È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni
È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni
È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni
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FOCUS<br />
guendo i criteri <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>cati dal M<strong>in</strong>istero <strong>del</strong>la Pubblica Istruzione.<br />
Si <strong>in</strong>iziò con accertamenti e r<strong>il</strong>ievi che mettevano <strong>in</strong><br />
evidenza lo stato <strong>di</strong> degrado <strong>in</strong> cui si trovavano le sculture<br />
e le opere <strong>di</strong> ornato, <strong>in</strong>taccate dallo smog e dal guano dei<br />
piccioni. Si procedette qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> a una pulitura realizzata<br />
me<strong>di</strong>ante sabbiatura a secco e a una revisione <strong>di</strong> tutti gli<br />
ornati e <strong>del</strong>la statuaria che portò alla sostituzione <strong>di</strong> 1050<br />
elementi <strong>di</strong> marmo compromessi o <strong>in</strong> stato <strong>di</strong> pericolo,<br />
compresi 7 altor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue. La statuaria orig<strong>in</strong>ale fu<br />
portata nel Museo <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>, dove è oggi conservata. Inf<strong>in</strong>e<br />
furono applicati un protettivo acr<strong>il</strong>ico idrorepellente<br />
e trasparente per <strong>il</strong> marmo e uno speciale impianto elettrico<br />
antipiccioni.<br />
A partire dal 1990 la Fabbrica effettua un controllo annuale<br />
f<strong>in</strong>o alla quota <strong>di</strong> 35 metri, per accertare lo stato <strong>di</strong> conservazione<br />
degli ornati<br />
e <strong>del</strong>le sculture.<br />
Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi<br />
controlli precedenti<br />
<strong>il</strong> 2002 si sono<br />
notati <strong>il</strong> r<strong>in</strong>novato<br />
<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento degli<br />
strati protettivi<br />
<strong>del</strong> marmo e un accelerato<br />
degrado<br />
<strong>del</strong>le sig<strong>il</strong>lature nelle<br />
parti più esposte<br />
agli agenti atmosferici. Dal 2003 è qu<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>corso</strong><br />
<strong>il</strong> nuovo <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrale <strong>del</strong>la<br />
facciata, reso necessario da motivi <strong>di</strong> messa <strong>in</strong> sicurezza<br />
statica <strong>del</strong>le parti superiori, non <strong>in</strong>teressate<br />
dall’ultimo grande <strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura e<br />
consolidamento (1972 – 1974).<br />
Nel <strong>corso</strong> degli ultimi cento anni gli <strong>in</strong>terventi <strong>di</strong><br />
manutenzione e <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>del</strong>la facciata <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
sono stati dunque molteplici. I rischi <strong>di</strong> danni<br />
irreversib<strong>il</strong>i sono <strong>in</strong>fatti molti: l’<strong>in</strong>vecchiamento<br />
<strong>del</strong> monumento, l’<strong>in</strong>qu<strong>in</strong>amento, le <strong>in</strong>temperie,<br />
le vibrazioni <strong>del</strong> traffico, la presenza dei piccioni.<br />
La cultura che sottende <strong>il</strong> costante impegno <strong>del</strong>la<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica per la conservazione <strong>del</strong><br />
monumento-simbolo <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano è quella <strong>del</strong>la prevenzione.<br />
Pertanto la def<strong>in</strong>izione e l’attuazione<br />
<strong>di</strong> una soluzione che impe<strong>di</strong>sca al tempo <strong>di</strong> cancellare l’opera<br />
vengono da sempre precedute dal r<strong>il</strong>ievo <strong>del</strong>lo stato<br />
<strong>conservativo</strong> e dall’<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>viduazione <strong>del</strong>le cause <strong>del</strong> degrado.<br />
Per consentire ai suoi 50 tecnici – tra <strong>in</strong>gegneri, operai e<br />
marmisti – <strong>di</strong> lavorare <strong>in</strong> con<strong>di</strong>zioni adeguate, la Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica ha dovuto erigere un ponteggio <strong>di</strong> ben 7.000 metri<br />
quadri che ha raggiunto, all’<strong>in</strong>izio dei lavori, l’altezza <strong>di</strong> 65<br />
metri.<br />
L’attuale <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>in</strong>teressa 192 statue <strong>di</strong> guglia, 40 statue<br />
gran<strong>di</strong>, 40 mensole, 88 teste, 22 telamoni <strong>di</strong> cui sei doppi, 47<br />
altor<strong>il</strong>ievi, 36 mensole con testa, 42 gabbioni e molto altro.<br />
Dopo i saggi prelim<strong>in</strong>ari, rimosso <strong>il</strong> particellato con pennelli<br />
<strong>di</strong> setola, è stato effettuato l’<strong>in</strong>tervento <strong>di</strong> pulitura con acqua<br />
nebulizzata e con microsabbiature Jos, completato sull’<strong>in</strong>tera<br />
superficie <strong>del</strong>la facciata, vasta 10.500 mq.<br />
Dove <strong>il</strong> degrado non consente più <strong>il</strong> consolidamento <strong>del</strong> marmo,<br />
i conci e gli ornati orig<strong>in</strong>ali vengono sostituiti con altret-<br />
tanti nuovi <strong>in</strong> marmo <strong>di</strong> Candoglia: si tratta a oggi <strong>di</strong> 1.346<br />
pezzi. Sulle parti smontate è stato effettuato un profondo risanamento<br />
strutturale <strong>in</strong>terno, <strong>in</strong>serendo nuovi pezzi <strong>in</strong><br />
marmo e per colmare i vuoti <strong>in</strong>iettando opportune miscele e<br />
rimuovendo le parti metalliche corrose e rigonfiate.<br />
Le sig<strong>il</strong>lature dei giunti tra i blocchi <strong>in</strong> fase <strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong>stacco e le<br />
stesure <strong>di</strong> res<strong>in</strong>e epossi<strong>di</strong>che applicate <strong>in</strong> passato, alterate<br />
per le ra<strong>di</strong>azioni UV, sono sistematicamente elim<strong>in</strong>ate e rifatte<br />
con malte tra<strong>di</strong>zionali appositamente formulate <strong>in</strong> sabbia<br />
e calce idraulica.<br />
Inf<strong>in</strong>e, le parti più esposte sono state dotate <strong>di</strong> un impianto<br />
<strong>di</strong> allontanamento dei volat<strong>il</strong>i.<br />
I lavori si svolgono con la costante supervisione <strong>del</strong>la Sopr<strong>in</strong>tendenza<br />
per i beni ambientali e architettonici.<br />
Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione è <strong>di</strong>rettore <strong>del</strong>la Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
Once the Cathedral was completed I LAVORI. L’attuale <strong>in</strong>tervento<br />
and given the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly serious<br />
<strong>di</strong> <strong>restauro</strong> <strong>conservativo</strong><br />
è <strong>in</strong>iziato nel gennaio 2003<br />
damage suffered over the last<br />
e si concluderà nel 2007.<br />
century, ow<strong>in</strong>g to the unstoppable<br />
La superficie <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
age<strong>in</strong>g process of bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>teressata ha una estensione<br />
<strong>di</strong> 10.500 mq. Accanto,<br />
materials and the progressive<br />
Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti<br />
deterioration of the marble as a<br />
Castiglione, Direttore <strong>del</strong>la<br />
result of worsen<strong>in</strong>g pollution, the<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
e Responsab<strong>il</strong>e dei lavori.<br />
<strong>Duomo</strong>’s bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g site turned <strong>in</strong>to a<br />
conservation site, work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> close<br />
THE WORK. The ongo<strong>in</strong>g<br />
collaboration with the relevant<br />
conservative restoration work<br />
started <strong>in</strong> January 2003 and<br />
Super<strong>in</strong>tendence offices.<br />
is to be completed by 2007.<br />
Nowadays restoration deals ma<strong>in</strong>ly The <strong>Duomo</strong> surface <strong>in</strong>volved<br />
with decorative features, <strong>in</strong><br />
is 10,500 square meter wide.<br />
Alongside, Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong><br />
particular ornaments, statuary and Visconti Castiglione, Head<br />
the <strong>in</strong>ternal and external marble of Veneranda Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong><br />
cover<strong>in</strong>g. Moreover, the overall<br />
<strong>in</strong> charge of the restoration work.<br />
check on the statics of the<br />
bu<strong>il</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g, follow<strong>in</strong>g large-scale work completed twenty years ago,<br />
provides ground for optimism about the global stab<strong>il</strong>ity of the<br />
monument.<br />
General restoration work, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the spires, was first carried<br />
out from 1935 to 1939 to repair a number of dangerous<br />
cracks. On that occasion a deta<strong>il</strong>ed survey of marble blocks<br />
and statues was conducted for the first time.<br />
From 1972 to 1974 an overall clean<strong>in</strong>g and re<strong>in</strong>forcement<br />
programme was carried out <strong>in</strong> agreement with the<br />
Super<strong>in</strong>tendence and follow<strong>in</strong>g criteria laid down by the M<strong>in</strong>istry<br />
of Education. They started by mak<strong>in</strong>g checks and surveys that<br />
highlighted the state of <strong>di</strong>srepair of sculptures and ornaments,<br />
damaged by smog and pigeon dropp<strong>in</strong>gs. Therefore they<br />
undertook a clean<strong>in</strong>g campaign, us<strong>in</strong>g dry sandblast<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
reviewed all ornaments and statues, replac<strong>in</strong>g 1050 marble<br />
elements that had been affected or were <strong>in</strong> a dangerous<br />
con<strong>di</strong>tion, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g 7 high reliefs and statues.<br />
The orig<strong>in</strong>al statuary was moved to the <strong>Duomo</strong> Museum,<br />
where it is st<strong>il</strong>l to be found today. F<strong>in</strong>ally, they spread marble<br />
with a protective layer of<br />
water-repellent and transparent acrylic pa<strong>in</strong>t and applied a<br />
special anti-pigeon electric device.<br />
As of 1990, the <strong>Duomo</strong> Workshop carries out yearly <strong>in</strong>spections<br />
up to a height of 35 metres, to check the state of ornaments<br />
and sculptures. The last controls carried out before 2002,<br />
revealed further age<strong>in</strong>g of the marble-protect<strong>in</strong>g layers and quick<br />
decay of fissure seal<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> parts more exposed to atmospheric<br />
agents. Therefore new, exhaustive restoration work of the entire<br />
façade has been underway s<strong>in</strong>ce 2003, s<strong>in</strong>ce it was necessary<br />
to stab<strong>il</strong>ize the upper section of the façade, which were not<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> the last major clean<strong>in</strong>g and consolidation work (1972-<br />
1974).<br />
Thus, the <strong>Duomo</strong> façade underwent a lot of restoration and<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>tenance work over the past century. Indeed, there are<br />
many risks for irreversible damage, due to age<strong>in</strong>g, pollution,<br />
weather,<br />
traffic-<strong>in</strong>duced vibrations and pigeons.<br />
The perspective that drives the constant commitment of<br />
Veneranda Fabbrica for the preservation of M<strong>il</strong>an’s symbolic<br />
monument is that of prevention. Hence the draw<strong>in</strong>g up and<br />
implementation of a solution prevent<strong>in</strong>g time from eras<strong>in</strong>g<br />
man’s work is always preceded by a survey on conservation<br />
state and the track<strong>in</strong>g down of the causes of decay.<br />
To enable its 50 technicians – <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g eng<strong>in</strong>eers, workers and<br />
banker masons – to work <strong>in</strong> adequate con<strong>di</strong>tions, Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica had to put up a 7,000 sq. metres scaffold<strong>in</strong>g, which was<br />
65 metres high when work began.<br />
The current restoration <strong>in</strong>volves 192 spire statues, 40 large<br />
statues, 40 shelves, 88 heads, 22 telamons, six of which<br />
double, 47 high reliefs, 36 shelves with heads, 42 gabions<br />
and much more.<br />
After conduct<strong>in</strong>g prelim<strong>in</strong>ary tests and remov<strong>in</strong>g marble<br />
particulate with bristle brushes, they moved on to clean<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
whole surface of the façade, which comes to 10,500 square<br />
meters, with atomised water sprays and Jos microsandblast<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Whenever decay is too serious to allow the marble’s repair,<br />
orig<strong>in</strong>al ashlars and ornaments are replaced with new ones <strong>in</strong><br />
Candoglia marble: up to now this comes to 1346 pieces. An <strong>in</strong>depth<br />
structural rehab<strong>il</strong>itation was carried out on the parts<br />
removed, <strong>in</strong>sert<strong>in</strong>g new marble pieces and f<strong>il</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g up the gaps by<br />
<strong>in</strong>ject<strong>in</strong>g suitable mixtures and remov<strong>in</strong>g corroded and swollen<br />
metal parts.<br />
We systematically remove jo<strong>in</strong>t seal<strong>in</strong>g between loose blocks<br />
and epoxy res<strong>in</strong>s spread on <strong>in</strong> the past and altered by UV<br />
ra<strong>di</strong>ation, and replace them with tra<strong>di</strong>tional mortar made to<br />
the correct formula <strong>in</strong> sand and hydraulic lime.<br />
F<strong>in</strong>ally, the most exposed parts have been given equipment to<br />
keep the birds away.<br />
The work is be<strong>in</strong>g carried out under the constant supervision of<br />
the Super<strong>in</strong>tendence for Environmental and Architectural Assets.<br />
Benigno Mörl<strong>in</strong> Visconti Castiglione is <strong>di</strong>rector of the Veneranda<br />
Fabbrica <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano.<br />
18 <strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />
19