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SCENARI - SCENARIOS<br />

lo sfruttamento <strong>di</strong> giacimenti che, con i processi tra<strong>di</strong>zionali,<br />

risultavano antieconomici. <strong>Un</strong> ruolo importante è<br />

stato svolto dall’automazione che ha consentito <strong>il</strong> funzionamento<br />

<strong>di</strong> piattaforme <strong>di</strong> produzione senza presi<strong>di</strong>o<br />

umano. Ma ci sono anche altre soluzioni <strong>in</strong>teressanti. “Ad<br />

esempio”, <strong>in</strong>forma Mazzei, “sotto la voce piattaforme, c’è<br />

un capitolo sullo sv<strong>il</strong>uppo dei campi marg<strong>in</strong>ali. Piccoli giacimenti<br />

<strong>in</strong> acque tra<strong>di</strong>zionali <strong>il</strong> cui s<strong>in</strong>golo sfruttamento<br />

non sarebbe conveniente, ma che, raggruppati <strong>in</strong>sieme<br />

con tecniche appropriate, <strong>di</strong>ventano economici”.<br />

Il metano e la tigre. L’ultima parte è de<strong>di</strong>cata al trasporto<br />

e allo stoccaggio degli idrocarburi liqui<strong>di</strong> e <strong>del</strong> gas.<br />

“Nella precedente enciclope<strong>di</strong>a”, precisa Romano, “c’era<br />

soltanto un capitolo, de<strong>di</strong>cato agli stoccaggi, <strong>di</strong> modeste<br />

<strong>di</strong>mensioni e <strong>di</strong> scarsa r<strong>il</strong>evanza. In questo volume c’è<br />

una grande attenzione al tema, che è sempre più centrale<br />

nelle strategie <strong>del</strong> mercato <strong>del</strong> gas”.<br />

Il volume evidenzia l’evoluzione <strong>del</strong> trasporto degli idrocarburi<br />

e dei relativi aspetti tecnici, ambientali, <strong>di</strong> sicurezza,<br />

<strong>di</strong> normative e accor<strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternazionali.<br />

Il trasporto <strong>del</strong> greggio via nave è una tecnologia antica,<br />

che <strong>in</strong> questi ultimi anni ha avuto una forte evoluzione<br />

(esempi, <strong>il</strong> recupero <strong>del</strong>le acque <strong>di</strong> lavaggio e <strong>il</strong><br />

doppio scafo) rivolta a garantire una maggior sicurezza<br />

e qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> un impatto ambientale quasi nullo e un rischio<br />

molto ridotto. Le tecnologie <strong>di</strong> trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas liquefatto<br />

sono più recenti: gli impianti <strong>di</strong> liquefazione e rigassificazione<br />

<strong>del</strong> gas e le navi criogeniche sono state<br />

realizzate, f<strong>in</strong> dall’<strong>in</strong>izio, con tecnologie attente all’ambiente<br />

e alla sicurezza.<br />

La posa <strong>del</strong>le condotte, sia a terra sia <strong>in</strong> mare, richiede una<br />

52<br />

valutazione <strong>del</strong>l’impatto ambientale <strong>in</strong> grado <strong>di</strong> evitare ogni<br />

<strong>in</strong>tervento “<strong>di</strong>struttivo” che possa mo<strong>di</strong>ficare l’equ<strong>il</strong>ibrio<br />

ecologico. “Se posiamo un pipel<strong>in</strong>e attraverso la Siberia”,<br />

spiega Brighenti, “dobbiamo farlo con tutti gli accorgimenti<br />

perché la condotta non tagli <strong>in</strong> due la zona <strong>del</strong>le tigri siberiane”.<br />

Il terzo volume sarà de<strong>di</strong>cato all’<strong>in</strong>novazione e alla<br />

sostenib<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>dustria petrolifera, ma quest’ultimo<br />

tema pervade <strong>in</strong> maniera trasversale tutta l’opera.<br />

<strong>Un</strong>a grande <strong>in</strong>tuizione: valorizzare <strong>il</strong> gas. Molti temi <strong>del</strong>la<br />

nuova enciclope<strong>di</strong>a non erano neppure pensab<strong>il</strong>i negli<br />

anni Sessanta. Come, ad esempio, la valorizzazione <strong>del</strong><br />

gas associato al petrolio. “Il gas non era contemplato nei<br />

contratti <strong>di</strong> ricerca”, ricorda Mazzei, “perché si mirava al<br />

petrolio. La scoperta <strong>di</strong> un campo a gas era una sfortuna:<br />

<strong>il</strong> giacimento veniva abbandonato perché le <strong>in</strong>frastrutture<br />

per trasporto <strong>del</strong> gas erano considerate antieconomiche.<br />

Il gas associato al petrolio era bruciato. Adesso <strong>in</strong>vece<br />

an<strong>di</strong>amo a cercare <strong>il</strong> gas e, nel futuro degli idrocarburi, <strong>il</strong><br />

gas naturale sarà sempre più predom<strong>in</strong>ante”.<br />

“La storia <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>Eni</strong>”, commenta Romano, “è una storia<br />

anomala rispetto a quella <strong>del</strong>le altre o<strong>il</strong> company. L’<strong>Eni</strong>,<br />

f<strong>in</strong> dalle sue orig<strong>in</strong>i, ha valorizzato <strong>il</strong> metano che è l’idrocarburo<br />

<strong>del</strong> nostro sottosuolo”.<br />

La nuova e<strong>di</strong>zione <strong>del</strong>l’enciclope<strong>di</strong>a ha stimolato un confronto<br />

tra <strong>il</strong> mondo degli idrocarburi <strong>di</strong> oggi e quello <strong>di</strong><br />

quarant’anni fa. E <strong>il</strong> futuro? Ci sono alcune tecnologie <strong>di</strong><br />

frontiera che oggi sono <strong>in</strong> una fase embrionale, come la<br />

trasformazione sul posto <strong>del</strong> gas remoto <strong>in</strong> vettori energetici<br />

liqui<strong>di</strong> (gas to liquid), oppure lo sfruttamento degli<br />

sterm<strong>in</strong>ati giacimenti <strong>di</strong> idrati <strong>di</strong> metano. Chissà che<br />

r<strong>il</strong>evanza avranno nella prossima enciclope<strong>di</strong>a? ■<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

allows the monitor<strong>in</strong>g of o<strong>il</strong> field changes <strong>in</strong><br />

real time”.<br />

“Today, the whole process rang<strong>in</strong>g from<br />

exploration to production” – po<strong>in</strong>ts out Mazzei –<br />

“is <strong>in</strong>tegrated and optimised. Through seismic<br />

stu<strong>di</strong>es we retrieve <strong>in</strong>formation that turns out<br />

to be useful also <strong>in</strong> the subsequent phases of<br />

production and o<strong>il</strong> field runn<strong>in</strong>g. Monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />

technologies help to adjust mo<strong>del</strong>s <strong>in</strong> real time,<br />

as production goes on…”.<br />

New technologies, new frontiers.<br />

“The <strong>in</strong>tensified use of electronics and IT” expla<strong>in</strong>s Barnaba,<br />

“has helped develop new techniques for o<strong>il</strong> field survey<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g and management, that have revolutionized many<br />

phases of o<strong>il</strong>-related activities and produce results that are<br />

much better than conventional technologies, both <strong>in</strong> the<br />

phase of exploration and that of development. Take, for<br />

example, horizontal wells or techniques for advanced<br />

recovery, which make it possible to pump from the o<strong>il</strong> field a<br />

much larger amount of crude o<strong>il</strong> than forty years ago. In<br />

ad<strong>di</strong>tion, techniques have been developed that considerably<br />

reduce dr<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g costs and environmental impact… And, f<strong>in</strong>ally,<br />

the “hunger” for energy has driven companies also to frontier<br />

objectives, such as develop<strong>in</strong>g deep water o<strong>il</strong> fields, which<br />

before weren’t even taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration…”<br />

Deep waters and marg<strong>in</strong>al fields. The chapter de<strong>di</strong>cated to the<br />

evolution of offshore rigs is, perhaps, the most fasc<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g one<br />

even to those not <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the sector. In Europe, the first<br />

offshore well was dr<strong>il</strong>led by <strong>Eni</strong> off Gela, Sic<strong>il</strong>y and began<br />

produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 1961. For many years, offshore o<strong>il</strong> operations<br />

were limited to waters that were no deeper than 300-400<br />

metres, where you can <strong>in</strong>stall o<strong>il</strong> platforms fixed to the seabed<br />

and hav<strong>in</strong>g characteristics sim<strong>il</strong>ar to onshore rigs. Then<br />

exploration and production extended to big offshore o<strong>il</strong> fields<br />

over a thousand or two thousand metres under water, where<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>tional o<strong>il</strong>rigs couldn’t be used. So tension leg platforms<br />

were born, float<strong>in</strong>g o<strong>il</strong>rigs anchored to the sea bed and<br />

connected to the wells by means of risers, flexible tubes…<br />

The effort to maximize hydrocarbon resources led to the<br />

development of systems and technologies aimed at mak<strong>in</strong>g<br />

economically viable the exploitation of o<strong>il</strong> fields that, with<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

NUOVE FRONTIERE TECNOLOGICHE. Sic<strong>il</strong>ia, Gela,<br />

particolare <strong>del</strong> term<strong>in</strong>ale <strong>di</strong> ricevimento <strong>del</strong> gas<br />

proveniente dalla Libia attraverso <strong>il</strong> gasdotto<br />

sottomar<strong>in</strong>o Greenstream. Con una lunghezza<br />

<strong>di</strong> 520 ch<strong>il</strong>ometri attraversa <strong>il</strong> Me<strong>di</strong>terraneo<br />

arrivando a profon<strong>di</strong>tà mar<strong>in</strong>e <strong>di</strong> 1.127 metri.<br />

<strong>È</strong> un’opera straord<strong>in</strong>aria <strong>in</strong>serita nell’ambito<br />

<strong>del</strong> Western Lybia Gas Project volto a valorizzare<br />

<strong>il</strong> gas naturale proveniente da due giacimenti:<br />

uno offshore a Bahr Essalam, l’altro onshore<br />

a Wafa <strong>in</strong> pieno deserto libico.<br />

NEW TECHNOLOGICAL FRONTIERS. Sic<strong>il</strong>y, Gela, a deta<strong>il</strong><br />

of the receiv<strong>in</strong>g term<strong>in</strong>al for natural gas flow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> from<br />

Libya through the Greenstream subsea gas pipel<strong>in</strong>e.<br />

This 520-km-long pipel<strong>in</strong>e runs across the<br />

Me<strong>di</strong>terranean reach<strong>in</strong>g a depth of 1,127 meters. It is a<br />

major achievement <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the Western Lybia Gas<br />

Project aim<strong>in</strong>g at mak<strong>in</strong>g the most of natural gas<br />

com<strong>in</strong>g from two fields: one offshore at Bahr Essalam<br />

and the other onshore at Wafa <strong>in</strong> the middle<br />

of the Libyan Desert.<br />

tra<strong>di</strong>tional processes, were too expensive. An important role<br />

was played by automation, which operate unmanned<br />

production platforms. But there are also other <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />

solutions. “For example”, Mazzei says, “under the ‘o<strong>il</strong>rig’ entry,<br />

there is a chapter on the development of marg<strong>in</strong>al fields.<br />

Small fields <strong>in</strong> tra<strong>di</strong>tional waters whose exploitation, when<br />

taken separately, wouldn’t be profitable, but can become so<br />

when they are taken together thanks to adequate technique”.<br />

Natural gas and the tiger. The last section deals with<br />

transport and storage of liquid hydrocarbons and gas. “In the<br />

previous encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a”, Romano po<strong>in</strong>ts out, “there was only<br />

one chapter devoted to storage systems, which were then<br />

small and of little importance. In this volume, a large amount<br />

of attention is given to the subject, which is ever more pivotal<br />

for natural gas market strategies”.<br />

The volume highlights the evolution of hydrocarbon transport<br />

and related technical, environmental, safety, regulatory and<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternational agreement aspects.<br />

The transport of crude o<strong>il</strong> by sea is an ancient technique,<br />

which <strong>in</strong> these last few years has undergone a lot of<br />

improvement (for example, the recovery of tank wash<strong>in</strong>g water<br />

and the double hull) <strong>in</strong> order to guarantee more safety and<br />

therefore near-zero environmental impact and a much lower<br />

level of risk. Transport technologies for liquefied gas are more<br />

recent: liquefaction and re-gasification plants and cryogenic<br />

ships have been bu<strong>il</strong>t, from the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, with<br />

technologies respectful of environment and safety.<br />

Pipel<strong>in</strong>e lay<strong>in</strong>g, both on land and <strong>in</strong> the sea, requires an<br />

assessment of environmental impact to avoid any<br />

“destructive” <strong>in</strong>tervention that might affect the ecological<br />

balance. “If we lay a pipel<strong>in</strong>e across Siberia”, Brighenti<br />

expla<strong>in</strong>s, “we must do it very carefully to avoid it cutt<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

zone of Siberian tigers <strong>in</strong> two”. The third volume w<strong>il</strong>l be<br />

de<strong>di</strong>cated to <strong>in</strong>novation and susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity <strong>in</strong> the o<strong>il</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry,<br />

but susta<strong>in</strong>ab<strong>il</strong>ity runs through the whole work crosswise.<br />

A major <strong>in</strong>tuition: to make the most of gas. Many subjects of<br />

the new encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a were not even imag<strong>in</strong>able <strong>in</strong> the ’60s.<br />

Like, for example, add<strong>in</strong>g value to natural gas associated with<br />

o<strong>il</strong>. “Gas was not taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration <strong>in</strong> exploration<br />

contracts”, recalls Mazzei, “because the focus was on o<strong>il</strong>.<br />

Discover<strong>in</strong>g a natural gas field was a case of bad luck: the<br />

field was abandoned because gas transportation fac<strong>il</strong>ities<br />

were considered too expensive. The gas associated with<br />

crude was flared. Now, <strong>in</strong>stead, we go look<strong>in</strong>g for natural gas<br />

and, <strong>in</strong> the future of hydrocarbons, natural gas w<strong>il</strong>l carry<br />

<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly more weight”.<br />

“The history of <strong>Eni</strong>”, Romano comments, “is an anomalous<br />

history when compared with other o<strong>il</strong> companies. <strong>Eni</strong>, from<br />

its very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs, put value on natural gas, which is the<br />

hydrocarbon of Italy’s subsurface”.<br />

The new e<strong>di</strong>tion of the encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a has prompted a<br />

comparison between the world of hydrocarbons today and that<br />

of forty years ago. And what about the future? There are<br />

some frontier technologies that are at a very early stage<br />

today, such as the on-location transformation of remote<br />

natural gas <strong>in</strong>to liquid energy carrier (gas to liquid), or the<br />

exploitation of unlimited fields of methane hydrates. Who<br />

knows what importance they w<strong>il</strong>l have <strong>in</strong> the next<br />

encyclopae<strong>di</strong>a? ■<br />

53

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