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È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

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FOCUS<br />

guendo i criteri <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cati dal M<strong>in</strong>istero <strong>del</strong>la Pubblica Istruzione.<br />

Si <strong>in</strong>iziò con accertamenti e r<strong>il</strong>ievi che mettevano <strong>in</strong><br />

evidenza lo stato <strong>di</strong> degrado <strong>in</strong> cui si trovavano le sculture<br />

e le opere <strong>di</strong> ornato, <strong>in</strong>taccate dallo smog e dal guano dei<br />

piccioni. Si procedette qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a una pulitura realizzata<br />

me<strong>di</strong>ante sabbiatura a secco e a una revisione <strong>di</strong> tutti gli<br />

ornati e <strong>del</strong>la statuaria che portò alla sostituzione <strong>di</strong> 1050<br />

elementi <strong>di</strong> marmo compromessi o <strong>in</strong> stato <strong>di</strong> pericolo,<br />

compresi 7 altor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue. La statuaria orig<strong>in</strong>ale fu<br />

portata nel Museo <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, dove è oggi conservata. Inf<strong>in</strong>e<br />

furono applicati un protettivo acr<strong>il</strong>ico idrorepellente<br />

e trasparente per <strong>il</strong> marmo e uno speciale impianto elettrico<br />

antipiccioni.<br />

A partire dal 1990 la Fabbrica effettua un controllo annuale<br />

f<strong>in</strong>o alla quota <strong>di</strong> 35 metri, per accertare lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione<br />

degli ornati<br />

e <strong>del</strong>le sculture.<br />

Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi<br />

controlli precedenti<br />

<strong>il</strong> 2002 si sono<br />

notati <strong>il</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novato<br />

<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento degli<br />

strati protettivi<br />

<strong>del</strong> marmo e un accelerato<br />

degrado<br />

<strong>del</strong>le sig<strong>il</strong>lature nelle<br />

parti più esposte<br />

agli agenti atmosferici. Dal 2003 è qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>corso</strong><br />

<strong>il</strong> nuovo <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrale <strong>del</strong>la<br />

facciata, reso necessario da motivi <strong>di</strong> messa <strong>in</strong> sicurezza<br />

statica <strong>del</strong>le parti superiori, non <strong>in</strong>teressate<br />

dall’ultimo grande <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura e<br />

consolidamento (1972 – 1974).<br />

Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi cento anni gli <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>di</strong><br />

manutenzione e <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

sono stati dunque molteplici. I rischi <strong>di</strong> danni<br />

irreversib<strong>il</strong>i sono <strong>in</strong>fatti molti: l’<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />

<strong>del</strong> monumento, l’<strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>amento, le <strong>in</strong>temperie,<br />

le vibrazioni <strong>del</strong> traffico, la presenza dei piccioni.<br />

La cultura che sottende <strong>il</strong> costante impegno <strong>del</strong>la<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica per la conservazione <strong>del</strong><br />

monumento-simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano è quella <strong>del</strong>la prevenzione.<br />

Pertanto la def<strong>in</strong>izione e l’attuazione<br />

<strong>di</strong> una soluzione che impe<strong>di</strong>sca al tempo <strong>di</strong> cancellare l’opera<br />

vengono da sempre precedute dal r<strong>il</strong>ievo <strong>del</strong>lo stato<br />

<strong>conservativo</strong> e dall’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduazione <strong>del</strong>le cause <strong>del</strong> degrado.<br />

Per consentire ai suoi 50 tecnici – tra <strong>in</strong>gegneri, operai e<br />

marmisti – <strong>di</strong> lavorare <strong>in</strong> con<strong>di</strong>zioni adeguate, la Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica ha dovuto erigere un ponteggio <strong>di</strong> ben 7.000 metri<br />

quadri che ha raggiunto, all’<strong>in</strong>izio dei lavori, l’altezza <strong>di</strong> 65<br />

metri.<br />

L’attuale <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>teressa 192 statue <strong>di</strong> guglia, 40 statue<br />

gran<strong>di</strong>, 40 mensole, 88 teste, 22 telamoni <strong>di</strong> cui sei doppi, 47<br />

altor<strong>il</strong>ievi, 36 mensole con testa, 42 gabbioni e molto altro.<br />

Dopo i saggi prelim<strong>in</strong>ari, rimosso <strong>il</strong> particellato con pennelli<br />

<strong>di</strong> setola, è stato effettuato l’<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura con acqua<br />

nebulizzata e con microsabbiature Jos, completato sull’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />

superficie <strong>del</strong>la facciata, vasta 10.500 mq.<br />

Dove <strong>il</strong> degrado non consente più <strong>il</strong> consolidamento <strong>del</strong> marmo,<br />

i conci e gli ornati orig<strong>in</strong>ali vengono sostituiti con altret-<br />

tanti nuovi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia: si tratta a oggi <strong>di</strong> 1.346<br />

pezzi. Sulle parti smontate è stato effettuato un profondo risanamento<br />

strutturale <strong>in</strong>terno, <strong>in</strong>serendo nuovi pezzi <strong>in</strong><br />

marmo e per colmare i vuoti <strong>in</strong>iettando opportune miscele e<br />

rimuovendo le parti metalliche corrose e rigonfiate.<br />

Le sig<strong>il</strong>lature dei giunti tra i blocchi <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>stacco e le<br />

stesure <strong>di</strong> res<strong>in</strong>e epossi<strong>di</strong>che applicate <strong>in</strong> passato, alterate<br />

per le ra<strong>di</strong>azioni UV, sono sistematicamente elim<strong>in</strong>ate e rifatte<br />

con malte tra<strong>di</strong>zionali appositamente formulate <strong>in</strong> sabbia<br />

e calce idraulica.<br />

Inf<strong>in</strong>e, le parti più esposte sono state dotate <strong>di</strong> un impianto<br />

<strong>di</strong> allontanamento dei volat<strong>il</strong>i.<br />

I lavori si svolgono con la costante supervisione <strong>del</strong>la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza<br />

per i beni ambientali e architettonici.<br />

Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione è <strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

Once the Cathedral was completed I LAVORI. L’attuale <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />

and given the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly serious<br />

<strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong><br />

è <strong>in</strong>iziato nel gennaio 2003<br />

damage suffered over the last<br />

e si concluderà nel 2007.<br />

century, ow<strong>in</strong>g to the unstoppable<br />

La superficie <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

age<strong>in</strong>g process of bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong>teressata ha una estensione<br />

<strong>di</strong> 10.500 mq. Accanto,<br />

materials and the progressive<br />

Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti<br />

deterioration of the marble as a<br />

Castiglione, Direttore <strong>del</strong>la<br />

result of worsen<strong>in</strong>g pollution, the<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

e Responsab<strong>il</strong>e dei lavori.<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>’s bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g site turned <strong>in</strong>to a<br />

conservation site, work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> close<br />

THE WORK. The ongo<strong>in</strong>g<br />

collaboration with the relevant<br />

conservative restoration work<br />

started <strong>in</strong> January 2003 and<br />

Super<strong>in</strong>tendence offices.<br />

is to be completed by 2007.<br />

Nowadays restoration deals ma<strong>in</strong>ly The <strong>Duomo</strong> surface <strong>in</strong>volved<br />

with decorative features, <strong>in</strong><br />

is 10,500 square meter wide.<br />

Alongside, Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong><br />

particular ornaments, statuary and Visconti Castiglione, Head<br />

the <strong>in</strong>ternal and external marble of Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

cover<strong>in</strong>g. Moreover, the overall<br />

<strong>in</strong> charge of the restoration work.<br />

check on the statics of the<br />

bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g, follow<strong>in</strong>g large-scale work completed twenty years ago,<br />

provides ground for optimism about the global stab<strong>il</strong>ity of the<br />

monument.<br />

General restoration work, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the spires, was first carried<br />

out from 1935 to 1939 to repair a number of dangerous<br />

cracks. On that occasion a deta<strong>il</strong>ed survey of marble blocks<br />

and statues was conducted for the first time.<br />

From 1972 to 1974 an overall clean<strong>in</strong>g and re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />

programme was carried out <strong>in</strong> agreement with the<br />

Super<strong>in</strong>tendence and follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria laid down by the M<strong>in</strong>istry<br />

of Education. They started by mak<strong>in</strong>g checks and surveys that<br />

highlighted the state of <strong>di</strong>srepair of sculptures and ornaments,<br />

damaged by smog and pigeon dropp<strong>in</strong>gs. Therefore they<br />

undertook a clean<strong>in</strong>g campaign, us<strong>in</strong>g dry sandblast<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

reviewed all ornaments and statues, replac<strong>in</strong>g 1050 marble<br />

elements that had been affected or were <strong>in</strong> a dangerous<br />

con<strong>di</strong>tion, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 7 high reliefs and statues.<br />

The orig<strong>in</strong>al statuary was moved to the <strong>Duomo</strong> Museum,<br />

where it is st<strong>il</strong>l to be found today. F<strong>in</strong>ally, they spread marble<br />

with a protective layer of<br />

water-repellent and transparent acrylic pa<strong>in</strong>t and applied a<br />

special anti-pigeon electric device.<br />

As of 1990, the <strong>Duomo</strong> Workshop carries out yearly <strong>in</strong>spections<br />

up to a height of 35 metres, to check the state of ornaments<br />

and sculptures. The last controls carried out before 2002,<br />

revealed further age<strong>in</strong>g of the marble-protect<strong>in</strong>g layers and quick<br />

decay of fissure seal<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> parts more exposed to atmospheric<br />

agents. Therefore new, exhaustive restoration work of the entire<br />

façade has been underway s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003, s<strong>in</strong>ce it was necessary<br />

to stab<strong>il</strong>ize the upper section of the façade, which were not<br />

<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the last major clean<strong>in</strong>g and consolidation work (1972-<br />

1974).<br />

Thus, the <strong>Duomo</strong> façade underwent a lot of restoration and<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>tenance work over the past century. Indeed, there are<br />

many risks for irreversible damage, due to age<strong>in</strong>g, pollution,<br />

weather,<br />

traffic-<strong>in</strong>duced vibrations and pigeons.<br />

The perspective that drives the constant commitment of<br />

Veneranda Fabbrica for the preservation of M<strong>il</strong>an’s symbolic<br />

monument is that of prevention. Hence the draw<strong>in</strong>g up and<br />

implementation of a solution prevent<strong>in</strong>g time from eras<strong>in</strong>g<br />

man’s work is always preceded by a survey on conservation<br />

state and the track<strong>in</strong>g down of the causes of decay.<br />

To enable its 50 technicians – <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eers, workers and<br />

banker masons – to work <strong>in</strong> adequate con<strong>di</strong>tions, Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica had to put up a 7,000 sq. metres scaffold<strong>in</strong>g, which was<br />

65 metres high when work began.<br />

The current restoration <strong>in</strong>volves 192 spire statues, 40 large<br />

statues, 40 shelves, 88 heads, 22 telamons, six of which<br />

double, 47 high reliefs, 36 shelves with heads, 42 gabions<br />

and much more.<br />

After conduct<strong>in</strong>g prelim<strong>in</strong>ary tests and remov<strong>in</strong>g marble<br />

particulate with bristle brushes, they moved on to clean<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

whole surface of the façade, which comes to 10,500 square<br />

meters, with atomised water sprays and Jos microsandblast<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

Whenever decay is too serious to allow the marble’s repair,<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>al ashlars and ornaments are replaced with new ones <strong>in</strong><br />

Candoglia marble: up to now this comes to 1346 pieces. An <strong>in</strong>depth<br />

structural rehab<strong>il</strong>itation was carried out on the parts<br />

removed, <strong>in</strong>sert<strong>in</strong>g new marble pieces and f<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g up the gaps by<br />

<strong>in</strong>ject<strong>in</strong>g suitable mixtures and remov<strong>in</strong>g corroded and swollen<br />

metal parts.<br />

We systematically remove jo<strong>in</strong>t seal<strong>in</strong>g between loose blocks<br />

and epoxy res<strong>in</strong>s spread on <strong>in</strong> the past and altered by UV<br />

ra<strong>di</strong>ation, and replace them with tra<strong>di</strong>tional mortar made to<br />

the correct formula <strong>in</strong> sand and hydraulic lime.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>ally, the most exposed parts have been given equipment to<br />

keep the birds away.<br />

The work is be<strong>in</strong>g carried out under the constant supervision of<br />

the Super<strong>in</strong>tendence for Environmental and Architectural Assets.<br />

Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione is <strong>di</strong>rector of the Veneranda<br />

Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />

18 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

19

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