15.06.2013 Views

È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

FOCUS<br />

apostoli, <strong>di</strong> angeli e <strong>di</strong> demoni che popolano le pag<strong>in</strong>e sacre<br />

si è cristallizzata <strong>in</strong> bassor<strong>il</strong>ievi e statue, offrendo così<br />

una straord<strong>in</strong>aria Biblia pauperum, ossia una Bibbia<br />

dest<strong>in</strong>ata ai “poveri”, a chi non sapeva leggere. <strong>Un</strong>a Bibbia<br />

che <strong>di</strong>ventava, poi, colma <strong>di</strong> colori e <strong>di</strong> iridescenze<br />

nelle <strong>di</strong>stese gran<strong>di</strong>ose <strong>del</strong>le vetrate, anch’esse animate<br />

da scene sacre.<br />

Mani nob<strong>il</strong>i e mani modeste hanno creato per secoli<br />

questo brulicare <strong>di</strong> figure <strong>in</strong>trecciando fede e arte, spiritualità<br />

e folclore, culto e vita quoti<strong>di</strong>ana. In questa luce<br />

emerge la seconda funzione <strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong>: esso è per<br />

eccellenza <strong>il</strong> più alto simbolo civico. Lo è <strong>in</strong>nanzitutto<br />

perché ha scan<strong>di</strong>to gli ultimi sei secoli <strong>del</strong>la storia<br />

cittad<strong>in</strong>a con la sua bellezza, sempre <strong>in</strong> crescita, quasi<br />

fosse un vero e proprio corpo vivente. Infatti, <strong>il</strong> famoso<br />

detto popolare che considera “<strong>in</strong>-f<strong>in</strong>ita” la “fabbrica”<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> attesta la vitalità <strong>di</strong> un tempio che segue <strong>il</strong><br />

pulsare stesso <strong>del</strong>le vicende <strong>del</strong>la città. Eppure questa<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ua metamorfosi non impe<strong>di</strong>sce che agli occhi <strong>del</strong><br />

m<strong>il</strong>anese (ma spesso anche <strong>del</strong> turista <strong>di</strong>stratto o frettoloso)<br />

<strong>il</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sia “tra i meravej quella <strong>di</strong> sett”, ossia<br />

la settima meraviglia <strong>del</strong> mondo, come <strong>di</strong>chiarava Carlo<br />

Porta <strong>in</strong> una <strong>del</strong>le sue Poesie m<strong>il</strong>anesi (12, 4).<br />

Il m<strong>il</strong>anese o <strong>il</strong> visitatore esterno, pur nel frastuono urbano<br />

attuale e nella cort<strong>in</strong>a permanente <strong>di</strong> smog che è ormai<br />

<strong>il</strong> sudario imposto al <strong>Duomo</strong> e a M<strong>il</strong>ano, appena s’affaccia<br />

su quella piazza ripete <strong>il</strong> gesto e prova la stessa<br />

emozione che Manzoni aveva attribuito al suo Renzo,<br />

giunto per la prima volta <strong>in</strong> città: “Salito su uno <strong>di</strong> quei<br />

valichi sul terreno più elevato vide quella gran macch<strong>in</strong>a<br />

<strong>del</strong> <strong>Duomo</strong> sola sul piano, come se, non <strong>di</strong> mezzo a una<br />

città, ma sorgesse <strong>in</strong> un deserto; e si fermò sui due pie<strong>di</strong>,<br />

<strong>di</strong>menticando i suoi guai, a contemplare da lontano quell’ottava<br />

meraviglia, <strong>di</strong> cui aveva sentito parlare f<strong>in</strong> da<br />

bamb<strong>in</strong>o” (Promessi Sposi XI). La centralità <strong>di</strong> questa<br />

che, per Manzoni, è <strong>in</strong>vece l’ottava meraviglia <strong>del</strong> mondo,<br />

non è dunque solo religiosa ma anche civ<strong>il</strong>e. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> cuore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la città; è quasi la conferma sperimentale <strong>del</strong>la celebre<br />

tesi <strong>del</strong> “centro” che, secondo <strong>il</strong> famoso stu<strong>di</strong>oso Mircea<br />

Eliade, era <strong>il</strong> primo simbolo umano e sociale <strong>del</strong>l’uomo<br />

<strong>del</strong>le orig<strong>in</strong>i, cioè uno spazio sacro capace però <strong>di</strong> organizzare<br />

tutto <strong>il</strong> resto <strong>del</strong>l’orizzonte <strong>in</strong> un progetto <strong>di</strong><br />

senso e <strong>di</strong> armonia.<br />

Infatti, chi avesse la fortuna <strong>di</strong> sorvolare con un elicottero<br />

<strong>il</strong> nucleo urbano <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano o, più semplicemente, gettasse<br />

uno sguardo su una mappa <strong>del</strong>la città, scoprirebbe subito<br />

che le ra<strong>di</strong>ali <strong>del</strong>le sue vie convergono verso quel centro<br />

che è costituito dal <strong>Duomo</strong>, <strong>il</strong> cuore <strong>del</strong>la vita e <strong>del</strong>l’ord<strong>in</strong>amento<br />

armonico <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano. <strong>È</strong> per questo che ogni m<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />

credente o agnostico, <strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>geno o “importato”, sperimenta<br />

sempre un fremito <strong>di</strong> fronte alla “bella Madun<strong>in</strong>a<br />

che te br<strong>il</strong>let de luntan…”. <strong>Un</strong> sentimento che uno scrittore<br />

m<strong>il</strong>anese, Em<strong>il</strong>io De Marchi (1851-1901) aveva tratteggiato<br />

nella “prosa cadenzata” El noster Domm, evocando<br />

<strong>il</strong> turbamento <strong>di</strong> chi sta per tornare nella città da tempo lasciata.<br />

Già a quaranta miglia da M<strong>il</strong>ano com<strong>in</strong>cia a sbirciare<br />

dal f<strong>in</strong>estr<strong>in</strong>o <strong>del</strong> treno per cercare <strong>di</strong> <strong>in</strong>travedere tra gli<br />

alberi e la nebbia <strong>del</strong>le risaie quel simbolo amato, “la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a<br />

benedetta <strong>del</strong> noster Domm”. E appena essa appare<br />

sotto un raggio <strong>di</strong> sole, le lacrime affiorano agli occhi,<br />

<strong>il</strong> cuore batte nel petto e si <strong>di</strong>venta come ragazz<strong>in</strong>i emo-<br />

6<br />

zionati (“el coeur el batt come on magnan… e allora se<br />

piang… se piang come bagaj”).<br />

Gianfranco Ravasi, monsignore e protonotario apostolico, è<br />

prefetto <strong>del</strong>la Biblioteca Ambrosiana <strong>di</strong> M<strong>il</strong>ano, docente <strong>di</strong><br />

esegesi biblica alla Facoltà Teologica <strong>del</strong>l’Italia Settentrionale<br />

e membro <strong>del</strong>la Pontificia commissione biblica.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

womanhood”, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the poetic description by Father<br />

David M. Turoldo – the forest of its 135 spires, the<br />

thousands of statues, the bloom of fly<strong>in</strong>g buttresses, the<br />

magic of ornamental tracery and the power of its buttresses,<br />

po<strong>in</strong>t toward that topmost figure which has become the<br />

symbol of M<strong>il</strong>an, more so than any other monument <strong>in</strong> town,<br />

<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the famous ‘alla Scala’ Opera house.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong> serves both a historical and a symbolic purpose for the<br />

city of M<strong>il</strong>an, with its Madonn<strong>in</strong>a stand<strong>in</strong>g 108.50 meters from the<br />

ground. First of all, it is par excellence a religious emblem,<br />

entrusted to art and piety. When we step <strong>in</strong>side, the verticality of<br />

the Gothic steeps you <strong>in</strong>to <strong>in</strong>f<strong>in</strong>ity and the <strong>in</strong>tensity of s<strong>il</strong>ence, our<br />

eyes purified from the vulgar ostentation of the commercial<br />

products besieg<strong>in</strong>g the square outside and our ears set free from<br />

noise and mundane chatt<strong>in</strong>g. In<br />

the nave and aisles, the s<strong>il</strong>ence<br />

is broken only by the gentle and<br />

fluid harmony of the Ambrosian<br />

‘canto fermo’ (pla<strong>in</strong> song), an<br />

older and more austere version<br />

of the Gregorian chant: its<br />

essentiality makes room only for<br />

harmonic spirals rem<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g of<br />

the sw<strong>in</strong>gs of the <strong>in</strong>cense<br />

thurible (which <strong>in</strong> the rite of the<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an Church is rotated <strong>in</strong> a<br />

<strong>di</strong>fferent way from the<br />

“subsultory” gestures of the<br />

Roman rite) and leaves an<br />

unforgettable mark on your soul.<br />

Your eyes, <strong>in</strong>stead, are<br />

enraptured by the solemn<br />

liturgy which is tak<strong>in</strong>g place on<br />

the altar. Once aga<strong>in</strong> the<br />

Ambrosian rite proves to be<br />

someth<strong>in</strong>g unique, turn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an’s <strong>di</strong>ocese <strong>in</strong>to a holy<br />

island whose very ancient<br />

RITO AMBROSIANO.<br />

Il <strong>Duomo</strong> è <strong>il</strong> cuore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la tra<strong>di</strong>zione liturgica<br />

ambrosiana, che risale al periodo<br />

<strong>di</strong> Gregorio Magno (sec IV-V).<br />

Le <strong>di</strong>fferenze con <strong>il</strong> rituale<br />

romano riguardano <strong>il</strong> Battesimo<br />

con immersione, l’Avvento <strong>di</strong> sei<br />

settimane anziché quattro<br />

e la Quaresima più breve<br />

<strong>di</strong> quattro giorni. Peculiare anche<br />

<strong>il</strong> canto ambrosiano <strong>in</strong> st<strong>il</strong>e<br />

greco-bizant<strong>in</strong>o che<br />

si contrappone al canto<br />

gregoriano <strong>del</strong>la liturgia romana.<br />

THE AMBROSIAN RITE.<br />

The <strong>Duomo</strong> is the heart of the<br />

Ambrosian liturgical tra<strong>di</strong>tion,<br />

dat<strong>in</strong>g back to the time of Pope<br />

Gregory the Great (IV-V century).<br />

The <strong>di</strong>fferences from the Roman<br />

ritual concern the Baptism by<br />

immersion, Advent last<strong>in</strong>g six rather<br />

than four weeks, and a four-day<br />

shorter Lent time. Also typical of<br />

M<strong>il</strong>an is the Ambrosian chant <strong>in</strong> the<br />

greek-byzant<strong>in</strong>e tra<strong>di</strong>tion as aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

the Gregorian chant<br />

of the Roman liturgy.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

liturgy reveals a s<strong>in</strong>gular<br />

heritage of prayer texts, marked<br />

by underground bonds with the<br />

Eastern Churches. Yet, the<br />

spirituality of the <strong>Duomo</strong><br />

features another element which<br />

is often ignored by hasty<br />

visitors or that never-end<strong>in</strong>g<br />

flow of people who pass by and<br />

never step <strong>in</strong>. Some twenty<br />

years ago, I was asked to work<br />

at a descriptive tour of those<br />

“pages of stone” which form<br />

the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s Bible. It was then<br />

when I first found out that<br />

virtually the whole Bible is<br />

either engraved or sculptured <strong>in</strong><br />

that body of marble. The crowd<br />

of sa<strong>in</strong>ts, s<strong>in</strong>ners, prophets,<br />

k<strong>in</strong>gs, wise men, apostles,<br />

angels and demons who live <strong>in</strong><br />

those holy pages took shape <strong>in</strong><br />

bas-reliefs and statues, thus<br />

provid<strong>in</strong>g us with a remarkable Biblia pauperum, that is a Bible<br />

<strong>in</strong>tended for the “poor”, for those who could not read. A Bible<br />

which becomes full of colors and ra<strong>in</strong>bow-like gleam <strong>in</strong> the vast<br />

and magnificent sta<strong>in</strong>ed glass w<strong>in</strong>dows featur<strong>in</strong>g sacred scenes.<br />

For centuries, noble and humble hands have given life to these<br />

swarms of characters comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g art and faith, spirituality and<br />

folklore, worship and da<strong>il</strong>y life. Which rem<strong>in</strong>ds us of the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong>’s second key role: it is par excellence the highest civ<strong>il</strong><br />

symbol. Indeed, its ever-<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g beauty, as if it really was a<br />

liv<strong>in</strong>g body, has marked six centuries of life <strong>in</strong> the city. The<br />

famous folk say<strong>in</strong>g accord<strong>in</strong>g to which the “workshop” of the<br />

<strong>Duomo</strong> would be “<strong>in</strong>-f<strong>in</strong>ite” testifies to the vitality of a temple<br />

which moves <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e with the pulse of the city itself.<br />

Nevertheless, this ongo<strong>in</strong>g metamorphosis doesn’t prevent the<br />

people of M<strong>il</strong>an (but even absent-m<strong>in</strong>ded and hasty tourists)<br />

from consider<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>Duomo</strong> “tra i meravej quella <strong>di</strong> sett”, that<br />

is the world’s seventh wonder as Carlo Porta said <strong>in</strong> one of his<br />

Poesie m<strong>il</strong>anesi (M<strong>il</strong>anese Poems) (12, 4).<br />

Despite the roar and rumble of the city and the permanent smog<br />

layer which has become M<strong>il</strong>an’s (and the <strong>Duomo</strong>’s) shroud,<br />

whenever the M<strong>il</strong>anese or the tourists step on this piazza, they<br />

feel the same emotions that Manzoni’s Renzo felt when he first<br />

arrived <strong>in</strong> the big city: “Renzo mounted by one of these passes to<br />

the more elevated ground, and, look<strong>in</strong>g around him, beheld the<br />

noble p<strong>il</strong>e of the cathedral tower<strong>in</strong>g alone above the pla<strong>in</strong>, not as<br />

if stand<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the midst of a city, but rather as though it rose from<br />

a desert. He paused, forgetful of all his sorrows, and<br />

contemplated thus at a <strong>di</strong>stance that eighth wonder of the world,<br />

of which he had heard so much from his <strong>in</strong>fancy.” (The<br />

Betrothed, chapter XI). Therefore, what Manzoni called the<br />

‘world’s eighth wonder’ has both a religious and a civic value. It<br />

is the very heart of the city, it is almost the factual confirmation<br />

of the famous theory of the “centre” which, accord<strong>in</strong>g to the well<br />

known scholar Mircea Eliade, was the first human and social<br />

symbol for early men, that is a sacred space which could arrange<br />

all the world around <strong>in</strong> a mean<strong>in</strong>gful and harmonic project.<br />

Indeed, if you are lucky enough to fly over M<strong>il</strong>an <strong>in</strong> a helicopter<br />

or simply you have a look at the city map, you w<strong>il</strong>l right away f<strong>in</strong>d<br />

out that the ra<strong>di</strong>al patterns of M<strong>il</strong>an’s ma<strong>in</strong> roads all converge to<br />

that centre represented by the <strong>Duomo</strong>, which is the very heart<br />

of M<strong>il</strong>an’s life and harmonic order. That’s why all the M<strong>il</strong>anese,<br />

whether believers or not and whether they were born here or<br />

“imported” so to speak, always experience a thr<strong>il</strong>l when they<br />

see the “bella Madun<strong>in</strong>a che te br<strong>il</strong>let de luntan…” (fair<br />

Madonna sh<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g from afar). A sim<strong>il</strong>ar feel<strong>in</strong>g was described by a<br />

M<strong>il</strong>anese writer, Em<strong>il</strong>io De Marchi (1851-1901), <strong>in</strong> the<br />

“rhythmic prose” of his work El noster Domm (Our <strong>Duomo</strong>),<br />

which conjures the emotions of a man who is com<strong>in</strong>g back to<br />

the city after many years. When his tra<strong>in</strong> is st<strong>il</strong>l some 40 m<strong>il</strong>es<br />

away from M<strong>il</strong>an, he starts look<strong>in</strong>g out of the w<strong>in</strong>dow search<strong>in</strong>g<br />

for that beloved symbol, “la Madonn<strong>in</strong>a benedetta <strong>del</strong> noster<br />

Domm (the blessed little Madonna of our <strong>Duomo</strong>) among the<br />

trees and the fog of the rice fields. As soon as he makes it out<br />

<strong>in</strong> a beam of the sun, tears appear <strong>in</strong> his eyes, his heart starts<br />

rac<strong>in</strong>g and he feel like an excited boy (“el coeur el batt come on<br />

magnan… e allora se piang… se piang come bagaj”).<br />

Gianfranco Ravasi, Monsignor and Apostolic Protonotary,<br />

is Prefect of M<strong>il</strong>an’s Ambrosian Library, professor of biblical<br />

exegesis at the North Italy Theological Faculty and a member<br />

of the Pontifical Biblical Commission.<br />

7

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!