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È in corso il restauro conservativo del Duomo di Milano. Un ... - Eni

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INTERVISTA - INTERVIEW<br />

66<br />

obiettivo <strong>di</strong> buona governance e non tollera deviazioni rispetto<br />

al suo target, l’azienda <strong>in</strong> questione si è assicurata<br />

già le con<strong>di</strong>zioni per fare molti passi <strong>in</strong> avanti. <strong>È</strong> <strong>il</strong> top management<br />

a stab<strong>il</strong>ire i mo<strong>del</strong>li <strong>di</strong> riferimento. Senza questa<br />

guida e questo comportamento,<br />

non è possib<strong>il</strong>e che prenda forma<br />

una buona governance. Ovviamente<br />

deve essere messa <strong>in</strong> conto<br />

l’alta probab<strong>il</strong>ità <strong>di</strong> raccogliere<br />

anche degli <strong>in</strong>successi. Il management<br />

ad esempio può essere tentato<br />

– per scelta o semplicemente<br />

per errori <strong>di</strong> valutazione – <strong>di</strong> deviare<br />

dalla politica impostata. E lo<br />

stesso top management può cedere<br />

all’impulso <strong>di</strong> riservarsi risorse<br />

altrimenti dest<strong>in</strong>ate alla società<br />

o agli azionisti. Il ruolo degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori<br />

tuttavia sta cambiando e si<br />

fa più <strong>in</strong>cisivo. In particolare quello<br />

dei gruppi <strong>di</strong> private equity e<br />

degli hedge funds, che stanno <strong>di</strong>ventando<br />

più attenti all’opera <strong>di</strong><br />

vig<strong>il</strong>anza e consapevoli nei processi<br />

<strong>di</strong> controllo. Le loro attività<br />

<strong>di</strong> sorveglianza e <strong>di</strong> au<strong>di</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g rendono<br />

più <strong>di</strong>ffic<strong>il</strong>e per l’alta <strong>di</strong>rezione<br />

ogni deviazione rispetto all’obiettivo<br />

<strong>di</strong> massimizzare <strong>il</strong> valore<br />

<strong>del</strong>la compagnia nell’<strong>in</strong>teresse<br />

CORPORATE<br />

GOVERNANCE. Per poter<br />

funzionare <strong>in</strong> modo<br />

efficiente un’azienda<br />

deve puntare su una<br />

leadership riconosciuta<br />

che sappia guidare<br />

attraverso le regole,<br />

l’esempio<br />

e <strong>il</strong> comportamento.<br />

La comunità f<strong>in</strong>anziaria<br />

premia sempre più<br />

le aziende che operano<br />

secondo questi pr<strong>in</strong>cipi.<br />

CORPORATE<br />

GOVERNANCE. To be able<br />

to operate efficiently a firm<br />

needs to strive<br />

for a recognized leadership,<br />

capable of govern<strong>in</strong>g<br />

by means of rules, example<br />

and behaviour.<br />

The f<strong>in</strong>ancial community<br />

<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly rewards<br />

the firms that operate<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to these<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>ciples.<br />

dei suoi azionisti.<br />

E’sW I mercati f<strong>in</strong>anziari oggi<br />

sono <strong>in</strong>fluenzati da players <strong>di</strong>versi<br />

da quelli <strong>del</strong> passato? Ci<br />

si può chiedere ad esempio se<br />

la governance che potrebbe venire<br />

applicata a <strong>in</strong>vestitori istituzionali<br />

come fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e<br />

d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento sia appropriata<br />

e sufficiente rispetto all’attuale<br />

forza degli hedge funds…<br />

I fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e quelli d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento<br />

non de<strong>di</strong>cano molto impegno<br />

alla corporate governance.<br />

In genere passano le loro responsab<strong>il</strong>ità<br />

a consulenti esterni,<br />

ovvero a società specializzate<br />

(sul tipo, ad esempio, <strong>di</strong> Institutional<br />

Shareholder Services) che “certificano” le<br />

imprese <strong>in</strong> materia <strong>di</strong> best practices, sulla base cioè<br />

dei loro comportamenti e atteggiamenti nelle politiche<br />

<strong>di</strong> governance. Secondo una prassi che si sta <strong>di</strong>ffondendo,<br />

affidano <strong>in</strong>somma queste funzioni a terzi e a<br />

presc<strong>in</strong>dere dal fatto che questi esperti esterni sappiano<br />

effettivamente qualcosa o meno sulle corrette strategie<br />

<strong>di</strong> una buona governance. Gli hedge fund e le<br />

società <strong>di</strong> private equity sono <strong>in</strong>vece co<strong>in</strong>volti <strong>in</strong> modo<br />

<strong>di</strong>retto nel processo <strong>di</strong> governance. Sono operatori<br />

f<strong>in</strong>anziari attivi che acquistano quote <strong>di</strong> partecipazione<br />

r<strong>il</strong>evanti – a volte determ<strong>in</strong>anti – e che <strong>in</strong>vestono allo<br />

scoperto per <strong>di</strong>scipl<strong>in</strong>are aziende che tendenzialmente<br />

non considerano o non tutelano gli <strong>in</strong>teressi dei loro<br />

azionisti. Svolgono perciò un’azione <strong>di</strong> trasparenza più<br />

<strong>in</strong>cisiva rispetto ai fon<strong>di</strong> pensione e d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento.<br />

E’sW<br />

Nel registrare una funzione comunque cre-<br />

scente degli <strong>in</strong>vestitori quali garanti <strong>del</strong>la corporate<br />

governance, si può r<strong>il</strong>evare anche un ruolo crescente<br />

dei gruppi d’<strong>in</strong>vestimento come “guar<strong>di</strong>ani” <strong>del</strong>l’<strong>in</strong>tegrità<br />

complessiva dei mercati?<br />

Il dato da prendere <strong>in</strong> considerazione è che gli <strong>in</strong>ve-<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

rather to allow all bus<strong>in</strong>ess activities, all the bus<strong>in</strong>ess world,<br />

to operate <strong>in</strong> a global environment, and grow <strong>in</strong> a fair and<br />

orderly context. Even excessive updates of norms end up<br />

<strong>di</strong>stort<strong>in</strong>g the economy. That’s why I talk about an<br />

<strong>in</strong><strong>di</strong>spensable “broadness” of regulation and I ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> that<br />

changes become necessary precisely if and when it<br />

becomes clear that the law h<strong>in</strong>ders or drags down economic<br />

growth. Rules should be limited <strong>in</strong> number but call for<br />

serious punishment and allow<strong>in</strong>g for a quick reaction<br />

process when they are violated.<br />

E’sW That be<strong>in</strong>g so, what are the best strategies to<br />

improve security and, to some extent, f<strong>in</strong>ancial stab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />

markets, with regard to both enterprises and <strong>in</strong>vestors?<br />

Economy is constantly fluctuat<strong>in</strong>g, and economic activity is,<br />

by nature and def<strong>in</strong>ition, subject to uncerta<strong>in</strong>ty. When it<br />

comes to strategies, we can but refer to the various national<br />

systems. And for a number of them it is a serious matter<br />

because their production – their “wealth” – is centred on few<br />

activities and <strong>in</strong> particular sectors, hence the classic<br />

<strong>di</strong>versification or spread<strong>in</strong>g of risks seems impractical.<br />

<strong>Eni</strong>’s Way<br />

However, everyone can set up reserves as a hedge aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />

their economic risks, accord<strong>in</strong>g to their own assets.<br />

Basically, all countries should <strong>in</strong>clude a risk management<br />

item <strong>in</strong> their public budget.<br />

E’sW One of the subjects you are mostly <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> is<br />

surely corporate governance. In this connection you<br />

emphasized the absolute need for a <strong>di</strong>rect commitment –<br />

beyond that of enterprises and their top executives – by<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutional authorities and <strong>in</strong>vestors. In your op<strong>in</strong>ion, what<br />

are their respective roles and responsib<strong>il</strong>ities?<br />

Corporate governance beg<strong>in</strong>s at the corporate top. If the top<br />

management clearly def<strong>in</strong>es a target for good governance<br />

and does not tolerate deviations from it, that company w<strong>il</strong>l<br />

already have set the basis to make many steps forward. It’s<br />

up to the top management to set the reference mo<strong>del</strong>. Good<br />

governance cannot take shape without this guide and this<br />

conduct. Obviously, one must allow for the high probab<strong>il</strong>ity to<br />

meet fa<strong>il</strong>ure at times. For example, the management may be<br />

tempted – out of choice or simply ow<strong>in</strong>g to evaluation<br />

mistakes – to deflect from the adopted gui<strong>del</strong><strong>in</strong>es. And the<br />

very top management may not resist the urge to keep for<br />

themselves resources which should be allocated to the<br />

company or shareholders.<br />

Nonetheless, the role of <strong>in</strong>vestors is<br />

chang<strong>in</strong>g, it’s becom<strong>in</strong>g more <strong>in</strong>cisive.<br />

Particularly that of private equity and<br />

hedge fund groups, which are pay<strong>in</strong>g<br />

La natura fondamentale <strong>del</strong>le norme è<br />

far crescere <strong>il</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>in</strong> modo ord<strong>in</strong>ato.<br />

The basic nature of norms is to allow<br />

bus<strong>in</strong>ess to grow <strong>in</strong> an orderly way.<br />

more attention to watchdog activities, be<strong>in</strong>g aware of<br />

monitor<strong>in</strong>g processes. Their monitor<strong>in</strong>g and au<strong>di</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g<br />

activities make it much harder for top managers to deviate<br />

from the target of maximis<strong>in</strong>g the company’s value, <strong>in</strong> its<br />

shareholders’ <strong>in</strong>terest.<br />

E’sW Are today’s f<strong>in</strong>ancial markets <strong>in</strong>fluenced by <strong>di</strong>fferent<br />

players than those <strong>in</strong> the past? One may wonder for<br />

example whether the governance that may be applied to<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutional <strong>in</strong>vestors such as pension and <strong>in</strong>vestment<br />

funds is adequate and sufficient <strong>in</strong> consideration of the<br />

current strength of hedge funds…<br />

Pension and <strong>in</strong>vestment funds do not de<strong>di</strong>cate much effort<br />

to corporate governance. In general they pass their<br />

responsib<strong>il</strong>ities over to outside consultants, or to specialist<br />

companies (such as, for example, Institutional Shareholder<br />

Services), which “certify” the bus<strong>in</strong>esses <strong>in</strong> terms of best<br />

practices, on the basis of their behaviour and attitudes over<br />

their policies of governance. A practice that is spread<strong>in</strong>g, is<br />

to entrust these functions to third parties regardless of<br />

whether these external experts effectively know<br />

67

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