnen da cixeebidan<br />
ganuwyvetliv yumbarebs uSendnen qalaqs, metexidan mefis sasaxlesac ki<br />
esroles zarbaznidan. radganac qalaqis mxridan SeteviT nariyalas aReba<br />
ver xerxdeboda, <strong>erekle</strong>m gadawyvita jer Taboris * koSkebi aeRo wavkisis<br />
xevSi, raTa am gziT nariyalas mecixovne yizilbaSebisaTvis sursaTis<br />
miRebis bolo gzac moespo. Mman goridan Camoatanina didi zarbazani da<br />
aRmosavleTis (Sindisis) mxridan daumizna Taboris koSks. cixis mcvelebi<br />
mixvdnen, rom ganwirulni iyvnen, radgan aseT did yumbarebs cixis Zveli<br />
kedlebi ver gauZlebdnen, magram mainc gaafTrebul winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen<br />
qarTvelebs: `ar avad iyvnes myofni cixisani, arc Tofis srola gauwyvetiaT<br />
da sanamdis cixeSi Sig ar Caucvivdnen, arc omisagan daswynardnen.~ meoTxe<br />
yumbaram koSkis kedlebi dabzara, moieriSeni cixeSi Secvivdnen da<br />
xelCarTuli omi gaimarTa. AbrZolisas gansakuTrebiT isaxela Tavi papuna<br />
orbelianis ymam Saverda mRebriSvilma, romelic zed koSkze aiWra. Mis<br />
gmirobas: `jari sul xedvida da uqebdnen mamacobasa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
brZolis Semdeg mZimed daWrili Saverda mRebriSvili <strong>erekle</strong>m piradad<br />
daajildova.<br />
Taboris koSks <strong>erekle</strong>m axali galavani Semoavlo da Sig kaxTa razmebi<br />
Caayena. TbilisSi mobrunebul mefes ambavi daaxvedres, rom avWalasa da<br />
martyofs lekebi dascemian da didi raodenobiT msxvilfexa saqoneli da<br />
SedarebiT mcirericxovani tyveebi gautaciaT. imis imediT, rom qarTvelTa<br />
jarebi cixeebis aRebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, naZarcviT datvirTuli lekebi<br />
guldamSvidebiT gaudgnen gzas; magram <strong>erekle</strong>m alya ar moSala da<br />
mcirericxovani razmiT Siraqis bolos wamoewia maT, `axsena dambadebeli<br />
RmerTi da pirvel TviTon Seutia da ubrZana jarsa: `vis uyvars RmerTi da<br />
erTguli ars Cemi, gulsrulad Seebaso~. Mmefis mowodebiT gamxnevebuli<br />
17
qarTvelebi xmaldaxmal ekveTnen mters, daamarcxes da mTeli nadavli<br />
daatovebines. Ggaqceuli lekebi gzad daRestnidan momaval TanamemamuleTa<br />
did razms Sexvdnen da daxmareba sTxoves, Tan Seagulianes, <strong>erekle</strong>s Zalze<br />
mcirericxovani jari hyavs, advilad davamarcxebT da nadavlsac<br />
davibrunebTo; marTlac, gaerTianebuli lekTa jari gamTeniisas<br />
moulodnelad daesxa Tavs qarTvelebs, magram miuxedavad amisa sastiki<br />
marcxi iwvnies: `egeTi omi gardaixada im dRes mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m, rom pirveli<br />
omi laRobad Caigdeboda. moarTves Tavi mravali da cxensa da iaraRs xom<br />
ricxvi ara hqonda. rac saqoneli iyo, isev patronebs uboZa da egre<br />
gamarjvebuli wabZanda qalaqsa Tbilisisasa.~ amis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong>m metexi da<br />
nariyalac aiRo. Ees ori cixe didi xnis Semdeg pirvelad iqna<br />
gaTavisuflebuli yizilbaSTa jarebisagan, <strong>erekle</strong>m isini qarTvel xalxs<br />
daubruna da maT koSkebze kvlav saqarTvelos droSa afrialda. Aam<br />
gamarjvebam abdula-begis winaaRmdegobac gatexa, ivlisis TveSi man<br />
samSvildis cixis kari gaaRo da <strong>erekle</strong>s patieba sTxova. <strong>erekle</strong>m `viTa<br />
xelmwifobis wesia, Semcode kaci rom Sendobas moiTxovs, miuteveben. amanac<br />
egre mowyalebis kari ganaRo da miuteva yvelas erTad cdoma Tvisi, didi<br />
mowyaleba ixmara, Torem cixis TaTrebs es rogor Seendoboda: sionis<br />
monasters zarbazans esrodnen da mefis sasaxle yunbariT aavses ... es yvela<br />
apativa da Tavisis saqonliT gaSveba brZana, rom arc saqoneli waarTva; es<br />
ufro didi mowyaleba iyo~. Mmitevebis niSnad, mefem abdula-begs<br />
saufliswulo mamuli dautova, aseve Seundo baraTaSvilebsac. Aam<br />
warmatebam qarTl-kaxeTis mosazRvre saxanoebzec saTanadod imoqmeda: `ra es<br />
ambavi Seityves, SeSindnen didad da maSinve gamoegzavnna ganjis xansa da<br />
erevnis xans feSqaSi mefis <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis~<br />
Aamrigad, saqarTvelos aRdgena-gaerTianebisaTvis brZola axal fazaSi<br />
Sevida. Aaxalgazrda mefe, romelic am dros mxolod 28 wlisa iyo, ara<br />
marto brwyinvaled flobda <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebas, aramed frTxili<br />
politikosi da gamWriaxi saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. iranidan Teimurazis<br />
dabrunebamde (1749 w. 20 aprili), <strong>erekle</strong>m moqnili politikis wyalobiT<br />
SeZlo qveynisaTvis aeridebina is sagareo safrTxe, romelic mas nadir-Sahis<br />
sikvdilis Semdeg iranSi Seqmnili urTulesi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare<br />
emuqreboda. amasTanave, qveynis SigniT abdula-begTan sakmaod gaWianurebuli<br />
konfliqtic man ara marto <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis, aramed kargad gaTvlili<br />
politikuri svlebis meSveobiTac moagvara: abdula-begis momxre TavadTagan<br />
zogi Seiwynara, zogs Tanamdeboba CamoarTva da maT magivrad Tavisi<br />
erTguli momxreebi daniSna. Aamave dros, <strong>erekle</strong> ar uaryofda kanonieri<br />
Sahis uzenaesobas saqarTveloze. Amave dros, ebrZoda iranis taxtis<br />
maZieblebs da amis sanacvlod mopovebul moqmedi Sahis madlierebasa da<br />
keTilganwyobas qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis axal-axali SeRavaTebis misaRebad<br />
iyenebda. aseTi politikis wyalobiT, <strong>erekle</strong>m niadagi moamzada aRmosavleT<br />
amierkavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis gabatonebisaTvis. istoriuli wyaroebiT<br />
18
dasturdeba, rom <strong>erekle</strong>s mimarT Sahis keTilganwyobas saTanadod afasebdnen<br />
amierkavkasiis saxanoebic: `yvelas mefe <strong>erekle</strong>sTan hqondaT piri, xanebi ase<br />
uTvlidnen: visic Sen xar, Cvenc imisi viqnebiTo~. Aamave dros, Sahis<br />
taxtisaTvis ganuwyvetelma brZolebma iranSi sayovelTao areuloba<br />
gamoiwvia, ris gamoc, iranis mbrZanebeli amierkavkasiis saxanoebisaTvis<br />
veRar iclida, erTmaneTTan moqiSpe xanebic `daxmareba-mfarvelobisaTvis~<br />
ukve qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs mimarTavdnen. Seqmnil viTarebas Teimurazi da<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> amierkavkasiaSi TavianTi gavlenis gasafarToeblad iyenebdnen. Aase<br />
magaliTad, 1749 w. Semodgomaze erevnis saxanos momTabare Turqmanuli<br />
tomebi Seesivnen mahmad-xanis meTaurobiT. erevnis xanma daxmarebisaTvis<br />
qarTvel mefeebs mimarTa, sanacvlod ki laSqrobis xarjebis gadaxda da<br />
yovelwliuri xarki ikisra. Aamave wells, qarTl-kaxeTis mfarveloba<br />
naxiCevanis saxanomac * aRiara. Aam warmatebebma War-belaqneli * mmarTvelebic<br />
aiZules, farisevluri piroba miecaT <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis, daRestnelebs Cvens<br />
teritoriaze aRar SemovuSvebT da `rac Tqveni brZaneba mogvivides, Tavs<br />
vidvaTo~; Tumca qarTvelebma kargad icodnen, rom es piroba sando ar iyo,<br />
rac SemdgomSi araerTxel dadasturda.<br />
Aam droisaTvis azerbaijanel xanebs Soris dawinaurda yarabaRis<br />
(SuSis) * mflobeli fana-xani, romelmac ieriSi miitana ganjisa da<br />
naxiCevanis saxanoebze. Gganjis xanma <strong>erekle</strong>s adrec mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis<br />
da iseTive pirobebiT aRuTqva xarki da qveSevrdomoba, rogorc erevnis<br />
xanma. fana-xani sakmaod seriozuli mowinaaRmdege iyo, ganjis aRebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki igi kidev ufro gaZlierdeboda da ukve uSualod qarTlkaxeTs<br />
daemuqreboda, amitom qarTveli mefeebi garkveuli drois manZilze<br />
emzadebodnen gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis. 1750 wlis TebervalSi qarTlkaxeTis<br />
erTiani laSqari, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen agreTve: `imerni,<br />
osni, erevnelni, lekni, romelnic monebdnen kax-batons~, fana-xanis<br />
winaaRmdeg daiZra. Aam laSqrobas Soridan Tvals adevnebda Saqis * cbieri<br />
xani aji-Celebi, romlisTvisac amierkavkasiis ori Zlieri lideris Setakeba<br />
Zalze xelsayreli iyo: nebismieri maTgani, damarcxebis Semdeg, mis<br />
mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebs gamoakldeboda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad fana-xanma qarTvelTa erTian jarTan pirispir Sebmas Tavi<br />
aarida, RamiT ganjis cixes alya moxsna da yarabaRSi gadavida. qarTvelebic<br />
mis kvals gayvnen. Ffana-xani Tavisi jariT mTian adgilze, tyis piras<br />
dabanakda da aqtiur brZolas kvlav Tavs aridebda. maSin <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
gadawyvita, Tavad gadasuliyo Setevaze, ZiriTadi Zalebi gaSlil mindorSi<br />
datova da TviTon SedarebiT mcirericxovani, magram rCeuli razmiT<br />
maRlobze ganlagebuli mtris poziciebs Seutia. Aam brZolais monawile<br />
papuna orbeliani mogviTxrobs: `brZana mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m: `vin aris erTguli<br />
Cemi da aqvs guli mamacobisao, Jami es aris!~ TviTon, viTa lomi, egre<br />
miesiva da jari, vinc iq iyvnes, vinRa dadgeboda, mefe <strong>erekle</strong>sTan Tavs<br />
vinRa dazogevda... qarTvelni da kaxni ise gamamacebuliyvnes, rom erTi Cveni<br />
19
kaci as yizilbaSs ar daerideboda... ra Seityo fana-xanma, mefe <strong>erekle</strong> am<br />
mewinaves jarSi ureviao, maSinve gaiqca, es mewinave jari cotani iyvnes,<br />
magram didad mamacad gaisarjnes, rom didis jaris msgavsi saqme eqnes~.<br />
amasobaSi mindorSi dabanakebuli qarTvelTa saTadarigo jari Teimurazis<br />
meTaurobiT daiZra da mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti ieriSi miitana, gaqceuli<br />
yarabaRelebis devna da ganadgureba SuaRamemde gagrZelda. meore diliT<br />
mefeebi Sevidnen fana-xanis sangarSi da iq didi raodenobiT iaraRi da<br />
tyvia-wamali aRmoaCines. qarTvelTa jarma arezamde * miaRwia da didZali<br />
nadavliTa da tyveebiT datvirTuli ukan gamobrunda. Gganjis xanma,<br />
pirobisamebr, yovelwliuri xarki ikisra. Ffana-xanze gamarjveba ara<br />
mxolod <strong>samxedro</strong>, aramed politikuri TvalsazrisiTac uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo. Aamieridan qarTvelTa upiratesoba amierkavkasiaSi<br />
TiTqmis upirobod aRiares. Aam warmatebis gamoZaxili iyo agreTve iranis<br />
axali mbrZaneblis _ Sah-rohis gadawyvetilebac: man Teimurazs `iranisa da<br />
azerbaijanis spasalaroba * ~ uboZa, <strong>erekle</strong> ki mis moadgiled (naibad) daniSna.<br />
Mmeore mxriv, aseTma warmatebam qarTvelebis metoqeTa gaRizianebac<br />
gamoiwvia: qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebam pirvel rigSi War-belaqnis ubatono<br />
Temebi SeaSfoTa, radgan kargad esmodaT, rom amieridan saqarTvelo<br />
moiclida yvelaze mwvave problemis _ lekTa ganuwyveteli Semosevebis<br />
aRsakveTad. saqarTveloSi lekTa TareSis sabolood aRsakveTad, upirveles<br />
yovlisa aucilebeli iyo War-belaqnisa da kak-eniselis * dapyroba da<br />
kvlavindeburad kaxeTis SemadgenlobaSi maTi dabruneba. War-belaqani<br />
daRestnidan saqarTvelosaken momaval mTavar gzaze mdebareobda da XVIII s.<br />
damdegidan lekTa moTareSe razmebis erTgvar placdarmad iyo gadaqceuli.<br />
Warel da daRestnel feodalebs mWidro urTierToba hqondaT osmaleTis<br />
imperiasTan, romlis aSkara xelSewyobiTac igegmeboda lekTa marbieli<br />
razmebis Tavdasxmebi saqarTveloze. War-belaqnis dapyrobiT saqarTvelo<br />
daRestnelebs MmTel amierkavkasiaSi mTavar <strong>samxedro</strong> bazas mouspobda. ra<br />
Tqma unda, es kargad icodnen lekebmac da amitomac gadawyvites, nebismieri<br />
gziT SeeCerebinaT qarTvelTa winsvla.<br />
1750 w. saqarTvelosaken lekTa 7 aTasiani jari daiZra, gzad mas<br />
Warelebic SeuerTdnen. Llekebma erTdroulad kaxeTsa da yazaxs * Seuties<br />
da daarbies. qarTl-kaxeTis erTianma laSqarma <strong>erekle</strong>sa da Teimurazis<br />
meTaurobiT mters gamosasvleli gzebi Seukra, amis Semdeg ki ivrisa da<br />
alaznis SesarTavTan mdebare sof. danRisTan wamoewia da cxare brZolaSi<br />
daamarcxa. E<strong>erekle</strong>, Cveulebisamebr, mowinave xazze ibrZoda. Ggaqceuli<br />
lekebis nawili Camoqceulma mTis ferdobma, nawili ki _ adidebulma<br />
alazanma Seiwira. qarTvelebma didZali nadavli da tyveebi daibrunes.<br />
danRisis brZolis Semdeg lekebi qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
farTomasStabian laSqrobas Tavs aridebdnen, Tumca `mtroba mainc ar<br />
moiSales, ara dascxrebodnen avazakobasa~, maT mcirericxovan marbiel<br />
razmebs ki WarSi Zveleburad umarTavdnen xels. Teimurazma da <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
20
darbazis sxdoma moiwvies da Warze galaSqreba daadgines. Aam brZolaSi<br />
mokavSired maT ganjis xanic moiwvies. Aam wamowyebas TiTqos ueWveli<br />
warmateba eloda, magram swored aq iCina Tavi Saqi-Sirvanis cbieri xanis _<br />
aji-Celebis Ralatma: mTeli am xnis manZilze mas qarTvel mefeTa `erTgul<br />
megobrad~ mohqonda Tavi, magram saidumlod maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad<br />
emzadeboda. Aamas Tavisi mizezi hqonda: Waris dapyrobiT qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
Zlieri samefo uSualod umezobldeboda Saqi-Sirvanis saxanos; aji-Celebi<br />
SiSobda, rom Waris Semdeg qarTvelTa mier Saqis dapyroba mxolod drois<br />
sakiTxi iqneboda.<br />
WarelebTan aji-Celebis saidumlo kavSiris Sesaxeb, qarTvelebma gvian<br />
Seityves. 1751 w. TebervalSi mefeebi Warze salaSqrod daiZrnen, magram<br />
moulodnelad gamoirkva, rom maT winaaRmdeg aji-Celebic ibrZoda, romlis<br />
uSualo daxmarebiTac Warelebs ukve moeswroT usafrTxo adgilebSi<br />
gaxizvna. qarTvelebma Wars Tavi anebes da Saqis xanTan Sesabmelad md. agri-<br />
Caisken * gaemarTnen. aji-Celebs jaris erTi nawili Casafrebuli hyavda,<br />
qarTvelebi am fands ver miuxvdnen, brZolis dros `gaqceuli~ mtris<br />
siRrmeSi SeiWrnen, amasobaSi ki zurgidan Casafrebulma jarebma Seuties.<br />
amas daerTo ganjis xanis Ralatic, romelic ubrZolvelad gaiqca, ramac<br />
sabolood gadawyvita brZolis bedi; qarTvelebma mZime marcxi iwvnies,<br />
mterma didi nadavli igdo xelT, mravali qarTveli meomari brZolaSi<br />
daiRupa, kidev ufro meti ki alazanSi gamosvlisas daixrCo (gansakuTrebiT<br />
_ qveiTi mebrZolebi). wina xazze mebrZoli <strong>erekle</strong> gansacdels gadaarCines<br />
Tavadma papa beburiSvil-vaCnaZem da maCxaanelma glexma daTuna bostaSvilma<br />
(am ukanasknelma mefes sakuTari cxeni dauTmo da ase aacila tyved<br />
Cavardnis safrTxe). mkvlevarTa azriT, am marcxis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo,<br />
rom Teimurazs amjerad alRom umtyuna da droulad ver ganWvrita Saqis<br />
xanis pozicia. amave dros, didi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom qarTvelebs<br />
ori sardali hyavdaT _ Teimurazi da <strong>erekle</strong>. Teimurazi ufro Zlieri<br />
diplomati iyo, <strong>erekle</strong> ki Zlieri mxedarTmTavari. saxelmwifos marTvisas<br />
isini erTmaneTs avsebdnen, brZolis velze ki sardlad <strong>erekle</strong> sjobda.<br />
rogorc Cans, amis gamo iyo, rom momdevno brZolebSi Teimurazma <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
xelmZRvaneloba <strong>erekle</strong>s dauTmo.<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, agri-Cais marcxma qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdege<br />
Zalebi gaaTamama, moTareSe lekTa razmebi mTel qarTl-kaxeTs moedvnen, aji-<br />
Celebi zeimobda, magram es zeimi naadrevi gamodga: <strong>erekle</strong>m zedized<br />
daamarcxa lekebi manavTan, martyofTan, saguramosTan da a. S. imave 1751 w.<br />
samxreTis sazRvrebTan gamoCnda kidev erTi Zlieri mowinaaRmdege _ iranis<br />
taxtis pretendenti, Tavrizis * saxanos mflobeli azat-xani, romelic<br />
miznad isaxavda mTeli amierkavkasiis dapyrobas. azat-xanma gadawyvita<br />
esargebla agri-CaisTan damarcxebis gamo qarTvel mefeTa gavlenis<br />
SesustebiT da Tavad gabatonebuliyo aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.<br />
Tavdapirvelad man ieriSi miitana erevnis saxanoze da iq qarTveli mefeebis<br />
21
mier cota xnis win gamoZevebuli mahmad-xani gagzavna Tavisi jariT.<br />
erevnelebma daxmarebisaTvis qarTvelebs mimarTes. Teimurazma da <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
azat-xanis mxridan mosalodneli safrTxe saTanadod Seafases: Tuki mas<br />
erevans dauTmobdnen, jeri qarTl-kaxeTze midgeboda. aji-CelebTan gancdili<br />
marcxis fonze azat-xanTan nebismieri saxis ukandaxeva qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
avtoritets sabolood dascemda. <strong>erekle</strong>m saswrafod Sekriba jari da<br />
erevnisaken gaemarTa. mahmad-xani Tavisi jariT alyaSemortymul erevnis<br />
cixesTan idga. rogorc ki <strong>erekle</strong>s moaxloeba acnobes, maSinve moxsna alya<br />
da ukan daixia. erevnis cixis garnizons ukve sursaTi aRar hqonda da<br />
SimSilobda, cixis gareT ki mTeli mosaxleoba mtris SiSiT gaxiznuliyo.<br />
papuna orbeliani aRniSnavs, rom mkis dro iyo, magram `ise mooxrebuli iyo<br />
erevnis qveyana, rom mkis muSac aRar iSoveboda. erevnis cixisa da<br />
eCmiaZinis * mets alags Senoba aRarsad iyo~. <strong>erekle</strong>m Tavisive meomrebs<br />
aaRebina xorblis mosavali da erevnis cixeSi Seatanina. amis Semdeg,<br />
sabrZolo poziciebi daikava maRlobze, sof. yirxbulaxTan. mahmad-xani<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>sTan pirispir Sebmas ver bedavda da axlo-maxlo teritoriebs<br />
arbevda; amasobaSi azat-xanma 18 aTasiani armia Sekriba, romelic Subosnebisa<br />
da meTofeTa razmebisagan Sedgeboda, xolo win zamburak * -akidebuli<br />
aqlemebi mouZRodnen. mematianis cnobiT, <strong>erekle</strong>s mxolod 3 aTasi meomari<br />
hyavda, amitom saxeldaxelod mowveul TaTbirze ubrZolvelad ukan<br />
dabruneba urCies, magram man mtkice uari ganacxada: `icodeT, me azat-xanis<br />
Seubmeli ar davsdgebi; amaRam rom gaviqceT, xval gzazed mogvewevian da<br />
unamusod sikvdils namusianad sikvdili sjobso.~<br />
gadamwyveti brZola yirxbulaxTan gaimarTa. Tavdapirvelad sakuTari<br />
jaris simravliT gulmocemulma azat-xanma qarTvelebs mZlavrad Seutia da<br />
ise Seaviwrova, rom gamarjvebaSi eWvic aRar epareboda; magram <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> talantis wyalobiT, qarTvelebma brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves:<br />
kritikul momentSi, rodesac avRanelebma TiTqmis mTeli qarTveloba alyaSi<br />
moimwyvdies, <strong>erekle</strong>m brZaneba gasca, sanam me ar visvri Tofs, Setevaze<br />
nuravin gadaxvalTo. pirvelive miaxlovebaze mefem `TviTon Sestyorca Tofi<br />
da erTi avRnis jaris ufrosi kaci Camoagdo~. misi sardlobiT qarTvelTa<br />
jarma ise Zlierad Seutia avRanelTa centrs, rom erTi dartymiT moSala<br />
igi. aman brZolis bedi kidec gadawyvita, avRanelTa mravalricxovani<br />
laSqari erTbaSad gaiqca brZolis velidan, qarTvelebma 30 kilometrze<br />
sdies gaqceulebs, bevri daxoces, ufro meti ki tyved Caigdes. TviTon<br />
azat-xani Zlivs gadaurCa tyveobas. qarTuli wyaroebis monacemebiT, am<br />
gamarjvebis Sedegad, <strong>erekle</strong>s `darCa 24 zarbazani, 200 zambulaki Tavisis<br />
asis aqlemiT da droSa mravali da oriaTas xuTasi karavi da tyvisa da<br />
saqonlis ricxvi xom arc SeiZleboda~. yirxbulaxis brZolaSi <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
marTlac uZlieresi mowinaaRmdege daamarcxa, rasac yovelgvari gadaWarbebis<br />
gareSe aRniSnavs mematiane: `azat-xani aseTi kaci iyo, rom sayeenod<br />
emzadeboda da am didebiT dadioda~. am gamarjvebas ara marto<br />
22
amierkavkasiaSi, iranSic ki didi rezonansi hqonda: agris marcxis Semdeg,<br />
gandgomili vasaluri saxanoebi isev qarTl-kaxeTis morCilebis gzas<br />
daadgnen. azerbaijanelma xanebma qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli~ kavSiri<br />
SesTavazes. specialistebis azriT, yirxbulaxis brZolas XVIII s. saomari<br />
epizodebis istoriaSi erT-erTi sapatio adgili uWiravs. amasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa oman xerxeuliZis mier moyvanili magaliTi,<br />
romelic kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom im mcirericxovani jariT, romelic<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s gankargulebaSi iyo, azat-xanis mravalricxovan da saukeTesod<br />
aRWurvil armiaze gamarjvebis mopoveba marTlac saswaulis tolfasia:<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s erT-erT mahmadian TanamebrZols _ alaverdi-xans, romelmac<br />
brZolis dawyebamde ixila, Tu rogor mxurvaled loculobda jvris winaSe<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> da masTan erTad mTeli qarTvelTa jari, uTqvams: `Tu am jvars<br />
raime Zala Seswevs, dRes gamoCndebao~. gamarjvebis Semdeg ki man aRiara:<br />
`ese saqme kacobrivis Zalisagan SeuZlebeli iyo, magram am jvaris Zalam<br />
hyo!~<br />
am gamarjvebis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong>s upirvelesi amocana iyo aji-Celebis mier<br />
Camoyalibebuli antiqarTuli koaliciis daSla. aji-Celebi sarwmunoebrivi<br />
mtrobis gaRvivebiT cdilobda ganxeTqileba gamoewvia qarTvel mefeebsa da<br />
maT mahmadian vasalebs Soris. aseT viTarebaSi, Teimurazma da <strong>erekle</strong>m aji-<br />
Celebis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba gadawyvites da `megobari~ xanebic (ganjis,<br />
erevnis, yarabaRis da a. S.) Tan iaxles. 1752 wels mokavSireTa<br />
gaerTianebuli jarebi ganjasTan Seikribnen da iqidan apirebdnen SaqSi<br />
SeWras, magram moulodnelad gamJRavnda, rom xanebs faruli kavSiri<br />
hqondaT aji-CelebTan da brZolis dros qarTvelTaTvis unda eRalataT.<br />
Teimurazis brZanebiT xanebi Seipyres, aseT viTarebaSi ki brZolis dawyebas<br />
ukve azri aRar hqonda. mefeebma jari ukan gamoabrunes, magram aji-Celebma<br />
mravalricxovani laSqriT maT gza gadauketa da aiZula, brZolaSi<br />
Cabmuliyvnen. ganjis omSi, romelic 1752 wlis 12 aprils gaimarTa,<br />
qarTvelebi sastikad damarcxdnen. garda imisa, rom didi zarali naxes (maT<br />
Soris msxverplis saxiTac), TviTon mefeebic Zlivs gadaurCnen datyvevebas.<br />
ra Tqma unda, am marcxma seriozulad gaarTula qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
mdgomareoba; azat-xanma dro ixelTa da erevnis saxano daimorCila (erevnis<br />
moRalate xani Tavad eaxla mas da morCileba aRuTqva), daRestnelTa<br />
razmebi ki mTel qarTl-kaxeTSi daTareSobdnen. am kritikuli situaciidan<br />
qveyana isev Teimurazisa da <strong>erekle</strong>s energiulma moqmedebam ixsna. maT<br />
moaxerxes revanSisaTvis aucilebeli Zalebis mobilizeba: jaris<br />
dasaqiraveblad saWiro Tanxis Sesagroveblad samefo xazinidan oqrosa da<br />
vercxlis iaraRi gamoitanes da zarafxanas gadasces fulis mosaWrelad, am<br />
fuliT ki Crdilo kavaksiidan 4 aTaskaciani razmi iqiraves. TiTqmis sami<br />
Tvis manZilze gaWianurebuli molaparakebebiT mowinaaRmdegis sifxizle<br />
moadunes da amasobaSi brZolisaTvis samzadisi daamTavres. 1752 w. 1<br />
seqtembers Tulqi-TafasTan * brZolaSi qarTvelebma mTlianad gaanadgures<br />
23
Saqis xanis laSqari da sakadrisad dasajes moRalate xanebi. am gamarjvebis<br />
Semdeg azat-xanmac Sewyvita brZola da qarTvelebs zavi SesTavaza. es zavi<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad xelsayreli iyo: amierkavkasiaSi aRdga <strong>erekle</strong>sa<br />
da Teimurazis politikuri avtoriteti da sabolood dasamarda aji-<br />
Celebis gegma mahmadianuri saxanoebis qristianul qarTl-kaxeTTan<br />
dapirispirebis Taobaze. radikalurad Seicvala ganjis, Sirvanis, erevnisa da<br />
a. S. saxanoebis damokidebulebac, saidanac qarTl-kaxeTisaken erTbaSad<br />
daiZrnen mdidruli saCuqrebiT datvirTuli `mSvidobisa da megobrobis~<br />
elCebi.<br />
amgvari gamarjvebebis wyalobiT, XVIII s. 50-iani wlebidan axlo<br />
aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi erTiorad gaizarda <strong>erekle</strong> II-is avtoriteti.<br />
1754 w. daibeWda frangi komersantis _ peisonelis wigni, romelmac evropas<br />
gaacno <strong>erekle</strong>, rogorc epoqis gamoCenili sardali da saxelmwifo moRvawe.<br />
misi saxeli imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom cnobili germaneli mwerlis g.<br />
lesingis erT-erTi nawarmoebis gmirebi _ germaneli mxedrebi, romelnic<br />
samSoblodan saxelis mosaxveWad miemgzavrebodnen, ocnebobdnen, raTa `misi<br />
umaRlesobis, princ <strong>erekle</strong>s mTavarsardlobiT erTi-orjer mainc<br />
gaelaSqraT Turqebis winaaRmdeg.~<br />
am warmatebebis miuxedavad, qarTvelTa mTavari problema _ lekebis<br />
TareSi kvlavac gadauWreli rCeboda. lekianobis gansakuTrebiT Zlieri<br />
Semoteva iyo 1754-1760 wlebSi; marto 1755 wlis ganmavlobaSi lekebma<br />
wvril-wvrili Tavdasxmebis garda, sami didi laSqroba moawyves qarTlsa da<br />
kaxeTSi. maT Soris umZimesi iyo 1754 da 1755 wlebis laSqrobebi xunZaxis *<br />
mflobelis _ nursal-begis meTaurobiT.<br />
1754 w. agvistoSi nursal-begma Tavisi mravalricxovani razmiT daarbia<br />
aragvis xeoba da mWadijvris cixes miadga. <strong>erekle</strong>m da Teimurazma mas<br />
droulad miuswres da ukuagdes; magram male man kidev ufro didi _ 20<br />
aTaskaciani laSqari Sekriba (mas SeuerTdnen Warelebi da Saqi-Sirvanelebi)<br />
da alya Semoartya yvarlis cixes; amasTanave, erTi marbieli razmi qarTlSi<br />
gagzavna, meore ki _ qiziySi.<br />
yvarlis cixe kaxeTis umTavres simagred iTvleboda, amitom mis dacvas<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, <strong>erekle</strong>s Crdilo<br />
kavkasiidan Sepirebuli maSveli jari ar mouvida, sakuTari Zalebi ki alyis<br />
gasarRvevad ar hyofnida. yvarlis alya TiTqmis erT Tves gagrZelda.<br />
amasobaSi cixis garnizons sursaTi da tyvia-wamali Semoaklda; cixis dacva<br />
ufro da ufro gaWirda, radganac lekebma galavnis garSemo iseTi maRali<br />
safrebi aages, rom `Tofs Sig cixeSi Caisrodnen~. qarTvelTa<br />
mcirericxovani jariT mtris damarcxeba pirispir brZolaSi SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo, am SemTxvevaSi maT mxolod strategiuli xerxis gamoyeneba Tu<br />
uSvelidaT. <strong>erekle</strong>s mxedarTmTavrulma niWma amjeradac ixsna qarTveloba:<br />
man gadawyvita cixeSi maSveli razmi Seegzavna, romelic mecixovneebs tyviawamalsa<br />
da sursaTis marags miawvdida; magram daRestnelTa mWidro alyis<br />
24
garRveva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli Canda. <strong>erekle</strong>m mouwoda moxaliseebs da am<br />
gmirobis sanacvlod aRuTqva: Tavadsa da aznaurs _ Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba<br />
da mamulebi, xolo glexs _ batonymobisagan gaTavisufleba, ori sakomlo<br />
miwa da fuladi jildo. mefis mowodebas orasamde meomari gamoexmaura (maT<br />
Soris aTamde Tavadaznauri, erTi xucesi, asocdaaTi qiziyeli glexi da<br />
sxva). isini RamiT daiZrnen cixisaken, alazani gadalaxes da lekTa<br />
`yaraulTan~ xelCarTuli brZoliT SeaRwies cixeSi. mecixovneebi<br />
gamxnevdnen, Tofiswamlis maragi Seivses da ise Zlierad Seuties moalyeebs,<br />
rom maTi safrebic ki gadawves. nursal-begisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom cixes<br />
swrafad da iolad veRar aiRebda. amasobaSi <strong>erekle</strong> Tavisi gegmis momdevno<br />
etapze gadavida: `aarCiva kacni gulovanni da karg-cxenosanni qisiyelni da<br />
gausiva Wars.~ amis gamo nursal-begs Wareli TanamebrZolebi ganudgnen _<br />
`Cven aq ubralod erT cixeze viRalebiTo da Cvens saxlebs kaxi batoni<br />
aoxrebso.~ <strong>erekle</strong>s <strong>samxedro</strong> fandma gaWra _ Warelebma gadawyvites<br />
yvarlis alya mietovebinaT da TavianTi saxlebisaTvis miexedaT. am niadagze<br />
didi uTanxmoebac mouvidaT nursal-begTan, bolos erTmaneTs daerivnen da<br />
am Setakebisas bevri daixoca. Warelebs kakis sulTanmac mibaZa _<br />
qarTvelebi mis samflobelosac emuqrebodnen. amis Semxedvare aji-Celebis<br />
Svilmac Saqs miaSura da moalyeTa erTi mxare mTlianad moirRva. cixis<br />
aRebis nacvlad, nursal-begs ukve Tavdacvaze unda ezruna, igi mixvda, rom<br />
omi wagebuli hqonda da Yyvarlis cixes Semoecala; Tumca am marcxis<br />
Semdegac ar moisvena da mcire razmebiT partizanuli omi gaaCaRa. qarTlkaxeTis<br />
rbeva-TareSi manamde gagrZelda, sanam qarTvelebma Seupovari<br />
brZoliT sabolood ar gandevnes marbieli lekebi. nursal-begis<br />
grandiozuli laSqrobis samarcxvino dasasruli xalxur poeziaSic aisaxa.<br />
marTalia, qarTl-kaxeTi did safrTxes gadaurCa, magram lekianoba<br />
kvlavac grZeldeboda da mZarcvelTa wvril-wvrili Tavdasxmebi qveyanas<br />
welSi wyvetda. <strong>erekle</strong> qarTvelTa razmebiT lamis sofel-sofel dasdevda<br />
daRestnel yaCaRebs da sadac waaswrebda, iq anadgurebda, magram<br />
daRestnidan axal-axali razmebi gadmodiodnen; mefe Tu qarTlSi iyo, isini<br />
kaxeTs daecemodnen da _ piriqiT. ase gagrZelda ramdenime wlis manZilze.<br />
qveyana aoxrda, mematianis cnobiT 1757 wlisaTvis `daicala sabaraTaSvilo,<br />
orbelianT mamuli, zogni avidnen zemo qarTlSi, aRarsad darCa Senoba im<br />
mxares... iyo cema lekTagan maradis da oxreba saqarTvelosa Sina~.<br />
lekianobis winaaRmdeg efeqturi brZolisaTvis aucilebeli iyo fuladi<br />
saxsrebi da regularuli jari, ris saSualebac, gamudmebuli brZolebiT<br />
dasustebul qarTl-kaxeTs, ar gaaCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTvelma<br />
mefeebma gadawyvites am problemis mosagvareblad qveynis gareT moeZebnaT<br />
mokavSire; aseTad maT erTmorwmune ruseTi esaxebodaT. amave dros, am<br />
mimarTulebiT saswrafod unda mieRoT zomebi, radgan iranis Sahis<br />
taxtisaTvis brZola dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. am droisaTvis, upiratesoba<br />
moipova zendebis dinastiis warmomadgenelma qerim-xanma, romelmac 1752 w.<br />
25
Sahis taxti daikava da dedaqalaqad Sirazi airCia; marTalia, misi<br />
Zalaufleba jer kidev ar vrceldeboda iranis mTel teritoriaze, magram<br />
es mxolod drois sakiTxi iyo. XVIII s. 60-iani wlebisaTvis, man yvela<br />
mowinaaRmdege CamoiSora da iranis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda, Tumca<br />
Sahis titulze uari Tqva da qveyanas veqilis * (regentis) statusiT<br />
marTavda (1763-1779 ww.). Teimurazi da <strong>erekle</strong> grZnobdnen, rom male iranis<br />
axali mbrZanebeli saqarTvelosTvisac moiclida da mis damoukidebel<br />
arsebobas ar Seegueboda.<br />
1760 w. aprilSi, Teimuraz II saTanado amaliT ruseTs gaemgzavra. es<br />
elCoba miznad isaxavda ruseTisagan lekianobasTan sabrZolvelad jaris, an<br />
Tundac mis dasaqiraveblad saWiro Tanxis miRebas; amis sanacvlod ki,<br />
Teimurazi imperators sTavazobda iranSi laSqrobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
mokavSireobas da iq ruseTisaTvis misaRebi kandidaturis gamefebaSi<br />
mxardaWeras. samwuxarod, elCoba uSedegod damTavrda: ruseTi am dros<br />
prusiisa da inglisis winaaRmdeg e.w. `Svidwlian omSi~ (1756-1763 ww.) iyo<br />
Cabmuli da im xanad es winadadeba misTvis xelsayreli ar iyo; Tumca<br />
dokumenturi wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom saimperatoro karze Teimurazis<br />
gegma detalurad ganixiles da samomavlod, Sesaferisi saerTaSoriso<br />
situaciis pirobebSi misaRebadac miiCnies. pasuxis molodinSi Teimuraz II<br />
mTeli 8 Tvis ganmavlobaSi daayovnes. 1761 w. 25 dekembers ruseTis<br />
dedofali elisabedi gardaicvala da qarTvelTa elCobas daxmarebaze<br />
sabolood uari ganucxades. rogorc Cans, TeimurazisaTvis es mZime dartyma<br />
iyo: 1762 w. 8 ianvars igi uecrad gardaicvala. siSoris gamo misi cxedris<br />
saqarTveloSi Camosveneba ver moxerxda da igi astraxanis * miZinebis taZarSi<br />
Tavisive simamris _ vaxtang VI-is gverdiT dakrZales.<br />
garda imisa, rom elCoba uSedego aRmoCnda, man <strong>erekle</strong>s sxva problemac<br />
Seuqmna. kerZod, seriozulad gaurTulda urTierToba iranTan. qerim-xanma<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> TavisTan daibara da elCobasTan dakavSirebiT axsna-ganmarteba<br />
moiTxova. <strong>erekle</strong>m lekebis winaaRmdeg brZola moimizeza da iranSi wasvlas<br />
Tavi aarida, samagierod iq uxvi saCuqrebiT datvirTuli elCoba gagzavna,<br />
Tan qerim-xanTan werilic aaxla, romelSic Tavs imarTlebda, rom<br />
Teimurazis ruseTs wasvla masTan SeuTanxmeblad moxda. ra Tqma unda, aseTi<br />
pasuxiT, iranis mbrZanebels igi Tavis erTgulebaSi ver daarwmunebda,<br />
amitomac, meti damajereblobisaTvis, mas gaugzavna iranis taxtis erT-erTi<br />
pretendenti _ azat-xani, romelic jer kidev 1760 wlidan hyavda<br />
datyvevebuli. im xanad. qerim-xansac ar awyobda amierkavkasiaSi axali<br />
problemis gamwvaveba, amitomac, am etapze, <strong>erekle</strong>s pasuxiT dakmayofilda;<br />
ufro metic, qarTvelTa delegacia Sahma didi pativiT gamoistumra, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
erT samefod gaerTianeba scno da, Sesabamisad, aRiara <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
uflebebi ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebze.<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> II-s gaZlierebis kvaldakval, qveynis SigniTac gaaqtiurdnen misi<br />
mowinaaRmdege qarTleli Tavadebi, maT kvlav wamoswies qarTlis taxtze<br />
26
`kaxi bagrationebis~ uflebamosilebis sakiTxi, miT ufro, rom ruseTSi<br />
egulebodaT `namdvili memkvidre~ _ vaxtang VI-is SviliSvili aleqsandre<br />
baqaris-Ze. Aamjerad, Tavadebma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da mefisa da misi<br />
ojaxis mkvleloba dagegmes. SeTqmulebis sulisCamdgmeli gaxda vaxtang VIis<br />
ukanono Svili paata batoniSvili. igi jer kidev 1724 w. mamasTan erTad<br />
wavida ruseTSi da im droisaTvis kargi ganaTlebac miiRo, Seiswavla<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovneba, maT Soris _ saartilerio saqme da zarbaznebis<br />
Camosxma (samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, mas qvemexebis damzadebis saqme<br />
auwyvia). 1752 w. paata batoniSvilma ruseTi unebarTvod datova da<br />
saqarTveloSi gamoipara. Teimurazma da <strong>erekle</strong>m naTesavi didi pativiT<br />
miiRes da daabinaves; Tumca Zalian male, <strong>erekle</strong>m igi RalatSi amxila da<br />
erTxans patimrobaSic hyavda. Sewyalebis Semdeg, paata imereTSi gaiqca da<br />
iqidan agrZelebda <strong>erekle</strong>s winaaRmdeg brZolas. sainteresoa, rom zogierTi<br />
wyaros cnobiT, igi rusuli orientaciis mowinaaRmdege iyo. amas adasturebs<br />
misi erT-erTi werilic (Tavisi Zmisadmi), sadac igi ruseTs moixseniebs<br />
rogorc `matyuara da samarTlebriv normaTa uarmyofel saxelmwifos, sadac<br />
kaci kacad ar aris miCneuli~. paata batoniSvili qerim-xansac eaxla<br />
daxmarebis saTxovnelad, magram uari miiRo. uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, igi<br />
kvlav qarTlSi dabrunda da SeTqmulebas Caudga saTaveSi. SeTqmulTa<br />
TavSeyris adgili iyo paata batoniSvilis sadgomi _ e. w. `markozaSvilis<br />
darbazi~. 1765 wels, roca ukve mzad iyvnen gamosvlisaTvis, isini<br />
samSvildelma glexma daTuna feiqarma gasca (misi coli <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
qaliSvilis ZiZa iyo da sasaxleSi cxovrobda, daTuna feiqars davalebuli<br />
hqonda, colis daxmarebiT SeTqmulebi sasaxleSi SeeSva). <strong>erekle</strong>m yvelani<br />
Seipyro da sajarod gaasamarTla: saqme darbazma ganixila, damnaSaveebs<br />
qoneba CamoarTves da Sesabamisi simkacriT dasajes (paata batoniSvils Tavi<br />
mohkveTes). amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa kidev erTi epizodi: vaxtang<br />
VI-is memkvidreebs oficialurad ekrZalebodaT ruseTis datoveba. saeWvo<br />
damTxveviT, ruseTidan swored am dros _ 1764 wels gamouSves aleqsandre<br />
baqaris-Ze, romelic 1765 wels ukve mozdokSi iyo, magram am droisaTvis<br />
SeTqmulebi ukve gasamarTlebulni iyvnen da qarTlis taxtis maZiebelma<br />
xelsayrel moments ver Camouswro. samecniero literaturaSi, dokumenturi<br />
masalis safuZvelze, dadasturebulia, rom ruseTis mTavroba, saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, aseTi pretendentebis Tavis sasargeblod gamoyenebas ar<br />
Takilobda da e. w. `ormagi standartiT~ moqmedebda.<br />
SeTqmulebis aRmofxvris Semdeg <strong>erekle</strong>s winaSe kvlav gadaudebel<br />
amocanad rCeboda iranTan diplomatiuri gzebiT mopovebuli warmatebebis<br />
SenarCuneba da lekTa sakiTxis sabolood gadaWra. garda amisa,<br />
angariSgasawevi iyo TurqeTis poziciac, romlis imJamindeli<br />
`keTilganwyoba~ sulac ar niSnavda, rom qveyana momavalSic samudamod<br />
iqneboda dazRveuli Turquli agresiisagan. amave dros, Savi zRvis<br />
sruteebsa da balkaneTSi TurqeTis gabatonebis Sedegad saqarTvelo<br />
27
dasavleTisagan (evropisagan) izolirebuli iyo, imereTis samefo da misgan<br />
faqtiurad damoukidebeli guriisa da samegrelos samTavroebi ki TurqeTis<br />
gavlenis qveS iyvnen. saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi nawili (yofili<br />
samcxe-saaTabago * ) jer kidev XVI saukuneSi miitaca TurqeTma da iq<br />
axalcixis Turquli safaSo Camoayaliba, romelic saqarTveloSi TurqeTis<br />
agresiis umTavres bazad iqca. aseT pirobebSi qveynis usafrTxoebis<br />
dasacavad mcdeloba ar daukliaT aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mesveurebs: 1758 w. Teimurazma, <strong>erekle</strong>m da imereTis mefem solomon I-ma<br />
(1752-1784 ww.) gorSi Sexvedrisas megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis<br />
xelSekruleba gaaformes; magram mahmadianur saxelmwifoTa rkalSi<br />
moqceuli qveynisaTvis es sakmarisi ar iyo. am situaciidan erTaderTi<br />
gamosavali iyo orientacia Zlier mokavSireze, romelic TurqeTisa da<br />
iranis mxridan agresiis ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mfarvelobas<br />
gauwevda da, ufro metic _ adreve dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebaSic<br />
daexmareboda.<br />
saamisod xelsayreli viTareba Seiqmna ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 ww.<br />
omis dawyebis win. ruseTis didi xnis ocneba iyo Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis<br />
mopoveba. amisaTvis is mxolod Sesaferis moments ucdida da saWiro sababs<br />
eZebda. saimperatoro karze mSvenivrad icodnen, rom TurqeTTan<br />
dapirispirebisas evropa mxars ar dauWerda ruseTs, amitom isini uaRresad<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen TurqeTis uRelqveS myofi qristiani xalxebis<br />
ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas, romelic amjerad moxerxebulad gamoiyenes<br />
TavianTi namdvili zraxvebis SesaniRbad: ruseTis mTavrobam mowodebiT<br />
mimarTa balkanel da kavkasiel qristianebs, rom igi `iZulebulia~ TurqeTs<br />
SeebrZolos `qristianuli sarwmunoebis dasacavad~. am gziT ruseTi gegmavda<br />
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis meSveobiT omSi Caeba balkaneTisa da kavkasiis<br />
qristiani xalxebi da amiT TurqeTis Zalebi or frontze sabrZolvelad<br />
daeqsaqsa. Tavis mxriv, TurqeTi mxardaWerisaken mouwodebda yirimisa da<br />
kavkasiis mahmadianebs.<br />
omis dawyebis win, ruseTSi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom imereTis mefe<br />
solomon I am konfliqtSi aucileblad CaerTveboda, magram <strong>erekle</strong> II-is<br />
daTanxmeba saeWvod miaCndaT, vinaidan imereTisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
samefoze TurqeTis gavlena ar vrceldeboda. Saqme is aris, rom am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, <strong>erekle</strong>s sakuTari motivi hqonda: ruseTis daxmarebiT igi<br />
TurqeTis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis SemoerTebas, War-belaqnis<br />
dapyrobas da lekianobis sabolood aRkveTas gegmavda. amave dros, man isic<br />
icoda, rom im xanad, irani osmaleTis dasustebisa da amis xarjze qarTlkaxeTis<br />
gaZlierebis winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda. Amitom, <strong>erekle</strong> omSi<br />
monawileobaze daTanxmda, mxolod im pirobiT, rom ruseTi saqarTveloSi<br />
damxmare jars gamogzavnida.<br />
1769 w. 21 maiss solomoni da <strong>erekle</strong> erTmaneTs TbilisSi Sexvdnen da<br />
erTobliv moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. ruseTis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba<br />
28
imereTSi 400 kaciani razmisa da zarbaznebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, razmis<br />
xelmZRvanelad ki general-maiori, grafi totlebeni daniSna. warmoSobiT<br />
germaneli totlebeni sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda saqsoniis * , holandiis,<br />
prusiisa * da ruseTis armiebSi. `Svidwliani omis~ dros is ruseTis armiaSi<br />
korpusis meTauri iyo da RalatSi mxilebuli (faruli mimowera hqonda<br />
fridrix II-Tan da mas <strong>samxedro</strong> saidumloebebs acnobebda) dasajes;<br />
mogvianebiT, ekaterine II-m igi Seiwyala da armiaSic aRadgina. aseTi saeWvo<br />
warsulis mqone pirovnebis daniSvniT, ruseTma didi Secdoma dauSva _<br />
Ralatisadmi totlebenis midrekilebam ruseT-TurqeTis mimdinare omSic<br />
araerTxel iCina Tavi.<br />
1769 w. agvistoSi rusuli razmi totlebenis meTaurobiT<br />
saqarTveloSi Semovida. <strong>erekle</strong>m igi sagangebo pativiT miiRo da Sexvedrisas<br />
Tavisi sabrZolo gegmac gaacno. 26 seqtembers totlebeni Tavisi razmiT<br />
imereTSi Cavida da winaswar SeTanxmebuli gegmis mixedviT, solomon I-Tan<br />
erTad alya Semoartya Sorapnis cixes, * sadac 23 kaciani Turquli<br />
garnizoni iyo gamagrebuli. mokle xanSi solomons dasavleTis mxridan<br />
dadianisa da Turqebis SemoWris Sesaxeb acnobes da igi iZulebuli gaxda,<br />
maTTan sabrZolvelad wasuliyo. 23 kaciani garnizonis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />
ruseTis armiis general-maiors TiTqos ar unda gasWirveboda, magram<br />
moulodnelad, 4 dRis Semdeg, totlebenma alya moxsna da imereTidan<br />
qarTlSi, kerZod _ cxinvalSi wamovida. aq igi Seudga axalcixeze<br />
laSqrobis samzadiss, romlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
wamoayena ruseTidan damatebiTi jaris Semoyvana. totlebenma am<br />
mimarTulebiT marTlac awarmova saTanado instanciebTan mimowera da 1770<br />
w. 3 TebervlisaTvis saqarTveloSi rusTa jaris raodenoba 1228 kacamde<br />
gaizarda, xolo amave wlis 16 marts mozdokisaken * daiZra tomskis polki,<br />
romelic saqarTveloSi mxolod ivnisis TveSi Semovida.<br />
1770 w. 17 marts <strong>erekle</strong> 7 aTasiani jariT da 3 zarbazniT suramSi<br />
Cavida, sadac mas totlebeni daxvda 1200 kaciT. rusTa da qarTvelTa<br />
erTiani jari qviSxeTisaken gaemarTa. 14 aprils mokavSireebi sadgerSi iyvnen<br />
da swored aq iCina Tavi pirvelma uTanxmoebam: totlebenma mefes SesTavaza<br />
erTiani jarisa da zarbaznebis nawili sadgeris * cixeSi daetovebinaT.<br />
bunebrivia, <strong>erekle</strong> amaze ar daTanxmda, magram generalma TviTneburad Tavisi<br />
gaitana. amis Sesaxeb, <strong>erekle</strong> erT-erT rus meTaurs swerda: `davuSale,<br />
magram Cemi rCeva ar miiRo; rac karavi hqonda, da 6 zarbazani da<br />
naxevramdis jari, romelic am xanad oriv saWiro iyo, Cems Seutyobrad<br />
daegdo sadgerSi; awyurs rom mivediT, oris karvis meti ara hqonda-ra.~ 17<br />
aprils mokavSireebi awyurs miadgnen. dokumenturi masalis mixedviT,<br />
awyurTan totlebeni eqvsasamde jariskaciT da 8 mcireyalibiani qvemexiT<br />
mivida. Amjerad, man daiJina awyuris cixis aReba, <strong>erekle</strong>s ki miaCnda, rom<br />
gza unda gaegrZelebinaT da safaSos teritoriis siRrmeSi SeWriliyvnen,<br />
raTa cixis garnizonisaTvis zurgidan damxmare Zalebisa da sursaTis<br />
29
miRebis saSualeba moespoT. totlebenma aqac Tavisi gaitana da male<br />
gamoirkva, rom misi gegma strategiulad uvargisi iyo: arsebuli ZalebiT<br />
man ver moaxerxa awyuris cixis srul alyaSi moqceva da axalcixidan misken<br />
momavali gzis gadaketva. amiT isargebla axalcixis faSam da 18 aprils<br />
cixeSi 2 aTasiani razmi Seiyvana, 19 aprils ki totlebenma moulodnelad<br />
miatova brZolis veli da awyuridan wamovida. qveynis interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare, <strong>erekle</strong>m amjeradac didi moTmineba da TavSekaveba gamoiCina, `me<br />
mivel da Rrafs (e.i. graf totlebens, l.m.) didad vevedre, _ swerda igi<br />
ruseTis vice-kancler golicins, _ da Cemi Tavi viTarca erTi misisa<br />
kamandisa oficeri, egreT kamandaSi vaZlive, da mravals vevedre<br />
gamobrunebas mterzed...~ magram mefis Txovna totlebenma yurad ar iRo.<br />
rusebis wasvlas qarTvelTa jarSi uwesrigoba mohyolia, mteri ki ukve<br />
winaswar zeimobda gamarjvebas. <strong>erekle</strong>m didi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa jarSi<br />
disciplinis aRdgena, amis Semdeg alyis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da<br />
qarTvelebma poziciebi datoves. mogvianebiT, erT-erT werilSi <strong>erekle</strong><br />
amtkicebda, rom totlebeni Tavidanve cdilobda am laSqrobis CaSlas, mas<br />
qviSxeTSive etyobodao, rom `didad ezareboda mterze wamosvla~. am<br />
mosazrebas oficialuri dokumentebic adastureben: jer kidev 6 aprilis<br />
patakiT totlebeni samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebas iTxovda da werda:<br />
`umorCilesad gTxovT, aqedan Cqara wamiyvanoT, Cems magivrad Cemi razmi sxva<br />
generals CaabaroT... Zala ar myofnis.~<br />
awyuridan <strong>erekle</strong> qarTvelTa jariT aspinZis mimarTulebiT wavida.<br />
axalcixis faSam mTeli Zalebi mis winaaRmdeg daZra, Tan axalqalaqisa da<br />
xerTvisis cixeebidan 1500 meomari gamoiyvana qarTvelTaTvis aspinZisaken<br />
mimavali gzis gadasaketad. marTalia, qarTvelebma isini sastikad daamarcxes,<br />
magram amasobaSi, faSam aspinZasTan 4 aTasian korpuss mouyara Tavi<br />
(Turqebis cnobiT es korpusi 8 aTasiani iyo). aspinZis brZola 1770 wlis<br />
20 aprils gaimarTa da <strong>erekle</strong>s <strong>samxedro</strong> niWis wyalobiT qarTvelebma<br />
kidev erTi brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. mtris jari ricxobrivad didad<br />
aRemateboda <strong>erekle</strong>s Zalebs (mas mxolod 3 aTasi meomari hyavda), amitom<br />
man brZolis wina RamiT ramdenime meomari gagzavna, romlebmac mtkvarze<br />
gadasasvleli xidis burjebi daazianes, riTac mters ukandaxevis, maSveli<br />
Zalebis daxmarebisa da manevrirebis saSualeba mouspo. qarTvelTa jari<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m sam nawilad ganalaga: marjvena flangze sardali daviT orbeliani<br />
daayena, marcxenaze _ Tavisi vaJi giorgi batoniSvili, xolo centrs<br />
TviTon xelmZRvanelobda. Ppirvelad Setevaze <strong>erekle</strong> gadavida da<br />
elviseburi moqmedebiT TurqTa da lekTa gaerTianebul Zalebs didi zarali<br />
miayena; mterma uwesrigod daiwyo ukandaxeva da miawyda xids, magram<br />
dazianebuli xidi Caingra da osmalTa jaris didi nawilic adidebul<br />
mtkvarSi daixrCo. qarTvelTa laSqarSi mcire zaralis fonze mtris<br />
danakargebi masStaburi iyo: tyveTa CvenebiT, mTeli korpusidan mxolod 13<br />
kaci dabrunebula axalcixeSi; daiRupa maTi mTavarsardali, ramdenime faSa<br />
30
da lekTa meTaurebi, maT Soris _ yvelaze sisxlismsmeli winamZRoli<br />
malaCi (koxta-beladi), romelic <strong>erekle</strong>s Tavis xeliT mouklavs.<br />
aspinZis brZola qarTveli xalxis istorias SemorCa, rogorc kargad<br />
dagegmili, gabeduli, rTuli da brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
operacia. Tumca, samwuxarod, totlebenis Ralatis gamo es gamarjveba<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m saTanadod veRar gamoiyena, misi ZiriTadi mizani _ samcxe-javaxeTis<br />
dakaveba, _ ganuxorcielebeli darCa. totlebenis mimarT qarTvelTa<br />
ganwyobis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos anton kaTalikosis sityvebi misive<br />
werilidan graf n. paninisadmi: `generali, romelic Tavisi ficis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod iqceva, generali, romelmac yovelgvari aucileblobis<br />
gareSe miatova brZolis veli, _ did zians ayenebs saqarTvelos. es<br />
garemoebebi aferxebs Cems Zmas, mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s, romelic mtris winaaRmdeg<br />
ibrZvis da (aspinZis) sisxlismRvreli Setakebis Semdeg brwyinvale<br />
gamarjvebas aRwevs, da mas mtris winaaRmdeg Semdgomi brZolebisagan akavebs,<br />
radgan rusi generali TviTon garbis da rusul jars nebas ar aZlevs,<br />
mteri ukuagdos; malavs artilerias, raTa igi mtris winaaRmdeg veravin<br />
gamoiyenos, amis Sedegad ki misi imperatorobiTi umaRlesobis samsaxuric ar<br />
sruldeba.~<br />
amrigad, aspinZis brwyinvale gamarjvebas ar mohyolia Sesabamisi<br />
politikuri warmateba, ufro metic, <strong>erekle</strong>s axali sazrunavi gauCnda.<br />
kerZod, totlebenis xelyofisagan sakuTari samefo taxtis dacva gauxda<br />
saWiro. man Tavidanve ganWvrita, rom totlebenis saswrafod qarTlSi<br />
dabruneba kargs arafers moaswavebda. marTlac, rusma generalma zogierTi<br />
opozicioneri qarTleli Tavadis daxmarebiT, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis<br />
mowyoba ganizraxa. am mizniT, man daiwyo qarTlis cixe-qalaqebis dakaveba da<br />
mosaxleobas aiZulebda, ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze daeficaT. amave<br />
dros, igi erkles Sesaxeb agzavnida yalb informacias peterburgSi da<br />
mizansac miaRwia: saimperatoro kari <strong>erekle</strong>s sawinaaRmdegod ganawyo da<br />
Sedegad mis mier mopovebuli marTlac brwyinvale gamarjveba iq sakmaod<br />
civad miiRes, imperatricam mosalodneli wyalobis nacvlad, <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
pasuxic ki ar aRirsa; Tumca, saTanado ganxilvis safuZvelze, ruseTSi<br />
gadawyvites, rom Tavisi saqcieliT, totlebeni saqarTveloSi `ruseTs<br />
ufro sircxvils uxveWda, vidre saxels~ da mis nacvlad sardlad<br />
generali a. suxotini daniSnes. amave dros, am ukanasknels aukrZales<br />
regularuli <strong>samxedro</strong> operaciebis Catareba da miTiTeba misces, rom<br />
Turqebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa ZalebiT mxolod `diversiebi~ moewyo. amiT<br />
generals agrZnobines, rom mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis SemoerTeba am<br />
etapze ar warmoadgenda ruseTis mizans. ruseTSi aseve ar daugmiaT<br />
totlebenis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, piriqiT _ suxotins ganumartes, rom<br />
Tuki totlebenis avanturistuli wamowyeba (imperatoris erTgulebaze<br />
qarTvelTa iZulebiT daficeba) xels Seuwyobda TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />
qarTvelebis mobilizebas, aseTi ram kvlavac gaegrZelebina. instruqciis<br />
31
erT-erTi punqtiT, suxotins foTis xelSi Cagdebasac avalebdnen. amrigad,<br />
avanturisti totlebenis gadayenebas <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis praqtikulad ar<br />
moutania raime SeRavaTi, radgan ruseTis <strong>politika</strong> saqarTvelos mimarT<br />
kvlav ucvleli darCa. aqedan gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom totlebenis<br />
piradi uaryofiTi Tvisebebis miuxedavad, misi moqmedeba ruseTis samefo<br />
karis mier winaswar sanqcirebuli iyo.<br />
1771 w. maisSi suxotini saqarTveloSi Camovida da <strong>erekle</strong>sa da<br />
solomonTan TaTbiris dros winadadeba wamoayena zafxulSi foTze<br />
elaSqraT. man ar gaiTvaliswina <strong>erekle</strong>s rCeva, rom zafxulis klimatur<br />
pirobebSi, kolxeTis WaobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda jaris warmatebuli<br />
moqmedeba. suxotini ar icnobda adgilobriv pirobebs da jiutad icavda<br />
mTavrobis instruqcias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, totlebenis uxeiro<br />
moxsenebebs eyrdnoboda. garda amisa, igi agrZelebda Tavisi winamorbedis<br />
moqmedebis kurss, ar endoboda qarTvel mefeebs, ukavSirdeboda maT<br />
moRalate Tavadebs da a. S. Sedegad foTis cixis alyis dros, zafxulis<br />
sicxis gamo, jari umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. cieb-cxelebiT daavadda<br />
ori aTasamde jariskaci, maT Soris TviTon generalic. oqtomberSi<br />
suxotinma foTis alya moxsna, xolo dekemberSi ruseTis xelisuflebam<br />
gadawyvetileba miiRo saqarTvelodan jaris gayvanis Taobaze. 1772 w. maisSi,<br />
rusTa jarma saqarTvelos sazRvrebi datova. omis pirobebSi mokavSire<br />
jaris mier mitovebuli <strong>erekle</strong> da solomoni didi gansacdelis winaSe<br />
aRmoCndnen; gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo <strong>erekle</strong>s mdgomareoba, romelmac metnaklebad<br />
mogvarebuli saSinao da sagareo urTierTobebi, riskis qveS<br />
daayena. ruseTis gamo, man xelaxla gadaimtera mezobeli mahmadianuri<br />
saxelmwifoebi.<br />
amrigad, qarTveli mefeebi isev sakuTari Tavis imedad darCnen da<br />
kritikuli viTarebidan gamosavlis Ziebas Seudgnen. 1773 w. <strong>erekle</strong>m da<br />
solomonma aRadgines urTierTkavSiris xelSekruleba. amave wlis<br />
oqtomberSi, gaerTianebuli jariT javaxeTze gailaSqres da alya<br />
Semoartyes axalqalaqis cixes, magram misi aReba veRar SeZles: solomon IIis<br />
mZime avadmyofobis gamo imerTa jari ukan gabrunda. <strong>erekle</strong>m alya moxsna,<br />
Tavis jars artaanisa * da axalcixis mxare daarbevina da nadavliT<br />
datvirTuli dabrunda qalaqSi. amasobaSi Turqebis waqezebiT, rusTa jaris<br />
wasvliT gamxnevebulma mTielebmac dro ixelTes. rodesac <strong>erekle</strong><br />
axalqalaqTan idga, kaxeTs Warelebi daesxnen, amas mohyva xunZaxis<br />
mflobelis _ nursal-begis (igive mucalis) Tavdasxma qiziyze, romelic<br />
qiziyelebma, revaz andronikaSvilis meTaurobiT, warmatebiT moigeries da<br />
brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. amave xanebSi lekebi cxinvalSi SeiWrnen da<br />
didZali nadavli da tyveebi Caigdes xelSi, Warelebma ki isev daarbies<br />
qiziyi. <strong>erekle</strong> maT mcirericxovani razmiT daedevna da `Zlierad daamarcxa~.<br />
mematianis sityviT, `eseviTarni gamarjvebani mefisa iraklisani uricxvni<br />
arian.~ drodadro, mefis brZanebiT qarTvelebi Tavadac gadadiodnen Setevaze<br />
32
da `arbevdnen axalcixisa qveynebs.~ axalcixis cbieri mmarTveli suleimanfaSa<br />
ki amiT sargeblobda: qarTvelTa mier miyenebul zarals sulTanTan<br />
azviadebda, amave dros _ lekebisagan saqarTvelodan motacebuli nadavlis<br />
wilsac iRebda. amis gamo, sulTanma qerim-xans SesCivla: `Sen agiSvia erTi<br />
lomi, romel ars saqarTvelos mefe <strong>erekle</strong>, romelic aoxrebs maradis<br />
samflobelosa Cemsao da amis gamo ixarjvis Cemgan ara-mciredi xazinao~ da<br />
sTxovda mas, zemoqmedeba moexdina <strong>erekle</strong>ze, raTa am ukanasknels Seewyvita<br />
Tavdasxmebi. aRfrTovanebulma qerim-xanma Turme vezirebs mimarTa: `SexedeT<br />
mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s, xonTqari daaCoqa da CemTan aCivlebso~; amiT nasiamovnebma,<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s gamougzavna Zvirfasad Semkuli xmali da `cxeni, oqrosa da<br />
minanqris iaraRiT Sekazmuli.~ amis Semdeg, TurqeTsa qarTl-kaxeTs Soris<br />
zavi damyarda da omamdeli urTierTobebi aRdga.<br />
amasobaSi, ruseT-TurqeTis omi dasasruls miuaxlovda; 1774 w. 10<br />
ivliss quCuk-kainarjSi * maT Soris gaformda zavi, romlis 23-e punqtic<br />
saqarTvelos Seexeboda: damarcxebuli TurqeTi samudamod xels iRebda<br />
imereTis samefos dapyrobaze, misgan xarkis moTxovnaze da imerTa mefis<br />
mflobelobaSi myof yvela cixe-simagreze. dokumentSi naklebad iyo<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli qarTl-kaxeTis interesebi: am omSi CarTvam <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
uamravi mteri SesZina, Sedegad ki verc mitacebuli teritoriebi daibruna<br />
da verc ruseTis mkafiod gamoxatuli mfarveloba miiRo. erTaderTi, rac<br />
mis sasargeblod gadawyda, iyo is, rom TurqeTi omSi monawile qarTvelobis<br />
mimarT SurisZiebaze uars acxadebda (Tumca lekebis meSveobiT, mas<br />
yovelTvis SeeZlo qarTvelebisaTvis samagiero miezRo).<br />
amrigad, omis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong>m ase Tu ise moaxerxa urTierTobis<br />
dabalanseba iranTanac da TurqeTTanac; amis miuxedavad, lekTa TareSs bolo<br />
ar uCanda, aqedan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis winaSe mwvaved dadga mudmivi<br />
jaris Seqmnis problema: saxeldaxelod Sekrebili feodaluri laSqari<br />
lekebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad ar iyo efeqturi. 1773 wlis miwuruls<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m darbazs gansaxilvelad warudgina `ganCineba morige jaris Sesaxeb~,<br />
romelic 1774 wlidan ukve ZalaSi Sevida. am kanonis safuZvelze aRweres<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis brZolisunariani mamakaci mosaxleoba. yoveli zrdasruli<br />
mamakaci valdebuli iyo weliwadSi erTi Tvis manZilze Tavisi xarjiTa da<br />
SeiaraRebiT emsaxura morige jarSi. es iyo sayovelTao <strong>samxedro</strong> begara,<br />
sadac gawvevas eqvemdebareboda sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli,<br />
maT Soris samefo ojaxis wevrebic. gamonaklisi daiSveboda mxolod<br />
qveynisaTvis saWiro profesiis adamianTaTvis (vaWrebi, mewisqvileebi,<br />
mwyemsebi da sxva), romelTac SeeZloT salaSqrod gaeSvaT magieri kaci,<br />
anu `badali~. radganac laSqarSi `morige~ Tavisi xarjiT midioda, <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis glexoba sursaTis gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisufla. siis<br />
mixedviT, xalxis gamocxadebaze pasuxismgebeli iyo mebatone an soflis<br />
romelime moxele. mebatone aseve valdebuli iyo saWiro sursaTiTa da<br />
iaraRiT moemaragebina `morigeSi~ gamoZaxebuli glexi, Tuki am ukanasknels<br />
33
saamisod sakuTari saxsrebi ar hqonda. `morigeSi~ dagvianebis an<br />
argamocxadebisaTvis, saTanado sasjeli iyo dawesebuli: glexebisaTvis<br />
gawkepvla, Tavad-aznaurTaTvis _ sapatimro. morige laSqari iyofoda<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> erTeulebad, romlebsac mefis mier daniSnuli moxele edga<br />
saTaveSi. ra Tqma unda, aseTi radikaluri <strong>samxedro</strong> reformis gatareba iseT<br />
tradiciul wodebriv-ierarqiul qveyanaSi, rogoric imdroindeli<br />
saqarTvelo iyo, advili ar iqneboda; gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo igi<br />
msxvili feodalebisaTvis, amitom, maT wasaxaliseblad <strong>erekle</strong> Tavisi<br />
vaJebiTurT pirveli Caewera morige jarSi.<br />
regularuli jaris upiratesoba Tavidanve aSkara iyo: mefes mudmiv<br />
mzadyofnaSi hyavda 5 aTasiani laSqari, romelmac erTbaSad aamaRla qveynis<br />
Tavdacvisunarianoba; rac yvelaze mTavaria, sabolood iqna aRkveTili lekTa<br />
TareSi: `esreT SiSneul iyvnen lekni, rom verRara ikadres gamosvla da<br />
esreT damSvidda qarTli, rom diacni Tvinier mamakacisa vidodian.~ morige<br />
jars saTaveSi edga <strong>erekle</strong> II-is vaJi levan batoniSvili. es iyo uaRresad<br />
niWieri da energiuli pirovneba, romelic Tavis droze, ruseTSi elCad<br />
yofnisas, dainteresda iqauri <strong>samxedro</strong>-saorganizacio saqmiT da bevri ram<br />
Seiswavla. oriode weliwadSi levan batoniSvilma qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
teritoria TiTqmis sruliad gawminda moTareSeE lekebisagan. aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom <strong>erekle</strong>m, rogorc niWierma sardalma, isic gaiTvaliswina, rom<br />
regularuli jaris Seqmna am etapze sakmarisi ar iyo qveynis winaSe<br />
arsebuli mwvave problemebis gadasawyvetad; saWiro oyo am jaris evropul<br />
yaidaze mowyoba da, rac mTavaria, _ im droisaTvis maRali donis<br />
cecxlsasroli iaraRiT misi aRWurva. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo samTamadno<br />
mrewvelobis ganviTareba, rasac <strong>erekle</strong>m jer kidev 60-iani wlebis<br />
dasawyisSi Cauyara safuZveli: 1763 w. man axtalisa da alaverdis<br />
sabadoebSi daiwyo vercxlisa da spilenZis madnis amoReba-damuSaveba. 1768<br />
wlisaTvis <strong>erekle</strong>s ukve hqonda cecxlsasroli iaraRis Camomsxmeli qarxana.<br />
erT-erTi ucxoeli mogzauri ioseb de laporti aRniSnavda: `TbilisSi<br />
akeTeben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, Tofiswamals~. istoriulma wyaroebma<br />
Semogvinaxes im pirTa vinaobac, vinc 70-ian wlebSi uSualod emsaxureboda<br />
saartilerio saqmes, maT Soris iyvnen rogorc adgilobrivi, ise<br />
sazRvargareTidan mowveuli specialistebi: giorgi Tarxani, ioseb getingi,<br />
paata andronikaSvili, gabriel maiori, ioseb baxutaSvili, Tevdore<br />
petriaSvili, stefane meliqovi, giorgi TumaniSvili da sxva.<br />
artileriis saamqros, anu arsenals im dros Tofxana ewodeboda. masSi<br />
momuSave sxvadasxva xelosnebs <strong>erekle</strong> didi pativiT epyroboda; mis mier<br />
gacemuli uamravi sabuTi mowmobs, rom aqaur muSakebs pirad<br />
TavisuflebasTan erTad, didi SeRavaTebic eZleodaT (saxelmwifo<br />
begarisagan gaTavisufleba, mzardi anazRaureba da sxva). <strong>samxedro</strong> wodebis<br />
aRmniSvneli saxelebi, mcire gamonaklisis garda, <strong>erekle</strong>s ruseTidan<br />
gadmouRia (rusebma Tavis mxriv, isini evropidan Semoitanes). es wodebebia:<br />
34
TofCibaSi, polkovniki, maiori, kapitani, poruCiki, aficeri, serJanti,<br />
underaficeri, kaprali, TofCi. TofxanaSi yvelaze did moxeled da sapatio<br />
pirad iTvleboda TofCibaSi, anu Tofxanis gamgebeli, romelic saartilerio<br />
saqmes maTaurobda. TofCibaSisa da misi moadgilis (naibis) uSualo<br />
nebarTviT gaicemoda iaraRi, maTi xelmZRvanelobiT asxamdnen zarbaznebs,<br />
amasTanave, isini amzadebdnen saartilerio saqmis specialistebs da<br />
msrolelebs (mezarbazneebs). garda fuladi anazRaurebisa, Tofxanis<br />
xelosnebi sakvebiTac _ e. w. ulufiTac maragdebodnen.<br />
XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi, <strong>erekle</strong>s 12 adgilobrivi warmoebis zarbazani<br />
hqonda. garda amisa, artileriisaTvis saWiro tyvia-wamali da asafeTqebeli<br />
masala agreTve TbilisSi mzaddeboda. Tavidan es dargi kerZo pirTa xelSi<br />
iyo _ qalaqeli xelosnebi amzadebdnen da TviTonve hyiddnen tyvia-wamals;<br />
Sesabamisi brZanebiT, <strong>erekle</strong>m Tofiswamlisa da gvarjilis damzadeba-gayidvis<br />
ufleba erT pirovnebas _ moqalaqe TayuaSvils gadasca, romelic<br />
valdebuli iyo mxolod saxelmwifo dakveTa daekmayofilebina. am gziT<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m am dargis monopolia xelSi aiRo da mokle xanSi saTanado Sedegic<br />
saxeze iyo: 1796 wlisaTvis Tofiswamalze da gvarjilaze saxelmwifo<br />
dakveTac Sesrulebula da imdeni Warbi produqciac uwarmoebiaT, rom<br />
TayuaSvils mefisagan kerZo gayidvebis uflebac miuRia. Tofiswamlis<br />
qarxana avlabris cixis axlos mdebareobda.<br />
saartilerio iaraRis danergvasTan erTad, <strong>erekle</strong>s SeumuSavebia axali<br />
sabrZolo taqtikac; amis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnian is saarqivo<br />
dokumentebi, romlebic Seicaven mefis pirdapir miTiTebebs brZolis win an<br />
misi msvlelobisas: `Tu isini gamovidnen... Tqven mindorze Sebmas ecadeniT,<br />
kinklaobasa da imaTsaviT Tofebis miSvelebas daexseniT; Tqven erTianad<br />
Tqvenis ZaliT, RvTiT, miaweqiT da zarbaznebi win miiZRvaneT, cxenianic rom<br />
daaqveiToT da ise mixvideT, zarbaznebic win miimZRvaroT da omi zarbaznebs<br />
daacadoT. Cveni goneba amas umjobesad xedavs, rom RvTiT, am gziT SeebaT...<br />
Tqven rom ar auCqardeT, daacadoT, isini Tqvenze moiyvanoT da Tqven ki<br />
imaTze ar mixvideT, _ ase sjobs, rom isini Tqvenze mosvliT daRaloT da,<br />
RvTiT, Tqven im daRaluls erTianad SeebaT: isini aqeT-iqidan mogetanebian,<br />
Tqven zarbaznis srolis mets nuras iqT; isini amaSi daiRalvian, masukan<br />
erTianad miaweviT da, RvTiT, Tan gaitanT~. amrigad, brZolis dros <strong>erekle</strong><br />
pirvel rigSi sazarbazne cecxlis gaxsnas brZanebs, Semdeg ki<br />
demoralizebuli mtris jars Tavisi dasvenebuli ZalebiT erTianad utevs.<br />
garda amisa, siaxle iyo agreTve zarbaznebis ganlageba qveiTi jarebis win<br />
da ara maT ukan (rogorc es adre iyo miRebuli). rogorc Cans, sakuTari<br />
sabrZolo gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, <strong>erekle</strong> amjobinebda brZolis<br />
dawyebas sazarbazne SeteviT, romelic mtris jarSi elvisebur<br />
destabilizacias iwvevda.<br />
`morige~ jaris wyalobiT qarTl-kaxeTSi damyarebuli mSvidobiani<br />
cxovreba didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1781 w. levan batoniSvilis uecarma<br />
35
sikvdilma ara marto am <strong>samxedro</strong> formirebas, aramed mTel saqarTvelos<br />
gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena. oman xerxeuliZis cnobiT, am tragedias<br />
saqarTvelos mtrebSic ki gulwrfeli sinanulis grZnoba gamouwvevia;<br />
`moukvda <strong>erekle</strong>s saxelovani da mravals brZolazed didad mxned<br />
gamoCenili Svili Tvisi levan. esma ra ese faSasa axalcixisasa, sTqva:<br />
xnierebisa Jamsa mefesa <strong>erekle</strong>s mxari moeSalao, rom amisTana vaJkaci Svili<br />
moukvdao, romelic saqarTvelos oTxkuTxe farda iyovo da axla qarTls<br />
farda aexada pirsao.~ `morige~ jari levan batoniSvilis daRupvisTanave ar<br />
gauqmebula, magram moRalate Tavadebis wyalobiT, mokle xanSi, misi marTvis<br />
saTaveSi angarebiani moxeleebi moeqcnen, romlebmac es SesaniSnavi wamowyeba<br />
sakuTari Semosavlis wyarod gadaaqcies (magaliTad, qrTamis meSveobiT, esa<br />
Tu is Tavadi, Tavisi ymebiTurT advilad axerxebda `morigeobidan~ Tavis<br />
daRwevas), danarCeni batoniSvilebi ki naklebad zrunavdnen mis<br />
SenarCunebaze. marTalia, `morige~ jari brZanebiT arasodes gauqmebula,<br />
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi igi TandaTanobiT Semcirda da bolos mTlianad<br />
daiSala.<br />
XVIII s. 70-ian wlebSi azerbaijanel xanebs Soris <strong>erekle</strong>s saxifaTo<br />
konkurenti gamouCnda yuba-darubandis * mflobelis _ faTali-xanis saxiT,<br />
romelic azerbaijanis saxanoebis garTianebisaTvis ibrZoda. faTali-xani<br />
amierkavkasiis regionSi <strong>erekle</strong>s pirvelobas ecileboda da am mizniT<br />
mahmadianuri saxanoebisa da lekebis gaerTianebas cdilobda qristiani<br />
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. <strong>erekle</strong>s qveSevrdom erevnisa da<br />
ganjis saxanoebs ki daumorCileblobisaken mouwodebda. <strong>erekle</strong>m droulad<br />
miiRo sapasuxo zomebi: 1778 w. man erevneli husein-ali-xanis gandgomis<br />
Sesaxeb Seityo da Tavisi jariT erevnisken wavida. huseinma mosaxleoba<br />
daxizna da TviTon cixeSi Caiketa, Tumca maleve danebda <strong>erekle</strong>s da 40<br />
aTasi maneTi xarkic gadauxada.<br />
1779 w. 19 marts iranSi qerim-xani gardaicvala da Sesabamisad,<br />
amierkavkasiaSic daiZaba mdgomareoba. <strong>erekle</strong>sa da faTali-xans Soris<br />
urTierToba gamwvavda. am ukanasknelis mcdelobiT, erevnisa da ganjis xanebi<br />
isev ganudgnen <strong>erekle</strong>s. Samagierod <strong>erekle</strong>m kavSiri Sekra yarabaRel ibreimxanTan.<br />
erToblivi ZalebiT, maT ganja daipyres da adgilobrivi xani<br />
gaaZeves. amieridan, <strong>erekle</strong>sa da ibreim-xanis mier daniSnuli moxeleebi<br />
ganjas saziarod marTavdnen. amasobaSi erevnis xanic ajanyda da xarkis<br />
gadaxdaze uari ganacxada. 1779 w. 29 agvistos <strong>erekle</strong>m 8 aTasiani jariT<br />
erevnis cixes alya Semoartya; mogvianebiT, mas ibreim-xanis mier<br />
gamogzavnili ganja-yarabaRis jaric SeuerTda. mwvave brZolebis Semdeg,<br />
erevnis xani danebda da patieba iTxova, magram <strong>erekle</strong> moRalate xanis<br />
Semorigebas aRar apirebda da erevnis saxanos sabolood dapyroba<br />
gadawyvita. swored am dros, mas Seatyobines, rom ruseTidan saeWvod<br />
`gamoSvebuli~ qarTlis taxtis pretendenti aleqsandre batoniSvili<br />
(vaxtang VI-is Zis _ baqaris vaJi), romelic aqamde iranSi imyofeboda,<br />
36
imereTSi Cavida. am dros, moRalate TavadTa mcdelobiT, <strong>erekle</strong>sa da<br />
solomons Soris urTierToba garTulebuli iyo da <strong>erekle</strong>s mowinaaRmdegeni<br />
amiT sargeblobdnen. mefis erTgulma pirebma <strong>erekle</strong>s SeuTvales: `moeSvele<br />
qarTls, Tu ara saqarTvelo airivao.~ <strong>erekle</strong>m saswrafod qarTls miaSura<br />
da energiuli RonisZiebebiT gandgomili Tavadebis morigi SeTqmuleba<br />
aRkveTa.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, mdgomareoba kvlav daZabuli iyo: aleqsandre<br />
batoniSvili brZolas ar wyvetda, imerTa mefis garda mas aSkarad mxarSi<br />
edga ruseTi, romelic qarTl-kaxeTTan urTierTobisas araerTxel<br />
mimarTavda e. w. ormagi standartis <strong>politika</strong>s; garda imisa, rom cbierad<br />
manipulirebda qarTlis taxtis maZieblebiT, ruseTis xelisufleba<br />
`megobruli mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis~ Sesaxeb carieli dapirebebis<br />
fonze qarTl-kaxeTis interesebis sazianod moqmedebda. amis TvalsaCino<br />
nimuSia rusebis mier miRebuli zomebi <strong>erekle</strong>s axali wamowyebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobisagan daclili qarTl-kaxeTis zogierT<br />
kuTxeSi Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa Casaxlebas. ruseTis mier<br />
ganxorcielebulma kolonizaciam Cerqezebisa da yabardoelebis gaafTrebuli<br />
winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia. primitiuli SeiaraRebis miuxedavad, isini gmirulad<br />
ibrZodnen kazakTa axalSenebisa da ruseTis jarebis winaaRmdeg. Tavis mxriv,<br />
ruseTi maT gaugonari sisastikiT uswordeboda. 1778 w. <strong>erekle</strong> gamoexmaura<br />
yabardoelebis Txovnas da maT suram-qviSxeTis midamoebSi dasaxlebas<br />
Sehpirda, magram ruseTma orjer CaSala es SeTanxmeba. Pirvelad, rusma<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong>ebma <strong>erekle</strong>s wargzavnilebi daapatimres, yabardoelebi ki sastikad<br />
dasajes. meored, 1780 wels, moaxalSeneTa 800 komli mozdokidan ukan<br />
gaabrunes, cota xanSi ki aseve moeqcnen yabardoelTa kidev 500 komls.<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s mier maT gadmosayvanad darialisken gagzavnili <strong>samxedro</strong> razmi<br />
ukan gamobrunda. ruseTi amasac ar dasjerda da Crdilo kavkasielebs<br />
qarTvelTa laSqarSi qiriT samsaxuric aukrZala. amrigad, erTmorwmune<br />
`mfarveli~ ruseTis wyalobiT, <strong>erekle</strong>m dakarga is erTaderTi damxmare<br />
Zala, romlis meSveobiTac aqamde warmatebiT umklavdeboda sxavadasxva<br />
juris mtrebs.<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s dasustebisaken iyo mimarTuli ruseTis sxva nabijebic da es<br />
arc iyo gasakviri: imperiuli gegma, romelic Sav zRvaze gabatonebas<br />
gulisxmobda, ver dauSvebda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis xelisuflebis<br />
gaZlierebas, rasac momavalSi saqarTvelos gamTlianeba mohyveboda. amitomac,<br />
ruseTi Segnebulad cdilobda daesustebina <strong>erekle</strong> ara marto <strong>samxedro</strong>politikuri,<br />
aramed ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. am mizans emsaxureboda<br />
ruseTis mier faTali-xanis daufaravi mxardaWera, Sesaferis momentSi<br />
aleqsandre batoniSvilis ruseTidan gamoSveba, Crdilo kavkasiidan damxmare<br />
Zalis dablokva da a. S. ruseTis xelisufleba ukve daufaravad cdilobda<br />
SeezRuda <strong>erekle</strong>, romlis damoukidebeli <strong>politika</strong>c mas aRar awyobda.<br />
qarTl-kaxeTs igi amierkavkasiaSi sakuTari gabatonebis erT-erT saSualebad<br />
37
aRiqvamda da am miznis misaRwevad, ukan araferze ixevda. amis<br />
damadasturebelia Tundac is, rom rodesac 1776 w. qarTlSi, feodalTa<br />
erTma jgufma zaal orbelianis meTaurobiT, mefis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba<br />
moawyo, aRmoCnda, rom masSi ruseTis agenti, vinme bakuninic monawileobda.<br />
amrigad, XVIII s. 80-ian wlebSi ruseTis diplomatia ukve yvelanair<br />
saSualebas iyenebda, raTa <strong>erekle</strong> Tavis qveSevrdomobaze daeTanxmebina. am<br />
mizniT iyenebda igi faTali-xansac da aleqsandre batoniSvilsac. 1781 w. am<br />
ukanasknelma imereTi datova da Crdilo kavkasiis gavliT faTali-xanTan<br />
Cavida. amieridan <strong>erekle</strong>s ori dauZinebeli mteri erTad Seikra da mas<br />
seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra. am kavSiris winaaRmdeg realuri daxmareba<br />
mxolod ruseTis xelisuflebas SeeZlo. Seqmnil viTarebaSi, <strong>erekle</strong>m yvela<br />
gza mosinja, maT Soris _ TurqeTTan kavSiri, evropis saxelmwifoTa<br />
meTaurebTan urTierTobis damyareba da <strong>samxedro</strong> daxmarebis Taobaze maTTan<br />
mimowera da a. S., magram misi yvela mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. aseT<br />
pirobebSi igi iZulebuli gaxda ruseTis mfarvelobis miRebaze<br />
daTanxmebuliyo. ra Tqma unda, man kargad icoda, rom am sami agresiuli<br />
saxelmwifodan saqarTvelos damoukideblobas arc erTi ar Seegueboda,<br />
magram meore mxriv, im etapze qveyana aucilebeli sasicocxlo arCevanis<br />
winaSe idga. erTmorwmune ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT <strong>erekle</strong><br />
imedovnebda, rom saqarTvelos daicavda mahmadianuri iran-TurqeTis<br />
agresiisagan; garda amisa, ruseTis daxmarebiT daibrunebda mitacebul<br />
teritoriebs da saqarTvelos gaaerTianebda, da bolos, igive ruseTis<br />
meSveobiT, aRadgenda evropis qveynebTan urTierTobas. ruseTis saimperatoro<br />
karze 1782 w. 21 dekembers gagzavnil dokumentSi man mkafiod Camoayaliba<br />
Tavisi moTxovnebi da winadadebebi. 1783 w. 24 ivliss Crdilo kavkasiaSi<br />
mdebare georgievskis cixe-simagreSi Sedga xelSekrulebis anu `megobrobiTi<br />
traqtatis~ xelmoweris procedura (SemdgomSi mas `georgievskis<br />
traqtatis~ saxeliT moixsenieben). am dokumentis ZaliT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe<br />
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas aRiarebda da uars acxadebda nebismieri sxva<br />
saxelmwifos vasalobaze. sanacvlod, ruseTis xelisufleba `saukunod~<br />
aRiarebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze <strong>erekle</strong>sa da misi STamomavlebis<br />
uflebas. taxtze asvlisas qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs ruseTis imperatorisagan<br />
unda mieRoT samefo regaliebi * (gvirgvini, sigeli da droSa ruseTis<br />
imperiis gerbiT, romelSic qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gerbi iyo Caxatuli) da<br />
mis erTgulebaze daeficaT. qarTveli mefeebi uars ambobdnen damoukidebel<br />
sagareo <strong>politika</strong>ze da am sakiTxSi ruseTis imperatoris TanxmobiT unda<br />
emoqmedaT. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi pirobas debda, rom saqarTvelos<br />
daexmareboda dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebaSi. imperatori qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mefes saukuno mfarvelobas aRuTqvamda da pirobas debda, rom<br />
saqarTvelos mters Tavis mtrad igulebda. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />
dasacavad ruseTi aq mudmivad iyoliebda qveiTTa jaris 2 batalions 4<br />
38
zarbazniT, xolo saomari situaciis SemTxvevaSi, valdebuli iyo damatebiTi<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> Zala gamoegzavna.<br />
umTavresi mizezi, romelmac <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier am gadawyvetilebis<br />
miReba ganapiroba, iyo iseTi sagareo-politikuri orientaciis arCeva,<br />
romelic qveyanas mSvidobas moutanda da uzrunvelyofda mis ganviTarebas<br />
evropuli gziT. aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>erekle</strong> guldasmiT ecnoboda traqtatis<br />
pirobebs. ruseTis warmomadgenlebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa es aqti<br />
droulad gaformebuliyo, Tumca TviTon sulac ar Cqarobdnen <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />
mTavari moTxovnis Sesrulebas, romelic kavkasiidan aleqsandre<br />
batoniSvilis gaZevebas gulisxmobda. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom es<br />
ukanaskneli faTali-xanma ruseTs mxolod `georgievskis traqtatis~<br />
xelmoweris Semdeg _ 1783 w. noemberSi gadasca.<br />
amrigad, 1783 w. traqtatis wyalobiT ruseTma uomrad gadalaxa<br />
kavkasioni da amierkavkasiaSi Zalze moxerxebuli placdarmi miiRo. amave<br />
wlis 2 noembers rusTa jaris 2 batalioni TbilisSi Semovida. am<br />
yvelaferma saqarTvelos mezobeli mahmadianuri samyaros SeSfoTeba<br />
gamoiwvia. amieridan ruseTi uSualod daupirispirda TurqeTs, romelmac<br />
Sesabamisi reagireba moaxdina: am SemTxvevaSi azerbaijanul saxanoebze<br />
zemoqmedebisaTvis mas garkveuli upiratesoba hqonda sarwmunoebrivi<br />
siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT. swored am faqtoris gamoyenebiT, TurqeTma Riad<br />
mouwoda azerbaijanel da daRestnel xanebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg<br />
erTiani brZolisaken. qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe uaresdeboda.<br />
rusTa jaris 2 batalioni saqmes ver Sveloda, gansacdelis winaSe mdgari<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> damatebiTi jaris gamogzavnas iTxovda, magram “mfarveli” mxolod<br />
gamamxnevebeli sityvebiTa da dapirebebiT pasuxobda da xelsayrel moments<br />
eloda winaswar dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad. aSkara iyo, rom<br />
saqarTvelos `gaerTianebisa da gaTavisuflebis~ miseuli gegma sinamdvileSi<br />
mxolod imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebas gulisxmobda: es iyo ruseTis<br />
brZola saqarTvelos `mSvidobiani~ miTvisebisaTvis.<br />
yovelive amis Sedegad, <strong>erekle</strong>s aqamde misi erTguli xanebic ki<br />
aumxedrdnen _ ganudga SuSis (yarabaRis) xani, romelmac ganjidan gamoaZeva<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s warmomadgeneli, xarkis gadaxdaze uari Tqva erevnis xanma da a. S.<br />
am yvelafris moTave iyo axalcixis faSa suleimani, romelmac Tavisi<br />
teritoria kvlav lekebis placdarmad aqcia; `lekianoba~ kidev ufro<br />
uaresi formiT ganaxlda: amjerad <strong>erekle</strong> traqtatis pirobebiT iyo<br />
SeboWili, mas ar hqonda ufleba SeWriliyo im saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi,<br />
romelTanac ruseTs zavi hqonda gaformebuli, axalcixis safaSo ki<br />
TurqeTs ekuTvnoda. <strong>erekle</strong> daJinebiT moiTxovda ruseTisagan saTanado<br />
zomebis miRebas, magram Sedegi ar Canda.<br />
1784-1785 wlebSi qarTvelTa jarma 2 rusul batalionTan erTad<br />
ramdenime SeteviTi operacia ganaxorciela. met-naklebi warmatebis<br />
miuxedavad, am brZolebSi didi iyo qarTvelTa msxverpli. 1784 w.<br />
39
mokavSireebma War-belaqans Seuties da sof. muRanlosTan * 5 saaTian<br />
brZolaSi gaimarjves. lekebma aq 200, xolo qarTvelebma da rusebma<br />
mxolod 40 meomari dakarges. 1785 w. <strong>erekle</strong>m Tavisi gavlenis aRdgenis<br />
mizniT, ganjis saxanoze gailaSqra. mis winaaRmdeg gamovida faTali-xani,<br />
romelmac piroba wamoayena, rom ganjas im SemTxvevaSi daTmobda, Tu <strong>erekle</strong><br />
mas ziarad dauTmobda yarabaRis saxanos. amaze <strong>erekle</strong> ar daTanxmda, magram<br />
iZulebuli gaxda, ganjis alya moexsna da jarebi yarabaRis saxanosaTvis<br />
mieSvelebina. sabolood, man mainc moaxerxa ganjis damorCileba, magram<br />
dapirispireba mainc grZeldeboda, ruseTi ki mxolod diplomatiuri<br />
`svlebiT~ ifargleboda.<br />
1785 w. martSi axalcixidan lek-osmalTa erTiani laSqari daiZra da<br />
Tbilisidan 25 km-ze sof. durnuks daesxa; 20 kaci mokles da 200<br />
daatyveves. amis Semdeg sof. tabaxmelas daecnen, magram <strong>erekle</strong>m SeZlo maTi<br />
damarcxeba. imave wlis aprilSi axalcixis faSam kvlav gamoistumra `1500<br />
leki da 500 TaTari qarTlis wasaxdenad.~ 600-mde tyviTa da didi<br />
nadavliT datvirTul mters rusebma da qarTvelebma suramTan gza Seukres<br />
da sastikad daamarcxes. amave wlis maisSi lek-osmalTa jarebma kidev erTi<br />
marcxi iwvnies. miuxedavad epizoduri warmatebebisa, qarTl-kaxeTi veRar<br />
audioda gamudmebul brZolebSi gaRebul msxverpls, saSiSroeba ki ufro da<br />
ufro matulobda; 1785 w. seqtemberSi daRestnidan 20 000 kaciani rCeuli<br />
jariT omar-xani daiZra da alazani gadmolaxa. <strong>erekle</strong>m dazvervis<br />
saSualebiT adreve Seityo, rom omar-xani jars agrovebda da winaswari<br />
zomebic miiRo: Tbilisi gaamagra, mosaxleoba daxizna, rusTa jari qiziySi<br />
gagzavna, TviTon ki jaris nawiliTurT Telavs dadga, magram cbierma xanma<br />
xma gaavrcela, rom faTali-xanis winaaRmdeg agrovebda jars, `ficiT<br />
mogvatyuao~, _ werda mogvianebiT <strong>erekle</strong>. axalcixidan lek-osmalTa<br />
mosalodneli Tavdasxmis gamo, <strong>erekle</strong> moerida qarTlidan jarebis daZvras,<br />
raTa qveyana ormxrivi dartymis qveS ar aRmoCeniliyo. mefe siRnaRSi Cavida<br />
jaris Sesakrebad, magram mosavlis aRebis dro iyo da xalxis mobilizebis<br />
procesi gaWianurda. amasobaSi omar-xanma ioric gadmolaxa da cru manevriT<br />
mowinaaRmdeges moaCvena, TiTqos Tbilisisken modioda. roca rus-qarTvelTa<br />
erTiani jari Tbilisisken daiZra, omar-xanma gezi Seicvala, mtkvari<br />
gadalaxa da borCaloSi * SeiWra. xarebSebmuli artileriis gamo<br />
mokavSireebs swrafad svla uWirdaT da roca md. algeTs miadgnen<br />
marneulTan, aRmoCnda, rom lekebs erTi dRis savalze gaeswroT. amasobaSi<br />
omar-xani axtalaSi avida, naRmiT aafeTqa iqauri cixe, romelsac<br />
mcirericxovani garnizoni icavda da miwasTan gaaswora axtalis vercxlis<br />
sabadoebi. xelCarTul brZolaSi axtalis damcvelebma samasamde leki<br />
mokles, magram gacilebiT mravalricxovani mtris damarcxeba yovlad<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo. omar-xanma 800-mde tyve gaitaca da axalcixeSi gadavida.<br />
axtalis sabadoebis ganadgurebiT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
aunazRaurebeli zarali miadga; marTalia, mogvianebiT maTi aRdgena<br />
40
moxerxda, magram madnis warmoeba Zvelebur simZlavres veRar daubrunda.<br />
garda imisa, rom saxelmwifom 100 aTasamde maneTis zarali ganicada, <strong>erekle</strong><br />
iZulebuli gaxda, rom omar-xanisaTvis yovelwliuri jamagiris (5 000<br />
maneTis odenobiT) daniSvniT eyida mSvidoba. am marcxis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
Tavis mimarTvaSi ruseTis xelisuflebas garkveuli pasuxismgebloba<br />
daakisra: Seaxsena ra mis mier nakisri valdebulebebi, xazi gausva imasac,<br />
rom `qveyana arasodes aseT gansacdelSi ar Cavardnila,~ rac mas ruseTTan<br />
dakavSirebis gamo moevlina. ruseTis mTavroba ki am yvelafers kvlav<br />
dapirebebiT pasuxobda.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom ruseTSi Tavisi despanisadmi gagzavnil erT-erT<br />
werilSi (1786 w. agvisto) <strong>erekle</strong> isev cdilobda saimperatoro karisaTvis<br />
Seexsenebina pasuxismgebloba yovelive imaze, rac saqarTveloSi xdeboda:<br />
`nurc aTqmevinebT visme amasa, rom didis eketerines xelmwifobaSi ruseTis<br />
SeerTebis mizeziT mouSveleblobiT daiqca saqarTvelo... ra vqna, me bevris<br />
imedi mqonda Tqvenisgan da kidec maqvs. maS visTan mivideT da vis<br />
gamoucxadoT Cveni tkivili: osmaleTTan mivide _ mimiSveben? yizilbaSebTan<br />
mivide _ Semiwynareben? daRistnelebTan mivide _ mimiReben? maS visi sasoeba<br />
mqondes, Tu ara ruseTis didebulis xelmwifisa... vis unda mivmarTo da vis<br />
unda vawyino Tavi?~ <strong>erekle</strong>s mier SemdgomSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebidan<br />
gamomdinare, sruliad naTeli xdeba, rom mefis TiTqosda sasowarkveTili<br />
toni mxolod diplomatiuri etiketisaTvis iyo gamiznuli, sinamdvileSi ki,<br />
ruseTs SefarviT mianiSnebda, rom misi `mfarvelobis~ wyalobiT, qarTlkaxeTis<br />
mdgomareoba gacilebiT gauaresda. sakuTari Tavis imedad darCenil<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s ki danebeba arc ufiqria da damoukideblad ganagrZo moqmedeba: man<br />
molaparakeba gamarTa axalcixis faSasTan da 1786 w. 12 seqtembers masTan<br />
samSvidobo xelSekrulebac gaaforma. Amieridan, mxareebi wyvetdnen<br />
dapirispirebas; <strong>erekle</strong> pirobas debda, rom Tavis samefoSi ukve arsebuli<br />
rusis jaris garda mets aRar Semoiyvanda, axalcixis faSa ki, sulTnis<br />
jarebs qarTl-kaxeTis sazRvrebidan moaSorebda da lekTa moTareSe razmebs<br />
aRar Seikedlebda. amrigad, <strong>erekle</strong>m qveynis samxreTi sazRvrebis<br />
usafrTxoebas miaRwia da axla ukve SeeZlo danarCeni problemebis<br />
mogvarebaze efiqra. pirvel rigSi mas urCi qveSevrdomebi unda daebrunebina<br />
da amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi Cveuli gavlena aRedgina.<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m icoda, rom axalcixis safaSosTan damyarebuli mSvidobiani<br />
urTierToba droebiTi iyo da didxans ver gastanda, amitom mas swrafad da<br />
gonivrulad unda emoqmeda. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi ukve iyo<br />
informacia ruseT-TurqeTis mosalodneli omis (1787-1791 ww.) Sesaxeb.<br />
TurqeTis xelisuflebam Tavisi momxre xanebis meSveobiT gaaZliera<br />
kontroli amierkavkasiis regionze, qarTl-kaxeTTan misi `megobruli~<br />
urTierToba ki Seqmnili viTarebiT iyo nakarnaxevi da misi bolomde ndoba<br />
ar SeiZleboda. es kidec daadastura movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam: oman<br />
xerxeuliZis gadmocemiT, axtalis darbevis Semdeg, omar-xanma axalcixeSi<br />
41
gamoizamTra, 1786 wlis zamTris dasawyisSi, <strong>erekle</strong>sTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg<br />
axalcixis faSam igi gamoistumra. omar-xani qarTls moerida da erevnis<br />
qedis gavliT yarabaRSi Cavida; aq mas SuSis xani miegeba, `miiyvana didi<br />
pativiT da yarabaRSi daayena jariTa TvisiTa~. rogorc ki amis Sesaxeb<br />
Seityo, 1787 w. zafxulSi, <strong>erekle</strong> rusTa da qarTvelTa erTiani jariT<br />
moRalate ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis dasasjelad gaemarTa. mematianis<br />
gadmocemiT, mas agreTve `omar-xanis Seyra da brZola surda, magram is mefe<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s eSiSvoda, sul erideboda da ise cdilobda siarulsa, rom mefis<br />
jari arsad Semeyaroso~. rusebTan erTad, <strong>erekle</strong>m ganjis saxanoze<br />
gailaSqra, yarabaRelebi ki iulon batoniSvilma daamarcxa qarTvelTa<br />
jariT. <strong>samxedro</strong> operaciis damTavrebamde, jer kidev ganjaSi yofnisas,<br />
rusTa jaris meTaurs imperatoris brZaneba mouvida saqarTvelos saswrafod<br />
datovebis Taobaze. <strong>erekle</strong> bevrs ecada, aTiode dRiT mainc SeeCerebina<br />
rusebi, magram verafers gaxda. rusuli jaris wasvlis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong>mac<br />
Sewyvita laSqroba (mogvianebiT man mainc daimorCila ganja).<br />
ruseTis xelisuflebam jaris gayvana imiT axsna, rom TurqeTis<br />
winaaRmdeg omSi amierkavaksiis frontis CarTvas ar apirebda, radganac dRis<br />
wesrigSi mxolod yirimis sakiTxi idga. marTlac, es omi 1791 w. dasrulda<br />
da zavic ise daido, rom saqarTvelos arc erTi punqti ar Sexebia.<br />
Sesabamisad, axalcixis safaSos SemoerTebis sakiTxic, romelic<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>saTvis mTavari argumenti iyo traqtatis gaformebisas, kvlav<br />
gadaido da es moxda maSin, rodesac omis msvlelobisas, <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
araerTgzis Seaxsena `mfarvels~ mis mier nakisri valdebulebani,<br />
mitacebuli teritoriebis saqarTvelosTvis dabrunebis Taobaze. isic unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom am omis dros, axalcixis safaSosTan miRweuli `megobruli<br />
SeTanxmeba~ mainc dairRva: ufro meti agresiulobiT ganaxlda axalcixidan<br />
gadmosul lekTa Tavdasxmebi, `iyo xdomva * lekTagan axalcixiT da<br />
ryvnidian qarTlsa~; Tumca amjerad, traqtatis Tanaxmad, <strong>erekle</strong>s SeeZlo<br />
ruseTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi mtrisaTvis samagiero miezRo. 1789<br />
wels misma SviliSvilma _ daviTma 1000 kaciani razmiT daarbia yarsi * da<br />
sastikad daamarcxa TurqTa mdevari razmebi. amave wels lekebi saguramos<br />
daesxnen Tavs, mefis Ze iuloni maT ivris napirebTan daxvda da mTeli<br />
nadavli waarTva. amave wels lekTa da osmalTa erTianma jarma rusTavi<br />
daarbia; <strong>erekle</strong>m maT daviT batoniSvili daadevna, romelmac javaxeTamde<br />
misdia mters da naalafari daayrevina, Tavdamsxmelebma amjeradac axalcixes<br />
Seafares Tavi.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos axali, gacilebiT mrisxane Zala<br />
daemuqra iranis mbrZaneblis _ aRa-mahmad-xan yajaris saxiT.<br />
qerim-xan zendis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1779 w.), Sahis taxtisaTvis<br />
dawyebulma mravalwlianma brZolam mTeli irani moicva; erTmaneTs daerivnen<br />
zendebis sagvareulos wevrebic. sabolood, am dapirispirebaSi ori ZiriTadi<br />
mowinaaRmdege gamoikveTa: luTf-ali-xan zendi da aRa-mahmad-xan yajari.<br />
42
1792 wlisTvis am ukanasknelma mowinaaRmdegeze gadamwyveti gamarjveba<br />
moipova, xolo 1794 w. Tavisi Zalaufleba ukve iranis mTel teritoriaze<br />
gaavrcela. saqarTveloSi kargad icodnen, rom Sinaomebis dasrulebisTanave,<br />
iranis axali Sahi kvlav wamoayenebda pretenziebs amierkavkasiaze; amitom<br />
iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTidan zedized igzavneboda moxsenebiTi baraTebi<br />
peterburgSi.<br />
pirvel xanebSi, sanam mTel irans daimorCilebda, aRa-mahmad-xani<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s megobrobas eficeboda; magaliTad, jer kidev 1786 w. dekemberSi, man<br />
Tavadi ciciSvilis piriT, <strong>erekle</strong>s sityvierd SemouTvala: `me TqvenTan didi<br />
dostobisa da megobrobis mondome var; msurs, rom me da Sen Sua siyvaruli<br />
da megobroba iyos... da adribeJanis (samxreT azerbaijani, l.m.) alagebi,<br />
romelic Tqveni mxare-provinciebi iyos, TqvenTvis miiReviT samkvidrod,<br />
rogorc erevani giWiravT~. iraneli politikosebis cbiereba da veragoba<br />
kargad iyo cnobili da am sityvebs saqarTveloSi, aramcTu politikosi,<br />
ubralo mokvdavic ki ar daijerebda. miT ufro, rom azerbaijanis saxanoebi,<br />
romlebsac cbieri yajari ase guluxvad uTmobda <strong>erekle</strong>s, 1786 wlisaTvis<br />
arc mas emorCilebodnen da arc mis mowinaaRmdege zendebs.<br />
ruseTis daxmarebis molodinSi, qarTl-kaxeTis xelisufleba Tavis<br />
mxriv aqtiurobda: agenturis warmatebuli muSaobis wyalobiT, samefo kari<br />
detalurad iyo informirebuli iranSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, am<br />
informacias ki organizebulad awvdidnen ruseTis mTavrobas. garda amisa,<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> piradad ekaterine II-s ugzavnida moxsenebiT baraTebs. aRa-mahmadxanis<br />
Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba jer kidev 1786 w. arsebobda: wlis dasawyisSi<br />
Tavisi laSqriT igi samxreT azerbaijanisaken daiZra da aqauri xanebi<br />
TavisTan daibara morCilebis pirobis dasadebad. YyarabaRisa da erevnis<br />
xanebis garda, mas yvelani usityvod eaxlnen. aRa-mahmad-xanma maT mZevlebi<br />
gamoarTva, yovelwliuri xarki Seawera da erTi wlis gadasaxadi winaswar<br />
gamoarTva. amis Taobaze <strong>erekle</strong> ruseTSi myof Tavis warmomadgenels swerda:<br />
`Cemi azriT, misi aseTi moqmedeba miznad unda isaxavdes Cvens winaaRmdeg<br />
gamolaSqrebas~. Tumca aRa-mahmad-xans am droisaTvis jer iranSic ar<br />
hqonda poziciebi saTanadod gamyarebuli. zendebis memkvidreTa sabolood<br />
dasamarcxeblad, mas kidev TiTqmis oTxi weli dasWirda. meore mxriv,<br />
azerbaijaneli xanebis usityvo kapitulaciis miuxedavad, man yvelaze ukeT<br />
icoda, rom arc erTi maTgani saimedo vasali ar iqneboda; amitomac iyo,<br />
rom maTgan laSqrobaSi jariT daxmareba ar mouTxovia, mxolod xarks<br />
arTmevda da amiT sakuTar xazinas avsebda. qarTl-kaxeTSi iranis Zveli<br />
gavlenis aRdgenamde ki jer sakuTriv iranis saxelmwifos aRdgena iyo<br />
saWiro, es ki did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. rogorc SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, aRamahmad-xani<br />
saqarTveloze Tavdasxmas didi sifrTxiliT ekideboda da es<br />
gadawyvetileba mxolod mTeli rigi winaswari zomebis Semdeg miiRo.<br />
1793 w. <strong>erekle</strong>m isev acnoba ruseTs iranidan mosalodneli Tavdasxmis<br />
saSiSroebis Taobaze da moiTxova imperatorisagan, diplomatiur doneze<br />
43
mainc Careuliyo. peterburgSi myof Tavis vaJs _ mirian batoniSvils, igi<br />
weriliT atyobinebda: `xmebi gavrcelda, rom (aRa-mahmad-xani, l.m.)<br />
Teiranidan Sirazisaken miemarTeba luTf-ali-xanis winaaRmdeg, magram<br />
radganac igi cbieria, am xmebs SeiZleba ganzrax avrcelebs Cveni Tvalis<br />
asaxvevad da sinamdvileSi, SesaZloa azerbaijanis gziT Cvens sawinaaRmdegod<br />
emzadebodes. sparselebis cbiereba da muxanaToba sakmaod cnobilia da<br />
rogorc winaTac gwerdi, ecade, rom umaRlesma karma agrZnobinos aRa-mahmadxans,<br />
rom Tavi daanebos Cvens winaaRmdeg borot wamowyebas. amisTvis saWiro<br />
iqneba naboZebi zarbaznebis ori wili gamogvigzavnos. ecade, ramdenadac<br />
SegiZlia, am ukanasknelisaTvis (e. i. zarbaznebis gamogzavnisaTvis, l.m.)<br />
Suamdgomlobas da Tu wyaloba iqneba, me Sevecdebi kavkasiis xazidan TviTon<br />
gadmovitano aqamde. Tu Sen am Cems or saTxovars sisruleSi moiyvan, did<br />
samsaxurs gauwev Sens samSoblos da Sens saxlsac~. ruseTis mier didi<br />
xniT adre `nawyalobevi~ zarbaznebis TbilisSi gadmogzavnas uaRresad didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto qarTuli artileriis dasaxmareblad. es aqti<br />
mTel mahmadianur samyaros, iranis CaTvliT, marTlac agrZnobinebda, rom<br />
ruseTi saqarTvelos realurad mfarvelobda. 1786 wlidan moyolebuli,<br />
peterburgSi myofi saqarTvelos yvela warmomadgeneli muxlmodrekiT<br />
evedreboda ruseTs am naCuqari zarbaznebis saqarTveloSi gadmogzavnas. 1793<br />
w. mirian batoniSvilma imarjva da piradad ekaterine II-s warudgina<br />
moxsenebiTi baraTi; amave wlis 30 maiss saqarTvelos sakiTxi ruseTis<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> sabWos sxdomaze sagangebod ganuxilavT, <strong>erekle</strong>sa da mirianis<br />
moxsenebiTi baraTebic waukiTxavT da kavkasiis xazis ufros general<br />
gudoviCisaTvis miundviaT agresiis SeCerebis sakiTxi. amave dros, gudoviCis<br />
mimarT SemuSavebuli samoqmedo instruqcia metad orazrovnad<br />
gamoiyureboda: mas evaleboda, aRa-mahmad-xani araTu saqarTveloSi, aramed<br />
azerbaijanSic ki ar SeeSva. saTanado zomebi gudoviCs adgilze Seqmnili<br />
viTarebis Sesabamisad unda mieRo, xolo Tu saqme mainc omamde mividoda,<br />
maSin rogor unda emoqmeda, amis Taobaze instruqciaSi araferi iyo naTqvami.<br />
sabWos dadgenilebaSi pirdapir iyo naTqvami, rom gudoviCs evaleboda ar<br />
Seelaxa TurqeTis interesebi, aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg daerazma<br />
azerbaijanuli saxanoebi da SesaZleblobis farglebSi daxmareboda maT,<br />
Tumca `did xarjebsa da davidarabas~ unda morideboda. zarbaznebic<br />
TbilisSi gadaegzavna, `Tuki isini marTlac pirobisamebr qarTvel mefes<br />
unda gadascemoda~. mkvlevari i. cincaZe amis Sesaxeb marTebulad SeniSnavda:<br />
rogorc Cans, ruseTis diplomatia darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTidan<br />
miRebuli muqara da amierkavkasiis xanebis erTi nawilis darazmva agresor<br />
yajars saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis xaliss daukargavda da ruseTis generalic<br />
`didi xarjebisa da davidarabis gareSe~ dasaxul amocanas Seasrulebda.<br />
aqedan mxolod erTi ram aris naTeli _ qarTvelma diplomatebma<br />
peterburgSi droulad miawodes amomwuravi informacia regionSi arsebuli<br />
safrTxis Sesaxeb da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ruseTis xelisufleba aiZules, rom<br />
44
es sakiTxi sagangebo sxdomaze ganexila. magram imisaTvis, rom gudoviCs<br />
efeqturad emoqmeda, marto <strong>samxedro</strong> sabWos orazrovani da bundovani<br />
gadawyvetileba ar iyo sakmarisi: ruseTSi moqmedi avtoritaruli reJimis<br />
pirobebSi gudoviCma mSvenivrad icoda, rom omis SemTxvevaSic ki,<br />
saqarTveloSi jarebis an zarbaznebis gadmosagzavnad piradad eketerine II-is<br />
uzenaesi brZaneba iyo saWiro. am yvelafris Sedegi is iyo, rom es<br />
`bedkruli~ zarbaznebi aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxmis Semdegac ki ar<br />
gadmougzavniaT <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis.<br />
Seqmnil viTarebaSi, rodesac ruseTidan daxmarebis imedi ar Canda,<br />
qarTvelma politikosebma tradiciul xerxs mimarTes _ iran-TurqeTis<br />
maradiuli dapirispirebis gamoyeneba scades da TurqeTs daxmareba sTxoves.<br />
aseve moiqcnen <strong>erekle</strong>s vasalebi _ erevnisa da yarabaRis xanebic, magram<br />
amjerad amas Sedegi ar mohyolia. <strong>erekle</strong>s da mis mrCevlebs arc<br />
saerTaSoriso politikuri situacia gamorCeniaT mxedvelobidan, rac imaze<br />
metyvelebs, rom amierkavkasiis problemebs saerTaSoriso viTarebis<br />
Sesabamisad ganixilavdnen; albaT, amiT unda aixsnas <strong>erekle</strong>s interesi<br />
safrangeTisa da zogadad _ evropaSi mimdinare procesebisadmi. 1793 w.<br />
aprilSi igi peterburgSi mirian batoniSvils avalebda: `macnobe<br />
SesaZleblobis farglebSi, safrangaTisa da sxva evropis saxelmwifoebis<br />
ambebi, agreTve ruseT-TurqeTis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb.~<br />
sagareo urTierTobebis mogvarebasTan erTad, <strong>erekle</strong> qveynis Sida<br />
problemebsac ar iviwyebda, mtris Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mas imereTis<br />
daxmarebis imedic hqonda. solomon I-s vaJi ar hyavda, amitom man taxtis<br />
memkvidred Tavisi Zmiswuli daviT arCilis Ze daasaxela, romlis dedac<br />
(elene) <strong>erekle</strong>s asuli iyo. 1789 wels 17 wlis daviTi solomon II-is<br />
saxeliT avida taxtze (1789-1810 ww.). igi <strong>erekle</strong> II-is karze gaizarda da<br />
agrZelebda <strong>erekle</strong>sa da solomon I-is kurss, rac saqarTvelos<br />
gaerTianebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo. 1790 w. dasavleT da<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mflobelebs Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac solomon II, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebma qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefosTan <strong>samxedro</strong> kavSiri gaaformes saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg erTiani<br />
ZalebiT gamosvlis Sesaxeb.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi 1795 wlisaTvis <strong>erekle</strong>s jer kidev ar miuRia<br />
ruseTidan realuri daxmareba; general gudoviCis aqtiuroba mxolod imaSi<br />
gamoixateboda, rom man Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT zogierTi daRestneli da<br />
azerbaijaneli xani miimxro, magram aRa-mahmad-xanis moaxloebasTan erTad,<br />
maTi erTguleba ufro da ufro saeWvo iyo. <strong>erekle</strong>s erTaderT mokavSired<br />
rCeboda yarabaRis xani (romelsac, Tavis droze, aRa-mahmad-xanma masTan<br />
gamoucxadeblobisaTvis sikvdili miusaja), magram misi Zlierebis safuZveli<br />
mxolod miuval kldeze agebuli SuSis cixe iyo, romelic marTalia<br />
mozrdil garnizons itevda, magram mravalricxovani mtris winaaRmdeg<br />
generaluri brZolisaTvis es ar iyo sakmarisi. garda amisa, SuSis (anu<br />
45
yarabaRis) saxanoSi ZiriTadad somxebi cxovrobdnen, romlebic ibreim-xanis<br />
mimarT didi erTgulebiT ar gamoirCeodnen, magram am SemTxvevaSi iranis<br />
winaaRmdeg <strong>erekle</strong>s uWerdnen mxars, radgan misi imedi hqondaT; Tumca<br />
Semdeg, maTma nawilma mainc uRalata mefes da Tbilisze Tavdasxmisas aRamahmad-xanis<br />
banakSi armoCnda. arsebiTi daxmareba yarabaRis xans mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo, Tuki aRa-mahmad-xani mcirericxovani jariT wamovidoda<br />
da SuSis cixis aRebamde ver gabedavda Tbilisze Tavdasxmas, magram iranis<br />
Sahi saTanadod iyo momzadebuli: misi mTavari mizani iyo amierkavkasiaSi<br />
ruseTis prestiJis dacema, amas ki pirvel rigSi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi<br />
myofi saqarTvelos ganadgurebiT moaxerxebda.<br />
sagangebod unda iTqvas, rom qarTl-kaxeTis <strong>samxedro</strong> dazverva<br />
SesaniSnavad muSaobda, aRa-mahmad-xanis yoveli nabiji umokles droSi<br />
TbilisisaTvis cnobili iyo. <strong>erekle</strong>s mzveravebma aRa-mahmadis mier<br />
xelmowerili saidumlo baraTi da misive xeliT dawerili Tbilisze<br />
Tavdasxmis gegmac ki Caigdes xelSi. es yvelaferi <strong>erekle</strong>m gudoviCs<br />
gaugzavna. 1795w. ivlisSi qarTl-kaxeTis elCi garsevan WavWavaZe ukve<br />
ultimatumis saxiT moaxsenebda ruseTis sagareo uwyebis xelmZRvanels:<br />
`aRa-mahmad-xani saqarTveloze Tavdasasxmelad emzadeba. Cemi<br />
Tanamdebobisamebr me umdablesad gTxovT gvauwyoT: inebebs Tu ara ruseTis<br />
umaRlesi kari traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebisa da mfarvelobis<br />
aRmoCenas. vTxov Tqvens brwyinvalebas swrafad momceT pasuxi. Cven axla<br />
ukiduresad gvWirdeba amis codna~. miuxedavad amisa, gudoviCisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnili reskripti * (ekaterine II-is xelmoweriT) mxolod 1795 w. 4<br />
seqtembrisTvis gamzadda, gudoviCma ki igi 1795 w. 1 oqtombers miiRo,<br />
roca aRa-mahmad-xans Tbilisi ukve darbeuli hqonda.<br />
ruseTis mier jaris gamogzavnis sakiTxiT aranakleb iyo<br />
dainteresebuli aRa-mahmad-xanic, romelmac diplomatiuri fandiT moaxerxa<br />
gudoviCis motyueba: 1795 w. ivnisSi man Tavisi `elCebis~ saxiT ori<br />
SeniRbuli mzveravi ruseTisaken gaagzavna. dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, Sahis<br />
wargzavnilebi kavkasiis xazze (yizlarSi * ) gudoviCTan gamocxaddnen da<br />
peterburgSi gamgzavrebis neba iTxoves, magram aRmoCnda, rom maT ar hqondaT<br />
saTanado rwmunebis sigelebi. gudoviCma isini peterburgSi ar gauSva, magram<br />
yizlarSi darCenisa da Semdgom sakuTari survilisamebr ukan dabrunebis<br />
neba misca. amiT man sabediswero Secdoma dauSva _ sinamdvileSi `elCebi~<br />
peterburgSi wasvlas arc apirebdnen, maT kavkasiis xazze ruseTis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
nawilebis ganlageba dazveres da daadgines, rom gudoviCi saqarTveloSi<br />
jaris gagzavnas ar apirebda, rac saswrafod acnobes aRa-mahmad-xans,<br />
romelsac ruseTis jarTan pirispir Sebma ar awyobda. zedmetad<br />
Tavdajerebul gudoviCs ki azradac ar mosvlia, rom aRa-mahmad-xani arc ise<br />
uvici iyo, rom ucxo saxelmwifoSi elCebis gagzavnis procedura ar<br />
scodnoda.<br />
46
1795 w. ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi aRa-mahmad-xanma omis samzadisi<br />
daamTavra. 4 agvistos misma jarma md. araqsi gadmolaxa da sami<br />
mimarTulebiT daiZra: jaris ZiriTadi nawili piradad misi meTaurobiT<br />
SuSis cixes miadga, xolo danarCeni ori ganayofi _ erevnisa da baqo-<br />
Sirvanisaken wavida. <strong>erekle</strong>s mokavSireebma erevnisa da SuSis xanebma cixeebi<br />
gaamagres, mosaxleoba daxiznes da saomrad moemzadnen. AaRa-mahmad-xanma<br />
SuSis cixe alyaSi moaqcia da iqidan <strong>erekle</strong>s ultimatumi gaugzavna,<br />
romliTac misgan moiTxovda ruseTis mfarvelobaze samudamod uaris Tqmas,<br />
sparseTis vasalobas da xarks. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qarTl-kaxeTze<br />
TavdasxmiT emuqreboda. <strong>erekle</strong>m mas pasuxic ar gasca.<br />
aRa-mahmad-xanma icoda, rom SuSis cixes mokle xanSi ver aiRebda, mas<br />
adreve hqonda dagegmili jaris nawilis cixesTan datoveba da saqarTveloze<br />
gamolaSqreba. Tavidan igi ar Cqarobda, radgan yizlaridan Tavisi `elCebis~<br />
pasuxs eloda. rogorc ki misTvis esoden saWiro informacia miiRo (4<br />
seqtembers), 20 aTasiani laSqriT Tbilisisaken daiZra. mas ganjisa da Saqis<br />
xanebic SeuerTdnen TavianTi jarebiT; garda amisa, mis mxareze gadavidnen<br />
agreTve YyarabaReli somexi meliqebi * _ mejlumi da habovi. istoriuli<br />
wyaroebis cnobiT, aRa-mahmadma TbilisTan daaxloebiT 30-35 aTasi meomris<br />
mobilizeba SeZlo.<br />
Tbilisis dasacavad imereTidan solomon II Camovida 2 aTaskaciani<br />
razmiT. masTan erTad, mefe erevnis dasaxmareblad gaemarTa, magram jer<br />
kidev gzaSi myofs ibreim-xanisagan mniSvnelovani informacia mouvida:<br />
ibreim-xanis mzveravebs xelSi CauvardaT aRa-mahmad-xanisa da omar-xanis<br />
piradi werilebi. werilSi iranis Sahi miTiTebas aZlevda erevanSi myof<br />
Tavis sardals, rom jari cixeSi ganelagebina da TavdacviTi strategiiT<br />
emoqmeda, xolo rogorc ki <strong>erekle</strong> gamoCndeboda damxmare jariT, umal<br />
misTvis ecnobebina, TviTon ki ar Cabmuliyo qarTvelebTan brZolaSi. am<br />
Canafiqris mixedviT, <strong>erekle</strong> ormagi dartymis qveS aRmoCndeboda _ mas<br />
cixidanac Semoutevdnen da zurgidanac aRa-mahmad-xani gaanadgurebda. amis<br />
gamo, <strong>erekle</strong> iZulebuli gaxda, saswrafod ukan dabrunebuliyo.<br />
mefisaTvis aseve usiamovno informacias Seicavda omar-xanis werilic,<br />
romelSic igi aRniSnavda, rom kaxeTze apirebda Tavdasxmas. amis gamo,<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> iZulebuli gaxda, kaxeTidan jarebis TbilisSi gadmoyvanaze uari<br />
eTqva: giorgi batoniSvili 4 aTasi meomriT siRnaRSi darCa omar-xanis<br />
mosalodneli Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, ar<br />
aris gamoricxuli, rom omar-xanis werili piradad aRa-mahmad-xanma SeTxza<br />
da ganzrax Caugdo igi xelSi <strong>erekle</strong>s. am gziT, kaxeTis jari adgilze<br />
daabanda da <strong>erekle</strong>s mniSvnelovani Zala gamoacala. iranelTa laSqris erTerTi<br />
meTauri, warmoSobiT somexi iakob bebuTovic adasturebs, rom<br />
iranelebi gansakuTrebiT ufrTxodnen kaxel meomrebs. advili SesaZlebelia,<br />
rom werili marTlac yalbi iyo, radgan 1795 w. seqtemberSi lekebi kaxeTs<br />
namdvilad ar dasxmian.<br />
47
samwuxarod, Seqmnili viTarebis gamo, <strong>erekle</strong>s Tbilisis dasacavad<br />
mxolod 5 aTasamde meomari darCa. mefe da misi sardloba ar moelodnen,<br />
rom aRa-mahmad-xani seqtemberSi SuSis cixes auReblad datovebda da<br />
Tbilisze ise wamovidoda; yizlaridan pasuxis miRebisTanave ki, iranis<br />
mbrZanebeli 4 seqtembers saswrafod daiZra Tbilisisaken da rekordulad<br />
mokle droSi _ 8 seqtembers qalaqis misadgomebTan iaRlujis maRlobebze<br />
gamoCnda. es siswrafe imanac ganapiroba, rom iranelTa laSqris umetesobas<br />
cxenosani meomrebi Seadgendnen.<br />
erevnis gzidan mobrunebuli qarTveli mefeebi soRanluRSi * idgnen.<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> aqedan xelmZRvanelobda qalaqis TavdacviT RonisZiebebs, amave dros<br />
iranelTa laSqris moZraobasac adevnebda Tvalyurs. aRa-mahmad-xanis mowinave<br />
jaris winsvla 7 seqtembers md. xramis napirebTan mdgarma qarTvelTa<br />
razmma SeaCera, maTgan 50 mebrZoli gmirulad daiRupa. 8 seqtembers mtris<br />
poziciebis dasazverad mefem 12 kaciani jgufi gagzavna gorjasp<br />
naTaliSvilis meTaurobiT. isini iaRlujamde mosul mters SeeCexnen da<br />
uTanasworo brZolaSi daiRupnen; gadarCa mxolod naTaliSvili, romelic<br />
mokluli mtris cxenze amxedrda da <strong>erekle</strong>s mtris poziciebis Sesaxeb<br />
droulad acnoba.<br />
aRa-mahmad-xanis moaxloebisas, qarTvelma mefeebma soRanluRi datoves<br />
da TbilisSi Sevidnen. imave Rames daiwyo Tbilisidan mosaxleobis<br />
gaxizvnac. soRanluRi aRa-mahmad-xanma daikava da iq dabanakda. <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />
gadawyvita mravalricxovani mtris laSqari mtkvris xeobis viwroebSi<br />
Seetyuebina da misTvis gza Tbilisis gamagrebul misadgomebTan gadaeketa. 5<br />
aTasamde qarTveli 35 aTasi iranelis winaaRmdeg _ ZalTa aseTi Sefardebis<br />
drosac ki, 75 wlis <strong>erekle</strong> mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Cveuli<br />
SemarTebiT idga.<br />
10 seqtembers iranelTa laSqris ZiriTadi SenaerTebi saomrad daewyvnen<br />
da krwanisis mindors moadgnen. <strong>erekle</strong> II qarTvelTa jariT seidabadis *<br />
bolos dadga. man mTeli Zalebi 5 nawilad gayo: marjvena frTas misi<br />
SviliSvili daviT batoniSvili sardlobda, romelic 6 zarbazniT<br />
sololakisa da tabaxmelis mxridan Tbilisze misasvlel gzebs icavda.<br />
marcxena frTa ioane muxranbatons ebara, centrsa da mTlianad fronts<br />
mefe xelmZRvanelobda. centris ukan <strong>erekle</strong>s gankargulebiT ori razmi<br />
ganlagda _ mefis Zis vaxtang batoniSvilisa da oTar amilaxvris<br />
meTaurobiT. es iyo e. w. rezervi, romelsac mefe brZolis msvlelobisas<br />
Seqmnili viTarebis mixedviT miaSvelebda romelime frTas. imereTis jari<br />
zurab wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT brZolis velis centrSi, mefis<br />
xelmarjvniv idga. calke iyo gamoyofili mewinave razmi, _ `mxedrobani<br />
rCeulni~, mefis SviliSvilis _ ioane batoniSvilis meTaurobiT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis brZolisunarianma nawilma sagangebo<br />
razmi Seadgina mefis karis msaxiobisa da musikosis _ maCabelas meTaurobiT,<br />
48
omelmac brZolisas arnaxuli simamace gamoiCina: maCabela dairiT xelSi<br />
mxiaruli simReriT (`SadianiT~) miuZRoda TanamebrZolebs.<br />
aRa-mahmad-xanma Tavisi laSqari sam nawilad gayo; centrs TviTon<br />
meTaurobda, marcxena da marjvena flangebze ki Tavisi sardlebi gaamwesa.<br />
qarTvelebma ostaturad gamoiyenes Tbilisis misadgomebis bunebrivi<br />
reliefi da mravalricxovani mteri iseT pirobebSi aiZules ebrZola, sadac<br />
farTo frontis gaSla ar SeiZleboda. amis gamo, iranelebs mcire razmebad<br />
mouwiaT brZola da maRlobze Casafrebulma qarTvelma meTofeebma mters<br />
didi zarali miayenes. iranelTa mowinave razmi (3 000 kaci) Setevaze<br />
gadmosvlis Semdeg, tabaxmelasa da Sindisis xevebSi gamoCnda. maT qarTvel<br />
artileristTa mcirericxovani razmi Seeba. artileristebs daviT<br />
batoniSvilis mxedroba wamoeSvela da xelCarTul brZolaSi mteri<br />
damarcxda: iranelTa mowinave jaris didi nawili ganadgurda,<br />
gadarCenilebma ki Sahs am marcxis Sesaxeb amcnes. 10 seqtembris marcxma aRamahmad-xani<br />
kidev ufro gaaborota, miT umetes, rom moRalateebisa Tu<br />
sakuTari mzveravebis wyalobiT man Seityo, rom <strong>erekle</strong>s mcirericxovani<br />
jari hyavda. meore dRes, 11 seqtembers, dilis 7 saaTze, man mTeli Tavisi<br />
ZalebiT Seutia qarTvelebs. iranelebi didi msxverplis fasad miiwevdnen<br />
mtkvris viwro xeobaSi; iranelTa armiis oficeri i. bebuTovi werda:<br />
`vecadeT da ver SevZeliT miaxloeba imaTs (qarTvelebis) sangarzed da<br />
Cvenganni mgoni as-asobiT daecnen~-o. qarTvelebma ramdenjerme ukuagdes<br />
mteri, sapasuxo kontrieriSebiTac didi ziani miayenes. iranelebma ver<br />
SeZles frontis centraluri ubnis garRveva, sadac mxcovani <strong>erekle</strong> II<br />
piradad meTaurobda qarTvelTa jars. misi reaqcia mtris yovel<br />
gadaadgilebaze elviseburi, zusti da Seucdomeli iyo, magram mtris<br />
simravles mainc gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. <strong>erekle</strong>s ukve ukanaskneli<br />
rezervebi Sehyavda omSi.<br />
radgan centrSi Seteva warumatebeli aRmoCnda, iranelTa sardlobam<br />
gadawyvita qarTvelTaTvis zurgidan moevlo da ukandasaxevi gza moeWra. am<br />
mizniT, ramdenime aseuli cxenosani Sindisis mimarTulebiT daiZra. es iyo<br />
krwanisis omis yvelaze sabediswero momenti; xeobaSi Camowolilma burusma<br />
qarTvelTa zurgisaken mimavali mtris jari dafara, burusi mxolod maSin<br />
gaifanta, roca iranelebi qarTvelTa marcxena flangs miadgnen. marTalia,<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>m droulad amoicno mtris manevri da solomon II-Tan Sikrikic<br />
gagzavna, raTa daxmarebodaT, magram es Sikriki iranel mzveravebs mouklavT.<br />
zurgidan mtris Setevam, qarTvelTa winaaRmdegoba gatexa, daviT<br />
batoniSvilis isedac SeTxelebulma razmma veRar gauZlo da qarTvelTa<br />
marjvena frTa moiSala. <strong>erekle</strong>s razmic ukan ixevda meoTxe _ ukanaskneli<br />
sangrisaken. Tavganwirul brZolebSi zedized ixocebodnen artileristi<br />
gabriel maiori, msaxiobi maCabela Tavisi dasiT, saxelovani samasi aragveli<br />
da sxva mravali qarTveli. <strong>erekle</strong>s jaris udidesi nawili mters Seakvda,<br />
magram TiTqmis samjer meti zaralis fasad _ iranelebma krwanisSi 13 aTasi<br />
49
meomari dakarges. ukanasknel sangarSi gamagrebuli <strong>erekle</strong> rCeul<br />
meomrebTan erTad bolo wuTamde ebrZoda yizilbaSebs: `Tumca-Ra iyo friad<br />
moxucebul, magram brZolasa mas Sina yofaqceva misi iyo mravalTa<br />
WabukTagan sanatrel~. male centris dacva SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan mteri<br />
ukve zurgidan utevda da alyaSi aqcevda, magram <strong>erekle</strong> mainc ar tovebda<br />
brZolis vels; rom ara ioane batoniSvilisa da misi razmis Tavganwirva,<br />
mefes sikvdili an tyveoba ar ascdeboda. TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT,<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> `iZulebiT wamoiyvanes~. avlabris xidisken mimaval mefes 150-ode<br />
meomari SemorCa, maTgan TiTqmis yvela daWrili iyo. man qalaqisken moixeda<br />
da dainaxa, rogor gadadiodnen iranelebi Tavisive TanamebrZolTa gvamebze<br />
da Zarcvis JiniT anTebulni miiwevdnen qalaqisaken. brZolis survili isev<br />
moeZala mefes da cxeni Semoabruna, magram `maSinve ivane muxranbatonma<br />
mefis iraklis cxens xeli utaca, gamoatriala, erTis mxriTac batoniSvili<br />
vaxtang (igive almasxan) mivarda, meores mxriT batoniSvili ioane, ukan<br />
cxensac qiziyis mouravma maTraxi daukra da saCqarod gaarbenines<br />
gulmokluli sacodavi <strong>erekle</strong>~. xids gaRma, kldeze gamosaxuli jvris win<br />
mefe CamoqveiTda, daiCoqa da qristianobisTvis wamebuli abos neSts<br />
Seavedra `qristes jvarisaTvis jvarcmuli eri~. mefe mTiuleTSi gaxiznes.<br />
11 seqtembris RamiT mTeli Tbilisi cecxlis alSi gaexvia, quCebSi isev<br />
mimdinareobda xelCarTuli brZolebi, yajaris velurma urdoebma Tbilisi<br />
daarbies, gaZarcves eklesiebi da sasaxleebi, daangries stamba, cecxls<br />
misces wignsacavebi, da mosaxleoba (15 aTasamde) tyved waiyvanes. mefis<br />
sasaxlidan xazinasTan erTad gaitaces ruseTidan miRebuli saCuqrebi _<br />
samefo gvirgvini, kverTxi, droSa.<br />
TbilisTan brZolebma qarTls saSualeba misca mosaxleoba da saqoneli<br />
usafrTxo adgilebSi gaexizna. Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg, qarTlis soflebSi<br />
saTareSod gasulma mterma veRaraferi ixeira, ufro metic: rodesac aRamahmad-xanma<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s gaxizvnis adgili Seityo, Tavis sardali _ qalb-alixani<br />
8 aTasiani jariT gaagzavna mis Sesapyrobad. qalb-ali-xanma sifrTxilis<br />
mizniT es jari orad gahyo: erTi nawili gorisken gagzavna dazvervaze, raTa<br />
qarTvelTa Casafrebul razmebs misTvis zurgidan ar moevloT, mTiuleTSi<br />
mimavali iranelTa meore nawili Jinvalamde mivida, magram mosaxleoba aqac<br />
daxiznuli daxvda. am dros, JinvalSi SamSadilus mmarTveli ali-sulTani _<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s erTguli megobari, xiznad iyo 200 cxenosniTa da saqonliT.<br />
SamSadiluelebi xevsureTidan Tbilisisaken momaval 300 mebrZols Sexvdnen,<br />
romlebmac arc ki icodnen Tbilisis dacemis Sesaxeb. ali-sulTani<br />
xevsurebs meTaurad aurCeviaT, maT 500 kaciani saxeldaxelod Seyrili<br />
razmiT 4 000 iranels Seuties da sastikad daamarcxes. iranelebma<br />
moklulebi da daWrilebi iqve miatoves da TbilisSi gamoiqcnen,<br />
gamarjvebulebi ki datyvevebuli sparselebiT <strong>erekle</strong>sTan gamocxaddnen da<br />
jildoc miiRes.<br />
50
ogorc Cans, am marcxma aRa-mahmad-xans afiqrebina, rom <strong>erekle</strong>s jer<br />
kidev sakmao Zalebi SerCa axali Setevis wamosawyebad. dokumenturi<br />
wyaroebi adastureben, rom misi SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar iyo: mTiuleTSi<br />
gaxiznuli mefe marTlac axal jarebs uyrida Tavs. amis gamo iyo, rom<br />
gamarjvebulma aRa-mahmad-xanma damarcxebul <strong>erekle</strong>s pirvelma TviTon<br />
SesTavaza zavi.<br />
1795 w. 14 seqtembriT daTariRebul werilSi, romlis adresati<br />
gudoviCia, <strong>erekle</strong> aRar malavda, rom ruseTTan dadebuli erTgulebis<br />
ficis gamo daatyda saqarTvelos es ubedureba da kategoriulad moiTxova<br />
ruseTidan jaris dauyovnebliv gamogzavna. imave wlis dekemberSi, rogorc<br />
iqna, rusTa jaris 2 batalioni saqarTveloSi Semovida. Seqmnil<br />
viTarebaSi, ruseTma CaTvala, rom misTvis xelsayreli iyo saqarTvelos<br />
darbevis gamo aRa-mahmad-xanis `dasjis sababiT~ iranis winaaRmdeg laSqroba<br />
wamoewyo; sinamdvileSi ki ruseTis xelisufleba iranSi Tavis savaWroekonomikur<br />
interesebs icavda.<br />
1796 w. aprilSi daiwyo ruseTis laSqroba amierkavkasiaSi. rusulma<br />
jarebma valerian zubovis meTaurobiT daikaves darubandi da Crdilo<br />
azerbaijanis ramdenime qalaqi. aman sagrZnoblad gaamyara <strong>erekle</strong>s poziciebi.<br />
ekaterine II Riad acxadebda, rom igi dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos<br />
gaZlierebiT, magram yvelaferi uecrad Seicvala. 1796 w. 6 noembers<br />
ekaterine II gardaicvala da axalma imperatorma pavle I-ma iranSi<br />
laSqrobis gegma gaauqma. 1796 w. 6 dekembers zubovma amierkavkasiidan<br />
jarebis gayvanis brZaneba miiRo. es saqme ramdenime xniT Seferxda zamTris<br />
pirobebis gamo. saqarTveloSi 1795 w. Semoyvanili 2 batalionis gayvanas<br />
ruseTi TiTqos arc apirebda, magram amasobaSi aRa-mahmad-xanma <strong>erekle</strong>s ukve<br />
orjer gamougzavna ultimatumi da urCobis SemTxvevaSi kvlav TavdasxmiT<br />
emuqreboda.<br />
1797 w. gazafxulze ruseTis jaris didma nawilma amierkavkasia datova.<br />
amiT gulmocemulma aRa-mahmad-xanma ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi md. araqsi<br />
gadmolaxa da mosaxleobisagan ukve daclil SuSaSi Sevida. aqedan igi<br />
saqarTveloze apirebda wamosvlas, magram sabednierod, 6 ivniss igi<br />
SeTqmulebma mokles. qarTuli da iranuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom misi<br />
erT-erTi mkvleli iyo misive piradi msaxuri, warmoSobiT qarTveli `sadey,<br />
saxelad gurji~, qarTuli gadmocemiT _ igive mcxeTeli andria, romelsac<br />
bedis ukuRmarTobam Sahis msaxuroba arguna.<br />
amieridan <strong>erekle</strong>s kvlav SeeZlo efiqra qarTl-kaxeTis aRorZinebaze.<br />
igi daJinebiT iTxovda ruseTis mTavrobisagan kuTvnili daxmarebis miRebas<br />
(jarisa da fuladi sesxis saxiT), amave dros ukve meramdened Seaxsena<br />
peterburgel `mfarvelebs~, rom jer kidev 80-ian wlebSi ekaterines mier<br />
naCuqari zarbaznebi qarTvelebs isev ar miuRiaT; es Txovna <strong>erekle</strong>s elCma<br />
1797 w. dekemberSi kidev erTxel aRZra maT winaSe, magram isev uSedegod.<br />
51
useTTan urTierTobis mTeli istoria mxolod imaze miuTiTebda, rom<br />
`erTmorwmune~ imperia mxolod sakuTari interesebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
ganixilavda saqarTvelos daxmarebas, rac sabolood, saqarTvelos sruli<br />
dapyrobiT unda dagvirgvinebuliyo. aseT viTarebaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />
marTlac umZimesi xana daudga: 1798 wlis 11 ianvars TelavSi gardaicvala<br />
<strong>erekle</strong> II.<br />
gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sicocxlis bolos krwanisis<br />
tragediis miuxedavad, <strong>erekle</strong> II qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi, da rac<br />
mTavaria – mis mexsierebaSi, _ uRrmesi kvali datova. Tavisi sicocxlis<br />
umetesi nawili am meomarma mefem brZolebSi galia da xSirad ubralo<br />
jariskacis xvedrs Tanabrad iziarebda. xalxma mas saalerso saxeli `patara<br />
kaxi~ uwoda da amiTac gamoxata mis mimarT aRfrTovaneba, rom taniT<br />
patara, magram brZoliTa da RvawliT didma xelmwifem qarTl-kaxeTis<br />
samefos amierkavkasiaSi Zveli didebis xana aRudgina. Tavisi moRvaweobiT,<br />
man evropis qveynebSic moixveWa saxeli, rac umizezod da usafuZvlod<br />
namdvilad ar xdeboda. am mxriv, sagulisxmoa somxuri erovnuli moZraobis<br />
moRvawis ioseb eminis (1726-1809 ww.), sityvebi werilidan <strong>erekle</strong>sadmi:<br />
`Seni saxeli indoeTSi gavigone, magram mxolod inglisSi gavige Seni<br />
gamarjvebebis ambavi~. Tavis naSromSi ki, igi Semdegnairad axasiaTebs<br />
<strong>erekle</strong>s: `is Zlieria suliTac da sxeuliTac. masTan saubari iseve<br />
sasiamovno da Wkuis saswavlebeli iyo, rogorc ganswavlul inglisel<br />
jentlmenTan saubaria. is moklebulia yovelive ampartavnobas, Zaladobasa<br />
da qedmaRlobas, esoden Cveulebrivs sxva azieli xelmwifeebisaTvis. is<br />
didad gonebamaxvilia da arasodes ar trabaxobs~.<br />
albaT, prusiis Zlevamosil mefes fridrix II-sac (1740-1786 ww.)<br />
hqonda seriozuli safuZveli aseTi gamonaTqvamisaTvis: `evropaSi me var da<br />
aziaSi _ saqarTvelos mefe <strong>erekle</strong>~-o.<br />
52
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *<br />
aragvis saerisTavo _ <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciuli olqi feodalur<br />
saqarTveloSi, moicavda aragvis xeobasa da md. Tergis saTaveebs.<br />
erisTavTa rezidencia iyo duSeTi da sioni, mTavari cixe _ ananuri,<br />
sagvareulo monasteri _ bodorna.<br />
arezi//araqsi _ md. amierkavkasiaSi, saTaves iRebs TurqeTSi.<br />
artaani _ istoriuli mxare da cixe-qalaqi samxreT saqarTveloSi,<br />
mtkvris zemo dinebaze. 1921 w. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos<br />
dapyrobis Semdeg TurqeTma moaxdina misi okupacia da ruseT-TurqeTis<br />
xelSekrulebis ZaliT SeierTa.<br />
astraxani _ qalaqi md. volgis deltaSi (ruseTis federacia).<br />
baidari _ (Zv. `wyalTaSua~), istoriuli mxare qvemo qarTlSi, md.<br />
qciis napirze, axl. marneulis raionSi. XVII s-Si iranis Sahebma aq<br />
etapobrivad Camoasaxles momTabare Turqmanuli tomebi, romlebic calcalke<br />
soflebad saxldebodnen da qarTveli mefebis ymebad iTvlebodnen.<br />
belujistani _ mxare aziaSi, iranis mTianeTis samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi.<br />
birTvisi _ cixe istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, md. algeTis xeobaSi (axl.<br />
TeTri wyaros raionSi).<br />
borCalo _ istoriuli mxare qvemo qarTlSi, ZiriTadad moicavda axl.<br />
marneulis teritorias; saxelwodeba modis md. debedas xeobaSi XVII sdan<br />
Camosaxlebuli Turqmanuli tomis _ borCalusagan.<br />
buxaris saxano _ mdebareobda axlandel uzbekeTSi, buxaris olqSi.<br />
ganCineba _ kanoni, wesdeba.<br />
eCmiaZini _ somxuri samonastro kompleqsi erevnidan 20 km-ze.<br />
veqili _ (arab. vaqil) rwmunebuli, meurve, mzrunveli.<br />
zamburaki _ (spars. didi Tofi), aqlemebze asakidebeli patara qvemexi,<br />
falkoneti.<br />
Tabori _ feodaluri xanis cixe-simagre Tbilisis Zvel ubanSi, Taboris<br />
qedis bolos, axl. botanikuri baRis Tavze. cixisagan dRes nangrevebia<br />
SemorCenili. cixe icavda samxreT-aRmosavleTidan TbilisSi Semomaval<br />
gzas.<br />
Tavrizis saxano _ mdebareobda CrdiloeT iranis teritoriaze.<br />
Tulqi-Tafa _ veli yazaxis saxanos sazRvarTan (axl. Azerbaijanis<br />
teritoria).<br />
iaRluji _ qedi qvemo qarTlSi, md. mtkvris marjvena napirze,<br />
soRanluRis vakesa da md. algeTis qvemo dinebas Soris.<br />
kak-eniseli (kaki//kaxi) _ saqarTvelos istoriuli provinciis _<br />
hereTis mniSvnelovani nawili, axl. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
53
54<br />
lore (lore-taSiri) _ Sua saukuneebis cixe-qalaqi da istoriuli<br />
mxare aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qvemo qarTlis ganapira olqi (axl.<br />
somxeTis teritoria).<br />
md. agri-Cai (agris-wyali) _ alaznis Senakadi, axl. azerbaijanis<br />
sazRvrebSi.<br />
meliqi _ (arab. maliq _ mflobeli, gamgebeli, mefe) _ XVIII s.<br />
amierkavkasiaSi aRniSnavda feodalTa tituls da Tanamdebobas.<br />
mozdoki _ qalaqi Crdilo oseTis teritoriaze.<br />
muRanlo _ marneulis raionis soflebis _ didi muRanlosa da qiraCmuRanlos<br />
Zveli saxelwodeba.<br />
naxiCevnis (naxWevnis) saxano _ Seiqmna XVIII s-is Sua xanebSi, nadir-<br />
Sahis imperiis daSlis Semdeg (dR. azerbaijanis teritoria).<br />
prusia _ germanuli saxelmwifo centralur evropaSi. gauqmda II<br />
msoflio omis Semdeg.<br />
regaliebi _ mefis xelisuflebis amsaxveli nivTebi (gvirgvini, taxti<br />
da a. S.) zogadad _ warCinebis niSani (mag.: ordeni da sxva).<br />
regenti _ monarqiul qveynebSi saxelmwifos droebiTi mmarTveli (mag.:<br />
mefis mcirewlovanebis gamo).<br />
reskripti _ mefis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumenti (miweriloba)<br />
qveSevrdomisadmi.<br />
saamilaxvro (saamilaxoro) _ politikur-administraciuli erTeuli<br />
(saTavado md. lexurasa da liaxvs Soris), romelsac marTavda mefis<br />
mier daniSnuli moxele _ amilaxvari. XV s-dan saqarTvelos samefosamTavroebad<br />
daSlis Semdeg amilaxvarma dakarga samoxeleo Sinaarsi da<br />
gvarsaxelad iqca. qarTlSi amilaxvris gvari miiRo samcxe-saaTabagodan<br />
Camosaxlebulma zevdginiZeTa feodalurma saxlma. qarTlis amilaxvrebi<br />
iyvnen didebuli Tavadebi da zemo qarTlis sadroSos sardlebi, maT<br />
safeodalos ki saamilaxvro ewodeboda.<br />
sabaraTiano _ XV s-is saTavado feodalur saqarTveloSi.<br />
teritoriuli sazRvrebi _ gaCianidan Tbilisis samxreTiT _ loremde,<br />
rezidencia _ samSvilde.<br />
sadgeri _ sofeli borjomis raionSi.<br />
samSvildis cixe _ uZvelesi istoriuli cixe-qalaqi aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi, axl. TeTriwyaros raionis sof. samSvildis maxloblad<br />
(qvemo qarTli). dRes SemorCenilia nangrevebis saxiT.<br />
samcxe-saaTabago _ feodaluri samTavro samxreT-dasavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi; axl. axalcixis, aspinZis, adigenis raionebisa da<br />
TurqeTis momijnave teritoria.<br />
saqsonia _ istoriuli olqi germaniaSi.<br />
seidabadi _ Zveli ubani Tbilisis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,<br />
krwanisi velsa da Taboris mTas Soris.
sindi (sindeTi) _ provincia pakistanis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi,<br />
qvemo indis auzSi; dedaqalaqi _ karaCi.<br />
soRanluRi _ istoriuli sofeli Tbilisis SemogarenSi, axland.<br />
foniWala (Turq. saxelwodebaa da niSnavs `saxaxveTs~; qarTulad erqva<br />
`gziskari~ da `yuryuTa~).<br />
spasalari _ (spars. sefah-salar _ sardali), <strong>samxedro</strong> moxele Zvel<br />
saqarTveloSi, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis mxedarTmTavari, romelic<br />
yovel kuTxes Tavisi hyavda.<br />
qsnis saerisTavo _ <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciuli erTeuli feodalur<br />
saqarTveloSi. moicavda md. qsnisa da mis dasavleTiT mdebare xeobebs,<br />
maT Soris _ patara liaxvis xeobasac. XVII s-dan misi centri iyo<br />
axalgori.<br />
quCuk-kainarji _ sofeli md. dunais napirze, sadac 1774 w. 10-21<br />
ivliss gaformda sazavo xelSekruleba ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris.<br />
yazaxi _ mxare istoriul qvemo qarTlSi, md. aRstafis qvemo welze<br />
(axl. azerbaijanis teritoria).<br />
yarabaRis (SuSis) saxano _ feodaluri epoqis saxano azerbaijanSi,<br />
1747 w. daaarsa fana-xanma, mdebareobda md. araqsisa da mtkvris Sua.<br />
yarsi _ qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi.<br />
yizlari _ qalaqi daRestanSi, md. Tergis delta.<br />
yuba-darubandis saxano _ XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi Seqmnili yubis<br />
feodaluri saxano Crdilo-aRmosavleT azerbaijanSi, marTavda faTalixani.<br />
1759 w. faTali-xanma SeierTa darubandis saxanoc (samxreT<br />
daRestanSi).<br />
Saqis saxano _ feodaluri saxano azerbaijanis CrdiloeT nawilSi,<br />
Seiqmna aji-Celebis TaosnobiT.<br />
Sorapnis cixe _ antikuri da Sua saukuneebis epoqis cixe-simagre<br />
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, md. yvirilasa da Zirulas SesarTavSi<br />
(zestafonis r-ni); moRweulia nangrevebis saxiT.<br />
War-belaqnis saxano _ XVIII s. dasawyisSi daRestneli feodalebis mier<br />
aRmosavleT kaxeTis (istoriuli kak-eniselis) teritoriaze Seqmnili<br />
politikuri erTeuli, igive saingilo; dR. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
moicavs belaqnis, zaqaTalis da kaxis raionebs.<br />
xdomva _ Tavdasxma.<br />
xivis saxano _ mdebareobda axlandel uzbekeTSi, xorezmis olqSi.<br />
xunZaxi _ teritoria dRevandel daRestanSi, md. sulakis xeobaSi.<br />
55
56<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:<br />
• oman xerxeuliZe, mefoba irakli <strong>meoris</strong>a, teqsti gamosca l.<br />
miqiaSvilma, Tb. 1989.<br />
• papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti gamosca e.<br />
cagareiSvilma, Tb. 1981.<br />
• Teimuraz bagrationi, daviT bagrationis istoria, teqsti gamosca<br />
T. enuqiZem, Tb. 1972.<br />
• n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t. II, Tb., 1965;<br />
t. VI, Tb. 1973.<br />
• saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV, Tb. 1973.<br />
• m. samsonaZe, saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da sagareo<br />
orientacia XVIII saukuneSi, Tb., 1988.<br />
• g. qiqoZe, <strong>erekle</strong> meore, Tb., 1983.<br />
• z. SaraSeniZe, irani XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tb., 1970.<br />
• v. maWaraZe, aspinZis brZola, Tb., 1957.<br />
• cincaZe, aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxma saqarTveloze, Tb., 1969.
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