genderi â socialuri da politikuri swavlebani - Center for Social ...
genderi â socialuri da politikuri swavlebani - Center for Social ...
genderi â socialuri da politikuri swavlebani - Center for Social ...
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Tamar kiknaZe<br />
naTela donaZe<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> – <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>swavlebani</strong><br />
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis<br />
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
enobrivi re<strong>da</strong>qtori : lia kaWarava<br />
<strong>da</strong>kabadoneba, ydis dizaini : giorgi bagrationi<br />
wigni momzadebulia fondi “Ria sazogadoeba – saqarTvelos” socialur<br />
mecnierebaTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris programis mier <strong>da</strong> gamocemulia “socialur<br />
mecnierebaTa centris” (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Sciences) mier, ×ÏÍÃÉÓ OSI – Zug,<br />
ÁÖÃÀÐÄÛÔÉÓ ÙÉÀ ÓÀÆÏÂÀÃÏÄÁÉÓ ÉÍÓÔÉÔÖÔÉÓ umaRlesi ganaTlebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />
programis (HESP) ×ÉÍÀÍÓÖÒÉ áÄËÛÄßÚÏÁÉÈ.<br />
The book has been developed by support of <strong>Social</strong> Sciences Support Program<br />
of Open Society Georgia Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong><br />
Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foun<strong>da</strong>tion and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Bu<strong>da</strong>pest.<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> Sciences, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
ISBN: 99940-873-3-9
Sesavali<br />
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi termini `<strong>genderi</strong>~ (gender), sqesis (sex) biologiuri<br />
gagebisagan gansxvavebiT, sqesis <strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenisa <strong>da</strong> sociologiuri diskursis<br />
aRsaniSnavad ixmareba. igi sazogadoebis <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis erT-erTi sabaziso<br />
ganzomilebaa, romelic sxva kulturul <strong>da</strong> socialur-demografiul monacemebTan<br />
erTad (rasa, asaki, eTnosi, strata) ayalibebs socialur sistemas. es aris garkveul<br />
kulturaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris sazogadoebis ZiriTad socialur<br />
institutebSi konstruirebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi maCvenebeli.<br />
Ggenderuli rolebis (mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis) gansazRvra subieqturia <strong>da</strong><br />
konkretul-istoriul xasiaTs atarebs. TiToeul sazogadoebas aqvs Tavisi Cveulebebi,<br />
tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> normebi, romlebic socialur-sqesobriv rolebs gansazRvravs.<br />
GdRes genderuli urTierTobebi ganixileba rogorc mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi (marTvis, politikur, ojaxis <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
arsebuli urTierTobebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani aspeqti.<br />
GaRniSnuli problematika saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebisa <strong>da</strong> analizis<br />
sagani gax<strong>da</strong> gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n. es periodi ki <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />
mniSvnelovan politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebTan. am procesebis genderul<br />
meTodologiaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Sewavla <strong>da</strong> ganzogadeba saSualebas iZleva, SemuSavebuli<br />
iqnes iseTi teqnologiebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs qalis resocializacias,<br />
sazogadoebaSi misi rolisa <strong>da</strong> statusis amaRlebas <strong>da</strong> sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani<br />
strategiebis Camoyalibebas.<br />
Cven SevecadeT Segvejerebina am sakiTxze arsebuli samecniero literatura <strong>da</strong><br />
Segveqmna saleqcio kursi, romelic studentebs <strong>da</strong>exmareba <strong>genderi</strong>s <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> aspeqtebis SeswavlaSi.<br />
saleqcio kursi Seicavs agreTve specialur terminebs. maTi codna xels Seuwyobs<br />
mkiTxvelebs aRniSnuli problematikis aTvisebaSi.<br />
3
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 3<br />
Tavi I. <strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi arsi ........................................................................................ 5<br />
1. <strong>genderi</strong>s cneba ................................................................................................ 5<br />
2. sqesis dialeqtika .......................................................................................... 7<br />
3. qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis, rogorc bio<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenis, maxasiaTeblebi ..... 8<br />
4. seqsizmi <strong>da</strong> misi arsi ...................................................................................... 9<br />
Tavi II. feminizmis nairsaxeobebi <strong>da</strong> maTi roli genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaSi ..........................................................................12<br />
1. feminizmis warmoSobis wanamZRvrebi ............................................................12<br />
2. feministuri Teoriebi ..................................................................................13<br />
3. <strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> feminizmi ....................................................................................15<br />
4. <strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove feminizmis tipologia ..........................................17<br />
Tavi III. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria ................................................................20<br />
Tavi IV. qalis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi .........................................................27<br />
1. qalis rolis <strong>da</strong> statusis evolucia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ................27<br />
2. saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi .............................................................30<br />
3. qali <strong>da</strong> masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebi ..................................................32<br />
4. qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> statusi rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli .....................34<br />
5. qalisa <strong>da</strong> kacis iuridiuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ........35<br />
Tavi V. religia <strong>da</strong> patriarqati ...................................................................................39<br />
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa<br />
sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze ...........................................39<br />
2. qali <strong>da</strong> iu<strong>da</strong>izmi ...............................................................................................40<br />
3. qali <strong>da</strong> qristianoba. patriarqaluri socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
urTierTobebis feministuri revizia ..............................................................44<br />
4. qalis statusi induizmSi .................................................................................48<br />
5. qalis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> roli islamSi ..................................................53<br />
6. budizmi – <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi Tanasworobis mcdeloba ....................60<br />
Tavi VI. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politikur<br />
procesebSi - genderuli kvlevis aqtualuri problema ...................................65<br />
1. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politkur procesebSi .............65<br />
2. Sexedulebani qalis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiurobis Sesaxeb ..................67<br />
3. qali-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani ................................70<br />
4. politikaSi qalis aRqmis subieqturi <strong>da</strong> obieqturi mizezebi .......................72<br />
VII. qalTa moZraobebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi ...........................................................77<br />
1. istoriuli eqskursi .........................................................................................77<br />
2. qalTa moZraoba - qalTa problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris mniSvnelovani faqtori .....79<br />
3. saerTaSoriso <strong>for</strong>umebi - qalTa moZraobis erToblivi<br />
programis gamomuSavebis mniSvnelovani faqtori ...........................................80<br />
Tavi VII. genderuli Tanasworobis problemebi saqarTveloSi .........................................82<br />
I. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> qarTveli qali .................................................................................82<br />
2. saqarTvelos qalebis <strong>socialuri</strong> ganwyoba ............................................................84<br />
3. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli meqanizmebi ..........................87<br />
4.saqarTvelos qalTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi ....................................90<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 1 ...............................................................................................................................93<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2 .............................................................................................................................106<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 3 .............................................................................................................................110<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 4 .............................................................................................................................111<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 5 .............................................................................................................................113<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 6 .............................................................................................................................119<br />
4
Tavi I<br />
<strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi arsi<br />
1. <strong>genderi</strong>s cneba<br />
kacobrioba qalebisa <strong>da</strong> kacebisagan Sedgeba. sazogadoebaSi maT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva adgili<br />
ukaviaT <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebul funqciebs asruleben, rac ama Tu im sa<br />
zogadoebis ganviTarebis doniT aris ganpirobebuli. sqesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
problemebis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis kompleqsuri<br />
Seswavla, amitom dRes es sakiTxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mecnierebis Seswavlis obieqts warmoadgens,<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi ki mas erT-erTi centraluri adgili uWiravs.<br />
sqesis <strong>socialuri</strong> Teoria sqesTa Soris arsebuli tradiciuli patriarqaluri<br />
urTierTobebis egalitaruli urTierTobebiT Secvlas iTvaliswinebs <strong>da</strong> umTavresi<br />
principis – sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis realizacias gulisxmobs.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebam moiTxova arsebuli maskulinuri sazogadoebrivi<br />
mowyobis struqturis, saxelisuflo institutebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturuli normebis<br />
Secvla, agreTve qaluri sawyisis, rogorc inertulisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebulis, filosofiurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebuli stereotipis axleburad gaazreba.<br />
am procesis dinamikis analizis, misi Sedegis gansazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> masze zemoqmedebis<br />
zomebis SemuSavebis dros sociologebi waawydnen sqesis kategoriebis konceptualuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebis aucileblobas.<br />
dReisaTvis miCneulia, rom sqess aqvs biologiuri (sex) <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> (gender)<br />
kategoriebi. biologiuri kategoria a<strong>da</strong>mianis biologiur <strong>da</strong> anatomiur Taviseburebebs<br />
iTvaliswinebs, xolo <strong>socialuri</strong> anu genderul-sociokulturul aspeqtebs moicavs.<br />
mTlianobaSi sqesi biologiurisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong>s erTobliobaa. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri individis<br />
sqesobrivi identifikacia misi ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze yalibdeba. mecnierulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebulia, rom am evoluciuri procesis pirveli rgoli – qromosomuli (genetikuri)<br />
nakrebi - ganayofierebisas iqmneba <strong>da</strong> organizmis momaval genetikur programas<br />
gansazRvravs. bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebis Semdeg sqesobrivi identifikaciis biologiuri faqtorebi<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong>T ivseba. arsebuli garemocvis zegavleniT xdeba sruli TviTaRqma <strong>da</strong><br />
masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul interesTa, moTxovnilebaTa, RirebulebaTa sistemis Camoyalibeba.<br />
( Lorber., 1982).<br />
termini "<strong>genderi</strong>" momdinareobs berZnuli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n "genos" – <strong>da</strong>badeba, warmoSoba,<br />
jiSi, gvari, STamomavali, sqesi (<strong>for</strong>ma Gender mimReobis <strong>for</strong>maa). <strong>genderi</strong> gulisxmobs,<br />
rom mamakacebis, qalebis <strong>da</strong> garemos urTierTkavSiris analizs, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
safuZvlad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>edos ara sqesis, aramed gvaris gamocdileba, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalis sociumi<br />
mTliani sazogadoebrivi sistemis integralur nawilad ganixileba. amasTan, <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
gamokvlevebis meTodologiis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, cnebas "genderuli urTierToba" erTmniSvnelovani<br />
ganmarteba ara aqvs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi "genderul kvlevebs" xSirad aigiveben cnebasTan "qalTa<br />
problemebis kvlevebi". farTo mniSvnelobiT cneba "genderuli urTierToba" sqesTa<br />
socialurad organizebul urTierTobas niSnavs. <strong>genderi</strong>, rogorc procesi <strong>da</strong> movlena,<br />
gulisxmobs sqesobrivi gansxvavebis nia<strong>da</strong>gze mamakacis mxri<strong>da</strong>n qalis yovelgvari Cagvris<br />
likvi<strong>da</strong>cias. faqtobrivad, es termini asaxavs socialur-ekonomikur fonze qalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa urTierTobis fenomens <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>, rogorc garkveuli<br />
direqtiuli mimarTuleba qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi. <strong>genderi</strong>s mizania qalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cva seqsizmisagan, rac sqesobriv diskriminacias, anu erTi sqesis meoreze batonobas<br />
niSnavs.<br />
genderuli kvlevebi sul ufro did adgils ikavebs sazogadoebriv-politikur<br />
5
TeoriebSi. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ukve Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> qalTa moqalaqeobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobisadmi iseTi mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> midgomebi, romlebic<br />
genderuli gamokvlevebis <strong>da</strong> genderuli politikis saxeliT aris cnobili. genderuli<br />
gamokvlevebi <strong>da</strong> teqnologiebi ara mxolod qalTa <strong>for</strong>umebis, aramed gaeros komisiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> generaluri asambleis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa doneze ganixileba, xdeba maTi institucionalizacia<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso aqtebiT gamyareba.<br />
bolo 20 wlis manZilze SeiZleba genderuli kvlevis sami ZiriTadi faza gamovyoT.<br />
pirveli faza – es aris feministurad ganwyobili mecnierebis mier humanitarul<br />
mecnierebebSi sindrocentrizmis kritika <strong>da</strong> genderuli kvlevebis, rogorc Teoriuli<br />
codnis sferos <strong>da</strong>fuZnebis mcdeloba. am stadiaze mecnierTa Zalisxmeva koncentrirebuli<br />
iyo “genderuli sibrmavisa” <strong>da</strong> sindrocentrizmis axsnaze tradiciul, specialur<br />
<strong>da</strong> humanitarul mecnierebebSi.<br />
XX s. 70-ian wlebSi Zalian bevri feministuri naSromi <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong>. zogierTi maTganisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo garkveuli radikalizmi. feministuri literaturis mom-<br />
Zlavrebas arc mecnierebi Sexvdnen gulgrilad. Tumca es ideebi yvelaze metad Seexo<br />
maT, vinc ojaxis sociologiis problemebs ikvlev<strong>da</strong>. amave periodSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> sociologiuri,<br />
fsiqologiuri <strong>da</strong> anTropologiuri Sromebi, romlebSic gaanalizebuli iyo<br />
sqesobrivi rolebis diferenciaciis procesi. kvlevebi sqesis sociologiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqologiis sferoSi popularuli gax<strong>da</strong>. es iyo siaxle, romelic noyier nia<strong>da</strong>gs qmni<strong>da</strong><br />
sqesis problemebis gasaazreblad. sociologiaSi ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> diferenciaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>savluri tradiciuli Teoriebis kritika. profesorma jesi beriordma am<br />
periods uwo<strong>da</strong> “revolucia sociologiaSi”.<br />
erT-erTi pirveli Sroma, romelSic warmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong>s sistemis cneba <strong>da</strong> naTlad<br />
iqna mocemuli gansxvaveba biologiur sqessa (sex) <strong>da</strong> socialur sqess (gender) Soris iyo<br />
heil rabiis statia “qalebiT vaWroba” (1974 w.). am statiaSi igi sqess (sex) ganmartav<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc biologiur reproduqciul gansxvavebas. xolo sqesi (gender), misi azriT, warmoiSoba<br />
maSin, rodesac biologiuri sqesi ganicdis trans<strong>for</strong>macias maskulinuri<br />
kulturis zemoqmedebiT <strong>da</strong> feminuri konstruqciiT.<br />
Semdegi Sroma, romelSic gamoCn<strong>da</strong> termini "<strong>genderi</strong>" (gender), iyo fsiqolog ro<strong>da</strong><br />
uigeris statia “sqesisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>genderi</strong>s axali gansazRvra”. igi 1979 wels gamovi<strong>da</strong>. avtori<br />
masSi sityva sex-s xmarob<strong>da</strong> im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac specialur biologiur meqanizmebs<br />
mimarTav<strong>da</strong>, xolo sityva gender-s mxolod maSin, roca specialur kulturul <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur<br />
aspeqtebs ganixilav<strong>da</strong>. es aspeqtebi tipuri <strong>da</strong> misaRebia maTTvis, vinc<br />
sazogadoebas garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis, normebis, stereotipebis saSualebiT ganmartavs.<br />
meore fazas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> saswavlo kursebis farTo integracia e.w. “qalis kvlevebis”<br />
(women’s studies) <strong>da</strong>rgSi, universitetebis saswavlo programebSi, <strong>da</strong> maT safuZvelze<br />
qalTa mdgomareobis gamokvleva, qalTa <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb<br />
Teoriebis ganviTareba. am periodis sociologiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturologiuri kvlevebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia “qalis faqtoris” <strong>da</strong>mateba <strong>da</strong> masze aqcentis gakeTeba, simona<br />
de bovuaris Sromebis, rasizmis, fsiqoanalizisa <strong>da</strong> poststruqturalizmis gavlena.<br />
mesame fazam moqmedebis sfero qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevebi<strong>da</strong>n genderamde gaafar-<br />
Tova; pirvel adgilze <strong>da</strong>ayena midgomebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sazogadoebis<br />
yvela aspeqti kulturisa <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT genderulia. am<br />
periodSi aqcentis ga<strong>da</strong>tana “qalis faqtori<strong>da</strong>n” xdeba imaze, Tu rogor arsebobs <strong>da</strong><br />
konstruirdeba <strong>genderi</strong> yvela socialur procesSi.<br />
imis gamo, rom bolo wlebSi ganmtkic<strong>da</strong> axali <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sqesisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>genderi</strong>sadmi, maskulinurisa <strong>da</strong> feminurisadmi, es cnebebi ukve aRar miiCneva, rogorc<br />
6
aRac cxadi, bunebrivi movlena, romelic axsnas ar saWiroebs. dRes aRiarebulia, rom<br />
genderuli diferenciacia <strong>da</strong> asimetria arsebobs yvela sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> kulturaSi,<br />
Tumca konkretuli warmodgena maskulinursa <strong>da</strong> feminurze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaSi<br />
gansxvavebulia. amitom “genderuli urTierToba ganixileba, - wers gizela boki –<br />
rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong>, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturuli sidide, romelic arc araistoriul<br />
fenomenze <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba <strong>da</strong> arc erTaderT “sawyis” an “imamentur” mizezamde.<br />
2. sqesis dialeqtika<br />
rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebrivi monacemebi aRzrdisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis zegavleniT socialurad realizdeba.<br />
sqess ayalibebs aRzrdis sistema: (ojaxi), ganaTleba, kultura, religia, masobrivi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebi, saxelmwifo politika <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
Tanamedrove mecniereba sqesis problemebis Seswavlas sami mimarTulebiT<br />
axorcielebs:<br />
1. sqesobrivi gansxvavebis fsiqometruli Seswavla <strong>da</strong> inteleqtis kvleva.<br />
magaliTad, inteleqtis kvlevisas amerikeli mecnierebi mividnen im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom<br />
gansakuTrebuli niWiT <strong>da</strong>jildovebulTa Soris ufro meti mamakacia, vidre qali,<br />
magram, amasTan, ufro meti gonebaCamorCenilic.<br />
amerikeli anTropologi u. montegiu Tavis wignSi “qalis bunebrivi upiratesoba”<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>, rom inteleqtualobis saSualo koeficienti qalebs ufro maRali aqvT, vidre<br />
mamakacebs. isini TavianT inteleqts ukeT inarCuneben, ufro emociurebi arian <strong>da</strong><br />
didxansac cxovroben.<br />
2. mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis biologiuri gansxvaveba. kognitur (SemecnebiT) sferoSi<br />
genetikuri, hormonaluri <strong>da</strong> neirofiziologiuri determinantebis Taviseburebebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba.<br />
3. sqesobriv rolebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli im socialur-fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis<br />
analizi, romlebic gavlenas axdens SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebsa <strong>da</strong> saqmianobis sferos<br />
arCevanze.<br />
aRniSnuli kvlevebi kidev erTxel a<strong>da</strong>stureben, rom sqesis analizs dialeqtikurad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> mivudgeT. rogorc o. veiningeri aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi “sqesi <strong>da</strong> xasiaTi”, yvela<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianSi ori sawyisia, rom embrionSi sqesis garCeva SeuZlebelia. mxolod misi<br />
arsebobi<strong>da</strong>n xuTi kviris Semdeg Cndeba mamakacisa Tu qalis sqesobrivi Taviseburebebi.<br />
Tumca arsebobs biseqsualuri midrekilebebic, romelTa drosac mudmivi orsqesianoba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis agebulebaSi an mis gonebriv moRvaweobaSi vlindeba. orsqesianobis gamovlinebaa,<br />
agreTve, homoseqsualoba <strong>da</strong> lesboseloba. normalur a<strong>da</strong>mianSi ki (qalsa Tu<br />
mamakacSi) yovelTvis arsebobs sapirispiro sqesisadmi ltolva.<br />
ori sawyisis arsebobas berZeni filosofosi platonic usvams xazs. Tavis naSromSi<br />
“nadimi” igi aRniSnavs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianSi ori - mamakacuri <strong>da</strong> qaluri - sawyisia Serwymuli,<br />
romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva viTarebaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad vlindeba.<br />
frangi socialist-utopisti sen-simon klod anri de ruvrua Tavis naSromSi “axali<br />
qristianoba” (1825 w.) mogviTxrob<strong>da</strong> mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis idealuri wyvilisa <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />
erToblivi <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. mas aucileblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom sensimonistebis<br />
sxdomebze sen-simonis mowafe anafantenis savarZlis gverdiT, <strong>da</strong>edgaT<br />
savarZeli, romelic “umaRles qurum qals”, mis Tanamoazres elo<strong>da</strong>. wyvils SeeZlo<br />
mieRo umaRlesi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis<br />
urTierTobebSi Careuliyo.<br />
sqesis nebismier kvlevaSi aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> ganvsazRvroT, mis romel komponents<br />
7
vikvlevT. erTganzomilebiani komponentebis Seswavla gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT un<strong>da</strong><br />
xdebodes. Tu kvlevis mizani qalis <strong>da</strong> mamakacis statusis kvlevaa, Se<strong>da</strong>rebis safuZveli<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos sqesis biologiuri kategoria, radgan, magaliTad, transseqsualebs qalis<br />
genderuli statusi aqvT, magram isini <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n ar miekuTvnebian mdedrobiT sqess.<br />
ase rom, mizani <strong>da</strong> mizezi am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba iqnes gaigivebuli.<br />
Tu kvlevis centrSi sqesia, rogorc procesi, marTebulia Seva<strong>da</strong>roT maTi<br />
socializacia, vinc <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>nve mdedrobiT sqess miekuTvneba, izrdebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
qaliSvili <strong>da</strong> mowifulobaSi qalis statusi aqvs, imaT, vinc mowiful asakSi kacis<br />
statusi miiRo, (magaliTad, imitom, rom mamakacis samuSao mieRo, an sqesis Secvlis<br />
mizniT operacia gaikeTa). zustad aseve un<strong>da</strong> Seva<strong>da</strong>roT individebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mamrobiTi sqesis arian, izrdebodnen rogorc biWebi, xolo mowifulobaSi mamakacis<br />
statusi miiRes maT, vinc mowiful asakSi qalis statusi miiRes (mudmivi transvestitebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> transseqsualebi). amis Semdeg yvela aRniSnuli jgufi SeiZleba erTmaneTs<br />
Seva<strong>da</strong>roT. aseTi midgomisas aRmoCndeba ara ori, aramed oTxi an eqvsi saxis sqesi.<br />
genderuli statusis ga<strong>da</strong>jaWvis <strong>da</strong> im <strong>socialuri</strong> institutebis kvleva, romlebisTvisac<br />
sqesobriv gansxvavebas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, Seicavs im mamakacebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebis karieris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT analizs, romlebic ar Seesatyvisebian TavianT genderul<br />
statuss. aRniSnuli analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT erTi <strong>da</strong> igive an gansxvavebuli<br />
procesebi, romlebmac ganapirobes maT mier profesiis arCeva <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,<br />
profesiuli warmatebebi. (Epstein, 1988, Kanter, 1977, Lorber, 1984).<br />
3. qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis, rogorc bio<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomenis, maxasiaTeblebi<br />
rogorc mecnierebi aRniSnaven, qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sikeTe, xasiaTis<br />
sirbile, humanuroba, demokratizmi. isini bunebasTan ufro axlos arian, uaryofiTi<br />
ganwyoba aqvT Zaladobis mimarT, ver eguebian uxeSobas, sxvaTa gaWirveba gulTan axlos<br />
miaqvT, advilad eqvemdebarebian aRzr<strong>da</strong>s, a<strong>da</strong>ptacias, mkveTrad sazRvraven Tavis<br />
funqcias ojaxSi, bavSvebis mimarT. qalebSi, mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro Zlierad<br />
vlindeba gonieri, uxeSi Zaladobis, rogorc cxoveluri instinqtis gamovlinebis (maT<br />
Soris seqsualuri) sawinaaRmdego grZnoba. qali gacilebiT ufro mijaWvulia kacze <strong>da</strong><br />
mudmivad Txoulobs misgan siyvarulis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sulier<br />
wonasworobas kargavs. qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia gonivruli zomiereba, aqtiuri<br />
urTierTobebisaken swrafva. mokled rom vTqvaT, qali civilizaciis stabilurobis<br />
garantia.. magram igi moklebuli ar aris negatiur Tvisebebsac, romelTa Soris<br />
aRsaniSnavia: gulmaviwyoba, TavSeukavebloba, isteriuloba, nervozuloba, depresiuli<br />
mdgomareobis mkveTri gamovlineba, Surianoba, bevri laparaki.<br />
kacobriobis naxevars, mamakacebsac, axasiaTebs rogorc <strong>da</strong>debiTi, ise uaryofiTi<br />
Tvisebebi. es Tvisebebia: sazrianoba, moxerxebuloba, gamomgonebloba, axal garemosTan<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptirebis unari, fsiqikuri saqmianobis aqtiuroba, romelic mis TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTrealizaciaSi vlindeba. yvela es Tviseba <strong>da</strong>debiT kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT.<br />
mamakacebis azrovneba qalebisagan meti abstraqtulobiT gansxvavdeba. mamakacebi<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d samsaxurze arian koncentrirebulni <strong>da</strong> ara ojaxze. xSirad simamace maTTvis<br />
SiSis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas ukavSirdeba, xolo aqtiuroba saSualebas aZlevs maT Tavi ufro<br />
mamakacebad SeigrZnon. negatiur Tvisebebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: agresiuloba, Zalauflebisaken<br />
swrafva, avantiurizmi, simkacre, sarkazmi, Tavis Tavze didi warmodgena,<br />
emociebis gamovlenisagan, rogorc sisustisagan Tavis Sekaveba. qalebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
siyvarulis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad isini fizikur siaxloves iTxoven. maT uyvarT kom<strong>for</strong>ti,<br />
erTmaneTTan saubrisas xSirad laparakoben samsaxurebriv saqmianobaze, sportze <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
8
saxlze, ojaxze, xelovnebaze. ganawyenebisas xSirad icvlian TavianTi gatacebis obieqts.<br />
biologiurad gansxvavdeba agreTve mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis kunTovani sistema. qalTa<br />
kunTovani sistema axalgazr<strong>da</strong> asakSi mamakacTa kunTovani sistemis 65%-s utoldeba,<br />
xolo xanSiSesulobaSi kidev ufro naklebia. qalebis guli ufro pataraa <strong>da</strong> sisxlis<br />
raodenobac naklebia, sasunTqi organoebic ufro sustia, gansxvavebulia kunTebis<br />
bioqimiuri Sedgeniloba. maT ConCxs specifikuri konstruqcia aqvs.<br />
qalebi mamakacebs uswreben moZraobis tempiT, magram ufro male iRlebian. isini<br />
ufro reagireben garemos gamRizianeblebze, naklebad mdgradi nervuli sistema aqvT <strong>da</strong><br />
fsiqologiurad momentalurad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnebian. saSualod, qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis<br />
gonebrivi monacemebi erTnairia. ingliseli mecnieri entoni barneti wer<strong>da</strong>. rom<br />
gacilebiT ufro metia saSualo ganviTarebis qalebi, vidre mamakacebi. mamakacebSi<br />
ufro xSirad vxvdebiT ukidures gamovlinebebs – an Zalian maRal an <strong>da</strong>bal inteleqts.<br />
(Барнетт, 1968)<br />
mecnieris mtkicebiT, 40 wlis Semdeg qalebi TavianT inteleqts ukeTesad<br />
inarCuneben. e. montegiu aRniSnavs, rom kacebi ufro xSirad avadmyofoben. maT ufro<br />
susti fsiqika aqvT <strong>da</strong> ufro xSirad xvdebian fsiqiatriul <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi. isini<br />
qalebze ufro xSirad asruleben sicocxles TviTmkvlelobiT.<br />
Tumca sruliad marTebulia SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom gonma, rogorc universumma,<br />
ar icis sqesobrivi gansxvaveba. yvelaferi imis gakeTeba, rac SeuZlia mamakacs, SeuZlia<br />
qalsac.<br />
4.seqsizmi <strong>da</strong> misi arsi<br />
cneba seqsizmi iuneskos mier iqna SemoRebuli 1981 wels. igi sqesobriv diskriminacias,<br />
anu erTi sqesis meoreze batonobas niSnavs. iuneskos mierve axsnilia misi<br />
reaqciuli arsi, rac zRu<strong>da</strong>vs qalis pirovnebas, akninebs mis rols sazogadoebaSi, qmnis<br />
qalis negatiur saxes. es ki TavisTavad, arRvevs Tanasworuflebianobis princips <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Rirsebis <strong>da</strong>qveiTebas iwvevs.<br />
seqsizmis Sedegad saTanadod ar xdeba qalis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gaTvaliswineba<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi Sefaseba mxolod biologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.<br />
seqsizmis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi SenarCunebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos bunebrivi wesrigi,<br />
romlis mixedviTac qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva funqcia <strong>da</strong> roli aqvT. sociolog<br />
andre miSels, romelic parizis erovnuli kvlevebis centris samecniero xelmZRvanelia,<br />
miaCnia, rom “seqsizmi – es aris pozicia an moqmedeba, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianebs sqesis<br />
mixedviT amcirebs, uaryofs, saTanadod ar afasebs, maT stereotipebad <strong>da</strong>yofas axdens".<br />
seqsisturi modeli qals, mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, iseTi uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebiT<br />
axasiaTebs, romlebic kacs TiTqos ar gaaCnia. am modelis Tanaxmad, mamakacs gacilebiT<br />
ufro meti <strong>da</strong>debiTi Tvisebebi (vaJkacoba, Wkua, TviT<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis unari, profesiuli<br />
kompetenturoba, riskisa <strong>da</strong> Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlebisadmi midrekileba, iniciativianoba <strong>da</strong> efeqtianoba)<br />
aqvT. andre miSelis azriT, seqsisturi Sexedulebebi yalibdeba ojaxSi, skolaSi,<br />
mozardTa urTierTobebSi, Sromis bazarze, politikaSi, masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciebis<br />
saSualebebiT. stereotipuli azrovnebis Sedegad qalebs uCndebaT eWvi sakuTari<br />
SesaZleblobebis, <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis Sesaxeb, rac, TavisTavad, gavlenas axdens sqesTa<br />
Tanasworobaze, romelic deklarirebulia saerTaSoriso, regionuli <strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
dekretebiT, konvenciiT qalTa mimarT yvela <strong>for</strong>mis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb.<br />
seqsizmis Teoria sazogadoebaSi arsebuli bevri problemis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi qalebis monawileobis<br />
SezRudvis safeZvels qmnis. amiT sazogadoeba mniSvnelovan a<strong>da</strong>mianur resurss<br />
kargavs.<br />
9
iologiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> gansxvavebis gar<strong>da</strong>, seqsizmi sqess kulturul donezec<br />
ganixilavs. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamakacuri sawyisi racionaluri, sulieri, RvTaebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturulia, xolo qaluri – grZnobaze agebuli, xorcieli, miwieri <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi.<br />
yvelaferi isic ki, rac sqesTan ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli (buneba <strong>da</strong> kultura, grZnoba <strong>da</strong><br />
racionalizmi, RvTiuri <strong>da</strong> miwieri) mamakacur sawyisTan aris gaigivebuli. (Феминизм:<br />
перспективы социального знания, 1992) feminizmi seqsizmis mwvave kritikiT gamodis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT kulturis sferoSi <strong>da</strong> sruliad samarTlianad aviTarebs im azrs, rom<br />
maskulinuri kultura ara marto qalebis, aramed mamakacebis degra<strong>da</strong>ciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
aqtiurobis CaxSobas uwyobs xels.<br />
seqsizmis Zirebi sqesobrivi gansxvavebis absolutizaciasa <strong>da</strong> biologizaciaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
veZeboT, romelTagan bevri maTgani sinamdvileSi konkretuli <strong>socialuri</strong> pirobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli normi<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs, mravalwaxnagovani <strong>da</strong> mravalfenovania,<br />
zogierTi ki, saerTod, iluzorulia <strong>da</strong> mxolod warmosaxvis produqtia.<br />
ukanasknel periodSi civilizebul samyaroSi gaZlier<strong>da</strong> brZola seqsizmis<br />
winaaRmdeg, amasTan, wina planze wamovi<strong>da</strong> bevri feministuri idea. sxvagvarad rom<br />
vTqvaT, mimdinareobs mTeli rigi Sexedulebebis, Teoriebis revizia <strong>da</strong> axali,<br />
seqsizmisagan Tavisufali normebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaTvis brZola.<br />
amerikel mecniers i. hofmans miaCnia, rom religia ki ara, swored sqesia xalxis<br />
opiumi, xolo kali<strong>for</strong>niis universitetis profesori, fsiqologi e. goldbergi Tavis<br />
trilogiaSi “riskia iyo mamakaci”, “axali mamakaci”, “mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis axali<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi” (1965 w.) aRniSnavs: “kom<strong>for</strong>tuloba sqesTa Soris TviTgamoxatvis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. male sqesTa antagonizmi, rogorc warsulis gadmonaSTi, ise<br />
aRiqmeba”.<br />
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. gansazRvreT sqesi rogorc bio<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomeni.<br />
2. rogoria mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> biologiuri gansxvaveba?<br />
3. genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.<br />
4. ra aris seqsizmi?<br />
literatura:<br />
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb. bakur sulakauris gamocema. 2002<br />
2. "<strong>genderi</strong>s aqtualuri sakiTxebi". gaeros ganviTarebis programa. Tbilisi. 1998<br />
3. T. kiknaZe qali <strong>da</strong> politika. politologia (leqciebis kursi) Tbilisi. Tsu 2001<br />
4. Силласте Г.Г. Гендерная социология как чстная социологическая теория // Социс. № 11, 2000 г.<br />
5. Элиас Н. Отношения между мужчиной и женщиной: изменение установки. THESIS. № 6. М., 1994 г.<br />
6. Лорбер Дж., Пол как социальная категория . THESIS. № 6. М., 1994<br />
7. Здравомыслова Е.А., Темкина А.А., Социология гендерных отношений и гендерный подход в<br />
социологии // Социс. № 11, 2000<br />
8. Биологическое и социальное в развитии человека. М., 1977<br />
9. Заводская Л..О равенстве прав и обязанностей мужчин и женщин //Человек и труд. 1995. № 8<br />
10
10. Кикнадзе Т. Р. Социально-культурная и духовная трансформация современного общества:<br />
Гендерный аспект. "Социально-гуманитаррые знания, М. 2002<br />
11. Феминизм: перспективы социального знания, М. 1992<br />
12. Lorber J. Gender Inequality. Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing Company. Los<br />
Angeles, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.<br />
13. Lorber J., Women Physicians: Careers, Status, and Power., New York and London: Tavistook, 1984.<br />
14. Lindsey L.L., Gender Roles. A Sociological Perspective.Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey<br />
07458.<br />
15. Women, Culture and Society. A Reader, Edited by B.B Ballet, P. McDaniel. <strong>for</strong> The Women’s Studies<br />
Program. Rutgers University – New Brunswick.<br />
16. Epstein E.F. Deceptive Distinctions: Sex, Gender and the <strong>Social</strong> Order. New Haven (CT): Yale<br />
University Press, 1988.,<br />
17. Kanter R.M., Men and Women of the Corporation. New York, Basic Books, 1977.<br />
11
Tavi II<br />
feminizmis nairsaxeobebi <strong>da</strong> maTi roli genderuli<br />
Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebaSi<br />
1. feminizmis warmoSobis wanamZRvrebi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva istoriul epoqaSi qalebis Sesaxeb sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva miTi arsebob<strong>da</strong>. Sua<br />
saukuneebis inkviziciis dros gavrcelebuli iyo miTi kudiani qalebis Sesaxeb, rasac<br />
mravali qalis sicocxle Seewira. XIX saukunis bolos bevri mwerles SemoqmedebaSi<br />
aisaxa miTi sabediswero, Seubralebeli, macduri qalis Sesaxeb. XIX saukuneSi yofil<br />
sabWoTa kavSirSi batonob<strong>da</strong> miTi superqalis Sesaxeb, romelic erTdroulad iyo qali -<br />
de<strong>da</strong>, qali – mosamsaxure <strong>da</strong> qali - sazogado moRvawe.<br />
saWiroa movixsenioT erTi paradoqsic: rac ufro aRmerTebdnen qals <strong>da</strong> Tayvans<br />
scemdnen mas istoriis ama Tu im monakveTSi, miT ufro <strong>da</strong>morCilebul mdgomareobaSi<br />
iyo igi sinamdvileSi. amerikeli mkvlevari beti fri<strong>da</strong>ni am paradoqss ase xsnis: “rac<br />
ufro naklebia realuri funqciebi qalis rolisaTvis, miT ufro rTaven <strong>da</strong> alamazeben<br />
mas uazro detalebiT, raTa sicariele Seavson.”<br />
Tu istorias mivmarTavT, am azris <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebas namdvilad movnaxavT. Zveli<br />
berZnebi aRmerTebdnen qalis silamazes, qmnidnen mis skulpturul portretebs,<br />
romlebiTac TavianT taZrebs amSvenebdnen, magram realur cxovrebaSi “zedmet”<br />
gogonebs yridnen an msxverplad swiravdnen, qaliSvilebs yiddnen, qalebs ki, rogorc<br />
usityvo <strong>da</strong> morCil diasaxlisebs, ise uyurebdnen. qalebi saxls iyvnen mijaWvulni, ar<br />
SeeZloT sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi Careva, qalaqis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba,<br />
qonebis gankargva an floba. maT raimes yidvac ki ar SeeZloT, Tu misi Rirebuleba<br />
gansazRvrul Tanxas aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze isini ojaxis wevr<br />
mamakacebs, jer mamas, mere qmars, Zmas Tu Svils emorCilebodnen.<br />
saxelganTqmuli berZeni filosofosi sokrate ambob<strong>da</strong>: “sami ram SeiZleba<br />
CavTvaloT bednierebad: is, rom Sen veluri cxoveli ara xar, rom Sen barbarosi ara xar<br />
<strong>da</strong> rom Sen kaci xar <strong>da</strong> ara qali”. aristoteles miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom “qali imitom aris qali,<br />
rom mas ara aqvs kacuri Tvisebebi, amitom masSi iseT arsebas un<strong>da</strong> vxe<strong>da</strong>vdeT, romelic<br />
bunebriv arasrulyofilebas ganicdis.” hipokrate ki ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom "coli kacs mxolod<br />
orjer axarebs: qorwinebis dRes <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>krZalvis dRes". ebraelebi, iseve rogorc<br />
berZnebi, Tavs rCeul xalxad Tvlidnen. ebraeli mamakacebi ki yovelTvis Semdeg locvas<br />
imeorebdnen: “madlobeli var, RmerTo, rom ar Semqmeni me warmarTad, gaunaTleblad <strong>da</strong><br />
qalad.”<br />
“nekni<strong>da</strong>n Seqmna” qalze seriozul Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmisa safuZveli gax<strong>da</strong>. bibliaSi naTqvamia,<br />
rom mas Semdeg rac RmerTma Seqmna a<strong>da</strong>mi, mas ukv<strong>da</strong>vi suli STabera, evas Sesaxeb ki<br />
bibliaSi raime cnoba ar aris.<br />
sakiTxma, aqvs Tu ara qals suli, samRvdeloebaSi didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. bevri<br />
kidevac eWvsac ki gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong>, aris Tu ara qali a<strong>da</strong>miani.<br />
585 wels msoflio saeklesio krebaze specialurad ganixiles es sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> didi<br />
diskusiebis Semdeg, mxolod erTi xmis upiratesobiT, <strong>for</strong>malurad scnes, rom qals aqvs<br />
suli. aseTi marTlac “gmiruli” aRiareba SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> saRmrTo werilis<br />
wyalobiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c miTiTebulia, rom Ze RvTisa, ieso qriste, imavdroulad iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
Svili, vinai<strong>da</strong>n misi de<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, zemoT aRniSnul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas SemdgomSic eWvqveS ayenebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
saukuneTa Semdeg am sakiTxis ganxilvas isev <strong>da</strong> isev ubrundebodnen. 1690 wels<br />
12
frankfurtSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> wigni “qali a<strong>da</strong>miani ar aris”, 1750 wels ki laifcigSi gamoCn<strong>da</strong><br />
wigni “sayuradRebo sabuTi imisa, rom qali a<strong>da</strong>mianTa modgmas ar miekuTvneba”. Sua<br />
saukuneebSi SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> e.w. “kudianebze nadiroba”. inkviziciis mier <strong>da</strong>sjil mamakacTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalTa raodenobas mkvlevarebi 1:20, zogi 1:100, <strong>da</strong> 1:1000 SefardebiTac ki<br />
ganixilav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ai, rogor ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> qalis roli wignSi “col-qmruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb”,<br />
romelic evropaSi gamovi<strong>da</strong> 1943 wels: “qalis movaleoba misi qmris mimarT mdgomareobs<br />
imaSi, rom emsaxuros mas morCilad, iyos mokrZalebuli saubarSi <strong>da</strong> Cacma-<strong>da</strong>xurvaSi.<br />
yuradReba miaqcios wesrigs saxlSi <strong>da</strong> awarmoos saojaxo saqmeebi.”<br />
ukve XIX saukneSi ogiust konti, romelic sociologiis mamamTavrad iTvleba,<br />
aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom sazogadoebaSi qalis araTanasworuflebiani mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba<br />
“qalis organizmis bunebrivi sisustiT. ar SeiZleba arsebobdes kacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> Tanasworoba. qalis gansakuTrebuli mowodeba ojaxuri movaleobebia.”<br />
egreT wodebuli “qalTa sakiTxi” axal xanaSi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli<br />
revoluciis epoqaSi warmoiSva. qalebma moiTxoves mamakacebTan uflebebis<br />
gaTanasworeba sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> pirad cxovrebaSi. “a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis uflebaTa<br />
deklaraciis “gamoqveynebis Semdeg gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> "qalisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis uflebaTa<br />
deklaracia", romelic olimpia de guJma <strong>da</strong>wera. qalebma <strong>da</strong>aarses TavianTi klubi,<br />
Jurnalebi, <strong>da</strong>iwyes debatebSi monawileobis miReba. sqesTa Soris garegani gansxvaveba<br />
rom moespoT, mamakacis tansacmeli Caicves. magram konventma qalebs CamoarTva Sekrebis<br />
ufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xura maTi klubebi. Tavad olimpia de guJi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes. amiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> es moZraoba, romelic ivlisis revoluciis dros aRmocen<strong>da</strong>. am droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ixmareba gamoTqma “qalTa emansipacia”. 1948 wels Tebervlis revoluciis droi<strong>da</strong>n qalTa<br />
moZraoba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi gavrcel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
2. feministuri Teoriebi<br />
feminizmi (fr. feminisme, laTinuri femina-<strong>da</strong>n - qali) aris qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis<br />
uflebebis gaTanabrebisaTvis warmoebuli farTo moZraobisa <strong>da</strong> socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
Teoriis saerTo saxelwodeba. feministuri moZraobis pirvel etapebze miznad iqna<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxuli qalebisaTvis saarCevno uflebebis mopoveba, amitom moZraobis monawileebs<br />
sufraJistebs (inglisuri sityvi<strong>da</strong>n sufrage – xmis ufleba) uwodebdnen. sufraJizmi<br />
aRmocen<strong>da</strong> inglisSi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, mogvianebiT ki gavrcel<strong>da</strong> aSS-Si,<br />
germaniaSi, safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> msoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi. saarCevno uflebebisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi pirvelad finelma qalebma moipoves warmateba (1905 w.), Semdeg norvegielebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nielebma. seriozuli nabiji ga<strong>da</strong>idga win 1918-1920 wlebSi, roca qalebs saarCevno<br />
ufleba misces belgiaSi, germaniaSi, poloneTSi, kana<strong>da</strong>Si, aSS-Si <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva<br />
qveyanaSi. sufraJizmis warmatebebma droebiT SeaCera qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong> moZraobis<br />
saerTo ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> momdevno TiTqmis ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi igi ZilquSis<br />
mdgomareobaSi iyo. gamoRviZeba anu "qalTa aRorZineba" XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo. misi epicentri gax<strong>da</strong> aSS, sa<strong>da</strong>c swored am wlebSi SeiniSnebo<strong>da</strong> diskriminaciis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>mis, pirvel rigSi ki rasizmis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciisaken mimarTuli demokratiuli<br />
procesebis gaaqtiureba. qalTa moZraobam axali, xSirad radikaluri <strong>for</strong>mebi SeiZina,<br />
rac mis saxelwodebaSic - "qalTa ganmaTavisuflebeli" moZraoba ("Women's Liberation")<br />
aisaxa. emansipaciisaTvis brZolis axali talRa ganpirobebuli iyo Rrma struqturuli<br />
cvlilebebiT sociumSi, upirveles yovlisa ki, sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalTa Sromis<br />
wilis zrdiT.<br />
60-ian <strong>da</strong> 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi feministurma moZraobam ramdenadme eqstra-<br />
13
vaganturi xasiaTi miiRo, rac gamovlin<strong>da</strong> gamomwvev, tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
uCveulo lozungebSi, protestis gamoxatvis <strong>for</strong>mebSi. feministebi miiswrafodnen ra<br />
gamoeRviZebinaT qalTa Segneba, gaeTavisuflebinaT sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba patriarqalurad<br />
orientirebuli mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulebaTa imperiisagan. am mizniT isini iyenebdnen,<br />
magaliTad, “moednis Teatris” meTodebs. 1968 wels Seqmnili im amerikuli organizaciis<br />
furclebSi, romelsac skan<strong>da</strong>luri saxelwodeba “kudiani” erqva, naTqvamia: “yvelafers,<br />
rac represiulia, aqvs martooden mamakacuri orientacia, Suriania, aRiniSneba<br />
puritanulobiT <strong>da</strong> avtoritarulobiT <strong>da</strong> igi Tqveni kritikis samizned un<strong>da</strong> iqces.<br />
Tqveni iaraRia Teatri, satira, ,,feierverki, magia, sawamlavi, musika, kostumi, niRabi,<br />
simRera, plakatebi, naxatebi, trafaretebi, filmebi, JRarunebi, agurebi, cocxebi, Tofebi,<br />
mojadovebuli Tojinebi, katebi, sanTlebi, zarebi, abreSumi, gazeTis amonaWrebi,<br />
xelyumbarebi, mowamluli beWdebi, sapirwamleebi, audioCanawerebi, Tqveni mSvenieri<br />
moCvenebiTi warmosaxva. Tqveni Zala Tqvenganve momdinareobs iseve, rogorc qalebisa –<br />
qalebisganve <strong>da</strong> igi mravalgzis Zlierdeba Tqvens debTan erToblivi muSaobiT... Tqveni<br />
movaleobaa gaaTavisufloT Tqveni Zmebi (un<strong>da</strong>T maT Tu ara) <strong>da</strong> Tqveni Tavi sqesobrivi<br />
rolebis stereotipebisagan.”<br />
gamaognebel xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong> ara marto feministuri protestis <strong>for</strong>mebi, aramed<br />
misi Sinaarsic. kritika Tavs esxmo<strong>da</strong> Tanacxovrebis im safuZvlebs, romlebic,<br />
feministebis azriT, xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> qalebis araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas:<br />
gaTxovebas, dedobas, <strong>da</strong> sxv. gansjaTa logika ki <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aseTi iyo: “qorwinebaSi,<br />
kanonis mixedviT, mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali erTi pirovnebaa, e.i. TviT yofna, anu samarTlebrivi<br />
arseboba qalisa gaTxovebisTanave wydeba, radgan igi yovelTvis mamakacis batonobas<br />
gulisxmobs.”<br />
bevri fiqrobs, rom feministuri ideebi jer kidev aRorZinebis epoqaSi Caisaxa.<br />
zogierT mkvlevars pirvel feministad Zveli berZeni filosofosi platoni ⊗ miaCnia.<br />
aRorZinebis epoqaSi Seiqmna qristina de lizanis <strong>da</strong> kornelius agripas pirveli traqtatebi,<br />
romlebSic saubari iyo qalis pirovnebis <strong>da</strong>Trgunvasa <strong>da</strong> mis<strong>da</strong>mi sazogadoebis<br />
usamarTlo <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze.<br />
dRes aSkaraa, rom feministuri Teoriebis Casaxva <strong>da</strong> Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovan<br />
wilad momzadebuli iqna socialur-filosofiuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> koncefciebiT.<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia jon lokis, Jan-Jak rusosa <strong>da</strong> jon<br />
stiuart milis liberaluri filosofia, romlis farglebSi viTardebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa ZiriTadi Teoriebi. calke un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT Sarl furies, anri sen-simonisa <strong>da</strong><br />
robert ouenis utopiuri socializmis Teoriis gavlena.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, aRsaniSnavia me-20 saukunis Sua xanebisa <strong>da</strong> miwurulis Teoriebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba gavaerTianoT socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur konteqstSi maTSi seqsualurobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis seqsualuri qcevis problemebis ganxilvis safuZvelze. ⊗<br />
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, feminizmis ganviTarebis axali etapi me-20 saukunis 60-ian<br />
wlebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. am periodSi feminizmis SigniT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba:<br />
liberalur-re<strong>for</strong>matoruli, socialisturi <strong>da</strong> radikaluri.<br />
liberalur-re<strong>for</strong>matoruli mimarTuleba ⊗ ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> ideebs, romlebic<br />
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, mogvianebiT ki m. uolsTonkraftis <strong>da</strong> j. sT. milis mier<br />
viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. qalTa araTanasworuflebianobis mizezs feministebi garkveuli<br />
⊗ <strong>da</strong>savluri diskusiebis mimoxilvebi platonis warmodgenebis Sesaxeb qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> rolis Taobaze. ix.<br />
Феминизм: перспективы социального знания. М. 1992. с. 56-76.<br />
⊗ elis haverloqi, zigmund froidi, vilhelm raixi, margaret midi, herbert markuze, frankfurtis skola,<br />
fukos, deri<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> liotaris zogierTi naSromi.<br />
⊗ beti fri<strong>da</strong>ni <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebi qalTa erovnuli moZraobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
14
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli uflebebis uqonlobaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen. Sesabamisad, am problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wris saSualebad isini socialur-ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> iuridiul re<strong>for</strong>mebs<br />
miiCnevdnen.<br />
socialisturma mimdinareobam ⊗ marqsistuli <strong>da</strong> feministuri Sexedulebebis sinTezi<br />
moaxdina. qalTa diskriminaciis ZiriTad mizezebad aq kerZo sakuTreba <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
klasobrivi struqtura iqna miCneuli. amgvar ideebs jer kidev XIX saukuneSi<br />
gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> f.engelsi naSromSi "ojaxis, kerZo sakuTrebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos warmoSoba".<br />
Tumca f.engelsisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic <strong>da</strong>uSveblad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> proletarulisagan<br />
gancalkevebuli, gansakuTrebuli qalTa moZraobis arsebobas, socialisturi feministebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxovdnen qalTa problemebis klasobrivi <strong>da</strong> zogadi <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
problemebi<strong>da</strong>n calke gamoyofas.<br />
ideebis mixedviT yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli <strong>da</strong> gavleniani gax<strong>da</strong> radikaluri<br />
mimarTuleba ⊗ , romelic ikvlev<strong>da</strong> qalTa Cagvris zogad, siRrmiseul safuZvlebs. am<br />
mimarTulebis mimdevarTa azriT, amgvari sistemaa patriarqati – qalebze mamakacebis<br />
dominirebis sistema.<br />
am periodis feministurma moZraobam bevr warmatebas miaRwia. moZraobis efeqtianobaze<br />
metyvelebs sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gasaocari cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
qveynebis politikur struqturebSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri realuri Zvrebi: xelisuflebis umaRles<br />
eSelonebsa (parlamentebis, mTavrobebisa <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvaneli partiuli organoebis<br />
CaTvliT) <strong>da</strong> warmoebis marTvis sferoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis zr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
dReisaTvis zemoT aRniSnuli sami mimdinareoba iseTi gamokveTili saxiT ar<br />
arsebobs, rogorc 60-ian wlebSi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, gaCn<strong>da</strong> axali mimarTulebebi: “kulturuli<br />
feminizmi”, romlis Teoretikosebic separatistuli (mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> maskulinurobisagan<br />
Tavisufali) qaluri kulturis ganviTarebis ideiT gamodian; “humanuri feminizmi”- misi<br />
momxreebi kulturaSi qaluri aqcentebis ganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> rogorc “qaluri”, ise<br />
“mamakacuri” interesebis gaTvaliswinebas, “feminuri” <strong>da</strong> “maskulinuri” Tvisebebis Tanabrad<br />
aRiarebas moiTxoven; “Savi feminizmi”, anu Savkaniani amerikuli feminizmi; aseve<br />
mravali sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnuli Seferilobis feminizmi, mag., laTinur-amrikuli,<br />
afrikuli, musulmanuri <strong>da</strong> sxv., sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebis mdgomareoba ara mxolod sqesis, aramed<br />
rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli niSnebis mixedviTac aris gaanalizebuli.<br />
3. <strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> feminizmi<br />
XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi warmoiSva sazogadoebaSi qalTa Cagvrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
diskriminaciis mizezebisadmi socialur kulturuli anu e.w. genderuli midgomis<br />
tradicia. am Teoriul muSaobas, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTSi miaCniaT, safuZveli Cauyara<br />
frangma filosofosma-egzistencialistma simona de bovuarma Tavis naSromSi "meore<br />
sqesi". swored aq <strong>da</strong>isva pirvelad sakiTxi kulturaSi feminuris –qaluris <strong>da</strong>Trgunvis<br />
Sesaxeb. masSi naCvenebia, rom sazogadoeba akanonebs mamakacurs (maskulinurs), rogorc<br />
pozitiur kulturul normas, xolo qalurs (feminurs), rogorc normi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xras.<br />
qeiT mileTi Tavis naSromSi "seqsualuri politika" aviTareb<strong>da</strong> s. bovuaris<br />
naazrevs <strong>da</strong> wer<strong>da</strong> kulturaSi feminuris <strong>da</strong>Trgunvaze, rogorc patriarqatis socialur<br />
politikaze. termini "patriarqati" qeiT mileTis naSromze bevrad ufro adre<br />
moixsenieba, magram swored man mianiWa kulturis analizSi am termins ZiriTadi cnebis<br />
⊗ zila aizensTaini, lin<strong>da</strong> gordoni, meri o''braieni <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
⊗ qeiT mileTi, sulamif faiersTouni, andrea dvorniki, qrisTina delfi, meri doili <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
15
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva. qeiT mileTis gagebiT, patriarqati mamaTa Zalaufleba gaxlavT. es aris<br />
ojaxuri, ideologiuri, <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema, romelSic qaluri yovelTvis mamakacurs<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli. qalebis <strong>da</strong>Trgunva momdinareobs ara biologiuri gansxvavebi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
aramed feminuris, rogorc meoradis socialurad <strong>da</strong>kanonebi<strong>da</strong>n, politika <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
Zalauflebis paradigmaa, romelic mowodebulia patriarqatis wesebis Sesabamisad<br />
gaakontrolos qaluri subieqturoba.<br />
sociologiaSi, politologiasa <strong>da</strong> istoriaSi cneba "<strong>genderi</strong>" muSavdeba rogorc<br />
klasis analogiuri, fun<strong>da</strong>menturi mastabilizebeli principi. genderuli pozicii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> procesebis interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba sociologiuri<br />
modelebi, romlebiTac aixsneba <strong>socialuri</strong> identurobis Camoyalibebis procesi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
droiTi cvlilebebi, <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebis warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sla uTanasworobis<br />
pirobebSi, gabatonebuli jgufebis kulturuli hegemoniis <strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong> Seryeva.<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s problemebis Sesaxeb ufro zusti warmodgena Segveqmneba, Tu gavecnobiT<br />
fransez vulis, judiT lorberis, gizela bokisa <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa publikaciebs.<br />
norbert eliasis <strong>da</strong> natali zemon devisis naSromebi sakmaod mravalmxriv<br />
warmodgenas qmnis axal droSi qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs Soris <strong>da</strong>myarebuli urTierTobis<br />
modelis Sesaxeb. amave problemas eZRvneba cnobili ingliseli istorikosis jon<br />
hajnalis statiebi. metad mniSvnelovania agreTve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiaSi qalis rolisa <strong>da</strong><br />
statusis gamokvlevebi, romlebic Caatares nensi Susterma, semuel heilmanma, jina <strong>da</strong><br />
jon bouqrebma, ivlin qeim, blu grinbergma, siuzan seredma, ediT dinma, ruf reqha<br />
verbam <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
<strong>genderi</strong>s koncefciaSi, rogorc socialurad konstruirebul, simbolurad interpretirebul,<br />
istoriulad cvalebad modelSi, aSkarad Cans frangi filosofosipostmodernistis<br />
Jak deri<strong>da</strong>s dekonstruqciis Teoriis gavlenis kvali. termini<br />
"dekonstruqcia" niSnavs meta<strong>for</strong>ebis amocnobis process, maTi im faruli logikis<br />
gamomzeurebas, romelic, Cveulebriv, arsebobs, rogorc cnebaTa binaruli opozicia<br />
(mamakaci-qali, subieqti-obieqti, kultura-buneba <strong>da</strong> a.S.). J. deri<strong>da</strong> gviCvenebs, rom ar<br />
arsebobs wmin<strong>da</strong> gansxvavebebi dominaciis gareSe, vinai<strong>da</strong>n amgvar opoziciaSi erTi mxare<br />
yovelTvis meores aris <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli. termini "dekonstruqcia" aRniSnavs zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
nebismieri cnebisaTvis, rogorc ideologiurad an kulturulad konstruirebulisaTvis<br />
fardis ax<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> ara ubralod bunebrivi realobis asaxvas. (Derri<strong>da</strong>, 1976).<br />
deri<strong>da</strong>s Teoriam didi gavlena moaxdina franguli postmodernistuli feminizmis<br />
warmomadgenlebis – holen sisus, lusi irigareis, iulia qrisTevois Sexedulebebze.<br />
frangul feminizmSi <strong>genderi</strong>s kategoriis analizi dekonstruqciis saSualebiT ufro<br />
egzistenciuri <strong>da</strong> meta<strong>for</strong>uli xasiaTisaa, xolo amerikul feminizmSi <strong>genderi</strong>s kategoria<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> meTodologiur funqcias asrulebs. <strong>genderi</strong>s konstruqciul<br />
kategoriaSi sqesi kulturuli meta<strong>for</strong>a xdeba <strong>da</strong>, rogorc e. efi aRniSnavs, sulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
bunebis urTierTobas gadmoscems.. suli mamakacia, buneba – qali, xolo Secnoba<br />
aRmocendeba rogorc flobis garkveuli agresiuli aqti: pasiuri buneba ganicdis<br />
gansxeulebas, gaxsnas, a<strong>da</strong>miani mis siRrmeebSi SeaRwevs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imorCilebs. a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
gaigiveba mamakacuri saxis mqone Semcnob sulTan, bunebisa ki <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi<br />
myof qalTan yovelTvis iyo <strong>da</strong> dResac aris <strong>da</strong>savleTis kulturis mTavari<br />
Tema (Fee, 1980)<br />
16
4. <strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove feminizmis tipologia<br />
cnobili amerikeli mecnieri judiT lorberi, romelic feministuri moZraobis<br />
erT-erT TvalsaCino mkvlevrad iTvleba, Tavis naSromebSi retrospeqtulad ganixilavs<br />
feminizmis ganviTarebas bolo naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. genderTan mimarTebaSi<br />
igi feminizmis sam ZiriTad tips gamoyofs: re<strong>for</strong>matoruls (gender re<strong>for</strong>m feminisms),<br />
rezistentulsa (gender resistance feminisms) <strong>da</strong> e.w. buntaruls (gender rebellion feminisms).<br />
TiToeuli es mimarTuleba feminizmis zogad Teoriul safuZvlebs eyrdnoba.<br />
re<strong>for</strong>matorebi (liberaluri, marqsisnuli <strong>da</strong> socialisturi, postkoloniuri<br />
feminizmi) TavianTi brZolis arss sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturis farglebSi<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis statusis gaTanabrebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven. XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi<br />
warmoCn<strong>da</strong> qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis azrovnebis, fsiqikis, sxeulis, seqsualobisa <strong>da</strong> qmedebebis<br />
Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebisadmi kritikuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, romelTa<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, mamakacebi, qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, ufro Zlierebi, Wkvianebi <strong>da</strong> niWierebi<br />
arian; ase rom, sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba maTi sferoa. qalebis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba ki<br />
dedobrivi siTbo, mzrunveloba <strong>da</strong> ojaxuri saqmianobaa. samuSaos is nawili, romelsac<br />
qalebi saxlSi asruleben virtualuria, <strong>da</strong>uTvleli <strong>da</strong> erovnul ekonomikur statistikaSi<br />
ar figurirebs. re<strong>for</strong>matorebi (liberaluri, marqsistuli <strong>da</strong> socialisturi,<br />
postkoloniuri feminizmi) yuradRebas amaxvileben ojaxSi qalis Sromasa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikaze,<br />
rogorc genderuli uTanasworobis wyaroze.<br />
isini brZolis ZiriTad arss arsebuli genderuli <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis<br />
farglebSi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis statusis gaTanabrebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven (magaliTad, maT un<strong>da</strong>T<br />
meti qali ixilon msxvili korporaciebis prezidentebad, xelmZRvanel muSakebad).<br />
re<strong>for</strong>matorebma naTeli gaxades is diskriminacia, romelsac qalebi ganicdidnen<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri resursebis ganawilebis sferoSi. isini mouwodeben<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes is potenciali, romelsac qalebi floben, xolo qalebma<br />
TavianTi cxovreba ise warmarTon, rogorc surT. maTi azriT, a<strong>da</strong>mians, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
sqesisa, un<strong>da</strong> hqondes arCevanis Tavisufleba, Tanabari aRiareba, Tanasworuflebiani<br />
monawileobis saSualeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, <strong>da</strong> Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis<br />
Sesabamisi anazRaureba. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, ganurCevlad sqesisa, un<strong>da</strong> SeeZloT airCion TavianTi<br />
moRvaweobis sfero, imuSaon, iyvnen mecnierebi, politikosebi an romelime sxva profesiis<br />
warmomadgenlebi.<br />
rezistentuli mimarTulebis feministebi (radikalebi, lesboselebi, fsiqoanalitikosebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. qalis mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciisa <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri Zaladobis<br />
winaaRmdeg gamodian <strong>da</strong> akritikeben im faqts, rom qalis gamocdileba ar aris<br />
warmoCenili ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis warmoebis sferoebSi. isini ibrZvian arsebul<br />
genderul struqturul sazogadoebaSi mamakacebis mier qalebis Seviwroebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqspluataciis (gansakuTrebiT, seqsualuri Zaladobis <strong>da</strong> gabatonebuli kulturuli<br />
warmodgenebis) winaaRmdeg.<br />
rezistentuli moZraobis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis mocemuli<br />
genderuli struqturis pirobebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ase sagrZnobia kacebis dominireba, qalTaTvis<br />
genderuli Tanasworoba SeuZlebelia. es mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu isini<br />
mamakacebiviT uemocio <strong>da</strong> karierze orentirebulni gaxdebian. maT metad mniSvnelovnad<br />
miaCniaT qalTa gamocdilebis ganzogadebis perspeqtiva. 1970-80-ian wlebSi maT metad<br />
mniSvnelovani Teoria ganaviTares genderuli ideologiis Zalauflebis (the power of<br />
gender ideology) Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. es Teoria, maTi azriT,<br />
genderul <strong>socialuri</strong> samarTlianobis likvi<strong>da</strong>cias Seuwyobs xels. am moZraobis<br />
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom genderuli uTanasworoba gamyarebulia umetesi religiebiT,<br />
romlebic imas qa<strong>da</strong>geben, rom mamakacis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba RmerTis survilis<br />
17
gamoxatulebaa, mecnierebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom dominireba hormonaluri <strong>da</strong><br />
genetikuri sxvaobis Sedegia, sakanonmdeblo sistemiT, masmediiT, sportiT, pornografiiT,<br />
romelic mamakacTa Zaladobas, maT mier seqsualur eqspluatacias uwyobs xels.<br />
zogierT feminists miaCnia, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqtura<br />
universaluria <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso gamosavali imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Seiqmnas qalebze<br />
orientirebuli sazogadoeba Tavisi kulturiT, eTikiT <strong>da</strong> religiiTac ki. aseTi<br />
mimarTuleba feminizmSi kulturuli feminizmis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
raRac Sualeduria radikalebsa <strong>da</strong> lesboselebs Soris. rezistentuli genderuli<br />
feminizmis zogierT warmomadgenels ki miaCnia, rom imisaTvis, rom aRmoifxvras qalebis<br />
mimarT sistematuri Zaladoba <strong>da</strong> maTi seqsualuri eqspluatacia, saWiroa xangrZlivi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> muSaobis warmoeba mosaxleobis farTo fenebTan. magram erT sakiTxSi isini<br />
saerTo poziciebze dganan, rom saWiroa Zalisxmeva <strong>da</strong> brZola imisaTvis, rom qalebma<br />
SeigrZnon TavianTi Zala, irwmunon TavianTi SesaZleblobebi, iswavlon Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>icvan Tavi seqsualuri Zaladobisagan.<br />
buntaruli feminzmi (multikulturuli, mamakacTa, <strong>socialuri</strong> konstruqciis,<br />
postmodernistuli, homoseqsualTa <strong>da</strong> sxv.) im procesebisa <strong>da</strong> simboloebis dekonstruqcias<br />
axdens, romlebic, maTi azriT, genderuli asimetriis safuZvels warmoadgenen.<br />
buntaruli feminizmi arsebuli genderuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis kritikiT gamodis<br />
<strong>da</strong> eWvqveS ayenebs mis safuZvels - kacobriobis or sqesad <strong>da</strong>yofas.<br />
e.w. `buntaruli feminizmi~ ilaSqrebs uSualod arsebuli genderuli struqturis<br />
winaaRmdeg. maTi azriT saWiroa sqesi warmoCindes mTeli Tavisi mravalferovani<br />
kategoriebiT <strong>da</strong> im faruli sazRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic arsebobs mamakacebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalebs, mdedrobiTsa <strong>da</strong> mamrobiTs, heteroseqsualebsa <strong>da</strong> homoseqsualebs<br />
Soris. ayeneben ra eWvqveS mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis, heteroseqsualobisa <strong>da</strong> homoseqsualobis,<br />
maskulinurisa <strong>da</strong> feminuris, mdedrobiTisa <strong>da</strong> mamrobiTis dualobas isini<br />
marTebulad ar Tvlian romelime jgufisaTvis raime samarTlebrivi upiratesobis<br />
miniWebas sxvasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. isini genders rasobriv, eTnikur, religiur, socialur<br />
klasTan, seqsualur orentaciasTan konteqstSi ganixilaven. maTi mtkicebiT arsebulma<br />
genderulma socialurma wesrigma iseve SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>apirispiros mamakaci mamakacTan<br />
rogorc mamakaci qalTan. erTi <strong>da</strong> imave rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri jgufis, an ekonomikuri<br />
struqturis mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs gacilebiT ufro meti aqvT saerTo, vidre sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
jgufis mamakacebs an qalebs. aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis mamakacebi <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebi, geebi <strong>da</strong> lesboselebi, romlebsac soli<strong>da</strong>robis gamZafrebuli grZnoba aqvT,<br />
qmnian koalicias, erTad ibrZvian TavianTi uflebebisaTvis, muSaoben Sidsis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asacileblad <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: Tu erTmaneTs Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT <strong>da</strong><br />
gavaanalizebT feministuri moZraobis sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas, maTi erTi saerTo<br />
tendencia un<strong>da</strong> gamovyoT – es aris sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqturis<br />
kritika <strong>da</strong> mis winaaRmadeg aqtiuri moqmedeba, galaSqreba qalTa diskriminaciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqsploataciis winaaRmdeg, brZola qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad, sqesTa samarTlebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> feqtobrivi Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad. saerTo feministuri ideologiis Tanaxmad,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sqesisa, un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT Tavisufali arCevanis (anu arCevanis<br />
Tavisuflebis) ufleba, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanasworuflebiani<br />
monawileobis saSualeba.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom xSirad identuria ara marto am mimarTulebis Sexedulebebi,<br />
aramed maTi brZolis saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> gzebi, magram aRniSnul feministur moZraobebs ara<br />
marto bevri ram aqvT saerTo, maT Soris bevri gansxvavebac aris. moviyvanT mxo;od<br />
ramdenime ganmasxvavebel niSans.<br />
re<strong>for</strong>matorebi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis ststusis gaTanabrebis SesaZleblobas Tavad<br />
18
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis farglebSi xe<strong>da</strong>ven, xolo<br />
rezistentebs SeuZleblad miaCniaT yovelgvari genderuli Tanasworoba sazogadoebrivi<br />
wesrigis farglebSi.<br />
arsebuli mdgomareobis kritikis dros re<strong>for</strong>mistebi aqcents akeTeben sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis ekonomikur mxareze, rogorc genderuli uTanasworobis wyaroze,<br />
xolo pezistentuli feminizmis mimdevrebi qalebis mimarT seqsualur Zaladobaze<br />
amaxvileben yuradRebas <strong>da</strong> misi likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis, arsebuli mdgomareobis Secvlis gzad<br />
masebTan xangrZliv muSaobas miiCneven.<br />
buntaruli feminizmi ki saerTod saeWvod miiCnevs arsebuli genderuli struqturis<br />
aRiarebul safuZvels – kacobriobis or sqesad <strong>da</strong>yofas. isini Tvlian, rom<br />
sqess ara ori, aramed ramdenime kategoria aqvs <strong>da</strong> nebismieri seqsualuri orientaciis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebis diskriminacia <strong>da</strong>uSvebelia.<br />
zog sakiTxSi feminizmis aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan<br />
ideologiiT, midgomebiT, principebiT <strong>da</strong> brZolis meTodebiT.<br />
Cveni azriT, yvelaze progresulia re<strong>for</strong>matoruli feminizmi, romlis mizania<br />
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli genderuli struqturis farglebSi sqesTa Tanasworobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworuflebianobis <strong>da</strong>myareba, qalTa potencialis gamoyeneba sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi (gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikaSi), maTi <strong>socialuri</strong> statusis<br />
amaRleba. arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad maT saWirod miaCniaT xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanamimdevruli muSaoba. refomatorebis brZolis saSualebebi <strong>da</strong> meTodebi ar aris<br />
radikaluri, zomierebiT gamoirCeva <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis didi nawilis mxar<strong>da</strong>WerTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mowonebiT sargeblobs.<br />
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. ra aris feminizmi?<br />
2. feminizmis wanamZRvrebi.<br />
3. feminizmis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.<br />
4. ra gansxvavebaa gendersa <strong>da</strong> feminizms Soris?<br />
5. feminizmis tipologia judiT lorberis mixedviT<br />
literatura:<br />
1. saqarTvelo: qali. sazogadoeba. ganviTareba. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />
erToblivi proeqti "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi".<br />
2. T. kiknaZe, qali <strong>da</strong> politika. politologia (leqciebis kursi) Tbilisi. Tsu 2001<br />
3. Женщина и свобода. Материалы международной конференции. М., Наука 1994<br />
4. Зуикова Е. М., Эволюция феминизма в общественном сознании и научном познании // Ученые<br />
записки МГСУ. 1998<br />
5. Шинелева Л. Т., Диалог о женщине М., 1989<br />
6. Lorber J., Gender Inequality. Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing C ompany. Los<br />
Angeles, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.<br />
7. Bonvillan N., Women and Men Perspective, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.<br />
8. Fee E., Critiques of Modern Sсience: Tee Relakwns hip of Feminism to Oler Radical Epistemologies //<br />
Feminism Approaches to science.<br />
19
Tavi III<br />
feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria<br />
ekonomikur Teoriebs Soris vxvdebiT feministur ekonomikur Teoriasac, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia qalebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul problemebze.<br />
feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria erTgvarovani ar aris. feministur moZraobaSi<br />
arsebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciis arseboba feministur ekonomikur TeoriebSic povebs<br />
asaxvas. “feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens Sexeduleba<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri movaleobebis ganawileba sqesTa Soris arasamarTliania<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamosworebas moiTxovs.” (Bergmann, 1982) feministi ekonomistebi aRiareben,<br />
rom qalebi, kacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, naklebad xelsayrel pirobebSi imyofebian <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTlianobis mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, TavianTi materialuri mdgomareobis<br />
gaumjobesebas moiTxoven.<br />
feministi ekonomisti l. brauni xazs usvams qalTa araTanasworuflebianobis<br />
faqts <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs: “feminizmis gansakuTrebul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens is azri,<br />
rom umravles sazogadoebebSi mTeli xnis manZilze qalebi, kacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />
uares socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> politikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen." (Brown,<br />
1989)<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis feministuri kritikiT gamxnevebulma feminist-ekonomistebma<br />
ekonomikuri Teoriis obieqturobis sakiTxic <strong>da</strong>ayenes dRis<br />
wesrigSi. p. inglandis azriT, “aucilebelia ekonomikur kvlevebSi uari vTqvaT Seqmnil<br />
genderul stereotipebze.” (England, 1990). hardingma es azri ganazoga<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyo ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, sa<strong>da</strong>c feminizms SeuZlia Tavisi mecnieruli<br />
azrovnebis gafarToveba. erTi mxriv, feministuri empirizmi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilebs<br />
seqsizmsa <strong>da</strong> androcentrizms, radgan mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebi SeiZleba<br />
gamoyenebuli iqnes rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis qcevis Sesaswavlad. meore<br />
mxriv, feministuri midgomis CarCoebSi qalebis yofiTi gamocdileba, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia araTanswruflebianobasa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis aRzrdis funqciasTan, maT (e.i.<br />
feministebsac) saSualebas aZlevs hqondeT mecnieruli kvlevis TvalsazrisiT<br />
mniSvnelovani sakuTari perspeqtiva. (Harding, 1986)<br />
swored aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi udevs safuZvlad neoklasikur feministur<br />
ekonomikur Teorias, romelic iTvaliswinebs:<br />
1. kacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis keTildReobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumentur<br />
mtkicebulebas;<br />
2. sqesTa Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT warmoebuli politikis aucileblobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebas;<br />
3. androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufali kvlevebis Catarebas.<br />
ekonomikuri kvlevebis pirveli mimarTuleba (kacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis keTildReobas<br />
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumenturi mtkicebuleba) miznad isaxavs kacebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis keTildReobas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis dokumentur fiqsirebas. keTildReobis<br />
done <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara marto fulad faqtorebze mag., janmrTeloba,<br />
ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> megobruli kavSirebi, xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, ar SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT<br />
fulad faqtorebs. amasTan, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, fulsac aqvs mniSvneloba. qalis<br />
materialuri keTildReobis ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia misi piradi Semosavali <strong>da</strong><br />
wili ojaxis mTel SemosavalSi. mesame faqtori <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia drois im<br />
raodenobasTan, romelsac igi samuSaos uTmobs.<br />
ganvixiloT qalebis mdgomareoba (rogorc absoluturi, ise kacebTan mimar-<br />
20
TebaSi) <strong>da</strong> iseTi maCveneblebi rogoricaa: maTi xelfasi, wili Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
samuSaoze <strong>da</strong>xarjuli dro.<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebSi qalTa umravlesoba muSaobs. Tumca, mTel samuSao dRes<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebi, kacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, gasamrjelos or mesameds iReben (aSS-s<br />
monacemebi). es sxvaoba struqturuli xasiaTis mizezebiT SeiZleba avxsnaT. bevri<br />
qali <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadi “qaluri” SromiT aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. maTgan bevrs ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali xarisxis ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> kvalifikacia aqvs, vidre kacebs. yvelaze ufro<br />
mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom qalebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, bavSvebis aRzrdiT arian <strong>da</strong>kavebulni.<br />
m. gudersoni im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde midis, rom Sromis bazarze egzogenuri faqtorebi<br />
(e.i. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sayofacxovrebo funqciebi) anazRaurebaSi gansxvavebis<br />
metad mniSvnelovani wyaroa.” (Guderson, 1987,).<br />
piradi Semosavali qalTa keTildReobis metad mniSvnelovani pirobaa,<br />
gansakuTrebiT gauTxovari, ganqorwinebuli, qvrivi qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> martoxela<br />
dedebisaTvis. gaTxovili qalis keTildReoba qmris Semosavalzec aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
rogor Seicvleba qalis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT<br />
Semosavlebis ganawilebas ojaxis SigniT. a. senas naSromSi laparakia ojaxSi, mis<br />
wevrebs Soris sakvebis araTanaswor ganawilebaze. mag., bangladeSsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
bengaliaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom qalebi, rogorc wesi, kacebze nakleb<br />
kaloriebs iReben <strong>da</strong> SimSilobis periodSic uWmelobisagan ufro isini zaraldebian.<br />
SemdgomSi Catarebuli kvlevebic a. senas azrs a<strong>da</strong>sturebs. mag., ha<strong>da</strong>di <strong>da</strong> kanburi<br />
filipinebSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad imave <strong>da</strong>skvnamde midian. (Sen, 1992).<br />
Cven, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, meqanikurad ar un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi<br />
arsebuli tendencia ganviTarebul qveynebzec vrceldeba, magram aRniSnuli imis<br />
safuZvels iZleva, rom gansxvavebaa ara marto anazRaurebaSi, aramed ojaxis<br />
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSic.<br />
iqneb, naklebi anazRaurebis fonze, qalebs ufro meti Tavisufali dro aqvT?<br />
aRniSnuli hipoTeza empiriulad ar aris <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli. magaliTad, aSS-Si mamakacebi<br />
samuSaoze met dros xarjaven (im drois gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac isini<br />
saerTo jamSi xarjaven samsaxursa <strong>da</strong> saxlSi), magram Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT erTi <strong>da</strong> imave<br />
samuSaos Sesasruleblad <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis drois <strong>da</strong>naxarjs,<br />
aRmoCndeba, rom qalebi gacilebiT met dros uTmoben mas.<br />
ase rom, Tu feministebis ekonomikuri Teoria aRiarebas ver hpovebs, aRniSnuli<br />
faqti pirveli mimarTulebiT warmoebuli kvleviTi muSaobis warumateblobiT ar<br />
iqneba gamowveuli.<br />
zomebi, romlebic miiReba Tanasworobis misaRwevad.<br />
rac Seexeba sqesTa Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT warmoebuli politikis<br />
aucileblobis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas, feministi ekonomistebi gamoyofen araTanasworobis sam<br />
sferos: Sromis anazRaurebas, ojaxis Semosavlebis ganawilebas <strong>da</strong> Tavisufali<br />
drois raodenobas.<br />
bevr qveyanaSi Sromis anazRaurebaSi mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris arsebuli<br />
araTanasworobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis mizniT saxelmwifos mier regulirebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zoma<br />
iqna miRebuli, mag., mTel rig qveynebSi miiRes kanonebi qalTa samuSaoze miRebis<br />
stimulirebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanabari samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanabari<br />
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb im gaTvliT, rom metma egalitarizmma am sferoSi SeiZleba<br />
Seasustos sxva sferoebSi arsebuli araTanasworobis simZafre (gansakuTrebiT,<br />
ojaxis SigniT Semosavlebis ganawilebis problema).<br />
uTanasworobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis gzebis arCevani <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia Cvens warmodgenasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganwyobaze am uTanaworobis mizezebis warmoSobis mimarT. fransez vuli gvTavazobs<br />
sam zogad hipoTezas, romlebmac hipoTezis doneze un<strong>da</strong> axsnas mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
21
SromiTi anazRaurebis sxvaobis, upiratesobis miniWebis doneze arsebuli diskriminaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> araswori Sefasebebis statistikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli diskriminaciis<br />
mizezebi. misi azriT, “axsnis yovel tips saxelmwifo politikisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli<br />
Sesabamisi praqtikuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi aqvs. maT gaaCniaT<br />
agreTve problemebi, romlebsac isini neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe<br />
ayeneben.”... “diskriminaciis modelebi aq warmodgenili <strong>for</strong>mebiT ar mTavrdeba,<br />
magram isini yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba diskriminaciis asaxsnelad <strong>da</strong><br />
yvelaze ufro kargad miuTiTebs imaze, rom TavisTavad politikurad<br />
orientirebuli feminizmi sakmarisi ar aris. saWiroa Semdgomi kvlevebi, romlebic<br />
neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe axal problemebs <strong>da</strong>ayenebs.” (Wooley,<br />
1993)<br />
diskriminacia upiratesobis miniWebis doneze<br />
frensis vuls miaCnia, rom diskriminaciis am saxeobis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom mewarmeebs, kolegebs samsaxurSi an momxmareblebs “diskriminaciuli gemovneba<br />
aqvT”, anu isini upiratesobas mamakacebs aniWeben. amis Sedegi ki aris qalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali anazRaureba <strong>da</strong> sirTuleebi samsaxuris Sovnisas. magaliTisaTvis, Tu<br />
<strong>da</strong>mqiravebeli upiratesobas mamakacs aniWebs, Sesabamisad mas met anazRaurebas<br />
sTavazobs, xolo qali iZulebulia nakleb xelfass <strong>da</strong>sjerdes. Tumca, es hipoTeza<br />
pirvelad g. bekeris mier erovnuli niSnis mixedviT arsebuli diskriminaciis<br />
asaxsnelad iqna wamoyenebuli, feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria mas qalebis<br />
diskriminaciis asaxsnelad iyenebs.<br />
g. bekeris mier SemoTavazebuli modelis Tanaxmad, mizanmimarTulma saxelmwifo<br />
politikam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos meti Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>myarebas, magram ekonomikuri<br />
efeqtis Semcirebis xarjze. kanonmdeblobam qalebis samsaxurSi miRebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba ganapirobos meti samarTlianoba, aamaRlos<br />
qalebis anazRaureba <strong>da</strong> gazardos maT mier samuSaos miRebis Sansi. Tumca, aseTi<br />
politikis ganxorcielebas Tan mosdevs, upirveles yovlisa, <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblis<br />
ekonomikuri interesebis Selaxva <strong>da</strong> warmoebis efeqtianobis Semcireba. magram g.<br />
bekers miaCnia, rom Sexeduleba efeqtianobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb mTlad marTebuli<br />
ar aris. mewarmes, mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadi qalebis raodenobis<br />
gazrdis xarjze SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Semosavlebis miReba, rac, TavisTavad, mas<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas miscems <strong>da</strong> diskriminaciis<br />
aRmofxvris saSualebas uzrunveleyofs. (Becker, 1985)<br />
diskriminaciuli modelis safuZveli upiratesobis miniWebis doneze mainc mis<br />
gamomwvev mizezebSi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT. feministi-ekonomistebi (<strong>da</strong> ara marto isini)<br />
cdiloben am mizezebis garkvevas. magaliTad, p. inglandma <strong>da</strong> a. braunma Sromis<br />
bazris segregaciis mizezebis asaxsnelad gamoiyenes n. hodorous Teoria. × mamakacebi<br />
TavianT identurobas eWvqveS ayeneben, roca qalebi arRveven tradicias <strong>da</strong><br />
“mamakacuri” profesiebis aTvisebas iwyeben. n. folberi ixilavs evoluciis process,<br />
romelmac SeiZleba sazogadoebas saukeTeso pirobebi Seuqmnas, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi<br />
mamakacebis dominirebas arCeven. g. bodjsoni aqcents akeTebs institutebis rolze<br />
individis miznebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis procesSi.<br />
× am Teoriis Tanaxmad biWebs bavSvobisas dedebi zrdian <strong>da</strong> maT ara aqvT TavianTi sqesis ufros<br />
warmomadgenlebTan sistematuri urTierTobis SesaZlebloba. amis gamo TavianTi mamakacuri<br />
identurobis gamovlenas isini qalis uaryofaSi hpoveben.<br />
22
upiratesobis miniWebis cvlilebas feministuri ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis miRweva<br />
(rogorc <strong>da</strong>saqmebis, ise sxva sferoebSi) diskriminaciis gamomwvevi preferenciebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxvas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, keTildReobis Teoriis farglebSi saxelmwifos<br />
mier miRebuli zomebis neoklasikuri midgoma TiTqmis, erTmniSvnelovnad,<br />
upiratesobis miniWebis sabaziso winapirobis mdgradobas eyrdnoba. magaliTisaTvis<br />
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> SevafasoT politika, romelic mimarTulia qalebis<br />
mier samuSaos miRebis SesaZleblobebis gasafarToveblad. SesaZloa, upiratesoba<br />
icvleba, eWvqveS dgeba TviT sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba. aseTi kiTxvis<br />
pasuxi ar SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovani iyos <strong>da</strong> swored aRniSnuli sakiTxi<br />
warmoadgens im ZiriTad problemas, romelsac feministebi ekonomikuri Teoriis<br />
winaSe ayeneben. maTi azriT, umTavresi amocanaa SemuSavebuli iqnas modeli.<br />
statistikuri diskriminacia:<br />
midgoma a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teoriis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa Soris arsebul uTanasworobas sxvanairad xsnis hipoTeza<br />
statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb. mravalricxovani faqtebi imaze metyvelebs,<br />
rom ori kandi<strong>da</strong>tis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac Tanabari monacemebi aqvT<br />
(erTmaneTisagan mxolod sqesiT gansxvavdebian) upiratesoba mamakacebs eniWebaT.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kvlevaSi samuSaoze ayvanis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva situacia modelirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mqiravebels hqon<strong>da</strong> saSualeba, arCevani gaekeTebina kandi<strong>da</strong>t qals <strong>da</strong> mamakacs<br />
Soris. Sedegad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom mamakacebs ufro xSirad iyvanen universitetebSi,<br />
niSnaven xelmZRvanel an iseT Tanamdebobaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c saWiroa profesiuli momzadeba.<br />
maT ufro maRal xelfass sTavazoben. arsebobs imis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli bevri faqti,<br />
rom mamakacebis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao ufro maRal Sefasebas iRebs, vidre<br />
qalebisa. ibadeba bunebrivi SekiTxva: ra aris amis mizezi?<br />
erT-erTi axsna, romelic ekonomikur Teorias Seesabameba, aris diskriminacia<br />
statistikis doneze. mag., SesaZlebelia, mTlianobaSi, mxatvari qalebis namuSevrebi<br />
mamakaci mxatvrebis namuSevrebze ukeTesi ar aris, amitomac bazarze maT naklebi<br />
fasi aqvT <strong>da</strong> Tuki individs miaCnia, rom ori warmodgenili mxatvrobis nimuSi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
(mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis) mamakacis naxats meti Rirebuleba aqvs, gasamtyunari ar aris.<br />
amitomac Tuki igi qalis namuSevars nakleb fass <strong>da</strong>adebs, mas naklebi Sansi aqvs,<br />
rom araracionalurad moiqces. Tumca zogierTi mecnieri (d. eigneri, g.keini)<br />
aRniSnavs, rom statistikuri diskriminacia yovelTvis ar ganapirobebs ekonomikur<br />
diskriminacias. SeiZleba bevri maRalmxatvruli namuSevari saTanadod ar Sefasdes,<br />
xolo m<strong>da</strong>re xarisxisam <strong>da</strong>umsaxureblad ufro maRali Sefaseba miiRos. saSualo<br />
maCvenebeli mainc samarTliani iqneba.<br />
arsebobs Tu ara empiriuli <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>stureba hipoTezisa statistikuri diskriminaciis<br />
Sesaxeb? gamokvlevisas gamovlin<strong>da</strong>, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
iseTi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebisa, rogoricaa asaki, muSaobis gamocdileba,<br />
ganaTleba <strong>da</strong> sxv., xelfasis sxvaoba diskriminaciiT aris gamowveuli. Tu hipoTeza<br />
statistikuri diskriminaciis Sesaxeb samarTliania, maSin aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia<br />
sxvaobiT mwarmoeblurobas an a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebas Soris, romlis<br />
drosac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> sxv. maCvenebeli.. am problemis<br />
ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT, agreTve, diskriminaciis iseTi<br />
modeli, rogoricaa diskriminacia, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan.<br />
23
diskriminacia, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan<br />
qalebis <strong>da</strong>bali anazRaurebis asaxsnelad arsebobs kidev erTi hipoTeza<br />
araswori Sefasebebis Taobaze. a<strong>da</strong>mianebma SeiZleba mc<strong>da</strong>rad gaazviadon sxvaoba<br />
mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis saSualo SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. diskriminaciis aseT<br />
konservatorul <strong>for</strong>mas xSirad vxvdebiT instituciur struqturebSi. ase<br />
magaliTad, viqtorias epoqis kanonmdebloba qalebs ukrZalav<strong>da</strong> miwisqveSa samu-<br />
Saoebis Sesrulebas (magaliTad, metros matareblis mZRolebad muSaobas). es ZalaSi<br />
rCebo<strong>da</strong> meoce saukunis 80-ian wlebSic. ufro metic, diskriminacia, romelic<br />
mc<strong>da</strong>r SexedulebebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, gansakuTrebulad mdgradia: qalebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebad samuSaoze imitom iReben, rom gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,<br />
isini naklebad kvalificiurebi arian, amasTan, isini Tavis kvalifikacias ver<br />
imaRleben imitom, rom maT mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli Tanamdebobebi ar iZleva samsaxurebrivi<br />
winsvlis saSualebas.<br />
diskriminacias, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia araswor SefasebebTan <strong>da</strong> statistikur<br />
diskriminacias, saxelmwifo politikis TvalsazrisiT, diametralurad sapirispiro<br />
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. Tu qalebi, <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblis araswori qmedebis gamo, <strong>da</strong>bal<br />
anazRaurebas iReben, iseTi zomebi rogoricaa, magaliTad, qalebis samuSaoze<br />
miRebis stimulireba, an Tanabari anazRaurebis kanoniT ganmtkiceba, ubralod<br />
aseTi Secdomis gamosworebas iwvevs <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Semcirebas ar<br />
ganapirobebs. Tu saqme statistikur diskriminaciasTan gvaqvs, maSin iZulebiTi<br />
zomebis gatareba samuSaoze ayvanisas an xelfasis gaTanabrebisas samuSao Zalis<br />
saSualo xarisxis Semcirebas iwvevs (radgan igulisxmeba, rom mamakacebi meti<br />
Sromis nayofierebiT xasiaTdebian), rasac Tan ekonomikuri efeqtianobis kleba<br />
mohyveba. araswor SefasebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli diskriminaciis dros saxelmwifo<br />
politikis es zomebi raime <strong>da</strong>nakargebTan ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. statistikuri<br />
diskriminacias SemTxvevaSi ki <strong>da</strong>naklisi sakmaod mniSvnelovania.<br />
m. puiolis azriT, diskrminaciis axsna Sefasebisas <strong>da</strong>Svebuli sistematuri<br />
Secdomebis xarjze feministuri ekonomikuri TeoriisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ar<br />
aris. magram Tu qalTa <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli mdgomareobis istorias ga<strong>da</strong>vxe<strong>da</strong>vT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom ekonomistebs maT SesaZleblobebze mc<strong>da</strong>ri Sexedulebebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
ase rom, hipoTeza diskriminaciisa sistematuri Secdomebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba<br />
marTebuli iyos <strong>da</strong> swored aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs Semdgomi problemis arsi, rom<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi SeiZleba sistematurad cdebodnen.<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis mizniT gatarebuli saxelmwifo politikis<br />
analizma aCvena, rom ekonomistebi iZulebulni arian uari Tqvan tradiciul<br />
ekonomikur modelze, sa<strong>da</strong>c upiratesobis miniWeba endogenuri faqtoris saxiT aris<br />
warmodgenili, xolo Secdomas gansjaSi sistematuri xasiaTi SeiZleba hqondes.<br />
(Pujol, 1992).<br />
<strong>da</strong>, bolos, ganvixiloT androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufali kvlevebi.<br />
feministi ekonomistebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan androcentruli gavlenisagan<br />
Tavisufali kvlevebi, mTeli rigi mimarTulebebiT vlindeba. upirveles yovlisa,<br />
isini cdiloben gaaumjobeson ekonomikuri analizis xarisxi. TavianTi modelebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasabuTeblad e.w. "analitikur gamartivebas" mimarTaven; magram genderulma<br />
stereotipebma maTi <strong>for</strong>mulirebisas SeiZleba Secdomebi gamoiwvios. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
bevri feministi ekonomisti Sewuxebulia imiT, rom TeoriaSi xdeba qalTa<br />
problematikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ignorireba an maT<br />
saTanado yuradReba ar eqceva. xSirad, ekonomistebs "ar ZaluZT" <strong>da</strong>inaxon qalTa<br />
mdgomareobasTan an genderul diferenciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi.<br />
24
mTlianobaSi, androcentruli gavlenisagan Tavisufal kvlevebSi ori mimar-<br />
Tuleba SeiZleba gamovyoT. pirveli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia SecdomiTi gamartivebis<br />
gamoyenebasTan, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola ufro martivia, xolo meore mimarTulia<br />
ekonomikaSi qalis gauCinarebis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> am mxriv saqme ufro rTula<strong>da</strong>a.<br />
judiT lorberis azriT, qalis "gauCinarebis" yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTad<br />
gamodgeba qalis upiratesi universaluri CarTva ojaxur meurneobaSi <strong>da</strong> misi,<br />
lorberis, rogorc mikroekonomikis specialistis Sexeduleba. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ojaxis<br />
meurneobis alternatiuli modelebis Seqmnis mcdeloba fun<strong>da</strong>mentur problemas<br />
ayenebs neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis winaSe. upirveles yovlisa,<br />
mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa araTanasworoba Sromis bazarze <strong>da</strong> ojaxis meurneobaSi<br />
nawilobriv ganpirobebulia upiratesobaTa miniWebiT <strong>da</strong> institutebiT. feministi<br />
ekonomistebis sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelyofa ki <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia im<br />
imedTan, rom upiratesoba <strong>da</strong> institutebi Sesabamisi saxiT Seicvleba; aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinareobs keTildReobis ekonomikuri Teoriis analitikuri instrumentebis<br />
Seqmnis aucilebloba, romelic aRniSnuli cvlilebebis analizs iTvaliswinebs.<br />
upiratesobis miniWebis wyaroebis Seswavlas, ojaxuri meurneobis modelis<br />
Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri Teoriis instituciuri orientaciis gaZlierebis moTxovnas<br />
marto feministi ekonomistebi rodi awarmoeben. mecnierul samyaroSi gamoCndnen<br />
neoklasikuri mimarTulebis ekonomistebi, romlebic feministebis mier wamoyenebul<br />
problemebs uTmoben yuradRebas. Tavis mxriv, feministuri ekonomikuri Teoria<br />
farTod iyenebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mimarTulebis ideebs, amasTan,<br />
mas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, rac ganpirobebulia, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
imiT, rom aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>aqvs ekonomikuri samarTlianobis problemebze, aerTianebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimarTulebis Sromebs <strong>da</strong> Zlier biZgs iZleva tradiciuli ekonomikuri<br />
Teoriis kritikisaTvis. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, feministebs mecnierebaSi samyaros aRqmis,<br />
kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> Secnobis axali perspeqtivebi moaqvT, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs<br />
<strong>da</strong>inaxon <strong>da</strong> scadon axsnan mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa SromiT anazRaurebaSi arsebuli<br />
diskriminaciis mizezebi, ojaxuri meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis<br />
procesis ekonomikuri faqtorebi.<br />
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. ra aris feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mizani?<br />
2. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mimarTulebebi.<br />
3. ra ganapirobebs qalTa diskriminacias <strong>da</strong>saqmebis saferoSi?<br />
4. ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miiRebuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad?<br />
25
literatura:<br />
1. jaSi C. <strong>genderi</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomika "<strong>genderi</strong>,Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba", (red. l.<br />
Ggafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili) Tbilisi, 2005<br />
2. Frances R. Wooley, The Feminist Challenge to Newclassical Economics // Cambridge Journal of<br />
Economics, 1993<br />
3. Guderson M., Male-Female Wage Differentials and Policy Responses // Journal of Economie<br />
Literature, 1987<br />
4. Pujol M.A., Feminism and Antifeminism in Elarly Economie Thought Aldershot Edward Elgar,<br />
1992.<br />
5. Brown L J., Gender and Economic Analyses: A Feminist Perspective. Mimeo. Easterrn,<br />
Washington University, 1989<br />
6. England P., What Can Economic Learns from Feminism. 1990<br />
26
Tavi IV<br />
qalis roli Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi<br />
1. qalis rolis <strong>da</strong> statusis evolucia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi<br />
sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareoba yovelTvis iyo gansjis sagani. istoriaSi,<br />
filosofiaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi <strong>da</strong> sxv. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad aisaxebo<strong>da</strong><br />
es problema <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi gamohqon<strong>da</strong>T. qalis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaze ojaxsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebaSi, mis Tan<strong>da</strong>yolil Tvisebebze, Rirsebasa Tu naklze gansakuTrebul<br />
yuradRebas religiac amaxvileb<strong>da</strong>. aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi qali moklebuli iyo<br />
saSualebas srulad gamoevlina Tavisi inteleqti. qristianoba gamudmebiT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
qals anaTemaze ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul mdgomareobas amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi aseTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba kidev ufro gamyar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> "sust sqesTan"<br />
urTierToba codvad Seiracxa.<br />
xalxis cnobierebaSi fexmokidebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebze, urTierTobebze ojaxSi<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S. aseTi warmodgenebi qalebSi garkveuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulis grZnobas iwvevs <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
profesiul zr<strong>da</strong>s uSlis xels.<br />
gamudmebiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mimdinareobs kamaTi qalis, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis,<br />
sazogadoebis wevris <strong>da</strong> rogorc intimuri urTierTobebis obieqtis WeSmariti Rirebulebebis<br />
Sesaxeb. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva epoqaSi mas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad afasebdnen. Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebaSic arsebobs sapirispiro Sexedulebebi qalis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaze. mimdinareobs<br />
aqtiuri debatebi qalis rolisa <strong>da</strong> statusis Sesaxeb. amasTan cxadia, rom<br />
egalitaruli Teoriis cxovrebaSi gatareba TviT cxovrebiT aris nakarnaxevi. samu-<br />
Sao drois <strong>da</strong>naxarjis ori mesamedi qalebis wilad modis, msoflioSi yovel mesame<br />
ojaxs qali inaxavs <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, aRniSnul sakiTxze erTgvarovani Sexeduleba<br />
ar aris.<br />
Suasaukneobriv Sexedulebebze qalis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina<br />
platonis "Timeosma", romelSic igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom laCari <strong>da</strong> uRirsi mamakacebis<br />
suli sikvdilis Semdeg qalebSi ga<strong>da</strong>inacvlebs, xolo mis mier "saxelmwifoSi"<br />
gamoTqmuli azri qalebis emansipaciis Sesaxeb meorexarisxovnad iqna aRqmuli.<br />
qalis, rogorc sazogadoebis srulyofili wevris, WeSmariti Rirebulebis<br />
Sesaxeb, erTi SexedviT, renesansisa <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>maciis xanaSi un<strong>da</strong> ezrunaT <strong>da</strong>,<br />
marTlac, aqa iq gamoCn<strong>da</strong> imedis Canasaxi, magram yvelaferi es imiT Semoifargla,<br />
rom qali esTetikuri Tayvaniscemis obieqti gax<strong>da</strong>, xolo mis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul<br />
mdgomareobaSi ki araferi Secvlila.<br />
kapitalizmis epoqa qalis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Taobaze Sexedulebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mimdinareobebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. napoleon bonaparte, romelmac axali<br />
kodeqsi Seqmna, qalebis aRzrdis gaumjobesebisaken mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>, magram maT ZiriTad<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebad mxolod reproduqciis unari rCebo<strong>da</strong>. burJuaziulma sazogadoebam<br />
warmoaCina mravali fsevdoTeoria, romlebic qalis arasrulfasovnebas usvamdnen<br />
xazs. a. Sopenhaueri, f. nicSe, o. veinengeri <strong>da</strong> sxv. amtkicebdnen, rom bunebam qali<br />
mxolod TvalTmaqcobiT, cbierebiT, Ralatisadmi midrekilebiT <strong>da</strong>ajildova.<br />
"<strong>da</strong>bali tanis, viwromxrebian, farToTeZoebian sqess lamazi SeiZleba uwodos<br />
mxolod seqsualuri vnebiT Tavbru<strong>da</strong>xveulma mamakacma... qali Tavisi bunebiT<br />
ganwirulia <strong>da</strong>morCilebisaTvis, mas batoni sWirdeba... am sqesis yvelaze ufro<br />
brwyinvale warmomadgenlebsac ki araferi WeSmaritad didi <strong>da</strong> TviTmyofadi ar<br />
SeuqmniaT." (Шопенгауер, 1986,). Sopenhaueris es sityvebi kargad asaxavs mamakacTa<br />
27
tiraniisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlis epoqas, agreTve avtoris individualur Sexedulebebs.<br />
nicSec uaryofiTi azris iyo qalebze, maTSi arc talantsa <strong>da</strong> arc Wkuas ar<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. "mamakacebma qalebs <strong>da</strong>sakuTrebis surviliT un<strong>da</strong> Sexedon, rogorc<br />
sakuTrebas, romelsac un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>euflo." <strong>da</strong> Semdeg: "emansipaciis survili briyvi<br />
ganaTlebuli mamrobiTi sqesis saxedrebis gavleniT aris gamowveuli". (Ницше, 1907).<br />
qalebisadmi gansakuTrebuli uaryofiTi SexedulebebiT gamoirCeva <strong>da</strong> maTSi<br />
vercerT <strong>da</strong>debiT Tvisebas ver xe<strong>da</strong>vs germaneli filosofosi o. veinegeri. misi<br />
azriT, genialoba qalisaTvis sruliad miuwvdomelia. mas ar gaaCnia "cnobierebis<br />
originaloba: am ukanasknels igi qmrisagan iRebs. qali cnobierebis gareSe cxovrobs,<br />
kaci ki cnobierad..." qalebi moklebulni arian logikas. "WeSmaritad qalurma arsebam<br />
ar icis arc logikuri, arc zneobrivi imperativi." qaluri emansipaciis yvelaze<br />
ufro didi <strong>da</strong> erTad-erTi mteri – TviT qalia." (Вейненгер, 1992).<br />
mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa rolebis Teoriuli axsna SeiZleba z. froidisa <strong>da</strong> t.<br />
parsonsis naSromebSic vnaxoT. z. froidi ambob<strong>da</strong>, "anatomia - es bedia". cnobili<br />
amerikeli sociologi, struqturuli funqcionalizmis avtori t. parsonsi ki<br />
Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom mamakaci mompoveblis, anu instrumentul funqcias asrulebs, xolo<br />
qali, rogorc ojaxis keris Semnaxavi - eqspresiuls. imisaTvis, rom namdvili mamakaci<br />
iyo, erTaderTi gza arsebobs - gqondes prestiJuli samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> moipovo saarsebo<br />
saxsrebi. qalis realuri statusi ki meuRleoba, dedoba <strong>da</strong> ojaxis diasaxlisobaa.<br />
rolebis aseTi <strong>da</strong>nawileba, misi azriT, sazogadoebis stabilurobis sawin<strong>da</strong>ria.<br />
Tumca parsonsis funqcionalizmi mwvave kritikis sagani gax<strong>da</strong>, radgan<br />
funqcionalizmi uars ambobs cvlilebebze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
statikurobis momxrea.<br />
qalebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis cvlilebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitanes utopistsocialistebma<br />
<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, Sarl furiem. Tavis wignSi "samyarosa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis bedi" igi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom imis mcdeloba, rom yvela qali diasaxlisad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>iqces, <strong>socialuri</strong> meqanizmis mankierebaze metyvelebs. igi akritikeb<strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
imas, visac miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qalis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba mxolod "qoTni<strong>da</strong>n qafis mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zveli<br />
Sarvlis kemsvaa". (Фурье, 1951).<br />
S. furie iyo pirveli, vinc aRniSna, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi qalebis emansipacia<br />
mTliani sazogadoebis emansipaciis sazomad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, xolo sazogadoebis<br />
civilizaciis done am sazogadoebaSi qalebis mdgomareobis pir<strong>da</strong>pirproporciulia.<br />
sen-simoni did mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> qalis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. Tavis<br />
moZRvrebaSi "wyvilis" Sesaxeb, igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom sazogadoebrivi moRvawe un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo ara calkeuli piri, aramed qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci erTad, anu "wyvili",<br />
romelsac ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi mieRo <strong>da</strong> qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa<br />
urTierTobebSi Careuliyo.<br />
aseTive poziciebze idgnen rusi revolucioneri demokratebi. obieqturad<br />
afaseb<strong>da</strong> ra sazogadoebaSi qalis rols, b. belinski wer<strong>da</strong>, rom mamakacebis<br />
upiratesoba moCvenebiTia. (Белинский, Полн. собр. соч.). n. CerniSevskis aRaSfoTeb<strong>da</strong><br />
is faqti. rom qals sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi saTanado adgili ar ukavia. misi azriT<br />
"qali mamakacis Tanaswori un<strong>da</strong> iyos". qals cnobier cxovrebaSi aqamde imitom ekava<br />
aseTi <strong>da</strong>kninebuli mdgomareoba, rom Zaladobis batonoba mas SesaZleblobas <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebis survils arTmev<strong>da</strong>. (Чернишевски, Полн. собр. соч.).<br />
Teoria sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi marqsizmmac ganaviTara.<br />
k. marqsi l. kugelmanisadmi miweril werilSi wer<strong>da</strong>: "vinc ramdenadme gacnobilia<br />
istorias, icis, rom diadi sazogadoebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>trialebebi qaluri fermentis gareSe<br />
28
SeuZlebelia" (Маркс, Энгельс, Соч.). marqsi sruliad eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> S. furies imaSi,<br />
rom konkretuli sazogadoebis progresi am sazogadoebaSi qalis mdgomareobis<br />
mixedviT SeiZleba SevafasoT.<br />
ingliseli mecnieri a. barneti sruliad samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom qalisadmi<br />
negatiuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ar <strong>da</strong>mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />
yvela etapze civilizebuli rom yofiliyo. igi ambobs, rom "sakiTxSi tipurisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ucvlelis", mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSnebis, maTi temperamentisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb ganuxrelad aris <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli dogmaturi, sruliad<br />
auxsneli Sexedulebebi.<br />
umravles sazogadoebebSi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba<br />
ganpirobebulia kvlavwarmoebaSi maTi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva roliT, (Барнетт,1968). cxovrebis<br />
pirobebi qalis qcevasa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebaze Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rs asvam<strong>da</strong>. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />
isini saxlisa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis saqmiT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebulni, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs Tavisi<br />
moRvaweobis sfero SezRuduli ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T. maT aseT mdgomareobas mecnierebic<br />
amarTlebdnen. mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> azri imis Sesaxeb, rom qals ar SeuZlia aiTvisos<br />
tradiciuli mamakacuri saqmianoba. magaliTad, asi wlis win ar iyvnen eqimi qalebi <strong>da</strong><br />
TavisTavad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, rom maT am profesiis aTviseba ar ZaluZT. dRes ki eqimebis<br />
naxevarze meti qalebia.<br />
zogierTi mecnieri Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis Sesaxeb oTx ZiriTad Sexedulebas gamoyofs: patriarqalurs,<br />
ekonomikurs, demografiulsa <strong>da</strong> egalitaruls.<br />
patriarqaluri Sexedulebebis a<strong>da</strong>mianebi amtkiceben, rom samyaro e.w. "bunebriv<br />
safuZvlebs" emyareba, xolo maT ngrevas sazogadoebis ngrevisaken mivyavarT.<br />
"bunebriv safuZvlebSi" isini gulisxmoben sazogadoebaSi funqciebis ganawilebas,<br />
romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, qali ojaxis diasaxlisi <strong>da</strong> ojaxis keris Semnaxavia, xolo<br />
mamakaci - mompovebeli, sazogadoebrivi moRvawe <strong>da</strong> ojaxis sazogadoebasTan <strong>da</strong>makav-<br />
Sirebeli. rolebis aseTi ganawileba maT kanonzomierad miaCniaT, radgan, maTi azriT,<br />
sqesobrivi sxvaoba gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre individualuri <strong>da</strong> piradi<br />
Tvisebebi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareobs maTi <strong>da</strong>skvnac: qalebis Cabmam sazogadoebriv<br />
cxovrebaSi ukve mogvitana negatiuri Sedegebi ojaxSi <strong>da</strong> gamoiwvia dedobrivi<br />
instinqtebis rRveva, moraluri aRviraxsniloba, ojaxis ngreva <strong>da</strong> RirebulebaTa<br />
cvla, moxucebi, qmrebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi qalebis mzrunvelobis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCnen, ris gamoc<br />
mimdinareobs mamakacTa feminizacia <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
ekonomistebic qalebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Semcirebas uWeren mxars <strong>da</strong> amas imiT<br />
asabuTeben, rom maTi Sroma ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT araefeqturia bavSviani<br />
dedebis xSiri gacdenebis gamo. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, maTi mtkicebiT, qalebs ufro naklebi<br />
kvalifikacia aqvT, vidre mamakacebs.<br />
demografebis azriT, qals upirvelesad reproduqciis funqcia akisria, xolo<br />
Sobadobis Semcireba sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.<br />
egalitaruli azrovnebis momxreebi eWvqveS ayeneben partiarqalur mosazrebebs <strong>da</strong><br />
funqciebis e.w. "bunebriv" ganawilebas socialur iluziad miiCneven. maTi azriT,<br />
patriarqatuli koncefcia Sesabamisi <strong>socialuri</strong> pirobebis Sedegia <strong>da</strong> mas momavali ara aqvs.<br />
sqesTa Soris egalitaruli urTierToba mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis urTierTgagebasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierTSevsebazea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli ojaxsa Tu sazogadoebaSi orive<br />
maTganisaTvis Tavisufali arCevnis safuZvelze xdeba. am Sexedulebebis momxreebs<br />
miaCniaT, rom upirveles yovlisa, a<strong>da</strong>mianis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa<br />
Tanabari <strong>socialuri</strong> pirobebis <strong>da</strong> maTi realizebisaTvis saTanado garemos Seqmna,<br />
agreTve mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis Tanasaworuflebianobis sakiTxis politikur sakiTxad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>qceva.<br />
29
2. saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi<br />
Tanamedrove trans<strong>for</strong>mirebulma sazogadoebam SeimuSava <strong>da</strong> ukve cxovrebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>nerga sruliad axali, Zvelisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli sqesTa urTierTobebi.<br />
qalebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> saukeTeso cxovrebiseuli<br />
arCevanis gakeTebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu isini aqtiurad Caebmebian<br />
axal cxovrebaSi, eziarebian <strong>da</strong> gaiTaviseben axal Rirebulebebs, Tu moxdeba maTi<br />
realuri emansipacia. am amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba<br />
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad saxelmwifos mier<br />
gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, maT Soris sakanonmdeblo, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d SromiT saqmianobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> socialur sferoebs exeba. isini qalebis sazogadoebrivi statusisa <strong>da</strong> gavlenis<br />
amaRlebas ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />
saxelmwifo politikad miCneulia saxelisuflo institutebis <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis<br />
mTeli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis saqmianoba. misi mizania <strong>socialuri</strong> yofierebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferos optimaluri marTva. igi gulisxmobs konkretuli sociokulturuli<br />
istoriuli amocanebis droul ga<strong>da</strong>Wras. efeqturi saxelmwifo politika<br />
uzrunvelyofs im normebis, Rirebulebebisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebiseuli strategiebis<br />
gavrcelebas, romlebic xels uwyobs saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> yvela saxelmwifo struqturis<br />
mier aRiarebuli aucilebeli miznebis miRwevas. saxelmwifo politikis farglebSi<br />
gaTvaliswinebulia rogorc uaxlesi, ise ufro Soreuli miznebis <strong>da</strong>saxva, maTi<br />
miRwevisaTvis saWiro meTodebisa <strong>da</strong> saSualebebis gansazRvra.<br />
saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxSi, anu, rogorc mas uwodeben, qalTa<br />
saxelmwifo politika, im saerTo <strong>socialuri</strong> politikis nawilia, romelic saxelmwifos<br />
socialur programebsa <strong>da</strong> praqtikaSia xorcSesxmuli. igi sazogadoebaSi<br />
aregulirebs urTierTobebs mosaxleobis ZiriTadi <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebis interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiTa <strong>da</strong> saSualebiT. <strong>socialuri</strong> politika ekonomikazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli,<br />
magram meorexarisxovani ar aris, radgan mas didi roli eniWeba sazogadoebis<br />
materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri kulturis ganviTarebisaTvis. <strong>socialuri</strong> politikis<br />
ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis harmonizacia,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobisa <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo Tanxmobis uzrunvelyofa. amis miRweva<br />
mosaxleobis fulad Semosavlebsa <strong>da</strong> sasaqonlo resursebs Soris balansis <strong>da</strong>cviT<br />
aris SesaZlebeli. aucilebelia agreTve sabinao problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad saWiro<br />
pirobebis, saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis raodenobasa <strong>da</strong> xarisxze mosaxleobis<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT saTanado<br />
bazis Seqmna. saWiroa mosaxleobis sulierebis, ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis amaRleba.<br />
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> hqondes <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
mimarTuleba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi qalebis – didi, specifikuri <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani problemebis<br />
mqone socialur-demografiuli jgufis – interesebs exeba <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong> socialur statuss ayalibebs; gansazRvravs <strong>da</strong> awesrigebs agreTve<br />
maT urTierTobebs sazogadoebasTan.<br />
saxelmwifo politikas qalTa sakiTxSi konkretul-istoriuli xasiaTi aqvs. is<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia <strong>politikuri</strong> reJimis xasiaTze, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi<br />
demokratiis doneze, saxelmwifo politikis subieqtebis, upirveles yovlisa ki,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> elitis, mier qalTa sakiTxis arsis gagebasa <strong>da</strong> maT poziciaze. ar<br />
SeiZleba imis <strong>da</strong>viwyebac. rom qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikis warmateba<br />
ganisazRvreba rogorc mTeli sazogadoebis arsebuli kulturuli tradiciebiT,<br />
aseve Tavad mTeli mosaxleobis qalTa nawilis Segnebisa <strong>da</strong> aqtiurobis doniT.<br />
qalebis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis Semdeg tipebs ganasxvaveben:<br />
30
patriarqaluri saxelmwifo politika – es aris politika, romelic mamakacsa <strong>da</strong><br />
qals Soris funqciebis gansazRvruli ganawilebis koncefcias efuZneba. qalis<br />
bunebriv socialur funqciad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebad (mowodebad) dedoba, saSinao<br />
meurneobis gaZRola <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong> iTvleba. mamakacs saxelmwifo, profesiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis (moRvaweobis) subieqtis roli akisria. am koncefciis<br />
Tanaxmad, mamakaci ojaxis ufrosi <strong>da</strong> “marCenalia”, igi <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli rgolia<br />
ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> mTel sazogadoebas Soris.<br />
qalTa sakiTxSi patriarqaluri politikis ZiriTadi miznebia:<br />
araemansipirebuli qalis idealis propagan<strong>da</strong>;<br />
mmarTvelobiTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, sazogadoebriv sferoSi<br />
qalebis monawileobis SezRudva;<br />
profesiul saqmianobaSi qalis monawileobis Semcireba;<br />
dedis, colisa (meuRlis) <strong>da</strong> ojaxis diasaxlisis “bunebrivi” funqciebis<br />
SesrulebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna;<br />
paternalisturi politika qalTa sakiTxSi - es aris qalis mimarT saxelmwifos<br />
meurveobisa <strong>da</strong> proteqcionizmis politika, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens:<br />
qalebis <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis organizacia – SeRavaTebis, <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis,<br />
Svebulebebis, qalis Sromis gamoyenebis SezRudvisa <strong>da</strong> a.S. saxiT;<br />
sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalebis farTo monawileoba;<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> mdgomareobis Tanasworoba;<br />
qalis mier dedisa <strong>da</strong> diasaxlisis funqciebis SeTavsebisaTvis saWiro<br />
pirobebis Seqmna.<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisaTvis sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebis Tema bevri saxelmwifos<br />
politikaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam 1976-1985 wlebi qalTa aTwleulad<br />
gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, romlis devizic iyo: “Tanasworoba, ganviTareba, mSvidoba". es iyo<br />
mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli qalTa problemebis<br />
wina planze wamowevas.<br />
1995 w. pekinSi Sedga qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferencia. man miznad <strong>da</strong>isaxa im<br />
prioritetebis <strong>da</strong>dgena, romelTa ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cva aucilebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
1986-2000 wlebSi gaeros sistemis farglebSi <strong>da</strong>saxuli strategiis cxovrebaSi<br />
gasatareblad.<br />
mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca agreTve konvenciis miReba qalTa diskriminaciis<br />
yvela <strong>for</strong>mis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb. man mouwo<strong>da</strong> "...saxelmwifoebs, miiRon erovnuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo zomebi, romlebic akrZalavs qalTa diskriminacias". konvencia maT<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>cias miiRon mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris faqtiuri Tanasworobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebis <strong>da</strong>saCqareblad mimarTuli droebiTi specialuri zomebi, agreTve<br />
specialuri aucilebeli zomebi diskriminaciis SenarCunebis xelisSemwyobi<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturuli modelebis SecvlisaTvis.<br />
arsebiTi mniSvnelobis gax<strong>da</strong> “qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saqmianobis<br />
sferoSi perspeqtiuli strategiebi 1986-2000 wlebSi”. aRniSnul strategiebSi sami<br />
mizania <strong>da</strong>saxuli: Tanasworoba, ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> mSvidoba. aq Tanasworoba ganxilulia<br />
ara mxolod rogorc samarTlebrivi cneba, aramed rogorc qalebis uflebebis,<br />
movaleobebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis realuri Tanasworobis miRwevis saSualeba, Zala.<br />
es Tanasworoba uSualod ukavSirdeba mravalmxrivi socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis amocanas <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis progress.<br />
aRniSnul dokumentebSi aRiniSna msoflio sazogadoebis swrafva 2000 wlisaTvis<br />
qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisaken. isini xels uwyoben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi<br />
31
konceptualuri midgomebis, saxelmwifo politikis strategiisa <strong>da</strong> taqtikis<br />
SemuSavebas, erovnuli meqanizmebis Seqmnas. maT un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon miRebuli<br />
programebis (rogorc mimdinare, ise perspeqtiuli) realizaciis monitoringi.<br />
XX saukunis 70-ian <strong>da</strong> 80-ian wlebSi evropis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi miRebuli iqna<br />
kanonebi qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis uflebebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb: inglisSi (1975 w.),<br />
<strong>da</strong>niaSi (1978 w.), norvegiaSi (1978 w.), SveciaSi (1978 w.), avstriaSi (1979 w.),<br />
safrangeTSi (1993 w.) <strong>da</strong> a.S. aRniSnuli kanonebi Seicavs normebs, romlebic<br />
gansazRvravs SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas samuSaoze <strong>da</strong>qiravebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Txovnisas,<br />
<strong>da</strong>jildoebis, profesiuli momzadebis, samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong>winaurebis, meuRleebis ojaxuri<br />
valdebulebebis ganawilebisas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mireba an Tavi<strong>da</strong>n Seqmna, <strong>socialuri</strong> feminologiis instituireba metad<br />
mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> erovnuli meqanizmebis funqcionirebis teqnologiebis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>muSavebas <strong>da</strong> im organizaciuli struqturebis moqmedebas ukavSirdeba, romlebic<br />
qalTa sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas emsaxureba. msoflios 90 qveyanaSi erovnuli meqanizmebi<br />
saxelmwifo doneze arsebobs, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 5 qveyanaSi maT premier-ministrebi<br />
xelmZRvaneloben. aseTi saxelmwifo organoebis saqmianobis analizi saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi arsebobs<br />
gansxvavebuli midgoma <strong>da</strong> organizaciuli struqturebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipi – qalTa<br />
saqmeebis saministroebi, komitetebi <strong>da</strong> sxv., magram amasTan, u<strong>da</strong>vod ikveTeba erTi<br />
saerTo tendencia – Tanasworuflebianobis uzrunvelsayofi politika muSavdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
misi ganxorcielebis kontroli xdeba ara mxolod sazogadoebriv, aramed saxelmwifo<br />
doneze. sagulisxmoa, rom saorganizacio struqturebi funqcionirebs rogorc did,<br />
ise patara saxelmwifoebSi. maTi Camoyalibebis procesi ki kvlavac grZeldeba.<br />
am struqturebis kompetenciaSi, rogorc wesi, Sedis Semdegi mimarTulebebi:<br />
sqesTa Tanasworuflebianobis principis realizacia; reagireba diskriminaciis<br />
konkretul SemTxvevebze; sain<strong>for</strong>macio moRvaweoba qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebSi, Sesabamisi samecniero gamokvlevebis<br />
organizeba, xelis Sewyoba <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvaneloba, sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla.<br />
70-80-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>savleTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>socialuri</strong> realobis<br />
konceptualuri gaazreba, qalTa sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis, sazogadoebaSi qalebis<br />
mdgomareobisadmi midgomebiT <strong>da</strong>ukmayofilebloba. am periodSi <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi<br />
cdiloben problemis gaazrebi<strong>da</strong>n konceptualur, koordinirebul, grZelvadian<br />
konkretul etapobriv zomebze ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen, rac realurad uzrunvelyofs sqesTa<br />
Tanasworobis principis cxovrebaSi gatarebas.<br />
evropuli Tanamegobrobis farglebSi, samarTlebrivi regulirebis principebis<br />
safuZvelze, SemuSav<strong>da</strong> moqmedebis ori grZelvadiani programa (1982-1985 w.w. <strong>da</strong> 1986-<br />
1999 w.w.), romelTa mizanic Tanabari SesaZleblobebis realizaciaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
mravalpartiuli sistemis qveynebSi qalebTan masobriv muSaobas mniSvnelovani roli<br />
eniWeba. maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera am partiis gamarjvebas niSnavs.<br />
3. qali <strong>da</strong> masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebi<br />
masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebs ideebis generators, <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis<br />
instituciuri cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong>mCqarebels uwodeben <strong>da</strong> meoTxe xelisuflebasTan<br />
aigiveben. faqtobrivad es aris masobrivi komunikacia, romelic teqnikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
eleqtronuli saSualebebiT xorcieldeba <strong>da</strong> xSirad win uswrebs politikur Tu<br />
ekonomikur movlenebs.<br />
32
masmedia ayalibebs sazogadoebriv azrs politikis, ekonomikis, <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
partiebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebis, pirovnebebis <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. igi ayalibebs, agreTve. moRvaweobis sferoebs, interesebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis gzebs, xerxebsa <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebebs, Rirebulebebs, ama Tu im a<strong>da</strong>mianis Tu<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufis socialur statuss.<br />
masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebis ZiriTad funqcias sazogadoebis politizacia,<br />
misi mmarTvelobaSi monawileoba, stereotipul azrovnebaze zemoqmedeba,<br />
sazogadoebriv azrze apelireba, masebis aqtiurobis gazr<strong>da</strong>, movlenebis mravalwaxnagovani<br />
gaSuqeba, Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba <strong>da</strong> sxv. warmoadgens. mas SeiZleba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizani hqondes, iyos obieqturi an araobieqturi, amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
misi sami ZiriTadi funqcia: sain<strong>for</strong>macio, percefciuli, (aRqma, warmodgena,<br />
asaxva) <strong>da</strong> interaqtiuli (komunikatorisa <strong>da</strong> auditoriis urTierTqmedeba). man xeli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyos moqalaqeobrivi poziciis Camoyalibebas, axsnas pirovnebis uflebebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisuflebebis arsi, xeli Seuwyos konstituciis <strong>da</strong>cvas, farTod gaaSuqos erovnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso donis programebi <strong>da</strong> dokumentebi, droulad <strong>da</strong> obieqturad<br />
uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis in<strong>for</strong>mireba qveyanaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
ra roli SeiZleba Seasrulos masmediam qalTa sakiTxSi? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania:<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovani. ra Wirdeba Tanamedrove qals? upirveles yovlisa,<br />
humanuri principebis gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> naTeli <strong>da</strong>sturi imisa, rom saWiroa <strong>da</strong>culi<br />
iqnes genderuli pariteti Cveni sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. masmediam<br />
xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyos qalis axali cxovrebiseuli modelis propagan<strong>da</strong>s, uzrunvelyos<br />
im teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, romlebic ganapirobebs qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> statusis<br />
cvlilebas, agreTve sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis qalTa gamocdilebis gaziarebas.<br />
beWdviTi produqcia, radio <strong>da</strong> televizia sazogadoebriv cnobierebas ayalibeben.<br />
Jurnal-gazeTebSi <strong>da</strong>beWdili statiebi realur cxovrebiseul suraTs un<strong>da</strong> qmnidnen,<br />
maT zegavlena un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinon sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis <strong>for</strong>masa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsze,<br />
xalxis samsjavroze gamoitanon kanonebi, <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi, brZanebulebebi, ganaxorcielon<br />
kavSiri mmarTvelobiT organoebTan <strong>da</strong> saTanado in<strong>for</strong>macia miawodon<br />
mosaxleobas, presaSi moawyon dialogi, sistematurad gaaSuqon qalTa problematika,<br />
farTo propagan<strong>da</strong> gauwion egalitarul Teorias.<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi am mxriv mniSvnelovani nabijebi ga<strong>da</strong>idga: mimdinareobs masobrivi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebebis orientaciis Secvla qalis rolisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis axleburad<br />
gaazrebis mimarTulebiT. mag. iaponiaSi 1989 wels gamocxad<strong>da</strong> "ona–nodzi<strong>da</strong>is", anu<br />
"qalebis eras" <strong>da</strong>sawyisi. adre aq 70-mde qalebis Jurnali gamodio<strong>da</strong>, romlebSic ZiriTadi<br />
adgili Worebs <strong>da</strong> modis siaxleebs eTmobo<strong>da</strong>. 1989 wli<strong>da</strong>n maTi Sinaarsi mkveTrad<br />
Seicvala, xolo iseTma mniSvnelovanma Jurnalma rogoric aris "bungeii siudziu"<br />
qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>iwyo specializebuli <strong>da</strong>namatis "krea"-s gamoSveba. aRniSnul <strong>da</strong>matebaSi<br />
ibeWdeba statiebi politikur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> sxva seriozul Temebze.<br />
did britaneTis gazeT "gardianSi" diskusiisaTvis qalTa Tematikaze<br />
funqcionirebs sagangebo rubrika, yovelkvireuli Jurnali "ekonomisti" ki aqveynebs<br />
masalebs <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. 1990 wels parizis<br />
"a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sesaxeb mecnierebebis saxlma" yovelkvartaluri gamocema feminizmis<br />
problemebs <strong>da</strong>uTmo. amerikuli presa ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalebisaTvis rCevebis micemaze iyo<br />
orientirebuli - Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> moxiblos qalma yvela saqmian saRamoze, rogor<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aswavlo mamakacs saCuqrebis yidva, rogor un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sorde momabezrebel<br />
sayvarels <strong>da</strong> sxv. ukanasknel xanebSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> ramdenime aTeuli soliduri<br />
gamomcemloba, wignebis maRaziebi, romlebic qalTa problematikaze specializdebian.<br />
gamodis axali Jurnalebi "qalebi kulturasa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi", "qalis istoria",<br />
"qalis fsiqologia", "qali <strong>da</strong> politika" <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
33
4. qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> statusi rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> statusi, rogorc integraluri maCvenebeli, erTmaneTTan akavSirebs<br />
ramdenime elementsa <strong>da</strong> funqcias. statusi (laT. status - mdgomareoba, pozicia)<br />
asaxavs <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufis, kerZod, qalebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebaSi maTi warmomadgenlebis<br />
samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, maT adgils <strong>socialuri</strong> kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
urTierTobebis sistemaSi. igi asaxavs agreTve calkeuli individis urTierTobebs<br />
garkveul socialur jgufTan.<br />
qalebi gansakuTrebeli <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufia. isini mosaxleobis naxevars Seadgenen.<br />
maTi cxovreba, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela urTierTobis gar<strong>da</strong>, konkretuli<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> funqciiTac gamoirCeva. qalebi specifikuri maxasiaTeblebiTac<br />
xasiaTdebian, amitom maTi <strong>socialuri</strong> funqciis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli mizezebi<br />
aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sazogadoebis re<strong>for</strong>mirebis procesSi warmoSobili<br />
axali socialur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi <strong>da</strong> am pirobebSi Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
principis realizeba.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> statusi <strong>socialuri</strong> yofiT, aRzrdis sistemiT, saqmianobis xasiaTiT,<br />
idealebiT, individis miznebiT, sazogadoebis individisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebiT,<br />
saxelmwifo politikisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo ideologiiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> statusi bunebrivi monacemebiT – sqesiT, asakiT, agreTve, sulieri<br />
kulturis doniT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli garkveuli materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri<br />
RirebulebebiTac ganisazRvreba. qalis cxovrebiseuli ciklze, pir<strong>da</strong>pir Tu<br />
arapir<strong>da</strong>pir, aSkarad Tu SeniRbulad, gavlenas axdens cxovrebis yvela mxare,<br />
sazogadoebrivi yofis yvela elementi <strong>da</strong> faqtori. maTi asaxvis Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> xasiaTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia garkveuli <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel socialur<br />
Tvisebebze. sazogadoebrivi yofa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jgufis qalebis cnobierebis, ganaTlebis<br />
donis. msoflmxedvelobis, profesiuli momzadebis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria.<br />
qalis, rogorc mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlis <strong>socialuri</strong> statusi un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganvasxvavoT misi pirovnuli statusisagan anu im mdgomareobisagan, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
garkveul jgufSi, ojaxSi ukavia <strong>da</strong> fasdeba saerTo a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Tvisebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT. Sesabamisad, erTi mxriv, qals ukavia garkveuli adgili sazogadoebriv<br />
ierarqiaSi, meore mxriv, igi aris de<strong>da</strong>, coli, xelmZRvaneli, profesionali <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
garkveul konkretul sferoSi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare cneba "<strong>socialuri</strong> statusi"<br />
mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli "<strong>socialuri</strong> rolis" gagebasTan <strong>da</strong> mis dinamikur mxares,<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> statusis funqcias warmoadgens.<br />
garkveuli individualuri TvisebebiT aRWurvili pirovneba <strong>socialuri</strong> sistemis<br />
meqanikuri rgoli rodia, Tumca es sistema masze garkveul gavlenas axdens.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis racionaluri miReba <strong>da</strong> racionaluri moqmedebebi a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
cnobierebaSi, mis qmedebebSi, arsebul socialur sistemaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri gar<strong>da</strong>texis<br />
Sedegia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia sxva pirovnebebTan an individTa jgufTan, romelTac<br />
saerTo miznebi aqvT <strong>da</strong> am miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iRvwian.<br />
ase rom, a<strong>da</strong>miani garemomcveli samyaros ara mxolod obieqti, aramed subieqti<br />
– misi Semqmneli <strong>da</strong> masze zemoqmedi Zalacaa. igi gavlenas axdens am samyaroze,<br />
sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> mis msoflmxedvelobaze, im miznebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, romlebic<br />
srulyofil socialur cxovrebas uzrunvelyofen.<br />
sazogadoeba – es aris a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTqmedeba garkveul ekonomikur,<br />
socialur <strong>da</strong> sulier pirobebSi. sazogadoeba <strong>socialuri</strong> institutebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
organizaciebis sistemaa. ingliselma sociologma Tomas botomerma igi gansazRvra<br />
rogorc xalxis didi erToba, romelic <strong>socialuri</strong> organizaciis kompleqsur nimuSSi<br />
erToblivad axorcielebs socialur cxovrebas.<br />
34
<strong>socialuri</strong> institutebi <strong>da</strong> organizaciebi uzrunvelyofen koleqtiuri<br />
cxovrebis garkveuli <strong>for</strong>mis mdgradobas. isini xels uwyoben evolucias, kulturis<br />
ganviTarebas, TviTganviTarebas, aregulireben konfliqtebs <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
frangi filosofosisa <strong>da</strong> sociologis o. kontis (1798-1857 w.w.) azriT, sazogadoeba<br />
– izolirebuli individebis, pirad interesebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />
xelSekrulebebis ubralo Sekreba rodia. sazogadoeba – organuli erTobaa.<br />
marqsizmis klasikosebi xazs usvamdnen, rom sazogadoeba ubralo nakrebi an<br />
individebis meqanikuri agregati araa. "es TviTon a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> misi sazogadoebrivi<br />
urTierTobebia", "xalxis urTierTqmedebis produqtia".<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur mecnierebaSi sazogadoebis sami sociologiuri paradigma Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>:<br />
funqciuri, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c xalxis jgufi moqmedebebis TviTuzrunvelyofad<br />
sistemas warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> droSi ufro xangrZlivi arsebobis unari Seswevs, vidre<br />
individs; bihevioristuli, konkurentuli <strong>da</strong> konfliqturi sistemebis erToba,<br />
romlis safuZvelsac individi (am sityvis sruli gagebiT) warmoadgens.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs upirovno, socialur jgufebTan, meoreSi –<br />
socialur institutebsa <strong>da</strong> jgufebTan, mesameSi – a<strong>da</strong>mianTan.<br />
sazogadoeba dinamikuri sistemaa, anu Tavisi qvesistemebis (ekonomikuris,<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong>s, <strong>politikuri</strong>s <strong>da</strong> sxv.) mudmiv ganviTarebas ganicdis. a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
sazogadoebaSi jgufis (an jgufebis) saSualebiT Sedis (samecniero, samrewvelo,<br />
saskolo, sauniversiteto <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
sazogadoeba SeiZleba icvlebodes swrafad an nela, rac sazogadoebriv<br />
progresze, arsebul ideologiaze, politikazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, yvelaferi es ki<br />
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens qalis statusze.<br />
5. qalisa <strong>da</strong> kacis iuridiuli Tanasworoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis istoria ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d kacobriobis ganviTarebis or<br />
mimarTulebad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT. pirveli mimarTuleba warmoadgens brZolas adre<br />
miCqmaluli uflebebis aRiarebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi xelmisawvdomobisaTvis, xolo meore,<br />
piriqiT, arsebuli uflebebisaTvis mimdinare brZolis procesia.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi <strong>socialuri</strong> samarTlis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
iaraRia. Tu uflebas ar eniWeba saTanado mniSvneloba, brZola mimdinareobs misi<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvisaTvis. uflebebis sayovelTao aRiarebis procesi ganapirobebs uflebaTa<br />
ukeTesad <strong>da</strong>nergvas, xolo <strong>da</strong>nergvis procesi xels uwyobs uflebebis mzard<br />
aRiarebas.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa valdebulebebis safuZvels gaerTianebuli erebis wesdeba<br />
warmoadgens. a<strong>da</strong>mianis Rirsebis principebis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvelze,<br />
gaeros Seqmna a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cnobierebis ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli etapia. mravali<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa jgufisaTvis meore msoflio omis dros miyenebuli travma<br />
safuZvels iZleo<strong>da</strong>, rom xalxs ganesazRvra TavianTi qveynebis mTavrobebisadmi<br />
mimarTvisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnebis garkveuli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi.<br />
1947 wlis a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sayovelTao deklaracia (UDHR) swored am<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis pirvel mcdelobas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis <strong>da</strong>nergvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis mizniT, 1947 wlis TebervalSi Catar<strong>da</strong> gaeros a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis komisiis pirveli regularuli sesia.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis CamoyalibebisaTvis a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis komisiis mier SemuSav<strong>da</strong> konvencia (SemdgomSi igi gaiyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erqva<br />
35
paqtebi), agreTve meqanizmebi, rogorc maTi cxovrebis realizaciis <strong>for</strong>mebi,<br />
saCivris, monitoringis, angariSgebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva procedurebis CaTvliT.<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam 1948 wlis 10<br />
dekembers miiRo a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sayovelTao deklaracia.<br />
komisiam Seqmna a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis pirveli instrumentis monaxazi.<br />
deklaraciis principebis iuridiulad aRiarebul valdebulebad CamoyalibebisaTvis<br />
im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebmac moaxdines misi ratificireba, generalurma<br />
asambleam igi <strong>da</strong>yo or “paqtad”. pirveli samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> meore – <strong>socialuri</strong>, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb. 1966<br />
wels gaerTianebuli erebis mesame komitetma (a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis generaluri<br />
asamblea) sabolood miiRo ori <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri,<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb (icescr) <strong>da</strong> meore, saerTaSoriso paqti<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb (ICCPR), romlebic a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
sayovelTao deklaraciasTan erTianobaSi cnobilia rogorc bili a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>, romelic 1976 wli<strong>da</strong>n amoqmed<strong>da</strong>. ICCPR warmoadgens zogad protokols<br />
(an SeniSvnebs paqtis mimarT), romelic SesaZlebels xdis, saxelmwifoebma Tavis erebs<br />
<strong>da</strong>rTon neba, waradginon peticiebi <strong>da</strong> moiTxovon maTi calke ratificireba.<br />
paqtebi a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac xSirad “konvenciebs” uwodeben,<br />
mowodebulni arian gansazRvron a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa koncefcia <strong>da</strong> Camoayalibon<br />
saxelmwifoTa saxelmZRvanelo stan<strong>da</strong>rtebi. amiT isini sazogadoebas exmarebian<br />
Seqmnan xelsayreli garemo a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis ganxorcielebisaTvis. paqtebis<br />
ratificireba saxelmwifoebs akisrebs ormag valdebulebas: pirveli, gamoiyenos misi<br />
debulebebi <strong>da</strong> meore, gaxdes saerTaSoriso kontrolis obieqti. qveynebis mier<br />
konvenciebis ratificirebisTanave maT ekisrebaT valdebuleba, regularuli angariSi<br />
waradginon am konvenciebis Sesabamisobisa <strong>da</strong> Sesrulebis Taobaze.<br />
saerTaSoriso konvenciebis pirveli monaxazis Seqmnis Semdeg, gaerom <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
specifikur sferoebSi paqtebis, rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis garantis<br />
gamoyeneba. pirveli iyo konvencia “genocidis acilebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sjis Sesaxeb”, romelic<br />
ZalaSi 1948 wels Sevi<strong>da</strong>. ZiriTadi konvencia, romelic exebo<strong>da</strong> qalebs, “konvencia<br />
qalis diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb (CEDAW), xelmowerili iqna<br />
1979 wels, ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 1981 wels <strong>da</strong> ratificirebul iqna saxelmwifoTa mier,<br />
romelTagan mravalma gamoTqva konvenciasTan mierTebis survili.<br />
aRniSnuli ori konvenciis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gaeros a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemaSi ganisazRvra uflebaTa ori ZiriTadi kategoria: pirveli -<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebi <strong>da</strong> meore - ekonomikuri, <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli uflebebi, romelTaganac pirvels ewo<strong>da</strong> “pirveli Taobis” <strong>da</strong> meores –<br />
“meore Taobis” uflebebi. (qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, 2001)<br />
sazogadoebrivma praqtikam <strong>socialuri</strong> TanamSromlobis sferoSi cxadyo, rom<br />
iuridiuli uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebis mTeli kompleqsis arsebobis pirobebSic<br />
ki mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs, <strong>socialuri</strong> an fiziologiuri mizezebis gamo, ara<br />
aqvT arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis Tanabari SesaZleblobani, ris gamoc isini saxelmwifos<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n specialur samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong>cvas saWiroeben <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, warmoadgendnen<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel subieqtebs. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi mimarTuleba - e.w. "a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
mesame Taoba", romelic miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> calkeuli <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebis sasicocxlo<br />
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.<br />
"a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis mesame Taobis" yuradRebis centrSi arian qalebi. msoflio<br />
Tanamegobroba aRiarebs im faqts, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad garkveuli winsvlisa ori sqesis<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis saqmeSi, sazogadoebaSi kvlav arsebobs qalebis<br />
36
diskriminacia, rac sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli<br />
pirobaa <strong>da</strong> zians ayenebs msoflio civilizaciis humanuri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli ganviTarebis<br />
procesebs.<br />
1947 wels <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli gaerTianebuli erebis qalis statusis komisia amzadebs<br />
gamokvlevebs, angariSebsa <strong>da</strong> rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis Taobaze <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sxva sakiTxebze. misi monawileobiT mox<strong>da</strong> qalis uflebebTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iseTi konvenciebis, proeqtebis momzadeba, rogoric aris qalis yvela<br />
<strong>for</strong>mis diskriminaciis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> gaerTianebuli erebis mier qalTa<br />
sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT wamoyenebuli programebi. komisia gamodio<strong>da</strong> rogorc mniSvnelovani<br />
saerTaSoriso konferenciebis saorganizacio organo <strong>da</strong> koncentrirebuli<br />
iyo qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> statusis gaumjobesebaze.<br />
qalTa ganviTarebis ganyofileba (DAW) pasuxismgebelia qalis statusis komisiisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis diskriminaciis salikvi<strong>da</strong>cio komitetis (CEDAW) momsaxurebaze.<br />
DAW koncentrirebulia gaerTianebuli erebis sistemaSi genderuli<br />
sakiTxebis koordinirebasa <strong>da</strong> ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi maT CarTvaze. igi samdivnos<br />
funqcias asruleb<strong>da</strong> qalTa sakiTxebze gaerTianebuli erebis oTxi msoflio konferenciisaTvis:<br />
1975 (mexiko), 1980 (kopenhageni), 1985 (nairobi) <strong>da</strong> 1995 (pekini). konferenciebze<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> qalTa statusis Sefaseba <strong>da</strong> qalTa winsvlis strategiebis <strong>da</strong>saxva. *<br />
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gero) mier 1975 wlis qalTa saerTaSoriso<br />
wlad gamocxadeba ga<strong>da</strong>iqca msoflios sazogadoebriobis mier sayovelTao progresis<br />
saqmeSi qalebis mier Setanili wvlilis aRiarebad <strong>da</strong> maT winaSe mdgar rTul<br />
problemebze yuradRebis mipyrobis gamoxatulebad. mTeli msoflios masStabiT<br />
Cafiqrebul RonisZiebaTa Soris, romlebic mimarTuli iyo qalTa saerTaSoriso wlis<br />
miznebis misaRwevad, umTavresi yuradReba eTmobo<strong>da</strong> erovnul, regionul <strong>da</strong><br />
saerTaSoriso kvleviT moRvaweobas, monacemebis Segrovebas qalebis mdgomareobis<br />
absoluturad yvela aspeqtis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> maT analizs. es garemoeba gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iyo agreTve aTwleulis programis "gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis qalebi"-s<br />
farglebSi Casatarebeli im RonisZiebebis <strong>da</strong>muSavebisas, romlebic tardebo<strong>da</strong><br />
deviziT: "Tanasworoba, ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> mSvidoba". am periodSi gaeros sistemaSi<br />
amoqmed<strong>da</strong> qalebis mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gamiznuli saerTaSoriso<br />
saswavlo <strong>da</strong> samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi sferoebis<br />
gansazRvra xdebo<strong>da</strong> aTwliani programis "qalebi: <strong>da</strong>saqmeba, jan<strong>da</strong>cva, ganaTleba,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweoba" amocanebis Sesabamisad. qalTa dekadis ganmavlobaSi<br />
konvencia qalis mimarT diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb<br />
ratificirebuli iqna 130 qveynis mier, rasac uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
radganac aRniSnuli konvencia warmoadgens specialurad qalebze mimarTul yvelaze<br />
ufro mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas.<br />
1993 wlis venis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa msoflio konferenciaze 171 qveynis<br />
warmomadgenlebma miiRes venis deklaracia, romelSic deklarirebulia: "yvela<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis ufleba universaluri, ganuyofeli, urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia".<br />
konferencia ga<strong>da</strong>iqca qalTa mier SemuSavebuli xedvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
praqtikis gatarebis saSualebad. misi sawyisi mowodeba <strong>da</strong> dRis wesrigi arc<br />
qalebisaken iyo mimarTuli <strong>da</strong> arc genderuli aspeqtisaken, magram mas Semdeg, rac<br />
konferenciaze warmodgenili iqna a<strong>da</strong>mianis istoriuli statusis xelaxali Sefaseba,<br />
* am konferenciebze miRweul SeTanxmebebs iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia; Tumca, aqvT didi moraluri <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>tvirTva. maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba adgilobrivi, erovnuli an regionuli miznebis<br />
misaRwevad. konferenciis masalebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes agreTve saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis<br />
(magaliTad, iseTebis, rogoric aris xelSekruleba socialur, ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> kulturul uflebebze)<br />
gasaZliereblad <strong>da</strong> interpretirebisaTvis. rodesac qveyana xels awers aseT xelSekrulebas, mas<br />
saerTaSoriso kanonis statusi eZleva.<br />
37
qalis uflebebis sakiTxi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis yuradRebis centrSi<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. swored am kampaniam gaitana peticia, romelic msoflio konferencias<br />
mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> yvela doneze gaeTvaliswinebina a<strong>da</strong>mianis – qalis uflebebi <strong>da</strong> eRiarebina<br />
genderuli Zaladoba, rogorc sayovelTao fenomeni, romelic gansxvavebul<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebs iZens sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul, masobriv <strong>da</strong> klasobriv garemocvaSi <strong>da</strong> rogorc<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa Selaxva, romelzec myisieri reagirebaa saWiro.<br />
marTalia qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis sistema uaRresad mniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> cvlilebebis lobirebisaTvis rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise<br />
erovnul doneebze, is aseve mniSvnelovani iaraRia yofiT donezec, aswavlis qalebs<br />
im uflebebs, romelic maTma mTavrobebma un<strong>da</strong> aRiaron, is aseve aswavlis maTi<br />
gamocdilebis analizis <strong>da</strong> cvlilebebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvis organizebasac. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa<br />
sistema qmnis sivrces, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalis cxovrebas gansxvavebuli yuradReba eTmoba. mTavari<br />
ki is aris, rom aseTi raodenobis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, SeTanxmebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> valdebulebebis arseboba qalebs safuZvliani <strong>politikuri</strong> sayrdeniT <strong>da</strong><br />
avtoritetuli orientirebiT uzrunvelyofs. (S banCi,. 2002).<br />
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. ra aris qalis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi Sexedulebis mizezi?<br />
2. ram ganapiroba qalis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis trans<strong>for</strong>mireba?<br />
3. rogoria saxelmwifo politika qalTa sakiTxis mimarT?<br />
4. gaaanalizeT qalebis mimarT gatarebuli politikis tipebi.<br />
5. raSi mdgomareobs qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> statusi?<br />
literatura:<br />
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb. bakur sulakauris gamocema. 2002<br />
2. qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi nabij-nabij, Tb., gamomc. "logs presi", 2001<br />
3. saerTaSoriso konvevciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo<br />
<strong>da</strong> realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tb., 1998.<br />
4. Элиас Н., Социальная теория, THESIS. № 6. М., 1994 .<br />
5. Лорбер Дж., Пол как социальная категория . THESIS. № 6. М. 1994.<br />
6. Фурье Ш., Избр. Соч., М., 1951, Т.1<br />
7. Белинский Б., Полн. Собр. Соч. Т.12<br />
8. Чернишевский Н.Г. Полн. Собр. Соч., Т.1<br />
9. Маркс К., Энгельс Ф., Соч. Т. 32<br />
10. Кикнадзе Т. Р., Социально-культурная и духовная трансформация современного общества:<br />
Гендерный аспект. "Социально-гуманитаррые знания, М., 2002.<br />
11. Lorber J., Gender Inequality, Feminist Theories and Politics. Roxbary Publishing C ompany. Los<br />
Angeles, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.<br />
12. Lindsey L.L., Gender Roles. A Sociological Perspective, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New<br />
Jersey 07458.<br />
13. Women, Culture and Society, A Reader, Edited by B.B Ballet, P. McDaniel. <strong>for</strong> The Women’s<br />
Studies Program. Rutgers University – New Brunswick.<br />
38
Tavi V<br />
religia <strong>da</strong> patriarqati<br />
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa<br />
sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi CarTvaze<br />
religia is sferoa, romelSic a<strong>da</strong>miani cxovrobs rogorc sulierebis<br />
matarebeli, es misi zRvruli imedebisa <strong>da</strong> molodinis, monaniebisa <strong>da</strong> ganwmendis, misi<br />
WeSmariti, Rrmad <strong>da</strong>faruli arsis Secnobis wyaroa. xolo a<strong>da</strong>mianebis yoveldRiuri<br />
saqmianoba, maTi miwieri, materialuri bunebiT ganpirobebuli urTierTobebi,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> politikis sferoa.<br />
religiuri tradicia warmoadgens sruliad realur, xelSesaxeb socialur Zalas.<br />
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi religiur institutebs sakraluri avtoriteti gaaCniaT,<br />
amitomac isini realur Zalauflebas floben.<br />
tradicia memkvidreobiTobis erT-erTi mZlavri meqanizmia sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. igi myari saSualebebiT <strong>da</strong> kanonebiT, normebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
faseulobebiT ga<strong>da</strong>scems a<strong>da</strong>mianebis azrovnebis <strong>da</strong> qcevis garkveul <strong>for</strong>mebs.<br />
swored mdgradi <strong>for</strong>mebiT fiqsirdeba sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi <strong>da</strong> momaval<br />
Taobebs ga<strong>da</strong>ecema mTeli in<strong>for</strong>macia a<strong>da</strong>mianebis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. Tuki<br />
religiuri tradicionalizmi ritualebisa <strong>da</strong> dResaswaulebis meSveobiT gadmoscems<br />
miTebsa <strong>da</strong> legendebs, kulturuli tradicionalizmi (mecniereba, xelovneba,<br />
sazogadoebrivi organizaciis sferoebi: politika, ekonomika, samarTali) amas<br />
mudmivad axorcielebs srulyofis procesSi myofi meqanizmebiT, romlebic<br />
iTvaliswinebs praqtikul <strong>da</strong> Teoriul gamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong> codnas garkveuli <strong>da</strong>rgis<br />
Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis. amitomac, praqtikulad nebismieri sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong><br />
sfero, raki isini mudmivad ga<strong>da</strong>inacvleben tradicionalizmis erTi <strong>for</strong>mi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
meoreSi, tradicionalizmis garkveul doneze imyofebian <strong>da</strong> garkveul wilad<br />
tradiciuli arian.<br />
tradicia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi movlena, TavisTavad ar arsebobs. igi mxolod<br />
axasiaTebs sazogadoebis qcevis myari <strong>da</strong> ganmeorebiTi <strong>for</strong>mebis mTel kompleqss.<br />
qcevis mudmivad ganmeorebadi saSualebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi gamoimuSavebs<br />
sakuTar ideologiur safuZvels anu SeiZens im ideebsa <strong>da</strong> cnebebs, romlebic<br />
aucilebelia maT gasamarTleblad, SesanarCuneblad <strong>da</strong> aRsadgenad sazogadoebrivi<br />
stabilurobis pirobebSi. sul male Tavad tradiciebi xdeba stabilurobis<br />
safuZveli <strong>da</strong> msoflmxedvelobisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis sistemad gar<strong>da</strong>iqmneba, rac<br />
uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis urTierTobebis simtkices makroistoriul doneze,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> stabilurobis CaTvliT. aq ukve sistema gvkarnaxobs ara mxolod<br />
bunebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTadi movlenis axsnas, aramed<br />
gansazRvravs kidec sazogadoebrivi amocanebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis ZiriTad midgomebs, e.i.<br />
gvkarnaxobs <strong>socialuri</strong> problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis saSualebas, xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
subieqtis urTierTobas. aseTi sistemis mTavari gamoxatulebaa sazogadoebrivi<br />
stereotipebi, kanonikuri teqstis avtoriteti, Cveulebrivi samarTali.<br />
“bavSvobaSi qali mamas un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes, mowifulobaSi – qmars, qmris<br />
sikvdilis Semdeg – vaJiSvilebs. qali morCilebisagan Tavisufali arasdros un<strong>da</strong><br />
iyos, – ambobs indoelebis “manus kanonebi”.<br />
“madlobeli var ufalo, rom Sen me qalad ar gamaCine”, – imeorebs<br />
yoveldRiur locvaSi orTovoqsi iudeveli.<br />
“colebo, <strong>da</strong>emorCileT Tqvens qmrebs, rogorc ufals, radgan qmari aris colis<br />
mbrZanebeli, viTarca qriste – eklesiis", – gvarigebs biblia.<br />
39
"qmrebi colebze maRla dganan imitom, rom alahma uboZa pirvelT upiratesoba<br />
meoreebze” – gvimtkicebs yurani.<br />
zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebebi sakmaod <strong>da</strong>majereblad cxadyofs, rom<br />
gansxvavebuli religiuri <strong>swavlebani</strong> erTxmad acxadeben sazogadoebaSi qalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli rolis Sesaxeb. tradiciulad, religiuri moZRvrebebi<br />
sayovelTaod aSuqeben sazogadoebaSi qalis araTanasworuflebian mdgomareobas,<br />
amitomac sruliad gamarTlebuli Cans imis mtkiceba, rom religia usqeso ar<br />
gaxlavT – igi warmoSobiT mamrobiTi sqesisaa.<br />
dRevandel pirobebSi, roca qali cdilobs ganaviTaros Tavisi unari<br />
<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobani, igi Tavis<strong>da</strong>uneburad dgeba memkvidreobiTi, tradiciulad<br />
miRebuli emociuri ganwyobilebis <strong>da</strong> orientaciis Secvlisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xalisebis winaSe<br />
ara mxolod gare opoziciasTan, aramed sakuTar TavTan brZolis gziTac, im<br />
winaaRmdegobebTan brZolis gziT, romlebic masSi iyo Camoyalibebuli tradiciuli<br />
idealebis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebiT.<br />
sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi qalebis CarTva ganuxrelad izrdeba. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>majereblad mowmobs, rom qalTa <strong>socialuri</strong> statusis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva obieqturi<br />
aucilebloba xdeba. aRniSnuli kanonzomieri tendenciis tempebi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
umtkivneuloba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara mxolod ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, aramed<br />
ideologiuri xasiaTis faqtorebzec. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba<br />
stereotipebi, romelTa SenarCuneba a<strong>da</strong>mianis cnobierebaSi udides wilad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia religiasa <strong>da</strong> mis institutebze.<br />
dRes xSirad aucilebeli xdeba religiuri praqtikisa <strong>da</strong> tradiciebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmna<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelaxla <strong>for</strong>mireba, raTa isini SesabamisobaSi iqnes moyvanili<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis arsTan, romelic safuZvlad udevs religiur tradiciebs.<br />
Sesworebis, gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>for</strong>mulirebis Secvlis mcdelobani mTels msoflioSi<br />
mimdinareobs. msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedi Tavis Tavs romelime religias<br />
ukavSirebs, amitom mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom religiuri xmebi Zalze mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asrulebs <strong>da</strong> Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs Tanasworuflebiani <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
struqturebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. ufro metic, vinai<strong>da</strong>n qalebis Cabma cxovrebis<br />
yvela sferoSi dRevandeli realobiT aris nakarnaxevi, religiur xmebs raRac<br />
konstruqciulis Setana SeuZliaT am problemis ganxilvaSi.<br />
SeuZliaT Tu ara egreT wodebul erovnul moZRvrebebs imgvarad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna, rom<br />
mxarSi amoudgnen sazogadoebriv progress, romlis erT-erTi komponentic qalTa<br />
diskriminaciis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciaa. am kiTxvas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad pasuxoben.<br />
erTni, metad konservatulad ganwyobilni, sakiTxis ase <strong>da</strong>yenebas usafuZlod<br />
TviT religiis arsis winaaRmdeg mimarTulad Tvlian. sxvani, romelTa ricxvic<br />
metad mniSvnelovania, mzad arian <strong>da</strong> miiswrafvian moaxdinon re<strong>for</strong>mireba tradiciul<br />
religiur moZRvrebaSi.<br />
2. qali <strong>da</strong> iu<strong>da</strong>izmi<br />
ebraelebi Tavs rCeul xalxad Tvlian, rac RmerTTan maTi sulieri kavSiriT aris<br />
ganpirobebuli. xan<strong>da</strong>xan iu<strong>da</strong>izms ebraelebis sulieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> lideris<br />
saxelis mixedviT - "moses kanonsac" uwodeben. iu<strong>da</strong>izmis "wmi<strong>da</strong>" wignebad Tora <strong>da</strong><br />
Talmudi iTvleba. Tora – yveli aRTqmis pirveli xuTi wignis krebiTi saxelwodebaa.<br />
TviT sityva Tora ki miTiTebas, moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelos niSnavs.<br />
wmi<strong>da</strong> wignebi Seicavs ambavs samyarosa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, aRwers<br />
RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebis urTierTobas a<strong>da</strong>misa <strong>da</strong> evas samoTxi<strong>da</strong>n gandevnis Semdeg.<br />
40
xuTwigneulis gansakuTrebuli siuJetia RmerTisa <strong>da</strong> ebreli xalxis urTierToba <strong>da</strong><br />
xelSekrulebis – "aRTqmis" <strong>da</strong>deba. wignebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia agreTve<br />
religiur <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv sakiTxebs. Toris kulminaciur siuJets warmoadgens mose<br />
winaswarmetyvelis qmedebebis <strong>da</strong> imis aRwera, Tu rogor uboZes mas RvTis "mcnebebi".<br />
Talmudi (moZRvreba, mecniereba) Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad miSnas * klasikuri axsna-ganmartebis<br />
aRsaniSnavad ixmarebo<strong>da</strong>, didi xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli ganmarteba ki jemeras<br />
saxeliT aris cnobili. dReisaTvis arsebobs babilonuri <strong>da</strong> ierusalimis (palestinis)<br />
Talmudebi.<br />
iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi yvelaferi Toris mcnebebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rigebebiT regulirdeba: sakvebis<br />
miReba, piradi urTierTobebi, samsaxuri <strong>da</strong> a.S., xolo imis axsna, rac ToraSi ar aris<br />
asaxuli, mravalsaukunovani ganmartebebisa <strong>da</strong> interpretaciis saSualebiT xdeba. ase<br />
rom iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi avtoritetis sami urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveTi struqturaa – RmerTi, Tora<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganswavlul brZenTa mier Toris axsna-ganmarteba <strong>da</strong> interpretacia. Teoriulad<br />
TiToeuli maTgani avtonomiurad arsebobs, magram sinamdvileSi isini dinamikurad<br />
erwymian erTmaneTs. Tumca iTvleba, rom RmerTi Tavis nebas Toris saSualebiT<br />
gamoxatavs, magaram arseboben, agreTve, brZenni-rabinebi, romlebic am nebas<br />
yovelTvis istoriuli periodis Sesabamisad xsnian.<br />
iu<strong>da</strong>izmis umravles kanonebs iziareben rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, magram<br />
Cveni codnis udidesi nawili misi safuZvlebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia lideri<br />
mamakacebis RmerTTan urTierTobasTan. iu<strong>da</strong>izmi sqesobrivi niSniT aris <strong>da</strong>yofili<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacebzea orientirebuli. ebrauli Temebis umravlesobam mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlilebebi Seitana sqesobrivi segregaciis bevr sakiTxSi <strong>da</strong> qals saSualeba misca<br />
ufro mniSvnelovani roli Seesrulebina iu<strong>da</strong>izmis sazogadoebriv sferoSi, Tumca am<br />
monawileobis xarisxi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TemSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairia. orTodoqsuli iu<strong>da</strong>izmi ki<br />
mkacrad icavs Tavis tradiciul poziciebs. siuzan stari am pozicias ase<br />
gadmogvcems: tradiciulad iu<strong>da</strong>izmi mamakacebs mimarTavs, gvaswavlis, rom RvTaebrivi<br />
mimarTva, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, mamakacebis, abramisa <strong>da</strong> moses saSualebiT iqna gadmocemuli,<br />
Sesabamisad, liderobis privilegias igi mamakacebs aniWebs <strong>da</strong> tradiciulad<br />
qalebs ar uSvebs religiuri gamovlinebebis iseT centralur sferoebSi rogoricaa:<br />
ganaTlebis miReba <strong>da</strong> sityvieri monawileoba sinagogaSi. diskriminaciulia iu<strong>da</strong>izmi<br />
memkvidreobis sakiTxebSic. locvebsa <strong>da</strong> kanonebsac mamakacebi qmnian. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, qalebi ebraeli xalxis istoriul ganvTarebaSi metad mniSvnelovan rols<br />
TamaSobdnen. siuzan staris azriT, iu<strong>da</strong>izmi mainc iZleva imis mtkicebis saSualebas,<br />
rom qalebi srulyofili <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasaworuflebianad Seqmnilni a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
arsebebi arian. RmerTma xelSekruleba <strong>da</strong>do mTel ebrael mosaxleobasTan<br />
(mamakacebTan <strong>da</strong> qalebTan) <strong>da</strong> ara marto mamakacebTan. (Sered, 1992). sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enaze<br />
Targmnil bibliur teqstebSi naTqvamia, rom coli Seqmnilia qmris "<strong>da</strong>mxmared" <strong>da</strong><br />
masSi (qmarSi) siyvarulis grZnobis gasaRviZeblad. ebrauli teqsti sityva "<strong>da</strong>mxmares"<br />
mamrobiT sqesSi xmarobs <strong>da</strong> igi Zvel aRTqmaSi 110-jer meordeba <strong>da</strong> yoveli misi<br />
moxseniebisas laparakia partniorul, Tanasworuflebian urTierTobebze. Tu<br />
mamakaci <strong>da</strong>imsaxurebs, coli misTvis mokavSire <strong>da</strong> partniori iqneba, Tu ara –<br />
mowinaaRmdege. (Кураев, 1996)<br />
marTlac, bibliuri teqstebi xSirad mogviTxroben im erTguli qalebis gulad<br />
qmedebebze, romlebic mamakacebisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad moqmedeben zogjer mamakaciliderebis<br />
winaaRmdegac. swored patriarqaluri tradiciebis winaaRmdeg gamodis<br />
rebeka, rodesac aviTarebs RvTaebriv gegmas Tavisi umcrosi vaJiSvilis iakobis<br />
* Zv. w. III saukunaSi Sekrebili <strong>da</strong> aRdgenili Zveli ebrauli kanonebis krebuli, romelic <strong>da</strong>yofilia 6 <strong>da</strong> 63<br />
patara nawilad. aRniSnuli krebuli aris adrindel brZenTa tradiciebis gagrZeleba <strong>da</strong> Talmudis<br />
ganxilvisa <strong>da</strong> Seswavlisas mis safuZvels warmoadgens.<br />
41
<strong>da</strong>sacavad. aseve mose, romelmac Semdeg ebraeli xalxi egvipti<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyvana,<br />
bavSvobaSi sikvdils mxolod qalebis SemweobiT ga<strong>da</strong>urCa, romlebmac faraonis<br />
gegmebi CaSales. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad bebiaqalebi Sifra <strong>da</strong> fua ar <strong>da</strong>emorCilen faraonis<br />
brZanebas – moeklaT yvela iudeveli axalSobili biWi, romelic maT miiRes. moses<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebis Semdeg ki misi ufrosma <strong>da</strong>m – miriamma moaxerxa, rom igi faraonis<br />
qaliSvilma iSvila, xolo misi RviZli de<strong>da</strong> aRmzrdelad aiyvanes. ase rom, miriamma<br />
igi ara mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>arCina, aramed misi iudevelad aRzr<strong>da</strong>c uzrunvelyo.<br />
qalebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen agreTve israelis religiur ganviTarebaSi.<br />
amis magaliTia debora – winaswarmetyveli <strong>da</strong> Tormet msajulTagan erTaderTi,<br />
romelic misdevs moses tradicias – namdvilad uxelmZRvanelos ebrael<br />
xalxs rogorc mosamarTlem. swored igi STaagonebs vanaks, winaaRmdegoba gauwios<br />
sosaras.<br />
Zv. w. meeqvse saukuneSi winaswarmetyveli hal<strong>da</strong> pasuximgebelia kanonis autenturobaze,<br />
rac saSualebas aZlevs ebraelebs gaakontrolon WeSmariti ebrauli<br />
tradiciebi <strong>da</strong> maTi Sesruleba.<br />
rabinulma iu<strong>da</strong>izmma <strong>da</strong> Talmudis ufro gvianma ganviTarebam ebraelebis<br />
religiuri cxovrebis koncentrireba Toris Seswavlasa <strong>da</strong> sinagogaSi yoveldRiuri<br />
msaxurebis irgvliv moaxdines. rodesac rabinuli iu<strong>da</strong>izmi iu<strong>da</strong>izmis normatiul<br />
<strong>for</strong>mad iqca, qalebi Toris swavlebasa <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur RvTismsaxurebas Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />
Camoaciles, rac praqtikulad imaSi gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>, rom sinagogebi <strong>da</strong> akademiebi<br />
faqtobrivad mamakacebis xelSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Talmudis aqaduri nawilebi<br />
Seicaven TxrobaTa mTel serias, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi Toris Rrma <strong>da</strong> srulyofil codnas<br />
avlenen.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi Tanasworuflebianobis arsi mdgomareobs<br />
ara marto imaSi, rom qalebi srulyofili a<strong>da</strong>mianebi arian <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworad<br />
arian Seqmnilni, aramed imaSic, rom RmerTma xelSekruleba mTel ebrael<br />
mosaxleobasTan <strong>da</strong>do <strong>da</strong> ara marto mxolod mamakacebTan. magram klasikur<br />
moZRvrebaTa umetes nawilSi araferia naTlad naTqvami maTi monawileobis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tumca klasikuri religiuri tradicia xSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modis ebraeli xalxis<br />
realur istoriasTan.<br />
aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad qalebi amoRebul iqnen aRTqmis <strong>da</strong>debis<br />
procesi<strong>da</strong>n. aRTqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli wina<strong>da</strong>cveTis ceremonia mxolod mamakacebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>swrebiT Semoifargla <strong>da</strong> TviT sinas mTaze xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debisas mose mxolod<br />
mamakacebs mimarTavs. (gamosvla, 9/15) miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rabinuli iu<strong>da</strong>izmi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>sturebs aRTqmis pirvel ceremoniaze qalebis yofnas. <strong>da</strong>, marTlac, mTeli Tavisi<br />
istoriis manZilze ebraeli xalxi grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebi CarTulni iyvnen saRmrTo<br />
aRTqmaSi <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovan rolsac ki asrulebdnen. aRTqma <strong>da</strong>ido ara marto abramTan,<br />
aramed sarasTanac. RmerTis TvalSi mxolod abramisa <strong>da</strong> saras vaJiSvili iyo<br />
sruluflebiani memkvidre. moses saSualebiT gadmocemuli aRTqmis pirobebi qalebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT winaSe sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis konkretul valdebulebebs Seicav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
albaT, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania aRTqmis safuZvlebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi SenarCunebis<br />
grZeli istoria. swored hal<strong>da</strong>, winaswarmetyveli qali, axdens aRTqmis autenturobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenas. <strong>da</strong>, marTlac, mTeli istoriis manZilze ebraeli qalebi Toris<br />
zedmiwevniTi <strong>da</strong>cviT <strong>da</strong> dietis (kaSeris) wesebis Rrma codniT a<strong>da</strong>sturebdnen Tavis<br />
srulyofil monawileobas aRTqmiseul cxovrebaSi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom SezRuduli<br />
iyo qalebis mier Toris Seswavla, rabinebi maT kaSeris sakiTxSi did avtoritetebad<br />
miiCnevdnen. rogorc qronikebi a<strong>da</strong>stureben, aseT sakiTxebSi isini sistematurad<br />
mimarTavdnen TavianTi colebis rCevebs.<br />
kidev erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ToraSi gadmocemuli<br />
42
a<strong>da</strong>mianis Seqmnis Sesaxeb ori ambavis komentirebasa <strong>da</strong> interpretaciasTan. pirvel<br />
monaTxrobSi (<strong>da</strong>badeba 1-2:4) RmerTi samyaros Seqmnis kulminaciur momentSi qmnis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mians. mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali, romelTac saxelebi ara aqvT, erTdroulad Seiqmnen<br />
RmerTis xatad <strong>da</strong> mis msgavsad <strong>da</strong> orives miwa ga<strong>da</strong>eca mflobelobaSi. meore<br />
monaTxrobSi (<strong>da</strong>badeba: 2:4 –3:24) pirvelad Seiqmna a<strong>da</strong>mi, mis Semdeg cxovelebi,<br />
xolo eva sul bolos, a<strong>da</strong>mis nekni<strong>da</strong>n Seiqmna, radgan cxovelebSi ver moiZebna a<strong>da</strong>mis<br />
Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>mxmare.<br />
pirveli monaTxrobis mixedviT a<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong> eva erTdroulad sruliad Tanasworuflebian<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebad Seiqmnen RmerTis msgavsad <strong>da</strong> xatad. meore monaTxrobSi qali<br />
mamakacis nekni<strong>da</strong>n Seiqmna, misTvis, masze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli.<br />
am ori miTis rabinulma axsnam lilitis Seqmnamde migviyvana. axsnis Tanaxmad<br />
RmerTma faqtobrivad a<strong>da</strong>misaTvis ori qali Seqmna – liliti <strong>da</strong> eva. rogorc<br />
pirveli ambavi gadmogvcems, RmerTma pirveli coli a<strong>da</strong>mis Tanasworad Seqmna, magram<br />
CvenTvis ucnobi mizezis gamo lilitma miatova a<strong>da</strong>mi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad RmerTis muqarisa,<br />
liliti uars ambobs <strong>da</strong>ubrundes a<strong>da</strong>ms. amis Semdeg RmerTi a<strong>da</strong>misaTvis meore cols<br />
qmnis, magram amJamad igi misi morCilia, Seqmnilia misgan <strong>da</strong> misTvis.<br />
aseTi interpretacia ewinaaRmdegeba imis mtkicebas, rom mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qali<br />
Seiqmnen rogorc Tanasworuflebianebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, isini, vinc iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis arss uWers mxars, moiTxoven meore istoriis <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT<br />
Seswavlas <strong>da</strong> amtkiceben, rom sinamdvileSi igi amtkicebs qalebis srulfasovnebas <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacTan Tanasworobas. isini aRniSnaven, rom qalis mogvianebiT Seqmna ar niSnavs<br />
mis meorexarisxovnebas <strong>da</strong> kacisadmi morCilebas. faqtobrivad, Seqmnis aseTi<br />
Tanamimdevroba eqvivalentobas aRniSnavs, radgan iudeuri poeturi tradiciisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Tanabari mniSvnelobis elementebis Tavsa <strong>da</strong> boloSi ganlageba. ase<br />
rom, Txrobis struqtura, faqtobrivad, gadmogvcems erTi <strong>da</strong> imave elementis<br />
(mamakacis) Seqmnas, Semdeg modis araTanasworuflebiani elementebis (cxovelebis)<br />
Seqmnis procesi, xolo Txroba mTavrdeba mamakacis Tanabari <strong>da</strong> swori ekvivalenturi<br />
elementis (qalis) Seqmnis istoriiT.<br />
zustad aseve, is faqti, rom qali mamakacis nekni<strong>da</strong>naa Seqmnili, ar niSnavs, rom<br />
mas <strong>da</strong>moukideblad arseboba ar SeuZlia. rodesac mamakaci ambobs, rom qali "Zvali<br />
Cemi ZvalTagani <strong>da</strong> xorci Cemi xorcTagania"... (<strong>da</strong>badeba 2:23) amtkicebs, rom isini<br />
erTi materiisagan arian Seqmnilni <strong>da</strong> maTi arsic erTia.<br />
iu<strong>da</strong>izmi gvTavazobs mTel rig mtkicebulebebs <strong>da</strong> eWvqveS ayenebs patriarqaluri<br />
ojaxis struqturis marTebulobas, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c ojaxis wevri qalebi mamebis<br />
sakuTrebas <strong>da</strong> maTi sistematuri kontrolis obieqts wamoadgenen, xolo colis<br />
mTavari <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba qmris seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba <strong>da</strong> vaJi-<br />
Svilebis gaCenaa. es mtkicebulebebi iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi mTeli rigi faqtorebis erTobliobiT<br />
aris warmodgenili.<br />
pirvel faqtorad gvevlineba is, rom Tumca iu<strong>da</strong>izmi ar uaryofs ojaxSi<br />
movaleobebis segregacias sqesobrivi niSniT, igi arasdros amarTleb<strong>da</strong> mis absoluturad<br />
patriarqalur struqturas. Zvel israelSic ki de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mamas ojaxSi<br />
Tanabari statusi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. RmerTis aRTqmis Sesrulebis metad mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtori iyo moTxovna imis Sesaxeb, rom pativi ecaT rogorc mamisaTvis, ise<br />
dedisaTvis. (<strong>da</strong>badeba 20: 12, meore rjuli 5:16). Tora qvrivebis, bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
oblebis Sesaxeb mraval debulebas Seicavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c laparakia imaze, rom maT, imis<strong>da</strong><br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, hyavT Tu ara <strong>da</strong>mcveli mamakacebi, TavianTi uflebebi un<strong>da</strong> hqondeT.<br />
qorwinebis procedura TalmudSi patarZlis yidvis axloaRmosavlur tradiciasTan<br />
axlos dgas, magram swori ar iqneba, Tu mas ganvixilavT, rogorc sakuTrebis<br />
erTi mflobelisagan (mamisagan) meoresaTvis (qmrisaTvis) ga<strong>da</strong>cemis rituals. ebra-<br />
43
uli kanonebis Tanaxmad, qorwinebisaTvis aucilebelia qalis Tanxmoba, xolo mama<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>elodos, sanam misi qaliSvili gaizrdeba, raTa man Tavisi arCevani gaakeTos.<br />
aRTqmis mixedviT, aucilebeli pirobaa agreTve is, rom mamakacs coli sakuTari TaviviT<br />
uyvardes, xolo pativi Tavis Tavze metad sces. qmars yovelTvis ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong><br />
colis cema. qmrisa <strong>da</strong> colis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ki idealur movlenad<br />
iTvleba.<br />
qalze zrunvis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebelia kanoni ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb.<br />
bibliis mixedviT, qals ar SeeZlo aReZra saqme ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb, magram<br />
mogvianebiT rabinebma ebrauli sasamrTloebisaTvis gamosavali naxes <strong>da</strong> mamakacebi<br />
aiZules qalebisaTvis ganqorwineba nebayoflobiT miecaT. aseTma nabijma <strong>da</strong>debiTi<br />
Sedegi gamoiRo <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> gverdi aevloT kanonisaTvis, romlis<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c, qalebs, romlebic qmrebma miatoves an <strong>da</strong>qvrivdnen, ar SeeZloT meored<br />
gaTxoveba, radgan ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli sabuTi. aseTi viTareba qorwinebaSi<br />
qals mamakacis Tanabar statuss ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknelis dominirebas usvam<strong>da</strong><br />
xazs. ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi ki naTlad a<strong>da</strong>sturebs egalitaruli<br />
tendenciebis arsebobas <strong>da</strong> ojaxis struqturis moqnilobas iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi.<br />
Semdegi faqtori, romelic patriarqaluri gagebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli,<br />
STamomavlobis reproduqciis meoradobaa. ebrauli kanonebis mixedviT, qorwinebis<br />
upirvelesi mizani harmoniuli urTierTobebia <strong>da</strong> ara Svilebis gaCena. seqsualuri<br />
urTierTobebisas umniSvnelovanesi piroba ki col-qmris fizikuri siamovneba <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxuri bednierebis Seqmna magram reproduqcia ebrauli ojaxis cxovrebaSi mainc<br />
metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Torisa <strong>da</strong> Talmudis miTiTebisa,<br />
rom mamakacebi <strong>da</strong> qalebi un<strong>da</strong> ganayofierdnen <strong>da</strong> gamravldnen (<strong>da</strong>badeba 1:28),<br />
iu<strong>da</strong>izmi mxolod mamakacs avalebs izrunos gamravlebaze, rac qalebs uflebas<br />
aZlevs ixmaron Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebi, magram aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebis dros qali valdebulia izrunos col-qmris, ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> ukve <strong>da</strong>badebuli<br />
Svilebis keTildReobaze. <strong>da</strong>, marTlac, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rabinuli axsna–ganmartebis<br />
safuZvelze Svilebs eZlevaT saSualeba <strong>da</strong>gegmon TavianTi ojaxis gamravlebis<br />
procesi <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisi argumentebis SemTxvevaSi, uari Tqvan didi raodenobiT<br />
STamomavlobis gaCenaze.<br />
3. qali <strong>da</strong> qristianoba. patriarqaluri socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
urTierTobebis feministuri revizia<br />
samyaro, romelSic qristianoba aRmocen<strong>da</strong> patriarqaluri iyo antikuri samyaros<br />
sazogadoebrivi azri ar cnob<strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworobas.<br />
aristotele Tavis "poetikaSi" wer<strong>da</strong>, rom qali SeiZleba iyos keTilSobili,<br />
Tumca Tavisi bunebiT igi m<strong>da</strong>bali arsebaa. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aseTi ganwyoba sufev<strong>da</strong><br />
qalisadmi mTeli warmarTuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
II sauknis romaeli filosofosi celsusi Tavis TxzulebaSi "marTali sityva"<br />
wer<strong>da</strong>, rom Tu RmerTs miwaze sulis gamogzavna undo<strong>da</strong>, ra saWiro iyo igi iseT<br />
uwmindur adgilas moeTavsebina rogoric qalis mucelia. magram amasTan, igi<br />
tradiciuli miTologiis farglebSi <strong>da</strong>saSvebad Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom RmerTs SeiZleba<br />
Seuyvardes mSvenieri <strong>da</strong> didebuli qali.<br />
Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> e.w. qalTa qeba. qalis mTavar<br />
Rirsebad miCneuli iyo Tavm<strong>da</strong>bloba, erTguleba, sakuTari Riirsebis gmiruli <strong>da</strong>cva.<br />
xSirad laparaki iyo ara realur, aramed sasurvel qalze. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom<br />
plutarqe Tavisi Txzulebis pirvelive frazaSi ar eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> fukidids, romelsac<br />
44
miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom saukeTesoa is qali, romelzec ucxoebi yvelaze naklebs laparakoben<br />
rogorc saqebrad, ise gasakicxad. moralist plutarqes miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom, piriqiT, qals<br />
qeba un<strong>da</strong> Seasxa. am periodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia isic, rom warsul droTa gmiri<br />
qalebis qebasTan erTad, gavrcelebuli iyo warmodgena qalis, rogorc bneli<br />
sawyisis matareblis Sesaxeb. literaturaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> alqajebis, momwamvleli qalebis<br />
saxeebi, romlebic miwisqveSa samyaros saSinel RmerTTan iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
(Свенцицкая, 1995).<br />
berZnebs omi a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis Cveul mdgomarebad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T. armia polisis Seqmnisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti <strong>da</strong> piroba iyo spartaSi ojaxi, rogorc<br />
saxelmwifos pirveladi warmonaqmni, armiam Secvala. warmoiqmna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kanon<strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacTa sxva tipis Tanamegobroba - homoseqsualizmi, romelic yvelaze metad<br />
gamovlin<strong>da</strong> TebeSi Zv.w. meoTxe saukuneSi. aq Seiqmna sayvarelTa wmin<strong>da</strong> kavSiri,<br />
romlis wevrebic mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar ibZodnen. msgavsi institutebi mowodebuli iyo brZolis<br />
dros gaeRvivebinaT disciplinirebuli, koleqtiuri mamacobis grZnoba <strong>da</strong> sicocxlis<br />
erToblivi Sewirvis survili aReZraT.<br />
meomari mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalebi warmoadgendnen imaT, vinc un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ecvaT <strong>da</strong> vinc ojaxis meurneobaSi iyo <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli. isini gabatonebuli samxedro<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
samyaros naklebad mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgendnen. cxadia, aseTi<br />
viTareba sqesobriv segregacias uwyob<strong>da</strong> xels.<br />
qristianoba Tavisi moZRvrebiT <strong>da</strong> institucionaluri struqturiT Tanasworuflebianobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcvelad mogvevlina. adre <strong>da</strong>wesebuli normebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ieso qriste xSirad <strong>da</strong> Riad a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong> qalebis Rirsebas. misi sikvdilis Semdeg<br />
isini metad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen eklesiis institutebis SeqmnaSi,<br />
radganac mTavri rituali iyo monaTvla <strong>da</strong> ara wina<strong>da</strong>cveTa.<br />
qristes mowafeebi TemSi gaerTiandnen. pirveli qristianuli organizaciebi<br />
swored Temis saxiT arsebob<strong>da</strong>. morwmuneni aq erTnairi uflebebiT sargeblobdnen,<br />
Tumca iyvnen xelmZRvanelebi – mociqulebi, winaswarmetyvelebi, maswavleblebi,<br />
romelTac aseTi mdgomareoba mxolod maTi piradi Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
ekavaT <strong>da</strong> rogorc qals, ise mamakacs SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>ekavebina gamorCeuli mdgomareoba. am<br />
periodis qristianul ZeglebSi xSirad vxvdebiT gamoCenili qalebis saxelebs.<br />
Cveni welTaRricxvis meore saukuneSi, rodesac romSi qristianoba oficialur<br />
religiad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>, qalebs sabolood <strong>da</strong>exSoT gza saeklesio ierarqiasa <strong>da</strong> Temis<br />
xelmZRvanelobaSi. Tanasworuflebianoba patriarqaluri instituciuri struqturebiT<br />
Seicvala. aseT cvlilebebs Tan axl<strong>da</strong> saRvTismetyvelo moZRvreba, romelic<br />
patriarqalur wesrigs RvTis nebas miawer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>JinebiT moiTxov<strong>da</strong> mamakacsa <strong>da</strong><br />
qals Soris iseT urTierTobebs, roca mamakaci xelmZRvanelobs, xolo qali<br />
morCilia.<br />
sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa patriarqaluri xasiaTi praqtikulad mravali<br />
saukuneis ganmavlobaSi batonob<strong>da</strong>. religiuri samarTali <strong>da</strong> institutebi sayovelTao<br />
patriarqaluri wesebis uryev <strong>da</strong>mcvelebad gamodiodnen. mxolod XVI<br />
saukunem – re<strong>for</strong>maciis periodma, rodesac qristianobaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi<br />
mox<strong>da</strong>, rac gamowveuli iyo feo<strong>da</strong>lizmis nia<strong>da</strong>gze axali burJuaziuli<br />
urTierTobebis CasaxviT <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebiT, Tan moitana "feministuri aRorZnebis" sio.<br />
mokle Sualedma luTersa <strong>da</strong> kalvins Soris moitana Tavisuflebis gaelveba. beatrisa<br />
galendo, franCeska delebriska, ekaterine aragoneli, dedofali meri, ana bekoni,<br />
jein grei, margaret roperi, meri sidnei – ai, re<strong>for</strong>maciis <strong>da</strong>sawyisis ramdenime<br />
gamoCenili qalic saxeli.<br />
keTilismyofel gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaTa sio, Tumca jer kidev susti <strong>da</strong> xanmokle, xelaxla<br />
igrZnobo<strong>da</strong> XVIII saukuneSi, safrangeTisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis burJuaziul revoluciaTa<br />
45
periodSi, romelmac wamoayena lozungi: "Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong> samarTlianoba".<br />
magram rogorc ki revoluciuri qariSxali Cacxra, sazogadoebam uceb miiviwya<br />
gamarjvebaSi qalebis wvlili. saxelmwifos yvela sakanonmdeblo <strong>da</strong> aRmasrulebel<br />
organoSi upiratesoba mxolod mamakacebs eZleo<strong>da</strong>T. qalebi Zveleburad<br />
elementaruli <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>rCnen.<br />
mxolod XX saukuneSi miiRo Seuqcevadi xasiaTi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTulma moZraobam. yovel aTwleulSi, gansakuTrebiT 60-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
is sul axal <strong>da</strong> axal Zalebs ikrebs. mis rigebSi erTiandeba Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva warmomadgeneli.<br />
qalTa diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma re<strong>for</strong>matorulma moZraobam<br />
yvelaze didi gaqaneba swored qristianul samyaroSi miiRo, rac <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
qveyanebis umravlesobaSi sazogadoebriv progresTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. re<strong>for</strong>matulad<br />
moazrovne Teologebi <strong>da</strong> eklesiis warmomadgenlebi feministuri moZraobis<br />
zegavleniT, <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, wmin<strong>da</strong> werilebisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli sazogadoebis axal interpretaciasac<br />
mimarTaven im mizniT, rom uari Tqvan im debulebebze, romlebic qalebis<br />
diskriminaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. am moZraobis u<strong>da</strong>vo miRwevaa qalebis <strong>da</strong>Sveba<br />
saeklesio eparqiaSi, Tumca konfesionalur TemSi sasuliero pirebs Soris qalTa<br />
raodenoba Zalian mcirea. isini saerTod ar arian saeklesio xelisuflebis umaRles<br />
eSelonebSi.<br />
rogorc marTebulad aRniSnaven feministi qalebi, qristianoba jer kidev rCeba<br />
"mamakacTa religiad", romelic qalTa diskriminaciis gamomwvev stereotipebs uWers<br />
mxars, rasac Semdegi warmodgenebic emsaxureba:<br />
upirveles yovlisa, "RmerTis saxe", rogorc mamakacisa. sinamdvileSi "Zvel<br />
aRTqmaSi" RmerTs sqesi ara aqvs. mTeli istoriis manZilze eklesias mamakacebi<br />
marTavdnen <strong>da</strong> Tavadve ganmartavdnen wmin<strong>da</strong> werils. RmerTis xsenebisas mxolod<br />
mamrobiTi sqesis nacvalsaxels xmarobdnen <strong>da</strong> qristianuli sameba mamrobiTi sqesis<br />
terminebisagan (mama, Ze <strong>da</strong> suli wmin<strong>da</strong>) Sedgeba <strong>da</strong> a.S. yovelive aman sazogadoebriv<br />
cnobierebaSi warmoSva RmerTis, rogorc mamrobiTi sqesis rwmena.<br />
meore, istoria qalis <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli mdgomareobis ganCinebisa, romlis<br />
safuZvelsac bibliuri ambavi - a<strong>da</strong>mis nekni<strong>da</strong>n misi samsaxurisaTvis evas Seqmna -<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
mesame, qristianul simbolikaSi qali warmodgenilia or hipostazSi – evasa <strong>da</strong><br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> mariamis saxiT. pirvelSi gansaxierebulia boroteba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mis SecodebisaTvis<br />
pasuxismgebloba swored mas ekisrebo<strong>da</strong>. meoreSi – absoluturi umankoeba,<br />
maradiuli qalwuloba. feministebs miaCniaT, rom qristianuli Teologia xels<br />
uwyobs sqesis Sesaxeb mamakacuri ideebis gamomxatveli simbolikis gavrcelebas:<br />
meZavi – seqsualuri borotebaa, seqsualuri siwminde – qalwuloba, seqsualuri<br />
aRwarmoebaa – de<strong>da</strong> (Hole, Livine, 1971) meri deilis sityvebiT, "qalis aRwera<br />
qalwulobis, rZlobis <strong>da</strong> dedobis kategoriebiT niSnavs mis<strong>da</strong>mi midgomas martooden<br />
seqsis CarCoebSi" maSin, rodesac azrad aravis mosdis kacis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad<br />
mimarTos mxolod "umwikvlo qmrisa <strong>da</strong> mamis" kategoriebs. (Daly, 1968).<br />
meoTxe, mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalis ufro <strong>da</strong>bali bunebis "RvTiuri<br />
mtkicebuleba" (rasac qalis <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli mdgomareoba un<strong>da</strong> Seesabamebodes)<br />
qristinuli eklesiis msaxurebma amoikiTxes pavle mociqulis mimarTvebSi. isini<br />
xSirad moixsenieben pasaJebs pirveli korinTelebisadmi mimarTvi<strong>da</strong>n, romlis<br />
Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c qals ekrZaleba Tavsaburavis gareSe locva, maSin, roca "qmarma ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ifaros Tavi TavsaburaviT, radgan igi aris RvTis xati <strong>da</strong> dideba, coli ki qmris<br />
dideba, radgan "qmari ki ara aris Seqmnili colisagan, aramed colia Seqmnili<br />
46
qmrisaTvis. (pavles mociqulis epistoleni pirvelT korinTelTa mimarT 11:7- 11:8)<br />
pirvel mimarTvaSi timoTesadmi naTqvamia: "qali mdumared un<strong>da</strong> swavlobdes<br />
yovelgvari morCilebis qveS, xolo qals nebas ar vaZlev ibatonos qmarze, aramed<br />
dumdes un<strong>da</strong>, radgan a<strong>da</strong>mia Seqmnili, Semdeg ki eva." (pavles mociqulis epistoleni,<br />
pirveli timoTes mimarT 2:11- 2:12)<br />
magram feministi qalebis garkveul nawils aseTi re<strong>for</strong>matoroba uperspeqtivod<br />
miaCnia <strong>da</strong> amitom sakuTari "feministuri religiis" Seqmnis an spiritualobis ideas<br />
ayeneben. "spirituli feminizmi" ar aris erTgvarovani moZraoba. igi aerTianebs<br />
qalRmerTis (goddess) Tayvanismcemel, matriarqaluri futurizmis mimdevar<br />
Teoretikosebs, alqajuri praqtikis momxreebs, rasac pirobiTad "feministuri<br />
religia" ewodeba. SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime misi maxasiaTebeli.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, patriarqalur momakv<strong>da</strong>v msoflmxedvelobas upirispirdeba<br />
mTlianoba <strong>da</strong> erTmyofadoba, rac qalTa msoflmxedvelobas mosdevs.<br />
RmerTs, rogorc transcendentul Zalas, feministuri religiis Teoretikosebi<br />
upirispireben qalTa modgmis RvTiurobas. istoriuli iu<strong>da</strong>izmisa <strong>da</strong> qristianobis<br />
RmerTebi, - naomi goldbergis azriT, - ar Seefardebian Tanamedrove qalebs, amitom<br />
uaryofili iqnebian <strong>da</strong> Seicvlebian religiuri eqspresiulobis axali qaluri<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebiT. "spirituli fenimizmis" Tanaxmad, qalRmerTi bunebas ar upirispirdeba, ar<br />
aris mis<strong>da</strong>mi transcendentuli, piriqiT, igi bunebis nawilia <strong>da</strong> imyofeba<br />
TanamoqmedebaSi bunebriv ZalebTan, romlebic miaCnia "ara <strong>da</strong>sapyrob raimed, aramed<br />
sakuTari Tavis sxva ganzomilebad" feministuri spirituloba Tavisi arsebiT<br />
Tayvaniscemis ekologiuri <strong>for</strong>maa.<br />
Tumca "spirituli feminizmis" mimdevrebs miaCniaT, rom am religias safuZvlad udevs<br />
erTarsebobis idea, maT ar SeuZliaT ga<strong>da</strong>laxon maT mierve gakritikebuli diqotomizmi.<br />
arsebiTad, maTi azrovneba ar gamodis imave gaorebulobis samyaros sazRvrebi<strong>da</strong>n, romlis<br />
arsebobisTvis isini brals sdeben "mamakacur kulturas". saboloo angariSiT gansxvaveba<br />
prerogativebis arCevaSia. patriarqaluri kultura aqcents akeTebs gonisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis<br />
mniSvnelobaze, "qaluri" - upiratesobas intuiciasa <strong>da</strong> bunebas aniWebs. patriarqaluri<br />
miTebi icvleba matriarqalurad orientirebuli mSvidobismyofelobiT, romelic,<br />
faqtobrivad, qalebis dominirebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobil sistemas aidealebs. "Cven vimyofebiT axali<br />
eris - akvariusis (merwyulis) epoqis karibWesTan, - wers elisabed deivisi, - sxva akvariuli<br />
epoqis gariJraJze. roca, ormoc<strong>da</strong>Tormeti aTasi wlis win didma dedofalma baziliom<br />
wesrigi <strong>da</strong> samarTlianoba moitana qaosis samyaroSi, romelic Cveni XX saukunis msgavsad,<br />
moculi iyo ukanonobiTa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobriobiT. qalebi dRes, ise rogorc maSin, amomavali<br />
civilizaciis mqa<strong>da</strong>geblebi arian. Cven Tvals mivapyrobT qalebs, velodebiT ra xsnasa <strong>da</strong><br />
gajansaRebas akvariusis amaRorZinebel wylebSi... maqsimalizmis epoqa <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />
uaxlovdeba... mxolod sami aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli mamakacuri materializmis<br />
mxecis <strong>da</strong>mxobiT SeuZlia kacobriobas ixsnas Tavi. XXI saukunis mecnierebaSi gzas fizikuri<br />
ki ara, sulieri Zala gaikvlevs... mgrZnobierebaze maRalmgrZnobiare percefcia gaimarjvebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> isev ibatoneben qalebi".<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aseTi saxis moZraobebi izolirebul, alternatiul cxovrebis wess<br />
uweven propagan<strong>da</strong>s. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom isini xSirad antagonizmSi modian<br />
maTTan, vinc "swor kulturul xazs ar misdevs".<br />
re<strong>for</strong>matorobas, albaT, Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia,. roca am sazRvrebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxva ki religiis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi safuZvlebis Seryevas iwvevs. feministuri<br />
religiis Seqmna TavisTavad ararealuria, Tun<strong>da</strong>c mxolod imis gamo, rom mas mxars<br />
ar uWers TviT qalebis umravlesoba, radgan gabatonebulTa <strong>da</strong> qveSevrdomTa<br />
adgilebis ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebiT kacobrioba ufro bednieri ar gaxdeba.<br />
47
qalis statusi induizmSi<br />
induizmis ganviTareba sam aTaswleulze met xans iTvlis, amasTan, mTeli am xnis<br />
ganmavlobaSi misi tradiciebi mudmivad mdidrdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. istoriuli<br />
gamocdilebis aseTi gavrceleba <strong>da</strong> im xalxebis kulturuli mravalferovneba,<br />
romlebic mas aRiareben <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva teritoriul sivrceze arian gansaxlebuli,<br />
xsnis induizmis mokle <strong>da</strong> martiv gansazRvrasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sirTuleebs.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoTqmulisa, Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis mTel periodSi induizmma<br />
SeinarCuna garkveuli debulebebi, romlebsac SeZleba <strong>da</strong>eTanxmon misi rogorc<br />
Zveli, ise Tanmedrove mimdevrebi.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi debuleba, romelic mokle gamonaTqvamebis saxiT aris<br />
gadmocemuli, Cveni eris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SemdgomSi klasikuri induri samarTlis<br />
- "manus kanonebisa" <strong>da</strong> "manava<strong>da</strong>rmaSastras" safuZvlad iqca. tradiciulad iTvleba,<br />
rom sanskrituli teqsti Sedgenil iqna brZenis mier, romelsac saxelad manu erqva.<br />
igi TiToeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis normebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, religiuri<br />
ritualebis, mokled, yvelaferi imis, rasac sanskritSi dxarma hqvia, ganmsazRvrel<br />
kanonTa krebulis erT-erT nawils Seadgens.<br />
dRevandeli induizmi Tavisi saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT sakmaod axlo dgas<br />
klasikur induizmTan, romelic ori aTasi wlis win arsebob<strong>da</strong>. magram aucilebelia<br />
aRiniSnos ori umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tviseba. pirveli - es aris induizmis<br />
farTo gavrceleba subkontinetis mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>bal fenebSi <strong>da</strong> arqauli<br />
tradiciebis Zlieri gavlena maTze. is xalxebi, romlebic e.w. adrevedur <strong>da</strong> manus<br />
periodSi "ucxoebad" iTvlebodnen, aTaswleulis Semdeg induizmis ZiriTad<br />
mamoZravebel Zalad iqcnen. maTi cxovrebis a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebi ganuxrelad Seerwya am<br />
moZRvrebis uZvelesi tradiciebis safuZvlebs.<br />
meore cvlileba "sqesobriv orientaciasTan" aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. induizmis<br />
tradiciis mixedviT, "mamebis" valis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> vaJiSvilis gaCeniT xdebo<strong>da</strong> (<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
mxolod bavSvis), rac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia mamakacur sawyisze orientirebuli<br />
religiisaTvis mag., veduri, klasikuri periodis, Sua saukneebisa <strong>da</strong> dRevandeli<br />
religiebisaTvis. es orientacia SenarCunebulia yvela drois yvela gamolinebaSi –<br />
miTebSi, ritualebSi, doqtrinebSi, simboloebSi. magram Tu imiT vimsjelebT, rom<br />
qali-RmerTebi aqtiurad Semodiodnen im sivrceSi, romelic mamakac RmerTebs ekavaT,<br />
xolo am process Tan sdev<strong>da</strong> qalebis religiuri gaaqtiureba, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
ritualur cxovrebaSi, u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom qalis roli mTlianad induizmis tradiciis<br />
masStabebSi ganuxrelad izrdebo<strong>da</strong>. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, induizmi mudmivad<br />
ganicdi<strong>da</strong> ubralo, gaunaTlebeli xalxis gavlenas, romlis naxevarsac qalebi<br />
Seadgendnen. realurad saqme imaSi ki ar iyo, rom induizms qalebis aqtiuroba akl<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aramed saWiro iyo am aqtiurobas aRiareba moepovebina literaturaSi, xelovnebaSi,<br />
agreTve qurumebSi, sataZro <strong>da</strong> samonastro administraciaSi. amis ganxorcieleba ki<br />
mxolod dRes gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli, rodesac msoflio ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> sain<strong>for</strong>macio<br />
SesaZleblobebis wyalobiT udidesi siCqariT icvleba, rodesac aRniSnuli<br />
institutebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> cxovrebis sxva elementebi iwyebs induisturi<br />
sazogadoebis, misi klasebis, kastebis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi qalebis mdgomareobis<br />
obieqturi suraTis asaxvas. (O'Flaherty, 1988).<br />
induizmis yvela re<strong>for</strong>mators, XIX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
qalTa problema ucilobel ga<strong>da</strong>Wras moiTxovs. jer kidev maSin ukve mwvaved<br />
igZnobo<strong>da</strong> bevri Zveli <strong>da</strong> Suasaukuneobrivi Teologiuri miTiTebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis<br />
aucilebloba, maT Soris iseTebisa, romlebic qalebis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas<br />
exebo<strong>da</strong>. sakiTxebi RmerTis, samyaros, a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sesaxeb axleburad dgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
48
wydebo<strong>da</strong>. re<strong>for</strong>matorebma ga<strong>da</strong>sinjes TavianTi midgoma wmin<strong>da</strong> teqstebisadmi <strong>da</strong><br />
ganacxades, rom ar SeiZleba am teqstebSi yvelaferi CaiTvalos sayovelTao <strong>da</strong><br />
maradiul WeSmaritebad. wina planze gamodio<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis axali ideali, mTavari iyo<br />
ara kasturi miTiTebebis im normebis Sesruleba, romlebic sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kastis<br />
warmomadgenlebisaTvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva iyo, aramed a<strong>da</strong>mianis gansjis unari: ra aris<br />
zneobrivi? ramdenad aris sasargeblo <strong>da</strong> azriani? rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos is qmedebebi,<br />
romlebic qveyanas keTildReobas moutans? ramdenad didia TiToeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
wvlili saerTo erovnul <strong>da</strong> indoeTis keTildReobis saqmeSi?<br />
Sesabamisad, indur sazogadoebaSi icvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gansjis sagani xdebo<strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
statusi. "dharmaSastraSi" gadmocemulia a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevis wesebi (dharma) cxovrebis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva stadiaSi (aSramebSi). misi avtorebis Sexedulebebi metad winaaRmdegobrivia.<br />
zogierT adgilas imazec ki aris saubari, rom qalebi de<strong>da</strong>miwaze RmerTis<br />
TvisebebiT aRWurvili arsebebia. amasTan erTad vxvdebiT sxva mosazrebebsac: qalis<br />
bunebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia iseTi cudi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa boroteba, cbiereba,<br />
avxorcoba, qarafSutoba <strong>da</strong> sxv. (Мезенцева, 1993.)<br />
dRes indoeTis konstitucia aRiarebs Tanasworuflebianobas politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. qalebs irCeven parlamentSi, adgilobriv mmarTvelobiT<br />
organoebSi, niSnaven maRal Tanamdebobebze. <strong>da</strong>, mainc, qalebi mosaxleobis yvelaze<br />
ufro <strong>da</strong>bal fenas warmoadgenen. aRniSnuli im faqtSic aisaxeba, rom indoeTi im<br />
gamonaklis qveyanas warmoadgens, sa<strong>da</strong>c mosaxleobaSi qalebi mamakacebze naklebia <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi sicocoxlis xangrZlivobac ufro xanmoklea.<br />
uTanasworobis safuZvlebi<br />
induizmis <strong>for</strong>mirebasTan erTad icvlebo<strong>da</strong> qalebis mdgomareobac. induizmis,<br />
iseve rogorc qalTa mdgomarebis safuZvlebi un<strong>da</strong> veZioT ariul patriarqalur<br />
kulturaSi, romelic adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong> winaariuli periodis kulturis Serwymis<br />
Sedegad warmoiSva <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c qals sakmaod maRali, Tumca ara gabatonebuli<br />
mdgomareoba ekava.<br />
ariuli panTeoni upiratesad mamakaci RmerTebisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. maT ganuyofeli<br />
ariuli ojaxi <strong>da</strong> samsafexuriani <strong>socialuri</strong> struqtura hqon<strong>da</strong>T (qSatriebi,<br />
brahmanebi <strong>da</strong> vaiSebi). mas Semdeg, rac arielebma adgilobriv mosaxleobaze TavianTi<br />
batonoba gaavrceles, gaCn<strong>da</strong> meoTxe varna . – Sudrebi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic<br />
Seyvanili iyo ara marto adgilobrivi <strong>da</strong>bali fenis mosaxleoba, aramed Sereuli<br />
qorwinebis Sedegad gaCenili STamomavlebic. amis Semdeg kasta (jati) memkvidreobiT<br />
xasiaTs iZens, fuZndeba matrimonialuri wesi <strong>da</strong> calkeul individs aRar SeuZlia<br />
Tavisi statusis Secvla. memkvidreobis miReba ki mxolod vaJiSvilebs <strong>da</strong>ukanon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
am xanaSi qali jer kidev inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> garkveul Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> qorwineba misTvis<br />
savaldebulo ar iyo, xolo mogvianebiT, rodesac miiRes wesi (endogamiis Sesaxeb),<br />
romelic qorwinebas kastis CarCoebiT zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, 15-16 wlis qaliSvils SeeZlo<br />
TviTon aerCia saqmro. qvrivebs meored gaTxovebis ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>T. magram ukve<br />
maSin qalebi "sxva RatakebTan" erTad miekuTvnebodnen im kategorias, romelTac ar<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T ufleba <strong>da</strong>swrebodnen mefis karis RonisZiebebs.<br />
qalebis mdgomareobis Semdgomi cvlilebis TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania<br />
brahmanizmis reaqcia budizmisa <strong>da</strong> janaizmis gamowvevaze. aRniSnuli axali religiebi<br />
qals met Tavisuflebas <strong>da</strong> arCevanis uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. radikalur siaxles<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> mamakacebis Tanasworad qalebis monawileoba religiur ritualebSi <strong>da</strong><br />
qorwinebis sanacvlod monazvnobis arCevanis ufleba. adreul budistur<br />
49
literaturaSi vxvdebiT maswavleblebs, mkurnalebs <strong>da</strong> sxva profesiis qalebs,<br />
romlebic iseve, rogorc mocekvaveebi, momRerlebi, heterebi, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
irCendnen Tavs, <strong>da</strong>moukidebel cxovrebas eweodnen <strong>da</strong> gaTxovebas TavianT profesias<br />
amjobinebdnen. budizmiT gatacebuli bevri qali warCinebul ojaxebs toveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
brahmanizmis reaqcia ki qalis uflebebis ufro mkacri reglamentacia gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, rac<br />
mamakacisadmi Semdgom <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am periodSi brahmanebma veduri sulieri memkvidreobis codnisa <strong>da</strong> religiuri<br />
teqstebis Seswavlis monopolizeba moaxdines. sxva varnebis (qSatriebis <strong>da</strong> vaiSebis) .<br />
<strong>da</strong>Sveba mniSvnelovnad SezRudes. Cv. w. aR.-is meore saukuneSi aRniSnuli ufleba<br />
waerTvaT samive umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel qalebs.<br />
qalebis diskriminirebuli mdgomareoba kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>mZimi<strong>da</strong>, rodesac gogonebi<br />
amoiRes "upanaianas" (xelT<strong>da</strong>sxma) religiuri rituli<strong>da</strong>n. aRniSnuli rituali sami<br />
umaRlesi varnis warmomadgenel bavSvebs oficialurad orjer <strong>da</strong>badebulTa ricxvs<br />
miakuTvneb<strong>da</strong>, rac maT winaprebis sulieri memkvidreobis ziarebis, wmin<strong>da</strong> teqstebis<br />
wakiTxvis, ganaTlebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> garkveul msxverplSewirvaSi monawileobis miRebis<br />
saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>. am ritalis gauqmebis Semdeg qalebi TavianTi mdgomarebiT<br />
Sudrebs gautoldnen.<br />
qalebis orjer <strong>da</strong>badebis xelT<strong>da</strong>sxmisaTvis saqorwilo rituali gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n upanaianis rituali Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mowafis <strong>da</strong>badebis aqtad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />
misi saqorwilo ritualiT Secvla qmars colisaTvis umaRles RvTaebad, mis<br />
aRmzrdelad <strong>da</strong> batonad akanoneb<strong>da</strong>. Sesabamisad sapatarZlos asakic Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />
mcirdebo<strong>da</strong>. mTavar moTxovnad <strong>da</strong>rCa xelT<strong>da</strong>sxmis ritualis Catareba manamde, sanam<br />
gogonas menstrualuri cikli <strong>da</strong>ewyebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
adreul asakSi gaTxovebis ideas <strong>socialuri</strong> sanqciiTac <strong>da</strong>uWires mxari. brahmani,<br />
romelic aTi wlis asakze ufros cols moiyvan<strong>da</strong>, Sudras qmrad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
moklebuli iyo yovelgvar privilegiebs. es ki socialur boikots <strong>da</strong> kasti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gandevnas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. amave beds iziareb<strong>da</strong> qaliSvilis mamac, romelic ver<br />
uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong> aRniSnul asakamde siZis monaxvas.<br />
qalis mdgomareobaze sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> ojaxSi manus kanonebSi sakmaod<br />
kategoriulad aris naTqvami: "arc qaliSvilma, arc axalgazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc xanSiSesulma<br />
qalma <strong>da</strong>moukideblad araferi ar un<strong>da</strong> gaakeTos TviT sakuTar saxlSic ki. bavSvobaSi<br />
igi mamas un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes, mowifulobaSi – qmars, qmris sikvdilis Semdeg –<br />
vaJiSvilebs". an kidev "dRe <strong>da</strong> Rame qali Tavis mamakacebze un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.<br />
bavSvobaSi mas mama icavs, mowifulobaSi – qmari, moxucebulobaSi vaJiSvilebi. qali<br />
arasodes varga <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis". (Законы Ману, 1960)<br />
tradiciuli warmodgenebis mixedviT, qals ara Tu ar Seswevs unari sakuTari<br />
Tavi <strong>da</strong>icvas, aramed igi yvela maCvenebliT mamakacze ufro <strong>da</strong>bla dgas. mas an<br />
saerTod ara aqvs azrovnebis unari an Zalian umniSvnelod. misi SesaZleblobebi,<br />
Zala, Rirseba Zalian SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> amitom igi mxolod imisaTvis varga, rom<br />
mamakacs emsaxuros <strong>da</strong> saxlis saqme akeTos. TviT saxlis saqmeebic ki Semoifargleba<br />
mxolod reproduqciiT, bavSvebze zrunviT, moxucebis movliT <strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebis<br />
momsaxurebiT. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mniSvnelovani funqciebi – ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba,<br />
qonebis floba <strong>da</strong> gankargva – mamakacis funqciaa.<br />
"am samyaroSi qalebis buneba mamakacebisaTvis zianis momtania, amitomac brZenni<br />
maT sifrTxiliT ekidebian". "manus kanonebSi" naTqvamia, rom qalebi nebismier mamakacs<br />
eZlevian, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi asakisa. TavianTi vnebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad, xasiaTis<br />
cvalebadobisa <strong>da</strong> ugulobis gamo qmrebs Ralatoben, ra mkacra<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
uTvalTvalo maT. aseTebad Seqmna RmerTma qalebi <strong>da</strong> mamakacma icis ra yovelive es,<br />
sagangebod un<strong>da</strong> ufrTxildes maT." (Законы Ману, 1960).<br />
50
"manus kanonebi" savsea qaluri "boroti sawyisisagan" Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis ideebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
qalebis kontrolis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva meTods gvkarnaxobs "dRis <strong>da</strong> Ramis sifxizlis",<br />
taqtis, saCuqrebisa <strong>da</strong> garTobebis CaTvliT. qalis monuri erTgulebis <strong>da</strong>kargvis<br />
SiSi <strong>da</strong> upativcemulo gansja maT Sesaxeb monebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas mogvagonebs.<br />
religiuri moZRvrebis miTiTebani a<strong>da</strong>mianTa qcevas aregulireben. Cv. w. aR.-is<br />
pirvel saukuneSi maT pirvelad gamoacxades qalebis mier mkacri monogamiis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
aucileblobis Sesaxeb maSin, rodesac mamakacs poligamiis ufleba rCebo<strong>da</strong>, arsebuli<br />
poliandria, levirati <strong>da</strong> meoradi qorwineba qvrivebisaTvis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT socialur<br />
tabud ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. .<br />
sati<br />
VII-VII saukuneebSi aRdgenil iqna qvrivebis TviT<strong>da</strong>wvis praqtika - "sati", uZvelesi<br />
tradicia, romelic jer kidev Zv. w. V saukuneSi gaauqmes. brahmanebma imis mtkiceba<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes, rom cols ZaluZs qmari amqveyniuri codvebisagan gaanTavisuflos, Tuki mis<br />
cxe<strong>da</strong>rTan erTad Tavs cocxlad <strong>da</strong>iwvavs. amis Semdeg ki igi bednierad icxovrebs<br />
zecaSi 35 milioni weli. <strong>da</strong> marTlac, indoeTSi dResac SexvdebiT saflavis qvaze<br />
amokveTil im qalTa saxelebs, romlebmac VII-XIX s.s. TviT<strong>da</strong>wva ganaxorcieles.<br />
sataZro prostitucia<br />
qalTa mdgomareobis ganxilvis mizniT metad sainteresoa, agreTve, sataZro<br />
prostituciis institutis ganxilva. "RvTis mona" (deva<strong>da</strong>si) mcirewlovani gogona<br />
gasazrdelad ga<strong>da</strong>ecema taZars. fulis safasurad igi eweva prostitucias, xolo<br />
gasamrjelo xmardeba taZris keTilmowyobasa <strong>da</strong> saWiroebas. epigrafebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />
SeiZleba vimsjeloT, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dResaswaulsa <strong>da</strong> Tavyrilobaze isini taZris<br />
mocekvaveebad gamodiodnen. aRniSnuli Cveuleba ukve Zv. w. pirvel saukuneebSi<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>, igi gansakuTrebiT gavrcel<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebSi <strong>da</strong> miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />
akrZalvisa, mas dResac vxvdebiT. magaliTad, 1981 wels Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />
gamoqveynebis Sedegad irkveva, rom maharaStrisa <strong>da</strong> karnatakis raionebSi deva<strong>da</strong>sebis<br />
raodenoba 25-30 aTass aRwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yovelwliurad maT rigebs 5-6 aTasi gogona<br />
ematebo<strong>da</strong>. (Сыркин, 1996).<br />
qalTa problema re<strong>for</strong>matorTa SemoqmedebaSi<br />
qalTa problema re<strong>for</strong>matorTa SemoqmedebaSi maTi saerTo msoflmxedvelobis<br />
WrilSi wydebo<strong>da</strong>. bengalieli inteleqtualis ramohan roias (1772-1833 ww.) azriT<br />
(igi brahmanebis kastas ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> induizmis erT-erTi re<strong>for</strong>matori iyo), praqtikaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli iyo umsgavso Sexedulebebi zneobriobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli<br />
Sexedulebebi aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva araa<strong>da</strong>mianuri a<strong>da</strong>T-wesis ganxorcielebisas, (mag.,<br />
sati, qvrivebisaTvis qorwinebis akrZalva, qorwineba adreul asakSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
ramohan roias mimdevrebi gauCndnen bengaliaSi, Semdgom ki maharaStraSi,<br />
penjabSi. isini aqtiurad erTvodnen brZolaSi, romelic qalTa mdgomareobis<br />
Sesacvlelad iyo mimarTuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> svami <strong>da</strong>ianadi<br />
sarasvati (1824-1883 ww.), romelmac didi roli Seasrula qalTa ganaTlebis saqmeSi.<br />
igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom qals Seswevs unari aiTvisos veduri teqstebis "maradiuli<br />
WeSmaritetebi". re<strong>for</strong>matorma sakmaod didi muSaoba gaswia im saswavlo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
organizebisaTvis, sa<strong>da</strong>c saswavlo programebi gogonebisaTvis iseTive<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTuli iyo, rogorc biWebisaTvis. mas miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qaliSvilma saqmro<br />
TviTonve un<strong>da</strong> airCios, rom adreul asakSi qorwineba maTTvis <strong>da</strong>mRupvelia: saqorwino<br />
urTierTobebi mowiful asakSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyos, mas Semdeg, rac axalgazrdebi<br />
ganaTlebis kurss <strong>da</strong>amTavreben.<br />
51
"wmin<strong>da</strong> werilebis" axlebur interpretacias <strong>da</strong> re<strong>for</strong>matorebis mier gaweul<br />
muSaobas induizmis re<strong>for</strong>maciis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani Sedegi hqon<strong>da</strong>. erTxel<br />
<strong>da</strong>wyebuli religiuri teqstebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis procesi, romelic qalTa mdgomareobas<br />
Seexebo<strong>da</strong>, aRar SeCerebula. gasuli saukunis re<strong>for</strong>matorebma uzrunvelyves qalTa<br />
sakiTxisadmi im midgomis safuZvlis Cayra, romelic Semdgom mahaTma gandim (1869-<br />
1948) wamoayena. gandiseuli gageba sazogadoebaSi qalis rolis Sesaxeb SemdegSi<br />
mdgomareobs: religia a<strong>da</strong>mianis mTeli Semoqmedebis safuZvelia (maT Soris<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong>s). amiT igi asabuTebs induizmis normebis, principebisa <strong>da</strong> debulebebis<br />
gamoyenebis saSualebebiT xalxis masebamde arareligiuri, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT<br />
faqtobrivad socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> ideebis <strong>da</strong>yvanis, gamyarebisa <strong>da</strong> realizebis<br />
saSualebas. amasTan, mas induizmis tradiciul eTikur maqsimebSi Semoaqvs iseTi<br />
debulebebi, romlebmac moZRvrebaSi saerTod ver hpova asaxva: mag., yvela religiis<br />
Tanabari pativiscema, brZola induistur-musulmanuri erTobisaTvis. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
gandim moaxdina tradiciuli eTikis zogierTi principebis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva. (Мезенцева,<br />
1993).<br />
Tumca miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad zemoaRniSnulisa, 1987 wlis seqtemberSi induri gazeTebi<br />
iuwyebodnen satis morigi aqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. rajasThanis Statis sof.<br />
deoralis mcxovrebi 18 wlis rup kanvari Tavisi qmris cxedris <strong>da</strong>sawvavad<br />
agizgizebul koconSi cocxlad <strong>da</strong>wves. 21-e saukunis mijnaze myofi induizmis arsis<br />
gasagebad metad sagulisxmoa deoralSi momx<strong>da</strong>r faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli kamaTi.<br />
indoeTis mTavrobam, romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifos sekularizaciis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare <strong>da</strong> konstituciis farglebSi moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, swrafi <strong>da</strong> mkacri<br />
reagireba moaxdina am faqtTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong> gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
pirebs, romlebic satis ganxorcielebis waqezebaSi iqnebodnen SemCneuli, samu<strong>da</strong>mo<br />
patimroba an sasikvdilo ganaCeni elo<strong>da</strong>T. presaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> statiebi, romlebic am<br />
anaqronizms <strong>da</strong> mis momxreebs kicxavdnen, magram polemikisas araferi iyo naTqvami<br />
imis Sesaxeb, subkontinentze uamravi wmin<strong>da</strong> adgilia, sa<strong>da</strong>c warsulSi ganxorcielebuli<br />
satis faqtebi didebis SaravandediT aris Semkobili. zogierTi induisturi<br />
seqtis religiuri lideri ki "nebayoflobiTi satis" "sati dharmis" ganxorcielebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT gamovi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRiSnuli SemTxvevis garSemo gamarTulma debatebma <strong>da</strong> rajasThanis mkvidrTa<br />
sazogadoebrivma azrma aCvena, rom rom Tanamedrove induizmis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovani<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. bombeis, kalkutasa an hai<strong>da</strong>rabadis<br />
caTambjenebi<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba ar Cans taZrebi <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli kostumebi, sadResaswaulo<br />
<strong>da</strong> samgloviaro ritualebi, arc garkveuli kastisadmi kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli<br />
mkveTri niSnebi, magram nebismieri qalaqis an soflis gzajvaredinze SeiZleba idges<br />
ramdenime taZari <strong>da</strong> aTeulobiT wmin<strong>da</strong> adgili <strong>da</strong> qan<strong>da</strong>keba, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>inaxoT<br />
RatakTa procesia, Cacmuloba ama Tu im kastisadmi, profesiisadmi Tu induizmis<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mimdinareobisadmi kuTvilebis niSnebi. albaT, Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gvefiqra,<br />
rom modernizaciam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis gavlenam sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogierT<br />
sferoSi uzrunvelyo induizmis mTeli rigi mavne tradiciebis aRmofxvra. 1984 wels<br />
mokluli indoeTis premier-ministris indira gandis biusts TiTqmis yvela qalaqsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sofelSi SexvdebiT. qalRmerTis msgavsad, es biustebi, Cveulebriv, gzajvaredinebTan<br />
dgas <strong>da</strong> yvavilebiT aris Semkobili. indoeTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili<br />
mas Tayvans scems. qveyanaSi misi kultia. mimdinareobs indira gandis miTologizacia<br />
– sekularizebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis hagiografiulad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. aRniSnuli ki<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>sturia, rom induizmi ganuwyvetliv miiwevs TviTganaxlebisaken <strong>da</strong> am<br />
procesis ganviTareba kanonzomieri procesia. (Times of India, 1987).<br />
52
4. qalis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> roli islamSi<br />
XXI saukuneSi islamis <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri gaaqtiureba aRaravisaTvis<br />
aris saeWvo, magram kamaTi mis irgvliv ar cxreba. islamis erT-erTi TvalSi sacemi<br />
Taviseburebaa misi sul ufro mzardi gavrceleba evropaSi, amerikis kontinentze<br />
(gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>Si) <strong>da</strong> avstraliaSi, maSin, rodesac<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> koloniebis yofil mflobel qveynebSi gabatonebulma religiam –<br />
qristianobam muslimanur qveynebSi fexis mokideba ver SeZlo. .<br />
imis kvalobaze, Tu rogor ikidebs fexs islami <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, igi <strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis bevr niSan-Tvisebas iTvisebs. am fonze islamis <strong>socialuri</strong> doqtrinis<br />
Seswavla, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi sakiTxisa, rogoricaa sqesTa Soris urTierToba <strong>da</strong><br />
qalis roli <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, warmoadgens mniSvnelovan<br />
amocanas ara marto wmin<strong>da</strong> Teoriuli mniSvnelobiT, aramed praqtikuli<br />
TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
islamis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ideuri Sexedulebani misi mkvlevarebisaTvis<br />
axali sakiTxi rodia, ufro metic, mecnier aRmosavleTmcodneTaTvis karga<strong>da</strong>a<br />
cnobili "mesame samyaros" qveynebSi sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa mdgomareoba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac politikurma islamma moRvaweoba gaaZliera aziisa <strong>da</strong><br />
afrikis did teritoriebze (pakistanSi, avRaneTSi, iranSi, tajikeTSi, TurqeTSi,<br />
su<strong>da</strong>nSi, egvipteSi, alJirSi, agreTve kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> volgispireTSi). arsebobs mTeli<br />
rigi gamokvlevebi, romlebSic <strong>politikuri</strong> islamis fenomeni ganixileba rogorc<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arabul-muslimanuri samyaros socialurekonomikuri<br />
evoluciuri ganviTarebis farglebSi "moqcevis procesi". zogierTi<br />
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs axlo aRmosavleTSi socialur-ekonomikur krizissa<br />
<strong>da</strong> politikur demagogiaze anu socialur-klasobrivi gamijvnis procesze.<br />
metad sayuradReboa am sakiTxisadmi im mkvlevarTa midgoma, romlebic<br />
muslimanur qveynebSi mimdinare socialur-politikur procesebs kulturulideologiuri<br />
konfrontaciisa <strong>da</strong> "axali msoflio wesrigisaTvis" brZolis<br />
konteqstSi ganixilaven. <strong>da</strong>savlur mecnierul literaturaSi islamis analizs<br />
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba. bolo wlebSi mas ganixilaven, rogorc tradiciul<br />
RirebulebaTa sistemas. islamSi "qalTa sakiTxma" gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro<br />
qalis, rogorc "tradiciebis matareblisa" <strong>da</strong> "didi aRmzrdelobiTi rolis" gamo.<br />
(Плахов, 1992). aRniSnuli sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gax<strong>da</strong> islamisteqstremistTa<br />
agresiuli moqmedebisa <strong>da</strong> terorizmis amerikasa <strong>da</strong> evropaSi ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
qalTa mdgomareobis SeswavliT <strong>da</strong>interesebul specialistTa umravlesobas<br />
miaCnia, rom hadisebi, yurani <strong>da</strong> agreTve Sua saukuneebis musliman TeologTa <strong>da</strong><br />
iuristTa Sromebi qalTa mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> statusis Sesaxeb yvelaze srul <strong>da</strong><br />
adekvatur warmodgenas iZleva, radgan maTi Tanamedrove mowafeebs <strong>da</strong> memkvidreebs<br />
realuri situaciebis gansazRvrisas aSkara midrekileba aqvT gaazviadon religiuri<br />
dogmebi <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi traqtatebi.<br />
Tu yuranis teqsts mivmarTavT, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vrwmundeT, raoden sakamaToa amgvari<br />
midgoma. meoTxe suraSi ("qalebi") naTqvamia: "mamakacebi dganan qalebze maRla imitom,<br />
rom alahma pirvelT mianiWa upiratesoba meoreebze <strong>da</strong> imitom, rom isini TavianT<br />
qonebas xarjaven... wesieri qalebi mokrZalebulni arian, inaxaven saidumlos, rasac<br />
alahi inaxavs. xolo visi <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobisac Tqven geSiniaT, <strong>da</strong>iyolieT, <strong>da</strong>agdeT<br />
isini Zirs <strong>da</strong> scemeT <strong>da</strong> Tuki isini Tqvens winaSe <strong>da</strong>naSauls Caidenen, neba geZlevaT<br />
sasjelis zoma ar eZioT." es sura, TiTqos<strong>da</strong>, aSkarad metyvelebs mamakacisa <strong>da</strong><br />
53
qalis araTanasworuflebianobaze, qalis <strong>da</strong>morCilebul mdgomareobaze. albaT<br />
islamis aseTi debulebebis gacnobam aTqmevina simona de bovuars: "yurani ukiduresi<br />
siZulviliT abuCad igdebs qalebs". magram yuranis interpretatorebi zemoT<br />
citirebulis sapirispirod migviTiTeben Semdeg sityvebze: "<strong>da</strong> upasuxa maT RmerTma<br />
maTma: me ar gavwirav qmedebasa arc erTi Tqveni moRvawisa – arc kacTa, arc qalTa<br />
(III 193\195). am strofs islamis modernizaciis momxreebi ganmartaven, rogorc<br />
miniSnebas qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobaze.<br />
sxva mniSvnelovan wyaroebs qalTa mdgomareobis retrospeqtuli SeswavlisaTvis<br />
warmoadgens istoriuli qronikebi. magram is, vinc am istoriuli wyaroebis<br />
safuZvelze moindomebs muslimani qalebis statusis <strong>da</strong>zustebas, imedgacruebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCeba. aseT qronikebSi qalebi gacilebiT ufro iSviaTad moixseniebian, vidre<br />
mamakacebi. maTi saSualebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, vin iyo esa Tu is qali, romelic<br />
poezias an mecnierebas misdev<strong>da</strong> an <strong>politikuri</strong> intrigebSi monawileob<strong>da</strong>, magram<br />
qalTa saerTo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis SemuSaveba sakmaod Zneli saqmea.<br />
ufro safuZvliania evropel TviTmxilvelTa – elCebis, vaWrebis, mogzaurebis<br />
Setyobinebebi. mecnierebi, romlebic umetesad am wyaroebiT sargebloben, xazs<br />
usvamen, rom isini ufro obieqturi suraTis miRebis saSualebas iZlevian. magram<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, evropelebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi, mainc ar SeeZloT muslimanuri<br />
yofis, kulturis, Cveulebebis, tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiis srulad gageba <strong>da</strong><br />
xSirad maTi aRwerilobani <strong>da</strong> aRqma obieqturi ar iyo. magaliTisaTvis gamodgeba<br />
stambulSi inglisis elCis colis ledi meri uortli montegius gamonaTqvami igi<br />
1917 wels evropelebs imisaTvis lanZRav<strong>da</strong>, rom isini "SfoTaven Turqi qalebis<br />
ubeduri mdgomareobis gamo, romlebic SeiZleba qveynad yvela qalzu ufro<br />
Tavisufalni arian, dros ganuwyvetel siamovnebaSi, seirnobaSi, banaobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
garTobaSi atareben, cxovroben uzrunvelad <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>rdelad, fuls uangariSod<br />
fantaven axal-axali tansacmelis SesaZenad." (Мейер, 1992).<br />
Znelia erTmniSvnelovnad vupasuxoT kiTxvas, ra gavlena moaxdina islamma qalTa<br />
mdgomareobaze. upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa <strong>da</strong>vazustoT - ras va<strong>da</strong>rebT musliman<br />
qalTa mdgomareobas - V-VII saukuneebis arabeTis beduinebis xanas, VII-IX saukuneebSi<br />
SuamdinareTis glexebis cxovrebas Tu XII-XIV bizantiuri qalaqebSi maT yofas.<br />
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom TviT muslimani qalis yofa ar iyo ucvleli. yuranSi<br />
qalTa uflebebis fiqsacia ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc progresuli monapovari<br />
adrefeo<strong>da</strong>luri sazogadoebisaTvis, magram, rogorc TurqeTSi qemalisturma<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mebma gviCvena, arasakmarisi - kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis. muslimani qalebis cxovrebaSi kardinalur cvlilebebze SeiZleba<br />
vimsjeloT Tu ganvixilavT Sua aziis yofili sabWoTa respublikebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
azerbaijanis magaliTs. amasTan, islamis swrafma gavrcelebam axlo aRmosavleTis,<br />
iranis, indoeTis feo<strong>da</strong>lur sazogadoebebSi un<strong>da</strong> gvafiqrebinos, rom islamis miReba,<br />
rogoc Cans, ar gulisxmobs arsebiT cvlilebebs socialur organizaciaSi, maT Soris<br />
qalTa mdgomareobaSi. (Мейер, 1992).<br />
yurani mowmobs, rom jihaliis periodSi (winaislamuri periodi) arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />
sisxlaRreviTi qorwineba, axlad<strong>da</strong>badebuli gogonebis miwaSi Cafvlis praqtika,<br />
agreTve sisxlis aRebis wesi. qalebs hyiddnen <strong>da</strong> yidulobdnen, Cuqnidnen, rogorc<br />
monebs, agiravebdnen, sanam qmari an mama vals ar <strong>da</strong>farav<strong>da</strong>. tomebis beladebs<br />
ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>T erTdroulad aTi coli hyolo<strong>da</strong>T, gar<strong>da</strong> mona qalebisa, romlebic<br />
saTvalavSi ar Sediodnen. qaliSvilis kargad gaTxoveba ki sarfian xelSekrulebasTan<br />
iyo gaigivebuli. lamazi gogonebis gaTxoveba 13 wlis asaki<strong>da</strong>n SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRniSnuli Cveuleba yuranSic <strong>da</strong>fiqsir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> muslimanur qveynebSi dRemde aris Semonaxuli,<br />
Tumca savaldebulo xasiaTs ar atarebs. (Еремеев, 1971).<br />
54
am periodSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> droebiTi qorwinebac, rac mahris ga<strong>da</strong>xdis SesaZleblobis<br />
uqonlobasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi qali mamakacs colad<br />
moyav<strong>da</strong> droebiT, garkveuli droiT <strong>da</strong> garkveul fasad. qorwinebis amgvari <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
dResac SenarCunebulia Siituri mimarTulebis muslimanur qveynebSi (irani, erayi) <strong>da</strong><br />
mas ufro xSirad moxuci <strong>da</strong> martoxela a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mimarTaven, raTa erTmaneTs<br />
meurneobis warmoebaSi miexmaron (fizikuri siaxlovis gareSe). neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli iyo<br />
agreTve mamakacs colad SeerTo gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili mamis erT-erTi coli, Tu igi misi<br />
mSobeli de<strong>da</strong> ar iyo. aRniSnuli qmedebis mizani iyo SeenarCunebinaT "rZali" mamis<br />
gvareulobaSi <strong>da</strong> axali patarZlisaTvis mahri ar ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>T (Еремеев, 1971).<br />
zogierTi mkvlevari cdilob<strong>da</strong> islamis winadroindeli qorwinebis tradiciebSi<br />
matriarqatis gadmonaSTebi moenaxa, rodesac erT qalTan qorwinebaSi ramdenime<br />
mamakaci imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. Cveni azriT, qorwinebis aseTi <strong>for</strong>mis WeSmariti mizezi<br />
ekonomikuri problemebia. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT arabeTis<br />
samxreTSi iemenisa <strong>da</strong> hadramautis mTian raionebSi dRemde gavrcelebuli tradicia,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c bunebrivi <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri pirobebi gansakuTrebiT mZimea. Tumca aRniSnuli<br />
praqtika ramdenadme Semcir<strong>da</strong>, mainc gvxvdeba erT qalze ori mamakacis (Cveulebriv,<br />
Zmebis) qorwinebis SemTxvevebi.<br />
jihaliis droindel arab qals gaTxoveba SeeZlo mxolod Tavisi tomis mamakacze,<br />
raTa STamomalobas Seenaxa am tomis kulturul-enobrivi specifikuri niSnebi.<br />
mamakacs ki SeeZlo colad SeerTo ramdenime qaliSvili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tomi<strong>da</strong>n. tomis<br />
mier aseTi faqtebis waxaliseba miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> sxva tomebis warmomadgenlebTan<br />
naTesauri kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myarebas <strong>da</strong> Tavisi tomis kulturuli kavSirebis<br />
gafarToebas. praqtikaSi iyo agreTve gacvliTi qorwineba, roca erTi tomis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
Zma qorwindebo<strong>da</strong> meore tomis Zmasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ze, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c orive mxare<br />
Tavisufldebo<strong>da</strong> mahris ga<strong>da</strong>saxadisagan.<br />
qals ar hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba yofiliyo qmris, mSoblebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi Svilebis<br />
memkvidre. mokled rom vTqvaT, mas ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>, mxolod eWama <strong>da</strong> ecocxla. amave<br />
dros misi valdebulebebi ramdenimejer aRematebo<strong>da</strong> mis fizikur SesaZleblobebs.<br />
ojaxur viTarebaSi qals SeeZlo qmarze garkveuli zegavlenis moxdena, rac maT<br />
pirovnul <strong>da</strong> intimur urTierTobebze iyo <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli, magram sazogadoebis winaSe<br />
qals morCilis roli un<strong>da</strong> eTamaSa. qmars SeeZlo stumrebis miReba dRisa <strong>da</strong> Ramis<br />
nebismier dros, ebrZanebina colisaTvis sufris gaSla <strong>da</strong> a.S. es wes-Cveuleba<br />
dRemdea Semonaxuli, gansakuTrebiT soflad. aseT faqtebs Cvens sinamdvileSic<br />
vxvdebiT, rodesac qali "morCilis" rols TamaSobs, magram ojaxur urTierTobebSi<br />
mas wonadi sityva ekuTvnis.<br />
qalis <strong>da</strong>bali <strong>socialuri</strong> statusis specifikuri Tvisebebi winaislamur periodSi<br />
gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong> tomebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi<strong>da</strong>n. tomebs Soris arsebuli<br />
winaaRmdegobani brZolisaTvis mudmiv mzadyofnas <strong>da</strong> misi warmoebis unars<br />
moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, mamakacs misi <strong>socialuri</strong> mniSvnelobiT wina planze ayeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magram aqac iyo gamonaklisi. zogjer mamakacebTan erTad mamakacur tanisamosSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cmul qalebsac SexvdebodiT. (Даул, 1981).<br />
qali <strong>da</strong> yurani<br />
islamis istoriisa <strong>da</strong> Teoriis SeswavlisaTvis ZiriTad wyarosa <strong>da</strong> dokuments<br />
yurani warmoadgens. mahmadis (muhamedi) sicocxleSi igi zepiri <strong>for</strong>miT arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zogma mTeli yurani ico<strong>da</strong> zepirad, zogma ki nawyvetebi. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wakiTxvis<br />
Sedegad jer ramdenime werilobiTi krebuli Seiqmna. Semdeg, xalifa osmanis dros<br />
(644-556 w.w.) isini kanonikurad qceul krebulad gaerTian<strong>da</strong>. saukuneebis manZilze<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi misma Seswavlam warmoSva yuranis ganmartebaTa kompleqsuri<br />
55
kvlevis aucilebloba. yurani SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc istoriis,<br />
kulturis, sazogadoebrivi, samrTlebrivi, <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTobebis wyaro. mas<br />
arabul-muslimanur samyaroSi iseTi adgili ukavia, rom misi ganmarteba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
istoriul periodsa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialur-kulturul garemoSi Zalian did<br />
interess iwvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axlac iwvevs.<br />
yurani sakmaod did yuradRebas uTmobs sqesTa Soris urTierTobebis Temebs.<br />
masSi saubaria iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa mahri, mravalcolianoba, ganqorwineba,<br />
urTierTobebi Svilebsa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebs Soris, sasjeli col-qmruli Ralatisas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
igi gansazRvravs agreTve ojaxSi qonebriv urTierTobebs, ojaxuri urTierTobebis<br />
sxva zneobriv <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv normebs. magram yurans, rogorc mTavar normatiul<br />
dokuments, ar SeeZlo moecva yvela detali, romelic praqtikul cxovrebaSi<br />
SeiZleba wamoiWras, amitom winaswarmetyveli muhamedi ganmartav<strong>da</strong> "yuranis<br />
WeSmaritebebs", Sehqon<strong>da</strong> masSi sqesTa Soris urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>saregulirebeli<br />
saWiro detalebi. muhamedis gamonaTqvamebi (hadisebi) warmoadgens yuranis Semavsebel<br />
kodeqss, romlis safuZvelzec xdebo<strong>da</strong> muslimanuri samarTlebrivi sistemis –<br />
SariaTis kanonebis SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> romelic Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa <strong>da</strong><br />
muslimanuri moralis sakiTxebs. hadisebi <strong>da</strong> TviT muhamedis cxovrebis wesi iwodeba<br />
sunad (tradiciad). sunebi muhamedis uaxloesma Tanamoazreebma <strong>da</strong> colebma gadmogvces.<br />
mag., rogorc muslimanebi Tvlian, aiSem, muhamedis mesame colma, 1210 hadisi<br />
gadmogvca.<br />
islamur TeologiaSi yuranisa <strong>da</strong> sunis axsnasa <strong>da</strong> ganmartebas "Tavsiris"<br />
(ganmarteba) saxelwodeba aqvs. Tavsirebi VIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n gamoCn<strong>da</strong>. isini xSirad<br />
winaaRmdegobrivi <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTis gamomricxavi iyo. muhameds iseT gamonaTqvamebs<br />
miawerdnen, rac muslimanuri Temis pirobebSi mas ar SeeZlo eTqva. Tavsiris<br />
krebulTa Semdgenlebis ZirTad amocanas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> yuranis gaugebari aiaTebis<br />
teqstobrivi ganmarteba. yuranis Sinaarsis ganmartebas muslimani Teoretikosebi<br />
dResac ganagrZoben <strong>da</strong> mas Tanamedrove yofas usa<strong>da</strong>geben.<br />
Tavisi kanonikurobisa <strong>da</strong> normatiulobis Sedegad, yurani gacilebiT ufro<br />
mkacri gamodga qalebis mimarT, vidre winaswarmetyveli muhamedi, romlis cxovrebiseuli<br />
misiac ufro <strong>da</strong>moZRvrasa <strong>da</strong> imis axsnaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, risi Secnobac<br />
yuranis debulebebSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebs ar SeeZloT. muhamedi qalis Sesaxeb ambob<strong>da</strong>: "erideT<br />
qalebs, romlebsac aqvT lamazi garegnoba, magram urigo qceva".<br />
"Tu Sen mama <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong> erTdroulad mogixmoben, jer midi de<strong>da</strong>sTan".<br />
"qali neknisagan aris Seqmnili. Tu Sen Seecdebi gaasworo es mrude Zvali,<br />
gatexav mas, amitom ukeTesia rbilad moeqce qals".<br />
"ar moklaT mterTa TqvenTa colebi <strong>da</strong> Svilebi".<br />
"pativi eciT qalebs, isini Tqveni dedebi, colebi <strong>da</strong> debi arian".<br />
sqesTa urTierTobebis regulirebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> agreTve sxva samarTlebrivi<br />
wyaroebic, mag., fiqhi (samarTali) Tavisi orTodoqsuli skolebiT, magram islamis<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> doqtrinis mTavari principi mainc yuranSi, sunaSi, TavsirSi <strong>da</strong> maze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul SariaTis kanonebSia mocemuli.<br />
muslimanur sazogadoebaSi gogona un<strong>da</strong> aRizardos yuranis Sesabamisad, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad: "qmrebi colebze maRla dganan, imitom, rom alahi pirvelT aZlevs<br />
upiratesobas meoreebze <strong>da</strong> imitom, rom isini Tavis qonebas xarjaven". amitom<br />
gogonam adreuli asaki<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> icodes, rom momaval meuRles upiratesi<br />
mdgomareoba eqneba mikuTvnebuli, xolo Tavad mas garkveuli funqciebis Sesruleba<br />
mouwevs. yurani mamakacs avaldebulebs SeirTos morwmuneTa "<strong>da</strong>cvis qveS aRzrdili<br />
qaliSvilebi" (mase a. t. 1 gv. 125). "a<strong>da</strong>b-ul salahini" colis SerTvis msurvelT aseT<br />
<strong>da</strong>rigebas aZlevs: "patarZali un<strong>da</strong> iyos qalwuli. saWiroa iseTi qalis SerTva,<br />
56
omelic qmars oTxi TvisebiT un<strong>da</strong> jobdes, xolo oTxi TvisebiT ufro <strong>da</strong>bla un<strong>da</strong><br />
idges. asaki, simaRle, qoneba <strong>da</strong> warmoSoba cols un<strong>da</strong> hqondes ufro <strong>da</strong>bali, vidre<br />
saqmros, xolo silamaze, xasiaTi, zrdiloba <strong>da</strong> sinaze sacoles un<strong>da</strong> hqondes ufro<br />
maRali, vidre saqmros". ("a<strong>da</strong>b-ul salaxini").<br />
Zveli droi<strong>da</strong>n uSviloba arasasurveli iyo rogorc ojaxisaTvis, ise mTeli<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis. xSiri epidemiebi, bavSvTa sikvdilianoba, mousavlianoba, omebi<br />
mosaxleobis demografiul suraTze uaryofiT gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong>, amitom qalisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba misi reproduqciis unariT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>. istoriam Semogvinaxa<br />
Zv. w. 1350 wels qanaaneli mefis mier <strong>da</strong>werili werili, romelSic igi wer<strong>da</strong>: "Cemi<br />
yana (Cemi qveyana) gaxma, rogorc uqmro qali, radgan mas mxvneli ara hyavs".<br />
egvipteli brZeni ptahotepi Tavis vaJs moZRvrav<strong>da</strong>: "roca <strong>da</strong>vaJkacdebi, coli<br />
iTxove <strong>da</strong> Seni saxli Sehqmeni. giyvardes coli, rogorc wesia, aRavse misi sxeuli,<br />
Caacvi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asaCuqre. igi Seni yanaa, romelic gulmodgined un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amuSavo".<br />
yuranma moiwona adreuli qorwineba <strong>da</strong> uaryofiTad Seafasa monazvnoba <strong>da</strong><br />
ucolod cxovrebis wesi. mamakacebisaTvis qorwinebis asaki man – 15-16 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gansazRvra, xolo qalebisaTvis 13-14 wli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
mravalcolianoba (poliginia)<br />
mravalcolianoba patriarqaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegi gaxl<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
igi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo mTeli rigi xalxebisaTvis aziasa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT evropis<br />
qveynebSi, CrdiloeT afrikasa <strong>da</strong> xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleTSi. SemdgomSi zogma<br />
maTganma qristianoba miiRo, zogma ki islami. ebraelebi, romlebmac qristianoba<br />
miiRes, ganagrZobdnen iseTi wesebis Sesrulebas, rogoricaa wina<strong>da</strong>cveTa, Roris<br />
xorcis Wamis akrZalva, ebrauli marxva. maT ori coli mohyav<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> uars ambobdnen<br />
SabaTs muSaobaze. mravalcolianoba praqtikuli mosazrebiT iyo gamowveuli.<br />
mamakacis, rogorc mebrZolis mniSvneloba yvela socialur parametrs sWarbob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
islamis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisa <strong>da</strong> sagareo eqspansiis mizniT warmoebuli brZolebis Sedegad<br />
muslimanuri Temis SigniT mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa ricxvi <strong>da</strong> gaCn<strong>da</strong> martoxela<br />
qalTa (colebis, dedebis, qaliSvilebis) didi raodenoba. am problemis <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
regulireba mox<strong>da</strong> poligamiis (kerZod, poliginiis) SemoRebiT.<br />
yuranSi naTqvamia: "iTxoveT is qalebi, romlebic Tqven gasiamovneben – ori,<br />
sami, oTxi. xolo visac geSiniaT, rom ar iqnebiT marTali, iTxoveT erTi an sami,<br />
visac Tqveni marjvena gaumklavdeba." (yurani 3/4) TviT mahmads, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,<br />
14 coli hyav<strong>da</strong>, sikvdilis momentSi ki – 9. sanam misi pirveli coli - hadije<br />
cocxali iyo, mahmads meore coli ar mohyav<strong>da</strong>. magram Semdeg misi colebi gaxdnen<br />
aiSe – misi biZis, uaxloesi TanamebrZolisa <strong>da</strong> momavali pirveli xalifis abu-baqris<br />
qaliSvili; jafsa –momavali meore xalifis omaris qaliSvili,, um-habiba - misi erTerTi<br />
gavleniani momxris qaliSvili. colebs Soris iyvnen agreTve muhamedis<br />
mimdevarTa qvrivebi, romelTa qmrebi rwmenisaTvis brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupnen.<br />
SariaTis mixedviT, qmarma TiToeul Tavis cols un<strong>da</strong> misces calke sacxovrebeli<br />
bina, uzrunvelyos maTi cxovreba, kargad moepyras, <strong>da</strong>icvas maTTan saxlSi misvlis<br />
rigiToba. colma, Tavis mxriv, Tavisi movaleoba un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
mravalcolianoba iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCa SesaZlebeli mxolod mdi<strong>da</strong>ri muslimanebisaTvis.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis gar<strong>da</strong>, yurani mravalcolianobaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> ojaxurgvarovnuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi kavSirebisa <strong>da</strong> urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>myarebis gziT<br />
muslimanuri Temis ganmtkicebis saSualebas.<br />
filosofosi al-hazali iesos <strong>da</strong> muhamedis magaliTze xsni<strong>da</strong>, ratom aris<br />
poligamia mizanSewonili: "kiTxuloben, kurTxeuli ieso <strong>da</strong>rCa ucolod, xolo Cvens<br />
57
arakurTxeul winaswarmetyvels muhameds amdeni coli hyav<strong>da</strong>, Tumca orive maTgani<br />
umaRles sikeTed RvTis msaxurebas Tvli<strong>da</strong>. pasuxic aseTia: yvelafers sjobs,<br />
SevaerToT erTica <strong>da</strong> meorec, Tu rCeuli amisaTvis saWiro Zalasa <strong>da</strong> sidiades<br />
flobs. Cvenma yovlad <strong>da</strong>locvilma winaswarmetyvelma miiRo aseTi Zala <strong>da</strong> RvTisadmi<br />
erTguleba SeaerTa qorwinebasTan. Tumca mas cxra coli hyav<strong>da</strong>, igi mTlianad<br />
uZRvni<strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavs RvTis samsaxurs".<br />
TviTon muhamedma, TiTqos<strong>da</strong> Tavis marTlebisaTvis, aseTi aiaTebi warmoTqva: "o,<br />
winaswarmetyvelo, Cven neba mogeciT Sen, iyolio colad isini, vinc jildod mogeca<br />
<strong>da</strong> isinic, visac marjvena Seni <strong>da</strong>eufla maTgan, vinc alahma giboZa, Seni mamidebis<br />
qaliSvilebic, Seni dedis Zmis qaliSvilebic, Seni deidebis qaliSvilebic, morwmune<br />
qalic, radgan man Tavi miuZRvna winaswarmetyvels <strong>da</strong> Tu igi mis colobas<br />
moindomebs... amis Semdeg Sen sxva qali aRar gergeba, arc maTi sxva qalebiT Secvla<br />
SegiZlia, maSinac ki, Tu maTi silamaze <strong>da</strong>gko<strong>da</strong>vs, Tu ara maTiT, visac Seni marjvena<br />
<strong>da</strong>eufla" (yurani 33-49).<br />
yuranisa <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>rigebebis Tanaxmad, cols moeTxoveba misdios garkveul<br />
wesebs: ar gamovides saxli<strong>da</strong>n, Tu qmrisagan nebarTvas ar miiRebs, agreTve aravin<br />
SeuSvas Tavis saxlSi, yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe Seasrulos diasaxlisis yvela<br />
movaleoba, Tavisi ganwyobileba SeuTanxmos qmris ganwyobilebas – roca is<br />
mxiarulia, colmac mxiaruli saxe un<strong>da</strong> miiRos, Tu is mowyenilia, colma TanagrZnoba<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gamoxatos qmris sazrunavsa <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>rdebelze; ikmaros is saSualebani <strong>da</strong><br />
pirobebi, rac mas qmarma Seuqmna. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg ataros samgloviaro<br />
tansacmeli <strong>da</strong>, Tu surs saiqioSi Sexvdes gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili qmars, meored aRar<br />
gaTxovdes.<br />
sqesobrivi segregacia <strong>da</strong> Cadri<br />
islamuri samarTali mkacrad aregulirebs sqesTa Soris urTierTobebs. morwmune<br />
muslimani qali arasodes Sedis socialur kontaqtSi mamakacTan, Tu igi masTan<br />
mahramis valdebulebiT ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. aucilebel SemTxvevebSic ki (mag.<br />
eqimTan wasvlisas) mas yovelTvis Tan axlavs naTesavi, romlis Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiTac igi<br />
kontaqts amyarebs sawinaaRmdego sqesis ucxo warmomadgenelTan. Tanamedrove<br />
pirobebSi, magaliTad, studentebisaTvis, romlebic <strong>da</strong>savleTis universitetebSi<br />
swavloben, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>saSvebia auditoriaSi profesor-maswavleblebTan marto<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCena. magram aRniSnuli mxolod gamonakliss warmoadgens. yvela sxva islamuri<br />
qcevis stan<strong>da</strong>rti <strong>da</strong>culi un<strong>da</strong> iqnes. (Данни, 1998).<br />
qalTa karCaketiloba <strong>da</strong> amis Sedegad sqesobrivi segregacia, islamis gamogoneba<br />
rodia, Tumca masTan asocirdeba. gaTxovili qalisaTvis garemo samyarsTan<br />
urTierTobis SezRudva <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli <strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis umravlesi<br />
tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. rogorc "despotur" aRmosavleTSi, ise<br />
"demokratiul" saberZneTSi, qali Tavis adgilsamyofels (iqnebo<strong>da</strong> es berZnuli<br />
ginekea, Tu iranuli zanana) ar scildebo<strong>da</strong>. mas ar hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba monawileoba mieRo<br />
mamakacTa saubarSi, ar SeeZlo maTTan erTad sufrasTan <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong> fexze mdgari<br />
emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> maT. mxolod mamakacebisagan moSorebiT, "sufTa mdgomareobaSi", TeTr<br />
zewarSi gaxveuls (rasac mogvianebiT pavle mociqulma "maszed Zalauflebis niSani"<br />
uwo<strong>da</strong>), SeeZlo qals RvTismsaxurebas <strong>da</strong>swrebo<strong>da</strong>. magram fics sakurTxevelTan an<br />
sasamarTloSi Zala maSin hqon<strong>da</strong>, Tu mas qmari an mamakaci naTesavi a<strong>da</strong>stureb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
pirvel gandegilebad TviT winaswarmetyvelis colebi gaxdnen. TavianTi qmrebis<br />
maRali mdgomareoba maT avaldebuleb<strong>da</strong>T "gansakuTrebuli" wesiT ecxovraT. amis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, yuranis istoriografebma istoriulad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>sturon<br />
58
yuranSi ama Tu im aiaTis gaCenis dro. arsebobs agreTve uamravi lege<strong>da</strong> Cadris<br />
tarebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. erT-erTi aseTi legen<strong>da</strong> ukavSirdeba muhamedis sayvarel<br />
cols – aiSas, . magram rogorc ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos, zewris tareba <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia Zvel<br />
drosa <strong>da</strong> e.w. "evas kompleqsTan". susti sqesis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic SeiZleba<br />
"angelosebma advilad acdunon" Tavi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iburon. berZnul miTebSi ar iyvnen<br />
angelosebi, magram iyvnen RmerTebi, romlebsac xSirad SecdomaSi Seyav<strong>da</strong>T miwieri<br />
lamazmanebi. bibliaSi qalebis Semcdenlebad RmerTis Svilebi – angelosebi<br />
gvevlinebian.<br />
socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiuroba<br />
muslimanuri qveynebisaTvis qalTa specifikuri problemebia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli:<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi – es aris Sromisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebis problema (saudis<br />
arabeTi <strong>da</strong> sparseTis yuris qveynebi), zogan sazogadoebrivi mentalitetis (arabuli<br />
qveynebi), zogan ganaTlebis problema (sparseTis yure <strong>da</strong> afrikis CrdiloeTi), zogan<br />
ki dedobis problema (egvipte, palestina, erayi, iemeni, libani).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad qalebis aqtiuri monawileobisa erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel<br />
moZraobasa (Tumca istoriam ineba, rom yvela muslimanuri qveyana ar yofiliyo<br />
CarTuli aseT brZolaSi) <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebaSi (siria, iemeni, egvipte), am<br />
qveynebSi <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebaSi qalebis monawileobas <strong>for</strong>maluri xasiaTi aqvs, rac<br />
ori faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli: upirveles yovlisa, imiT, rom mmarTvel reJims<br />
ar gaaCnia demokratiuli tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> racionaluri politikis gamocdileba <strong>da</strong><br />
meore – TviT qalebs ara aqvT socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiurobisaTvis saWiro<br />
profesiuli <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri Cvevebi.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mTel rig muslimanur qveynebSi qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
uflebebi konstituciebiT aris gamyarebuli (siria, egvipte, irani, tunisi, iemeni,<br />
erayi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) maTi <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiuroba sakmaod <strong>da</strong>balia. praqtika Teoriisagan<br />
Sors dgas ara marto qalebis aqtiurobis, aramed sazogadoebaSi maTi mdgomareobis<br />
<strong>da</strong> statusis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
am mxriv, metad sayuradReboa TviT muslimani qalebis mcdelobebi Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebaSi Secvalon TavianTi mdgomareoba. sul ufro izrdeba qalTa<br />
organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebic saerTaSoriso organizacia "qalTa plat<strong>for</strong>maSi"<br />
arian gaerTianebulni.<br />
dReisaTvis islamur moZraobaSi SeiniSneba sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. pirvel<br />
mimarTulebas miekuTvnebian religiuri moRvaweebi, romlebic gamodian<br />
ara<strong>politikuri</strong> aqciebiT <strong>da</strong> miaCniaT, rom maTi aqtiurobis ZiriTadi sfero<br />
ganaTleba, kultura <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> yofaa, radganac axalgazrdobis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
qaliSvilebis, religiuri suliT aRzr<strong>da</strong> qveynis islamur momavals uzrunvelyofs.<br />
maT sapirispirod, e.w. "re<strong>for</strong>matorebi", romelTa raodenobac sakmaod didia,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> aqciebis momxreni arian <strong>da</strong> TavianTi <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweobis centrSi<br />
saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis re<strong>for</strong>mas ayeneben.<br />
mesame jgufs miekuTvnebian radikaluri mimarTulebis islamistebi, romlebic<br />
mzad arian qveynis saTaveSi nebismieri gziT (<strong>politikuri</strong>T Tu SeiaraRebuli)<br />
movidnen. swored am jgufma 1995 wels moaxdina alJiris saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebis paralizeba. maTi eqstremizmi "qalTa sakiTxis" ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzaze sakmaod<br />
rTul barierebs qmnis.<br />
59
5. budizmi – <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sqesobrivi Tanasworobis mcdeloba<br />
budizmi msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa (qristianobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
islamTan erTad). igi warmoiSva CrdiloeT indoeTSi Zv. w. VI-V s.s-Si. mis Semqmnelad<br />
iTvleba sidharTa gautama, igive Sakia (sakia) – muni (gandegili Sakiebis tomi<strong>da</strong>n).<br />
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, igi Sakiebis tomis beladis Sudho<strong>da</strong>nis vaJi iyo <strong>da</strong> Zv. w. 623-544<br />
w.w. cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. gautamam 29 wlis asakSi <strong>da</strong>tova ojaxi <strong>da</strong> asketuri moxetiale<br />
cxovreba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. 7 wlis Semdeg igi axali rwmenis mqa<strong>da</strong>gebeli gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> safuZveli<br />
Cauyara pirvel ber-monazvnur Tems – sanghis. SemdgomSi Sakia-muns uwodes bu<strong>da</strong><br />
(sanskr. budha - gasxivosnebuli), xolo mis moZRvrebas – budizmi.<br />
budizmis ZiriTadi doqtrinaa moZRvreba "oTxi keTilSobili WeSmaritebis"<br />
Sesaxeb: arsebobs – tanjva, misi mizezi, tanjvaTa Sewyveta (nirvana – ganTavisuflebis<br />
mdgomareoba) <strong>da</strong> rvamagi gza – nirvanisaken mimavali gza.<br />
budizmis gavrcelebis Semdgom periodSi mox<strong>da</strong> misi or Stod gayofa: adreul<br />
budizms uwodeben "hinaianas" ("patara etli" anu xsnis "viwro gza"), xolo<br />
mogvianebiT, Cv. w I saukuneSi warmoSobil <strong>for</strong>mas – "mahaianas" ("didi etli" anu<br />
xsnis "didi gza").<br />
indoeTSi budizmis ayvavebis xanad iTvleba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebi – ax.<br />
w I aTaswleulis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi.<br />
X s-Si budizmma indoeTSi <strong>da</strong>karga gabatonebuli mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />
<strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong> induizms – indoeTis axal religias. budizmi, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
religiuri moZRvreba, farTod gavrcel<strong>da</strong> samxreT-aRmosavleT <strong>da</strong> CrdiloeT aziis<br />
qveynebSi. iq <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> hinaiana – samxreTis budizmis anu Terava<strong>da</strong> budizmis –<br />
sityvasityviT – uxucesTa moZRvrebis saxelwodebiT.<br />
arsebobs budizmis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva seqta <strong>da</strong> skola.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad gansxvavebebisa, budizmis yvela religiur-filosofiur<br />
mimdinareobasa <strong>da</strong> saxeobaSi arsebul warmodgenaTa erTiani birTvi budizms sxva<br />
religiebisagan ganasxvavebs.<br />
budizmis mixedviT, cxovreba tanjvaa. a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavad aris sakuTari tanjvis<br />
mizezi <strong>da</strong> ara gare pirobebi, arasrulyofili sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> zebunebrivi Zalis<br />
zemoqmedeba. tanjvaTa mizezi a<strong>da</strong>mianis azrebis, sityvebisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebebis<br />
erToblivi Zalis karmaSi mdgomareobs (sanskr. Karma –"saqme, qmedeba, moqmedeba").<br />
ufro metic, karma Tavad sicocxlis mizezia. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Tavad qmnian TavianT Tavs.<br />
maTi fizikuri ieri (saxe) maTi yofierebis Sedegs warmoadgens. is yalibdeba <strong>da</strong><br />
viTardeba sicocxlis, siamovnebis, Zalauflebis, flobisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis survilis<br />
zemoqmedebiT. garkveulwilad a<strong>da</strong>miani xdeba iseTi, rogoric mas un<strong>da</strong>, rom iyos.<br />
Tavad a<strong>da</strong>mianebma un<strong>da</strong> moipovon gamarjveba tanjvaze TaviTkontrolis saSualebiT.<br />
TviTSezRudvis preqtika <strong>da</strong> meditacia iwvevs gasxivosnebas (sanskr. "bodhi")<br />
– gamoRviZebasa <strong>da</strong> tanjvis Sewyvetas (nirvanas).<br />
gza gasxivosnebisa <strong>da</strong> nirvanisaken iwyeba rwmeniT <strong>da</strong> Semdeg grZeldeba<br />
gulmowyalebis, zneobrivi disciplinisa <strong>da</strong> meditaciis saSualebiT.<br />
budizmi saboloo jamSi nirvanisaken swrafvaa, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>miani sakuTari<br />
keTili saqmeebiTa (kargi karmiT) <strong>da</strong> sxvebis keTil saqmeebSi TanamonawileobiT<br />
axorcielebs.<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>s miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom rogorc eriskacebi, ise bermonazvnebi erTnairad un<strong>da</strong><br />
iswrafvodnen nirvanisaken. maTi Zalisxmeva mxolod intensiurobis doniT gansxvavdeba.<br />
maT Soris un<strong>da</strong> iyos urTierTkavSiri,. Tumca bu<strong>da</strong> ibrZo<strong>da</strong> cxovrebis bermonazvnuri<br />
wesisaTvis, is xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> im eriskacebs, romlebic budizms<br />
aRiarebdnen; Tavis berebs ki mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>, kavSiri hqono<strong>da</strong>T sazogadoebasTan <strong>da</strong><br />
60
masTan mTlianad ar gaewyvitaT kavSiri. bermonazvnebi eriskacebis sazogadoebis<br />
gverdiT un<strong>da</strong> cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong> am sazogadoebis STagonebis wyaro, gamaTavisuflebeli<br />
TviTdisciplinis magaliTi <strong>da</strong> maswavleblebi un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen. eriskacebma ki<br />
pativi un<strong>da</strong> scen bermonazvnebs <strong>da</strong> sakuTari Tavi imisTvis un<strong>da</strong> moamzadon, rom uari<br />
Tqvan yovelgvar sikeTeze <strong>da</strong> am gziT miaRwion nirvanas. bu<strong>da</strong>s mier naCvenebi gzebi<br />
gulisxmobs mxolod sakuTar Zalebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobis aucileblobas, mkacr zneobriobas,<br />
civ racionalizmsa <strong>da</strong> meditacias.<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>m Tavis gzas nirvanisaken uwo<strong>da</strong> "Sualeduri gza, romelic gadis grZnobadi<br />
moTxovnilebebis Tavawyvetil <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebasa (gedonizmi) <strong>da</strong> mkacr gandgomas<br />
(asketizmi) Soris". misi gza gansakuTrebul yuradRebas cnobierebis disciplinaze<br />
amaxvileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>m uaryo farTod gavrcelebuli rwmena maradiuli sulisa <strong>da</strong> maradiuli<br />
RmerTis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela cvlilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. budizmis<br />
mixedviT, ar arsebobs subieqtisa <strong>da</strong> obieqtis, sulisa <strong>da</strong> materiis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, ar<br />
arsebobs RmerTi, rogorc Semoqmedi <strong>da</strong> aucilebeli umaRlesi arseba. bu<strong>da</strong> im<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom cvalebadoba a<strong>da</strong>mianis yofierebis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani, iseve rogorc yvelaferi, rac mis garSemoa, mudmivad moZraobs, yovel wams<br />
aRorZindeba <strong>da</strong> Wkneba. amasTan, ar arsebobs am cvlilebebis ucvleli subieqti,<br />
ucvleli a<strong>da</strong>mianuri "me". gadmocemis Tanaxmad, bu<strong>da</strong>s bolo sityvebi iyo: "yvelaferi,<br />
rac warmoiSoba, qreba, gulmodgined eZieT xsna".<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom adreuli budizmi qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Tanasworobas, ganur-<br />
Cevlad maTi kasturi <strong>da</strong> wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa. is aRiareb<strong>da</strong> maTi "xsnis" Tanabar<br />
uflebas. a<strong>da</strong>mianis xsna <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara RmerTebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze, ara mis socialur<br />
mdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> warmoSobaze, aramed mxolod mis mondomebaze.<br />
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze budizmi uaryof<strong>da</strong> raime gansxvavebas<br />
mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs Soris gasxivosnebis miRwevis gzebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. budizmis<br />
mTavari debulebis Tanaxmad, yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sqesisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
statusisa, SeuZlia miaRwios gasxivisnebas. Tumca, niSandoblivia, rom budizmis<br />
ganviTarebis adreul etapebze de<strong>da</strong>Ta samonastro ordenebi instituciurad<br />
mamakacTa ordenebs eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>. es <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba Tavad bu<strong>da</strong>s mier iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad man uari Tqva ukve <strong>da</strong>arsebul ordenSi qalebis miRebaze,<br />
Semdeg ki maTTvis calke ordeni <strong>da</strong>afuZna. de<strong>da</strong>Ta ordeni berebis kontrols<br />
eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aseTma instituciurma subordinaciam gamoiwvia de<strong>da</strong>Ta ordenebis gaufasureba,<br />
mogvianebiT ki – maTi <strong>da</strong>cema. Teravadis (e.w. samxreTis budizmis) Tanaxmad<br />
gasxivosnebas mxolod im a<strong>da</strong>mianebma SeiZleba miaRwion, romlebic mTel TavianT<br />
sicocxles samonastro cxovrebas miuZRvnian. amgvarad, de<strong>da</strong>Ta monastrebis <strong>da</strong>cemam<br />
mkacrad SezRu<strong>da</strong> qalebis imedi, mieRwiaT gasxivosnebisaTvis. magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
amisa, maRali saero wris qalebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen religiur<br />
cxovrebaSi. isini xSirad finansur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras uwevdnen mamakacebis monastrebs.<br />
hinaianisagan gansxvavebiT, mahaianis budizmSi qalebis monastrebis <strong>da</strong>cemas aseTi<br />
mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, radgan gasxivosnebis miRweva ar Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
samonastro elitiT. mahaiana amtkicebs, rom nebismieri cxovrebiseuli gza,<br />
monasterSi an mis gareT, SeiZleba iqces gasxivosnebis miRwevis saSualebad. mahaianis<br />
teqstebSi moTxrobilia im <strong>da</strong>qorwinebul mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> gaTxovil qalebze,<br />
romlebmac gasxivosnebis gzaze warmatebas miaRwies.<br />
bu<strong>da</strong>s miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebma SeiZleba miaRwion gasxivosnebis dones <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
arsebobs misi miRwevis gansxvavebuli gzebi qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisaTvis. erT-erTi<br />
fici, romelsac zogierTi beri debs, mouwodebs maT, ar <strong>da</strong>amciron qalebi <strong>da</strong> xeli<br />
61
Seuwyon maT gasxivosnebis miRwevaSi.<br />
budizmma yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxa<strong>da</strong> samonastro cxovreba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
sqesisa <strong>da</strong> kastisa. man a<strong>da</strong>mianebs SesTavaza am cxovrebaSi xelmeored <strong>da</strong>badebis<br />
gzebi. brahmanizmisagan gansxvavebiT, budizmma aRiara <strong>socialuri</strong> Tanasworoba <strong>da</strong><br />
uari Tqva induistur Sexedulebaze, romlis Tanaxmad mamakacebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gza aqvT. budizmi mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> yvela qals – qaliSvils, romelic<br />
gaTxovebas elodeba, cols, romelic Svilebs zrdis, Tu qvrivs – Tavi <strong>da</strong>enebebinaT<br />
ubiwo cxovrebisaTvis induistur sazogadoebaSi <strong>da</strong> gasxivosnebisaken swrafva<br />
gamoeCinaT.<br />
budizmi gax<strong>da</strong> ara marto Tavisuflebis miRwevis alternatiuli saSualeba,<br />
aramed agreTve sazogadoebaSi qalebis Cagruli mdgomareobisagan ganTavisuflebis<br />
saSualebac.<br />
budizmi patriarqaluri ojaxuri struqturis ryevis mraval wyaros Seicavs.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, samonastro Temis, rogorc ojaxuri cxovrebis alternativis<br />
gavlenam Searyia ojaxis mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi. patriarqatis dros mamakaci –<br />
ojaxis ufrosi – sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan elements warmoadgens, magram<br />
budizmSi, romlis rwmenis mixedviT gasxivosnebis miRweva SesaZlebelia samonastro<br />
TemSi, mcirdeba ojaxis roli. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod aris gamoxatuli Teravadis<br />
budizmSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c gasxivosnebisaken gza SesaZlebelia ojaxur cxovrebaze xelis<br />
aRebiT <strong>da</strong> samonastro Temis wevrad gaxdomiT. induizmisagan gansxvavebiT, Tereva<strong>da</strong>s<br />
budizmi samonastro cxovrebas qorwinebis srul alternativad ganixilavs. ojaxs<br />
meorexarisxovani statusi miekuTvneba mahaianis budizmSic, romlis qa<strong>da</strong>gebis<br />
mixedviT, gasxivosnebis miRweva ojaxSi <strong>da</strong>rCeniTac SeiZleba. aseT situaciaSi<br />
gasxivosneba SesaZlebelia, magram misi miRweva ufro rTulia. am SemTxvevaSic, Tumca<br />
nakleb, samonastro cxovreba ojaxur cxovrebaze metad fasdeba.<br />
budizmi, aniWebs ra ojaxs meorexarisxovan statuss, aryevs saerTod ojaxur<br />
cxovrebas <strong>da</strong> ara kerZod patriarqalurs. mtkiceba, rom qals SeuZlia miaRwios<br />
gasxivosnebas, ara mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom qals aqvs gasxivosnebis miRwevis<br />
unari, aramed imasac, rom es misTvis socialurad kanonieria. marTlac, Tu Svilebma<br />
monasterSi wasasvlelad orive mSoblis nebarTva un<strong>da</strong> miiRon, colebisaTvis qmrebis<br />
aseTi nebarTva saWiro ar aris.<br />
budizmis istoriuli <strong>da</strong>msaxureba qalebis winaSe imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man<br />
indoeTSi SesaZlebeli gaxa<strong>da</strong> maTi religiuri cxovreba <strong>da</strong> ojaxis patriarqaluri<br />
struqturis Sesusteba. pirvel rigSi, qalebs ojaxis alternatiuli varianti miecaT.<br />
arCevanis SesaZleblobam qals meti ufleba misca rogorc gaTxovebaze Tanxmobis<br />
gamocxadebis dros, ise ojaxur cxovrebaSi. budizmi adgens Tanasworobas meuRleebs<br />
Soris <strong>da</strong> awesebs ara mxolod colebis valdebulebebs qmrebis mimarT, aramed qmrebis<br />
valdebulebebsac qalebis mimarT. vinai<strong>da</strong>n rogorc de<strong>da</strong>m, ise mamam nebarTva un<strong>da</strong><br />
miscen TavianT Svilebs monasterSi sacxovreblad wasasvlelad, cxadia, rom Svilebi<br />
ekuTvnian rogorc mamas, ise de<strong>da</strong>s. ufro metic, gaTxovil qalebs garkveuli<br />
finansuri <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba aqvT, radgan SeuZliaT memkvidreobiT miiRon sakuTreba<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavad gankargon is.<br />
col-qmruli cxovrebis Sesaxeb budisturi Sexeduleba arRvevs warmodgenas imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom qvrivi qalis seqsualurobas misi meuRle marTavs. budizmSi qali Tavis<br />
col-qmrul movaleobas qmris sikvdilamde asrulebs. misgan ar moiTxoven erTgulebas<br />
xelmeored gaTxovebaze uaris TqmiT, amis nacvlad, mas SeuZlia arCevanis<br />
gakeTeba: ar SeuerTdes religiur Tems, <strong>da</strong>rCes marto an xelmeored gaTxovdes.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> ierarqiisa <strong>da</strong> patriarqaluri ojaxis struqturis rRvevis faruli<br />
potencialis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, budizmi, Cveulebriv, a<strong>da</strong>mianis fsiqologiur mdgomareoba-<br />
62
ze amaxvilebs yuradRebas <strong>da</strong>, amgvarad, iSviaTad cdilobs, socialur struqturebs,<br />
romlebic qalebs Cagraven kanoniereba waarTvas.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom budizmi egueba garemomcvel kulturas, maSinac ki, Tu<br />
kultura efuZneba mamakacis gabatonebul rols <strong>da</strong> axalisebs Zlieri sqesis aseT<br />
mdgomareobas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, budizmSi <strong>socialuri</strong> Tanasworobis qveteqsti<br />
warmoadgens wyaros sazogadoebaSi qalebis statusis gasaTanabreblad. . Tumca, un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom budizmma istoriulad xeli ar Seuwyo qalebis Tanabari statusis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas socialur sferoSi. budisturi kacTmoyvareobis qa<strong>da</strong>geba arasdros<br />
gamodio<strong>da</strong> monobis, qonebrivi uTanasworobis, qalTa <strong>da</strong>Cagruli mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> uTanasworobis sxva gamovlenaTa winaaRmdeg.<br />
dRemde budistur qveynebSi gabatonebulia patriarqaluri <strong>socialuri</strong> struqtura<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tvalsazrisi, rom qalebi mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bla dganan.<br />
budizmma mniSvnelivani gavlena moaxdina rogorc indoeTis sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoze, ise im qveynebis kulturaze, sa<strong>da</strong>c igi gavrcel<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom budizmma Tavisi arsebobis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze<br />
bevr sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturul tradiciasa <strong>da</strong> individualur moTxovnilebasTan<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis procesSi SeiTvisa gansxvavebuli adgilobrivi religiebi <strong>da</strong> rwmenebi,<br />
Tavisi kulti mravali wes-CveulebiT gaamdidra. swored aman ganapiroba, rom<br />
budizmi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa.<br />
amJamad bu<strong>da</strong>s moZRvrebas mTel msoflioSi uamravi (xuTas milionze meti)<br />
mimdevari hyavs. budizmi gavrcelebulia tibetSi, monRoleTSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi,<br />
nepalsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis bevr sxva qveyanaSi. mas bevri mimdevari hyavs evropasa <strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeT amerikaSi. budizmi ZiriTadi religiaa bevr aziur qveyanaSi. man didi<br />
gavlena moaxdina msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedis cxovrebis wesze.<br />
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi<br />
CarTvaze.<br />
2. feministebis azriT, qristianobaSi ra warmodgenebi emsaxureba: qalTa diskriminacias?<br />
3. egalitarizmis elementebi iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi.<br />
4. ras iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> induizmis re<strong>for</strong>ma qalTa sakiTxSi?<br />
5. ra aris sati?<br />
6. ra aris sataZro prostitucia?<br />
7. rogoria qalis statusi islamSi?<br />
8. rogor miTiTebebs iZleva yurani qalis Sesaxeb?<br />
9. qalis roli budizmSi.<br />
10. ra Sexeduleba aqvs budizms mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis mier gasxivosnebis miRwevis<br />
saSualebebis Sesaxeb?<br />
11. ra aris budizmis istoriuli <strong>da</strong>msaxureba qalebis winaSe?<br />
63
literatura:<br />
1. Диакон Андрей Кураев, Мужчина и женщина в книге в книге Бытия 2$3 (9$10) М., 1996<br />
2. "Законы Ману", Пер. Эльмановича С.Д., М., 1960<br />
3. Свенцицкая И.С., Женщина в раннем христианстве. Женщины античного мира. - М., 1995<br />
4. Мезенцева О., Статус женщины в индуизме ХIХ-ХХ в.в. Феминизм: Восток. Запад. Россия. -<br />
М., Наука, издательская фирма "Восточная литература", 1993.<br />
5. Еремеев Л.Б., Ислам. Политиздат, 1971.<br />
6. Данни Ф.М., Ислам и мусульманская община. Религиозные традиции мира – М., Кронн-<br />
Пресс, 1998. Т. 1.<br />
7. Даул Джиржис, Религия арбов до ислама. Бейрут. 1981.<br />
8. Семенова Л.А., Из истории средневековой Сирии. М., Наука, 1992.<br />
9. Ванина Е.Ю., Рабыни и царицы: знаменитые женщины индийского средневековья. М.,<br />
изд.фирма “Восточная литература“, Ран, 1999.<br />
10. Вендман Е., Женщина в древнем мире. М., 1990<br />
11. Гелленр Э., Ислам: иной взгляд на права человека – “Век ХХ и Мир“, 1990, № 3.<br />
12. Кикнадзе Т.Р., Женщина в религии и политике. Религия. История. Современность. М.,<br />
“Юнити“ 1998.<br />
13. Мейер М. С., Послесловия редактора к книге Бахрие Учок "Женщина-правитель в<br />
мусульманских государствах", М., "Наука", 1992<br />
14. Плахов В. Д., Традииция и Общество., М., Мысль, 1992<br />
15. The annual review of women in world religions. V.1-3 – Albany, 1992-94.<br />
16. Allik T., Human finitude and the concept of women’s experience // Mod. theology. – Ox<strong>for</strong>d;<br />
Cambridge, 1993. – v.9, N 1.<br />
17. Amaru B.H., The first woman, wives, and mothers in Jubilees // J. of Biblicallit.: JBL. – Atlanta<br />
(Ga), 1994 – v.113, N 4.<br />
18. Barnes Nancy Shuster. “ Buddhism”. Women in World Religions. Ed. Arvind Sharma, Albany,<br />
N.Y., State University of N.Y. Press, 1987, 105-34.<br />
19. Daly M., The Church and the Second Sex N.Y., 1968.<br />
20. Hole J. and Livine E., Rebirth of Femimism W.J. 1971.<br />
21. Sered Susan Starr, Women as Ritual Experts: The Religious Lives of Elderly Jewish Women in<br />
Jerusalem. N.Y., Ox<strong>for</strong>d UP, 1992.<br />
22. O'Flaherty W. D., Textual Sources <strong>for</strong> the Study of Hinduism. Manchester Press, 1988.<br />
23. Times of India, New Delhi, December 11, 1987.<br />
64
Tavi VI<br />
qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politikur<br />
procesebSi - genderuli kvlevis aqtualuri problema<br />
1. qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove socialur-politkur procesebSi<br />
mesame aTaswleulis <strong>da</strong>dgoma radikaluri cvlilebebiT aRiniSneba, rac saSualebas<br />
iZleva vilaparakoT axali civilizaciis warmoSobaze, romelSic warsulis<br />
kulturul tradiciaTa mravalferovneba Serwymuli iqneba a<strong>da</strong>mianTa urTierTobebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mowyobis universalur safuZvlebTan.<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis gageba SeuZlebelia ufro zogadi<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> problemebis, maT Soris modernizaciis, globalizaciisa <strong>da</strong> integraciis<br />
problemebis gaTvaliswinebisa <strong>da</strong> analizis gareSe. .<br />
dRes termins "globaloba" ZiriTadi koduri mniSvneloba eniWeba. mas uamravi<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTva aqvs – msoflmxedvelobrivi, mecnieruli, ideologiuri, kulturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. globalizacia, rogorc principi, moiTxovs a<strong>da</strong>mianis, sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> bunebis<br />
urTierTkavSirebis erTobliobis erT struqturad ganxilvas. es sistema permanentulad<br />
krizisul mdgomareobaSia, radgan kacobriobis dRevandeli yofierebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli yvela <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba <strong>da</strong> konfliqti, katastrofa <strong>da</strong> afeTqeba, ase Tu<br />
ise, sakvlevi sferos sazRvrebSi iyris Tavs. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT yalibdeba<br />
planetaze mimdinare procesebis globalurad gaazrebis meqanizmi. globaluri<br />
problemebi, romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetazec a<strong>da</strong>mianTa civilizaciis arseboba <strong>da</strong> progresi<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli. am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta erovnuli Zalisxmevis saerTaSoriso<br />
TanamSromlobis efeqturi sistemis saqmianobasTan racionaluri Serwymis meSveobiT<br />
aris SesaZlebeli. mecnier-globalistebis azriT, globalur problemebs zogadsakacobrio<br />
<strong>da</strong> sayovelTao masStabi aqvs, gamoirCeva kompleqsurobiT, dinamizmiT,<br />
simwvaviT. isini erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. maTi warmoSoba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTareba ganapiroba, erTi SexedviT, gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>ukavSirebeli<br />
teqnikur-ekonomikuri, socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong>, bunebrivi procesebis urTierTqmedebam<br />
<strong>da</strong> urTierzegavlenam. isini gamoxatulebas poulobs moralur-eTikur, msoflmxedvelobriv,<br />
filosofiur Sexedulebebsa <strong>da</strong> koncefciebSi, romelTa safuZvelze<br />
globalur problemebs gansaxvavebuli socialur-ekonomikuri wyobis saxelmwifoebi<br />
sxa<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad gaiazreben <strong>da</strong> maT ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad gansxvavebul gzebsa <strong>da</strong> meTodebs<br />
irCeven.<br />
meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi gaaqtiur<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa<br />
humanizaciis procesi. realuri Tanasworobis problema kacobriobis ganviTarebis<br />
globalur problemaTa rigs miekuTvna. msoflio Tanamegobroba im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivi<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom uflebaTa iuridiulma Tanasworobam, romlisTvisac amdeni Zala <strong>da</strong> energia iqna<br />
<strong>da</strong>xarjuli, molodini ver gaamarTla. Tanasworoba kanoniT faqtobriv Tanasworobas<br />
rodi niSnavs.<br />
sazogadoebrivma praqtikam <strong>socialuri</strong> TanamSromlobis sferoSi cxadyo, rom<br />
iuridiuli uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebis mTeli kompleqsis arsebobis pirobebSic<br />
ki mosaxleobis garkveul fenebs, <strong>socialuri</strong> an fiziologiuri mizezebis gamo, ara<br />
aqvT arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis Tanabari SesaZleblobani, ris gamoc isini saxelmwifos<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n specialur samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong>cvas saWiroeben <strong>da</strong>, SesaZloa, warmoadgenen<br />
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebel subieqtebs. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTalSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi mimarTuleba e.w. "a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis<br />
mesame Taoba", romelic miznad isaxavs calkeuli <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebis sasicocxlo<br />
65
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas.<br />
"a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis mesame Taobis" yuradRebis centrSi arian qalebi. msoflio<br />
Tanamegobroba aRiarebs im faqts, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad garkveuli winsvlisa ori sqesis<br />
Tanasworuflebianobis miRwevis saqmeSi, sazogadoebaSi kvlav arsebobs qalebis<br />
diskriminacia, romelic sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdis erT-erTi xelisSemSleli<br />
pirobaa <strong>da</strong> zians ayenebs msoflio civilizaciis humanuri <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli<br />
ganviTarebis procesebs.<br />
moipoves ra mamakacebTan Tanaswori <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebi, qalebi sul ufro<br />
did warmatebebs aRweven politikur saqmianobasa <strong>da</strong> marTvis saqmeSi. maT xelmZRvaneli<br />
postebi ukaviaT saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis parlamentebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTavrobebSi, politikur <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv moZraobebSi. politika,<br />
romelic sul axlo warsulSi mamakacTa saqmed iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, dRes bevri qalis<br />
cxovrebiseul orientirad iqca, magram, arcTu iSviaTad, sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba<br />
qalTa politikur karieras skeptikurad uyurebs <strong>da</strong> xSirad TviTon qalebic garkveuli<br />
eWvis qveS ayeneben TavianTi <strong>politikuri</strong> karieris SesaZleblobebs.<br />
SemTxveviTi araa, rom swored politika warmoadgens im sferos, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaze ufro<br />
TvalnaTliv igrZnoba <strong>da</strong>pirispireba qalTa iuridiul <strong>da</strong> faqtobriv mdgomareobaSi.<br />
sazogadoebis cvlilebis koncefciebi <strong>da</strong> programebi iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebrivi<br />
cnobierebis, politikisa <strong>da</strong> marTvis garkveul modelebs varaudoben, rom<br />
sulieri, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis obieqts TviTganviTarebis<br />
unari aqvs, xolo subieqtma iseTi zemoqmedeba un<strong>da</strong> moaxdinos TviTregulirebis<br />
meqanizmebze, romelic uzrunvelyofs maT maqsimalur Tavisufal ganviTarebas.<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoria gviCvenebs rom Teoria yovelTvis ar pasuxobs im<br />
kiTxvebs, romlebsac <strong>socialuri</strong> sinamdvile ayenebs <strong>da</strong> misi ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
socialur-istoriul socialur-kulturul <strong>da</strong> sxv. faqtorebze, romelTa<br />
moqmedebis rolisa <strong>da</strong> Sedegebis winaswar gamocnoba sakmaod rTulia.<br />
dRevandeli sazogadoebis sasurveli moderizaciis mniSvnelovani <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />
niSnebia: radikaluroba, cvlilebaTa kompleqsuroba, ganviTarebis koherentuloba,<br />
rac sazogadoebis yvela qvesistemis cvlilebas niSnavs. modernizaciis niSnebs Soris<br />
gamoyofen: ekonomikur zr<strong>da</strong>s, <strong>politikuri</strong> mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiT sistemas,<br />
kulturaSi sekularul normebs, <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sivrculi mobilurobis maRal<br />
maCvenebels, warmatebisaken swrafvas, empaTias, rogorc Tanamedrove pirovnebis<br />
mniSvnelovan Tvisebas. (Бергер, 1997).<br />
modernizaciis procesebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa umetesobas gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi<br />
aqvs. zogierTi mkvlevari modernizaciul procesebs ukavSirebs axal droSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebSi momx<strong>da</strong>r movlenebs <strong>da</strong> miaCnia, rom isini istoriulad<br />
aucilebeli <strong>da</strong> savaldebuloa yvela qveynisaTvis, romlebmac ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
modeli airCies. (Хабермас, 1994). mecnierTa garkveul nawils miaCnia, rom modernizacia<br />
aris ga<strong>da</strong>svla tradiciuli<strong>da</strong>n Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze <strong>da</strong>, amave dros,<br />
aseT ga<strong>da</strong>svlasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sxvebis gamocdilebis gacnobierebuli, Segnebuli<br />
aTviseba. zogi mkvlevari modernizacias uwodebs swrafvas - tradiciul sociokulturaSi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri institutebis trans<strong>for</strong>maciasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
analogiebTan maT (upirveles yovlisa sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
demokratiuli <strong>politikuri</strong> wyobis) <strong>da</strong>axloebas. (Кантор, Капустин, 1999)<br />
modernizaciis Sesaxeb arsebobs agreTve koncefcia, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi programa Tanamedrove samyaros<br />
globalizaciis procesebis fonze gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis farglebSi<br />
(Мюрдаен, 1972).<br />
socialur-politikur sferoSi modernizacia ukavSirdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianebis, socialu-<br />
66
i <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis mkafio specializacias sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis saqmianobaSi,<br />
romelic sul ufro naklebad xdeba <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli sqessze, asakze, socialur<br />
warmoSobaze, pirad kavSirebze <strong>da</strong> trans<strong>for</strong>maciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
pirovnuli TvisebebiT ganisazRvreba. socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> modernizacia gulisxmobs<br />
ierarqiuli <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebisa <strong>da</strong> vertikaluri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Secvlas Tanasworuflebiani<br />
partniorobiT, romelic saerTo interesebis safuZvelze yalibdeba.<br />
magram am process Tan axlavs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris urTierTobebis dros pirovnuli<br />
saxis <strong>da</strong>kargva, ojaxis rolisa <strong>da</strong> funqciebis, agreTve demografiuli struqturis<br />
Secvla.<br />
aRniSnuli procesebi aseve gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong>savlur RirebulebebTan asimilirebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> erovnuli tradiciebis trans<strong>for</strong>macias, radgan, rogorc miCneulia, es tradiciebi<br />
ar Seesabameba aqtualur socialur realobas. trans<strong>for</strong>maciis klasikuri<br />
evropuli gza niSnav<strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi institutebis cvlilebas im<br />
adreuli cvlilebebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong> gavleniT, romlebic RirebulebiT orientaciebSi,<br />
moTxovnilebebsa <strong>da</strong> interesebSi mox<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnuli ganpirobebuli iyo ara<br />
imdenad sulieri kulturis ganviTarebiT, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c warmoebis evoluciiT, misi<br />
teqnikur-teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa <strong>da</strong> miznobrivi mimarTulobis SecvliT.<br />
sulier-ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri eqspansia warmoadgens trasn<strong>for</strong>maciis ZiriTad<br />
wyaros msoflio TanamegobrobaSi.<br />
rogorc msoflio gamocdilebam aCvena, arsebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis<br />
sabaziso safuZvels warmoadgens ara sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi <strong>da</strong> finasuri <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnikur-teqnologiuri gavlenebi warmoebis sferoSi, aramed Rirebulebebis radikaluri<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>macia, rac cvlis maT interesebs.<br />
ekonomistebi, politologebi, kulturologebi, praqtikulad codnis yvela<br />
humanitaruli mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben moxazon am a<strong>da</strong>mianuri Tanacxovrebis<br />
SesaZlo parametrebi <strong>da</strong> tendenciebi, romelsac axali tipis <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
kulturis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> patriarqati<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>balansebul biarqatizmamde mivyavarT.<br />
2. Sexedulebani qalis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiurobis Sesaxeb.<br />
dekabristebis erT-erTi lideris, nikita muraviovis konstituciis proeqtSi<br />
SeiZleba movnaxoT metad mniSvnelovani SeniSvna: "qali ara marto ar warmoadgens<br />
politikur uflebaTa subieqts, aramed mas sakanonmdeblo organos Ria sxdomebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>swrebac ki ekrZaleba. orpalatiani parlamenti Tavisi sxdomebis dros, Cveulebrivad,<br />
<strong>da</strong>saSvebad miiCnevs mayurebelTa <strong>da</strong>swrebas, magram qalebs <strong>da</strong> arasrulwlovnebs<br />
(e.i. 21 wlamde mamakacebs) palataSi Sesvla ekrZalebaT".<br />
aseTi Sexeduleba qalTa uflebebze politikaSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />
sruliad bunebrivad gamoiyurebo<strong>da</strong> ara marto ruseTSi, aramed mTel evropaSi.<br />
aRniSnuli Sexedulebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva TviT cxovrebam moitana. samkuTxedis - eklesia–<br />
samzareulo-bavSvebi - CarCoebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvla gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />
sruluflebian monawileobas, potenciurad qalebisaTvis <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebis<br />
miniWebas – e.i. upirveles yovlisa, uflebas, aerCiaT <strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen arCeuli<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organoebSi. qalTa emansipaciuri moZraobis ZiriTadi<br />
Sinaarsi XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi evropasa <strong>da</strong><br />
amerikaSi swored qalTa iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> Tanasworuflebianoba iyo.<br />
sazogadoebaSi dRemde gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, samsaxurSi Cabmuli qalebis<br />
Taobaze arsebobs negatiuri stereotipi, romlis Tanaxmad qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmeba<br />
uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvTa aRzr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> ojaxur urTierTobebze. aseTi<br />
67
warmodgenebi qalebSi garkveulwilad iwvevs <strong>da</strong>naSaulis grZnobas, xels uSlis maT<br />
socialur-politikur aqtiurobas <strong>da</strong> profesiul TviTrealizacias.<br />
Fam mxriv, sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli mkvlevari qalis beti fri<strong>da</strong>nis azri.<br />
Tavis wignSi "qalurobis saidumlo" igi aRniSnavs, rom momuSave qalTa bavSvebi<br />
naklebad vardebian ukiduresobebSi (arc Zalian agresiulebi arian <strong>da</strong> arc Zalian<br />
Senelebuli reaqcia aqvT), skolaSi ukeTesad swavloben, ufro ganviTarebuli aqvT<br />
sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, vidre diasaxlisi dedebis Svilebs.<br />
meore kvlevam, romlis drosac Seswavlil iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone<br />
dedebi, aCvena, rom maTi samsaxuri uaryofiTad ar moqmedebs arc maT ojaxur<br />
urTierTobebsa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiur klimatze <strong>da</strong> arc bavSvebis problemebis ricxvsa <strong>da</strong><br />
seriozulobaze, (Фридан, 1994)<br />
arnold grinis kvlevebma gamoalina faruli problema, rac imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom saSualo amerikuli ojaxis diasaxlisis roli bevr de<strong>da</strong>s aiZulebs TavianT<br />
qaliSvilebsa <strong>da</strong> vaJiSvilebSi CaaxSon pirovneba <strong>da</strong> infantilizmis grZnoba ganuviTaron.<br />
(Фридан, 1994)<br />
istoriuli gamocdilebac mowmobs: imis gamo, rom qalebma miiRes ganaTleba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyes Sroma warmoebaSi, gamoiyenes TavianTi <strong>politikuri</strong> uflebebi, sazogadoebam<br />
mxolod moigo. Semdgomi nabiji qalebis winsvlaSi axali socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
rolis aTvisebasa <strong>da</strong> yvela doneze mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis miRebaSia.<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs im faseulobaTa sistemis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebis teqnologiis <strong>da</strong>nergva, romelic uzrunvelyofs iniciativiani, suverenuli,<br />
gonieri qalis Camoyalibebas. aseTi <strong>socialuri</strong> teqnologiebis moTxovnileba<br />
gamowveulia radikalurad Secvlili socio-kulturuli procesebisadmi a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis<br />
<strong>da</strong>Cqarebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobiT. qalebisaTvis es teqnologiebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
iTvaliswinebdes maTi <strong>socialuri</strong> mdgomareobis specifikas <strong>da</strong> masobriv cnobierebaSi<br />
iseTi genderuli stereotipebis batonobas, romlebic qalTa TviTrealizaciis<br />
sferoebs zRu<strong>da</strong>vs.<br />
aucilebelia, rom qals mieces SesaZlebloba airCios saxli an samsaxuri, an<br />
SeuTavsos isini erTmaneTs. Tu mas aqvs gonebrivi Sromisadmi interesi, moTxovnileba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva profesiul sarbielze moaxdinos Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis<br />
realizeba, aseT faseulobaTa orientacias un<strong>da</strong> mivesalmoT <strong>da</strong> mxari<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vuWiroT. Tu survili ar iqneba qalSi pirovneba, individi <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT, es ver<br />
waadgeba sazogadoebis socialur <strong>da</strong> politikur progress.<br />
mamakacsa <strong>da</strong> qals Soris rolebis ganawilebis procesis mniSvnelovani Sedegia is,<br />
rom es procesi Seexo ara mxolod ojaxis, aramed politikisa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis<br />
sferoebsac, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis institutad aRviqvamT. es<br />
ukanaskneli dRes aRar aris gamorCeulad mamakacTa sfero. qalebma uzrunvelyves<br />
TavisTvis xelisuflebis institutebis misawvdomoba <strong>da</strong> politikaSi aqtiuri<br />
monawileobis ufleba.<br />
mniSvnelovani cvlileba qalTa socialur statusSi iyo maT mier saarCevno<br />
uflebis miReba. qalebma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveyanaSi saarCevno xma sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros miiRes:<br />
fineTSi - 1907 wels, <strong>da</strong>niaSi – 1915 wels, Sveciasa <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>Si – 1918 wels, ssrk-Si –<br />
1918 wels, aSS-Si – 1920 wels, didi britaneTSi – 1928 wels, safrangeTSi – 1944 wels.<br />
XX saukunem mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana GpolitikaSi qalTa rolis gazrdis<br />
saqmeSi. Seicvala qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> roli, rasac Semdegi niSnebi axasiaTebs:<br />
1. globaloba, e.i. moicavs msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regions, qveyanas;<br />
2. cvlilebebi xdeba erTdroulad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi (politika, ekonomika,<br />
ganaTleba, ojaxi);<br />
3. qalTa <strong>socialuri</strong> rolis cvlileba umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobs. mas bevri<br />
68
winaaRmdegoba axlavs.<br />
rolebis Zveleburi mkacri ganawileba (kaci – Semomtani, ZiriTadi muSaki, qali<br />
ki – de<strong>da</strong>, diasaxlisi) Tavad cxovrebam <strong>da</strong>arRvia. qalebi bevr qveyanaSi farTod<br />
Caebnen ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi qalis sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi Cabmis<br />
aRmniSvneli termini "vardisferi sayeloebi" gaCn<strong>da</strong> 1985 wels qalebma Seadgines<br />
muSaxelis 45% (Griffin S., 1978).<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>politikuri</strong> moRvaweobis ZirTad kriteriumad, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />
gvevlineba erToblivi moqmedeba, rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis, rogorc<br />
umravlesobis, ise umciresobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, winaaRmdegobaTa<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis, materialuri dovlaTis ganawilebisas winaaRmdegobaTa <strong>da</strong>Zlevis<br />
gziT. dRes sazogadoebis "gaa<strong>da</strong>mianurebis" sakiTxi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre<br />
wuxili imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli sqesi ufro met Zalauflebas flobs.<br />
qalTa politikaSi Cabmis procesi progresuli, civilizebuli sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis tendenciis maCvenebelia. dResdReisobiT <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisa <strong>da</strong><br />
CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebis, iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiis <strong>da</strong> sxv. qalebis<br />
maRali samTavrobo postebi ukaviaT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qalebis<br />
aqtiuroba SveciaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c maT ministrTa postebis naxevari ukaviaT, fineTSi – 30%,<br />
xolo qveynis prezidenti qalia, <strong>da</strong>niaSi – 37%, norvegiaSi – 42%. (Женщины<br />
скандинавских народов на рубеже XXI века ,2000).<br />
Owlebis ganmavlobaSi norvegiis prezidenti iyo gru harlem brutlandi, didi<br />
britaneTis premier-ministri – margaret TetCeri, israelisa – gol<strong>da</strong> meiri,<br />
indoeTisa – indira gandi, filipinebisa – korason akino, pakistanisa – benazir<br />
fxuto, nikaraguasi – violeta barios de Camoro <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
70-80-ian wlebSi kanonmdebloba mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb<br />
miRebul iqna did britaneTSi (1975), norvegiaSi, <strong>da</strong>niaSi, SveciaSi (1975), avstriaSi (1979),<br />
gfr-Si (1980), safrangeTSi (1983), <strong>da</strong> sxv. saxelmwifoebSi.<br />
90-ian wlebSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis wevrTa Soris SveciaSi, germaniaSi,<br />
avstriaSi, norvegiaSi, fineTSi, qalebma Seadgines 23-<strong>da</strong>n 40%-mde. qalTa<br />
warmomadgeloba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis parlamentebSi ase gamoiyureba:<br />
10%-mde 10-20% 20-30% 30-40%<br />
brazilia<br />
didi britaneTi<br />
ungreTi<br />
saberZneTi<br />
indonezia<br />
ruseTi<br />
iugoslavia<br />
iaponia<br />
avstralia<br />
angola<br />
belgia<br />
kana<strong>da</strong><br />
espaneTi<br />
italia<br />
safrangeTi<br />
Sveicaria<br />
CineTi<br />
argentina<br />
avstria<br />
germania<br />
islandia<br />
kuba<br />
Svecia<br />
fineTi<br />
norvegia<br />
<strong>da</strong>nia<br />
niderlandebi<br />
am periodisaTvis msoflios qveynebis parlamentrTa Soris 89% mamakacebi, xolo<br />
11% qalebi iyo. (Уськов,1993).<br />
qalTa warmomadgenlobis garantiisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kvotebi.<br />
evropis qveynebSi qalTa warmomadgelobis qvotebi <strong>da</strong>wesebulia yvela xelmZRvanel<br />
(partiul, saparlameto, aRmasrulebel) organoSi. kvotebi arsebobs evropis<br />
ramdenime qveynis parlamentebSi: evroparlamentSi – 19% qalia, holandiaSi – 25%,<br />
<strong>da</strong>niaSi – 30% <strong>da</strong> sxv. kandi<strong>da</strong>turebis wamoyeneba xdeba ara marto sqesis mixedviT,<br />
aramed profesiuli <strong>da</strong> saqmiani Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo maTi<br />
realizaciisaTvis saTanado momzadebaa saWiro, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqmiani<br />
69
kontaqtebis eTikas, politikur ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
civilizebuli <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis qveynebSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulia politikis<br />
feminizacia. sul ufro xSirad wina planze gamodis e.w. "saTaTbiro demokratia",<br />
xolo amosaval principebad gvevlineba Tanasworoba politikur sferoSi,<br />
xelisuflebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba, uaris Tqma wmin<strong>da</strong> mamakacur warmomadgenlobaze,<br />
politikis humanizacia <strong>da</strong> demokratizacia. ase rom, qalebs SesaZlebloba aqvT<br />
mravalferovneba <strong>da</strong> zneobrivi sawyisi Seitanon politikaSi.<br />
magram aseT gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaTa gzaze bevri <strong>da</strong>mabrkolebeli mizezia. mxolod erTi<br />
gafiqrebac ki imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi SeiZleba monawileobdnen cxovrebis yvela<br />
sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT, iseTebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod Zlieri <strong>da</strong> mkacri mamakacebi<br />
saqmianoben, maT mZafr winaRmdegobas iwvevs.<br />
modiT, gavarkvioT, SeiZleba marTlac arsebobs realuri mizezebi, romelTa gamo<br />
qalebs ar SeuZliaT miiRon xmaTa umravlesoba sapalamento arCevnebis dros, ar<br />
SeuZliaT uxelmZRvanelon ekonomikur gaerTianebebs, imsaxuron armiaSi generlis<br />
wodebis miRebamde <strong>da</strong> sxv. Tu Cven aseT mizezebs aRmovaCenT, dRes mimdinare<br />
movlenebi ucnaurad mogveCvneba, magram aseTi mizezebi ar arsebobs.<br />
rodesac amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qalebma arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba<br />
miiRes, prezidentma uoren hartingma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: "politikur cxovrebaSi qalTa<br />
mosvliT SegviZlia imedi viqonioT, rom maTi inteleqti, maTi organizatoruli<br />
SesaZleblobani, maTi bunebis sinatife <strong>da</strong> keTilismyofeli gavlenis niWi xels<br />
Segviwyobs sazogadoebis socialur mowyobaSi".<br />
es naTqvami iyo 1921 wlis 4 marts, magram jerjerobiT qalTa monawileoba<br />
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, maTi mcire ricxvis gamo, mkrTalad gamoiyureba. qalTa<br />
politikaSi CarTvis procesi sakmaod nela mimdinareobs. venaSi gamarTul gaeros<br />
konferenciaze a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis Sesaxeb (1993 w.) qalebi gamovidnen TavianTi<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad <strong>da</strong> aRniSnes, rom maT ar surT "meore xarisxovan" moqalaqeebad<br />
yofna. pekinis konferenciaze miRebul dokumentebSic aRniSnulia, rom Tanasworoba<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebisas Tavisebur sa<strong>da</strong>veebs warmoadgens, romlis<br />
gareSec saxelmwifo politikis <strong>for</strong>mirebisas realuri Tanasworobis miRweva<br />
naklebad SesaZlebelia. Tanabari monawileoba politikaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols asrulebs<br />
qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saerTo procesSi.<br />
problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom bevr qveyanaSi qalebi saxelisuflebo<br />
struqturebSi sakmaod sustad arian warmodgenilni. erTgvari "bumi" patriarqaluri<br />
ganwyobiT Seicvala. saministroebSi <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis sxva organoebSi qalebis<br />
raodenoba sakmaod mcirea. dReisaTvis maTi raodenoba sakanonmdeblo organoebSi<br />
10%-ia, ufro naklebia aRmasrulebel xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze. bevri <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
partiisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo struqturebis tradiciuli Sexedulebebi xels uSlis qalTa<br />
monawileobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. (qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis<br />
masalebi. Tb., 1995, gv. 93).<br />
3. qali-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani<br />
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi qali-politikosis Sefasebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
kriteriumebi arsebobs. rogorc wesi, maT gacilebiT ufro maRal moTxovnebs<br />
uyeneben, vidre mamakac politikosebs. qals ufro meti pozitiuri Tvisebebi un<strong>da</strong><br />
hqondes, un<strong>da</strong> iyos Sromismoyvare, inteleqtualurad momzadebuli, gamoirCeodes<br />
intuiciis unariT. mamakacma romelime politikur <strong>for</strong>umze an Sexvedraze SeiZleba<br />
gaakeTos skan<strong>da</strong>luri gancxadeba – yviriliT, isteriulobiT, SeuracxyofebiT,<br />
70
zogjer suleluric ki. aseTi qmedeba Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeba, magram Tu<br />
amgvarad moiqceva qali, umetes SemTxvevaSi masze ityvian: "qalia <strong>da</strong> mets ras un<strong>da</strong><br />
moelode misgan".<br />
magram dRes sul ufro xSirad gaismis mowodeba politikaSi qaluri<br />
subkulturis <strong>da</strong>nergvis Sesaxeb, rodesac erTmaneTs Seerwymis mamakacuri Zala,<br />
swrafva batonobisaken <strong>da</strong> qalis sawyisi – aRzr<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba aqtiurobis<br />
stimulirebis gziT. aRniSnulma axali <strong>politikuri</strong> wesrigisaken, qalis rolisa <strong>da</strong><br />
statusis cvlilebis, misi inteleqtualuri potencialis sruli gamoyenebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gar<strong>da</strong>qmnisaken un<strong>da</strong> migviyvanos.<br />
XX saukunem politikur kulturaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. qalebi<br />
ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong>moukideblebi gaxdnen, ramac pozitiuri Zvrebisaken wagviyvana<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c im gagebiT, rom maT SeswevT unari <strong>da</strong>moukideblad ga<strong>da</strong>wyviton TavianTi<br />
bedi. mamakacebis mier SemuSavebuli paradigmuli wesi ki mainc ar Secvlila.<br />
ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong> politikurad sazogadoebas kvlav mamakaci xelmZRvanelobs, xolo<br />
qali meorexarisxovan rols asrulebs. qalebis epizoduri gamoCena xelisuflebis<br />
saTaveSi saerTo suraTs realurad ar cvlis, radganac garemo <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebrivmsoflmxedelobrivi<br />
klimati "mamakacuri suliT aris gaJRenTili".<br />
mamakacebi mimdinare procesebs xSirad Zalauflebis <strong>da</strong>maxinjebuli prizmi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
afaseben, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c Zalaufleba maTTvis TviTmiznad aris qceuli. Cveni<br />
epoqisaTvis ki, romlisTvisac in<strong>for</strong>macia wamyvan elementad iqca, sul ufro naTeli<br />
xdeba, rom "Zalisa" <strong>da</strong> "flobis" strategiuli paradigma gamousadegaria. saWiroa<br />
axali paradigma, romelic <strong>da</strong>myarebuli iqneba ara "flobaze", aramed "yofaze" <strong>da</strong><br />
gaiTvaliswinebs racionalurisa <strong>da</strong> emociur-intuiciuris erTianobas. aRinSnul<br />
imperativs kargad pasuxoben qalebi, radganac maT bunebiT ufro harmoniuli<br />
struqtura aqvT <strong>da</strong> SeswevT imis unari, rom gaiTvaliswinon flobasa <strong>da</strong> Zalaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuli civilizaciis principuli naklovanebebi.<br />
sqesis problema aqtualuri xdeba maSin, rodesac civilizacia iseTi principuli<br />
siZneleebis winaSe dgeba, romlebic ver ga<strong>da</strong>iWreba arsebuli pirobebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli normebis CarCoebSi. swored industriuli civilizaciis krizisul<br />
situaciaSi, romelmac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi iCina Tavi, aiZula sazogadoeba miemarTa<br />
genderuli problemisaTvis. * amerikeli feministi qali ane kent ruSi Tavis wignSi<br />
"feminizmi <strong>da</strong> Terapia" (1974 w.) wers, rom feminizmi politikis Terapiad mogvevlina,<br />
igi mas moraluri <strong>da</strong>cemisagan ixsnis. <strong>da</strong> es SemTxeviT ar aris. rTul situaciaSi,<br />
romelic Tavadve Seqmnes, mamakacebi yovelTvis qalebs mimarTaven.<br />
SeiZleba gamovyoT qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi specifiuri Tvisebebi.<br />
aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba xels Seuwyobs azrovnebis sivrcis<br />
gafarToebas <strong>da</strong> winapiroba iqneba axali, harmoniuli sociumis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
specialistebis azriT, qalebs politikaSi SemoaqvT mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani<br />
Rirebulebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi kompetenturoba. isini gacilebiT ufro naklebad arian<br />
midrekilni konfrontaciisadmi <strong>da</strong> iSviaTad mimarTaven problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wras<br />
Zaladobis gziT, miznis miRwevisas Tanamimdevrulobas, gamomgoneblobas <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianur urTierTobebSi kontaqturobis maRal unars avlenen. marTvisas qalebi<br />
naklebad avtoritarulebi arian <strong>da</strong> xSirad uars amboben ZviradRirebuli anturaJis<br />
Seqmnaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia umaRlesi rangis CinovnikebisaTvis. <strong>da</strong>bolos<br />
maRal ierarqiul struqturebSi qalebis yofna Zalze <strong>da</strong>debiTad moqmedebs maTi<br />
kolega mamakacebis qcevaze – akavebs, disciplinas matebs <strong>da</strong> akeTilSobilebs maT<br />
qmedebebs.<br />
* sayuradReboa, rom sqesis problema socialurad aRqmadi gax<strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT arc Tu didi xnis win, bolo<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 100-150 welia.<br />
71
gacilebiT met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, agreTve, qalTa eleqtoratis, maTi<br />
motivaciisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis, <strong>politikuri</strong> organizaciis, ganaTlebis sakiTxebis, agreTve<br />
qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong> momzadebis sakadro politikis Seswavla. Cveni codna am mxriv,<br />
mcirea <strong>da</strong> ufro intuiciasa <strong>da</strong> improvizaciazea <strong>da</strong>myarebuli.<br />
4. politikaSi qalis aRqmis subieqturi <strong>da</strong> obieqturi mizezebi<br />
sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi arsebobs mniSvnelovani asimetria mamakacisa <strong>da</strong><br />
qalis, rogorc <strong>politikuri</strong> liderisa <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanelis SefasebaSi. erTi mxriv,<br />
rogorc wesi, sakmaod rTulad aRiqmeba qalis SesaZleblobebi, rogorc liderisa,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli, obieqturi pirovnebisa, romelsac gaaCnia masStaburad fiqrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> manevrirebis unari.<br />
meore mxriv, xelmZRvaneli muSakis stereotipuli modeli qal-liderze<br />
Tavisebur gavlenas axdens. igi yalibdeba "mamakacuri" stan<strong>da</strong>rtis safuZvelze, ris<br />
Sedega<strong>da</strong>c tansacmeli, qcevis manera Tavisebur cvlilebas ganicdis <strong>da</strong> saxezea<br />
ramdenadme "maskulinizebuli" qali, romlisTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia qcevis sixiste<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviT<strong>da</strong>jerebuloba. Sedegad komprometirebulia qali-lideris idea. Tumca am<br />
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli <strong>da</strong> sasurveli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> dRis wesrigSi <strong>da</strong>mdgariyo<br />
tradiciulad gamomuSavebeli normebis <strong>da</strong> qcevis Cveuli ritualis Secvla.<br />
msoflios umetesi qveynebis konstituciebSi <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebulia qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />
Tanasworuflebisanoba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, mT Soris politikaSi. ar arsebobs<br />
pirdpiri samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic SezRu<strong>da</strong>vdnen qalebis politikur <strong>da</strong><br />
mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi monawileobas, magram bevr qveyanaSi aris normatiuli<br />
aqtebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SromiTi SeRavaTis Sesaxeb, romlebic, pirvel rigSi, <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebulia mSoblobis institutTan <strong>da</strong> orientirebulia mxolod erT mSobelze -<br />
de<strong>da</strong>ze. de<strong>da</strong>s am SemTxvevaSi uxdeba ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> samsaxurebrivi funqciebis<br />
SeTavseba. Sesabamisad, qali aRiqmeba muSakad, romelsac bevri SeRavaTi aqvs <strong>da</strong><br />
marTvelobiT struqturebSi <strong>da</strong>winaurebisaTvis arasaimedo kandi<strong>da</strong>tia.<br />
socialur-ekoomikuri faqtorebis gar<strong>da</strong> moqmedebaSi modis socialur-kulturuli<br />
normac, romelic aregulirebs a<strong>da</strong>mianis qmedebas garkveul situaciaSi. mis<br />
safuZvels warmoadgens SezRudvebi <strong>da</strong> akrZalvebi, romelTa saSualebiT sazogadoeba<br />
Tavisi wevrebis qmedebaTa stan<strong>da</strong>rtizebas axdens. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, is Seicavs <strong>da</strong>debiT<br />
ganawessac, romelic miuTiTebs, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba moiqces a<strong>da</strong>miani. am<br />
normebis Sesruleba metwilad Sinagani fsiqologiuri ganawesiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
lideris qcevis normebi sazogadoebis socionormatiuli kulturiT aris ganpirobebuli.<br />
namdvilad misaRebia i. konis mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom sqesTa Soris sazogadoebriv<br />
urTierTobaTa xasiaTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia ara imdenad Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebaze<br />
sqesis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis specifikur movaleobebze, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Zalauflebis ganawilebaze, mamakacuri <strong>da</strong> qaluri saqmianobis sazogadoebrivi<br />
aRiarebis zomaze. (Кон, 1988).<br />
tradiciuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba qalisadmi mTeli sicxadiT swored mmarTvelobiT<br />
sferoSi vlindeba, rogorc privilegirebuli, prestiJuli saqmianobis <strong>da</strong>rgSi,<br />
romelic maRal socialur-ekonomikur statuss uzrunvelyos.<br />
qalTa politikur mmarTvelobaSi CarTvisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
iqnes Semdegi faqtorebi: profesiuli zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> profesiuli kompetenturoba,<br />
individis konkurentunarianoba, socialur-sayofacxovrebo sferos struqturis<br />
xarisxi.<br />
72
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miReba saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli <strong>for</strong>maa, romelic moiTxovs<br />
maRal pasuxismgeblobas <strong>da</strong>, arcTu iSviaTad, drois zedmet <strong>da</strong>naxarjsac. amdenad,<br />
qalebis monawileoba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
sayofacxovrebo pirobebis kardinalur gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaze im mizniT, rom man ar Seaferxos<br />
qalis individualuri Tvisebebis gamovlenisa <strong>da</strong> realizebis procesi.<br />
xSirad diskusiis sagani xdeba SekiTxva: rad un<strong>da</strong> qals maRali Tanamdebobrivi<br />
posti? asaxeleben alternativas: an xelmZRvaneloba, an siyvaruli, ojaxi, bedniereba.<br />
aseTi alternativa, ubralod, dResdReobiT koreqtuli ar aris. siyvaruli,<br />
ojaxi, bavSvebi partniorobas, rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis Tanabar monawileobas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, qalis yovel nabijs axali<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> rolis aTvisebis gzaze Tan sdevs uaryofiTi reaqcia sazogadoebis<br />
konservatiulad ganwyobili nawilisagan, romelic am movlenaSi Tavisi Cveuli<br />
privilegiebis <strong>da</strong>kargvis saSiSroebas xe<strong>da</strong>vs. ase iyo, rodesac qalebi ibrZodnen<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> muSaobis uflebebis misaRebad, <strong>politikuri</strong> TavisuflebebisTvis.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saerTaSoriso centrebis <strong>da</strong> institutebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi<br />
cxadyofen, rom qalebis monawileoba mmarTvelobis nebismier doneze stabilurobis<br />
faqtoria. iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalebi mmarTvelobiT struqturebSi 40%-s Seadgenen,<br />
sazogadoeba ufro stabilurad viTardeba <strong>da</strong> socialurad aris orientirebuli.<br />
kvotebis problema<br />
rogorc msoflio gamocdilebam gviCvena, qalebis politikaSi integracia<br />
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes egalitaruli politikis <strong>for</strong>mirebis, qalTa realuri<br />
Tanasworobis saqmeSi saxelmwifos, wamyvani <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriobis<br />
farTo masebis rolis gazrdis xarjze. (Шинелева,1996). msoflio<br />
praqtiki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoebSi qalTa<br />
warmomadgenlobis gazr<strong>da</strong>ze warmatebulad moqmedebs Semdegi faqtorebi:<br />
partiuli kvota, anu, parlamentSi proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT,<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>ti-qalebis raodenobis gazrdis <strong>politikuri</strong> mizani;<br />
kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmad sqesTa Tanafardoba partiebis mier<br />
wardgenil kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa siebSi un<strong>da</strong> Seesebamebodes qveynis demografiul maCvenebels;<br />
saarCevno sistemis Secvla erTman<strong>da</strong>tiani (maJoritaruli) warmomadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
proporciul warmomadgenlobaze.<br />
aucilebelia Setanili iqnes koreqtivebi ara marto saxelmwifos arsebul<br />
ideologiaSi, armed qalTa mimarT moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi. saubaria imaze, rom<br />
aRmoifxvras uTanasworoba, romelic qalTa konkurentunarianobas obieqturad<br />
amcirebs.<br />
mizanSewonilia SemuSavebuli iqnes qvotebis sistema, romelsac Tan un<strong>da</strong> sdevdes<br />
mTeli saarCevno sistemis koreqtireba <strong>da</strong> romlis mizanic iqneba partiul siebSi<br />
qal-kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
SemuSavebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnas miRebul ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa genderuli eqspertizis<br />
sistema, agreTve qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvaze sistematuri kontroli <strong>da</strong> sakadro<br />
politika.<br />
saxelmwifom <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivma organizaciebma un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyon <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
liderobis skolebis Seqmna, romlebic xels Seuwyobs qalebis momzadebas<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
zomebi, romelic zogierTma evropis sabWos qveyanam ganaxorciela genderuli<br />
balansis gasaumjobeseblad<br />
73
qveyana<br />
gatarebuli zomebi<br />
belgia belgiaSi 1994 wels miiRes kanoni, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa balansirebul monawileobas saarCevno siebSi.<br />
am kanonis mixedviT, yvela politikur arCevnebSi kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
mxolod 2/4 SeiZleba iyos erTi <strong>da</strong> imave sqesis. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, adgilebi, romlebic qalebs un<strong>da</strong> SeevsoT, vakanturi<br />
rCeba. praqtkulad es niSnavs, rom yovel partiul siaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulia 1/4 kvota qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebisaTvis.<br />
2000 wels senatis <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenelTa palatis mier mox<strong>da</strong> belgiis<br />
konstituciis meore Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva. qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa<br />
Tanasworoba garantirebulia konstituciiT, romelic acxadebs,<br />
rom kanoni, dekreti an wesi qalebs <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs maTi uflebebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebebis Tanabari gamoyenebis garantias aZlevs<br />
gansakuTrebulad uwyobs xels maT Tanabar monawileobas arCeviT<br />
<strong>da</strong> sajaro Tanamdebobeze. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs<br />
Sereul monawileobas mTavrobebSi.<br />
parlamentSi gansaxilvelad aris agreTve Setanili kanonproeqti,<br />
romlis mizania nebismieri donis saarCevno siebi Tanabari iyos. am<br />
kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad, yovel siaSi sxvaoba TiToeuli sqesis<br />
warmomadgenelTa Soris erTs ar un<strong>da</strong> aRematebodes. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />
siis TavSi ori kandidiati un<strong>da</strong> iyos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis<br />
warmomadgeneli.<br />
irlandia irlandiaSi eqvsi ZiriTadi <strong>politikuri</strong> partii<strong>da</strong>n samSi moqmedebs<br />
kvotis sistema (20%-<strong>da</strong>n 40%-de qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi). <strong>da</strong>narCeni sami<br />
partii<strong>da</strong>n erTma, qalTa warmomadgenlobis gazrdis mizniT, miiRo<br />
pozitiuri samoqmedo gegma, xolo meorem qalTa 40%-iani<br />
warmomadgenloba <strong>da</strong>awesa.<br />
islandia islandiaSi oTxi ZiriTadi <strong>politikuri</strong> partii<strong>da</strong>n ors aqvs qalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanabari monawileobis wesi. erTma partiam miiRo<br />
genderuli balansis samoqmedo gegma.<br />
islandiis parlamentma 1991 wels miiRo <strong>da</strong>dgenileba qalTa<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> monawileobis RonsiZiebaTa gazrdis Sesaxeb. socialur<br />
sakiTxTa saministros mier Seqmnilma komitetma organizeba gauwia<br />
sareklamo kampanias, romelic qalebs mouwodeb<strong>da</strong> politikaSi<br />
mieRoT monawileoba, sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis<br />
yuradRebas miapyrob<strong>da</strong> politikur procesebSi <strong>da</strong> saarCevno siebis<br />
warmodgenisas genderuli balansis sakiTxebze.<br />
makedonia makedoniaSi qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis lobirebiT 2002<br />
wels parlamentma miiRo kanoni kvotis Sesaxeb: @40% qalTa<br />
warmomadgenloba yvela partiul siaSi.<br />
SvedeTi SvedeTSi <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi mxars uWeren 40/70 wess<br />
Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong> saarCevno siebSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebis dros, rac<br />
praqtikulad niSnavs, rom arc mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> arc qalTa raodenoba<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos 40%-ze naklebi. socialisturi demokratiuli partia<br />
Tavis 1994 wli<strong>da</strong>n Tavis saarCevno sias mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
monacvleobiT adgens, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c mTavrobaSi qalebis<br />
raodenoba 45%-ia, palamentSi ki – 44%.<br />
espaneTSi espaneTSi <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi TviTon gansazRvraven, rogor<br />
gazardon qalTa warmomadgenloba xelisuflebaSi. Sedegad,<br />
mTavrobaSi 21% qalebia, xolo parlamentSi 28%.<br />
norvegia norvegiaSi yvela sajaro Tanamdebobaze, sabWoSi Tu komitetSi,<br />
qalTa warmomadgenloba un<strong>da</strong> iyos 40% mainc. saparlamento<br />
arCevnebs es kvota ar exeba. politikur partiaTa umetesoba<br />
TviTon adgens araoficialur wess <strong>da</strong> meTods, rac TiTqmis kvotis<br />
identuria. aRniSnuli politikis gatarebis Sedegad mTavrobaSi<br />
qalTa raodenoba 42%-ia, parlamentSi ki - 47%.<br />
74
luqsemburgi luqsemburgSi samma yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovanma partiam,<br />
romlebic parlamentSia (palataSi) warmodgenili ganaxorciela<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> pozitiuri RonsiZiebebi. socialur-qristianulma partiam<br />
amocanad <strong>da</strong>isaxa sruli Tanasworobis miRweva partiul Tanamdebobebze<br />
<strong>da</strong> parlamentSi. saarCevno siebSi 1/4 qalebia. mwvaneTa<br />
partiam gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> kvota 50/50. Sedegad qalebis raodenoba<br />
mTavrobaSi 40%-ia, xolo parlametSi – 18%.<br />
didi<br />
britaneTi<br />
did britaneTSi 2002 wlis dekemberSi miRebuli iqna kanoni,<br />
romelic politikur partiebs nebas rTavs ganaxorcielon pozitiuri<br />
zomebi qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa araTanabari warmomadgenlobis<br />
Sesamcireblad.<br />
malta maltaSi leiboristulma partiam generalur konferenciaSi<br />
monawileobis misaRebad SemoiRo kvotis sistema: 1999 w. - 25%; 2000<br />
w. - 40%; 2001 w. - 45%; 2002 w. – 40%, xolo partiul<br />
Tanamdebobebze 20%-iani kvota.<br />
poloneTi poloneTSi ZiriTadi <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebi aRiareben qalTa<br />
monawileobis gazrdis aucileblobas, magram araviTar specialur<br />
RonisZiebebs ar axorcieleben.<br />
portugalia portugaliaSi erTaderTi partia, romelsac <strong>da</strong>wesebuli aqvs 25%-<br />
iani kvota rogorc partiuli TanamdebobisaTvis, ise saarCevno<br />
siebisaTvis, aris socialisturi partia. 2002 wlis arCevnebSi es<br />
partia 97 adgiliT mesame adgilze gavi<strong>da</strong>. parlamentis 240<br />
wevri<strong>da</strong>n 22 qalia (22,9%).<br />
safrangeTi<br />
fineTi<br />
somxeTi<br />
safrangeTSi orma politikurma partiam - socialisturma <strong>da</strong> mwvaneTa<br />
partiam ganaxorciela pozitiuri RonisZiebani partiis SigniT.<br />
1999 wels mox<strong>da</strong> konstituciis ga<strong>da</strong>sinjva <strong>da</strong> gamocxad<strong>da</strong> arCeviT<br />
Tanamdebdebobebsa <strong>da</strong> arCeviT organoebSi qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa monawileobis<br />
misawvdomoba. me-4 muxli kanons avalebs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
Tanabar misawvdomlobaze xolo muxli 4 acxadebs, rom politikurma<br />
partiebma xeli un<strong>da</strong> Seuwyon aRniSnuli principis ganxorcielebas. 2000<br />
wlis 4 maiss miRebuli iqna specialuri kanoni qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis<br />
Tanabari misawvdomobis Sesaxeb. kanonproeqti mTavrobis mier iqna<br />
wardgenili. mTavrobam airCia, erTi mxriv, balansirebuli warmomadgenloba<br />
(50% TiTeuli sqesis kandi<strong>da</strong>ti), meore mxriv, ar Seexo xmis<br />
micemis sistemas. saparlamento arCevnebSi yovel saarCevno siaSi<br />
"sxvaoba qal <strong>da</strong> mamakac kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa raodenobas Soris erTs ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRematebodes" xolo adgilobriv <strong>da</strong> regionul arCevnebSi 8 kandi<strong>da</strong>turisagan<br />
Sedgenil yovel jgufSi 4 qali <strong>da</strong> 4 mamakaci un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />
ufro metic, kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu politikur partiaSi qalTa kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakac kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis sxvaoba 2%-s aRemateba, maSin partiis<br />
<strong>da</strong>finanseba Semcirdeba im procentebis naxevris raodenobiT, rasac es<br />
gansxvaveba Seadgens, (mag., 10% - sxvaoba, 5% - <strong>da</strong>finansebis Semcireba).<br />
amis Sedegad 2001 welis arCevnebiT senatSi qalTa raodenoba gaormag<strong>da</strong>,<br />
2001 wlis municipalur arCevnebSi qalTa raodenobam 47,5% Seadgina.<br />
fineTSi 1995 wlis qvotis kanoni avalebs xelisuflebas xeli<br />
Seuwyos qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworobis miRwevas. qvotis kanoni<br />
ar exeba saparlamento <strong>da</strong> municipalur arCevnebs. saerTo klimati<br />
qveyanaSi aseTia: mTavrobaSi qalTa warmomadgenloba – 44,4%,<br />
parlamentSi – 47%.<br />
somxeTSi 1999 wels miRebuli iqna saarCevno kodeqsi, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad partiuli siebi un<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
aranakleb 5%-sa.<br />
75
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gavlena Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalis rolsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> statusze.<br />
2. ra Sexedulebebia sazogadoebaSi qalis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiurobis Sesaxeb?<br />
3. qalis, rogorc-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebebebi ra zomebi aris<br />
miRebuli genderuli balansis gasaumjobeseblad?<br />
literatura:<br />
1. genderuli Teoriebis anTologia. Tb., bakur sulakauris gamocema, 2002<br />
2. "<strong>genderi</strong>s aqtualuri sakiTxebi". Ggaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tbilisi, 1998.<br />
3. qalis a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebi nabij-nabij. Tb., gamomc. "logs presi", 2001<br />
4. saerTaSoriso konvevciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi; saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo<br />
<strong>da</strong> realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tb., 1998.<br />
5. qali <strong>da</strong> arCevnebi. "genderuli ganviTarebis asociacia". Tbilisi, 2002<br />
6. Бергер И., На чем держится теория модернизации? "РЖ Социлогия", 1997 № 4<br />
7. Женщины скандинавских народов на рубеже XXI века.Орел 2000<br />
8. Кон И.С., Введение в сексологию. М., 1988<br />
9. Мюрдаен Г., Современные проблемы «третьего мира» М., 1972<br />
10. Уськов Г.С., Твои права, человек. М., 1993<br />
11. Хабермас Ю., Модернизация – несовершенный проект. Ж. Вопросы Философии, 1994, № 4<br />
12. Фридан Б. Загадки женственности М., 1994<br />
13. Шинелева Л.И. Женщина и власть. Интеграция в политику // Пеформа, 1996 №11<br />
76
1. istoriuli eqskursi<br />
Tavi V II<br />
qalTa moZraobebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, qalTa moZraobebi ganmanaTleblobis xanis ganman-<br />
Tavisuflebel <strong>da</strong> demokratiuli ideebis CasaxvasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. mis pirvel<br />
manifests ki "qalis <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia" warmoadgens, romelic frangma<br />
mweralma qalma olimpia de guJma "a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciis" (1791<br />
w) sapasuxod <strong>da</strong>wera. man moiTxova qalebis sruluflebian moqalaqeTa kategoriaSi<br />
CarTva, romlis mTavari ideac qalis, rogorc Tavisufali pirovnebis aRiareba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba iyo. amave ideas usvam<strong>da</strong> xazs I. furie, rodesac ambob<strong>da</strong>:<br />
"qalTa uflebebis gazr<strong>da</strong> yovelgvari <strong>socialuri</strong> progresis mTavari principia."<br />
TanasworobisaTvis mebrZoli qalebi Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad cdilobdnen Tavisi miznebisaTvis<br />
samarTlis sferoSi progresuli re<strong>for</strong>mebis gatarebis gziT mieRwiaT.<br />
safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis dros qalebi monawileobas iRebdnen yvela<br />
farTomasStabian saxalxo gamosvleaSi. magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, revoluciis beladebi<br />
ugulvelyofdnen qalTa Tanasworobis ideas <strong>da</strong> qalTa pirveli organizaciebi –<br />
revoluciuri klubebi, romlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen <strong>politikuri</strong> brZolaSi<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>xures.<br />
inglisSi qalTa Tanasworuflebianobis idea wamoyenebul iqna meri uolston kraftis<br />
(1759-1797) mier wignSi "qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad" (1792).<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi qalTa moZraobis aqtivistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben<br />
Tanaswor uflebebze ganaTlebis miRebis sakiTxSi. am moTxovnebs emateba ufleba<br />
Sromaze. safrangeTSi mwifdeba idea qalis ojaxSi monobis winaaRmdeg, xolo aSS-sa <strong>da</strong><br />
did britaneTSi – mamakacebTan Tanaswori saarCevno xmis uflebis mopovebis Sesaxeb.<br />
XIX saukuneSi burJuaziulma revoluciebma evropis mTel rig qveynebSi qalTa<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> moqalaqeobrivi TansaworobisaTvis moZraobas axali impulsi misces.<br />
gaCn<strong>da</strong> qalTa klubebi, mravalricxvovani qalTa kavSirebi. 1848 wels aSS-Si Sedga<br />
istoriaSi qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis pirveli yriloba.<br />
XIX sauknis bolosa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi qalTa organizaciebi gaCn<strong>da</strong> evropis,<br />
aziisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis bevr qveyanaSi. 1888 wels amerikeli qalebis iniciativiT Seiqmna<br />
qalTa pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia – qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo. 1904 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> sufraJistTa saerTaSoriso organizacia - qalTa saamomrCevlo uflebaTa<br />
saerTaSoriso aliansi. amasTan erTad iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> saqvelmoqmedo, religiuri, erovnuli<br />
qalTa organizaciebi. iyo mcdelobebi Seqmniliyo calkeuli qalTa profkavSiruli<br />
organizaciebi, rac kapitalistur qveynebSi muSaTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebasTan iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. rig evropis qveynebSi qalTa moZraobebi sul ufro proletarul<br />
mimarTulebas iZenen, Tanasworobis idea mWidrod ukavSirdeba mSromelTa <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
Cagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTul saerTo amocanebs. gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri iyo amgvari<br />
moZraoba germaniaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c klara cetkinis xelmZRvanelobiT <strong>da</strong>iwyes Jurnalis gamocema,<br />
regularulad iwveo<strong>da</strong> sruliadgermaniis qalTa konferenciebi. 1907, wels<br />
StudgartSi <strong>da</strong> 1910 wels kopenhagenSi Sedga qal-socialistTa saerTaSoriso<br />
konferenciebi. kopenhagenSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c 17 qveynis delegati qalebi eswrebodnen, miRebuli<br />
iqna ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba 8 marti <strong>da</strong>wesebuliyo qalTa saerTaSoriso dRed.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi mimdinareobs difenenciaciis procesi. am periodSi<br />
isxeba saerTaSoiso pacefisturi moZraoba. 1915 wels haagaSi amerikeli sazogadoebrivi<br />
moRvawis jein a<strong>da</strong>msis iniciativiT <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> qalTa saerTaSoriso komiteti "myari<br />
mSvidobisaTvis (1919 wli<strong>da</strong>n qalTa saerTaSoriso liga "mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebi-<br />
77
saTvis"), muSaoba qalTa Soris gaaqtiures social-demokratebmac, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c Seiqmna<br />
qalTa saerTaSoriso socialisturi samdivnos. gaCn<strong>da</strong> qalTa specializebuli organizaciebi<br />
– qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia sauniversiteto ganaTlebiT (1919 w.) Ria<br />
karis internacionali <strong>da</strong>sqmebul qalTa ekonomikuri ganTavisuflebisaTvis (1929 w.) <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. kominternTan Seiqmna qalTa saerTaSoriso samdivno.<br />
faSizmis saSiSroebam qalTa antifaSisturi moZraobis Camo.yalibeba gamoiwvia, romelic<br />
erTiani saxalxo frontis Semdgeneli nawili iyo. 1934 wels parizSi Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
faSizmisa <strong>da</strong> omis sawinaaRmdego qalTa msoflio kongresi, xolo 1938 wels - marselSi<br />
omissawinaaRmdego qalTa kongresi. meore msoflio omis dros qalTa bevri organizacia<br />
aqtiurad ibrZo<strong>da</strong> faSizmis wanaaRmdeg.<br />
faSizmis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg qalTa moZraobaSi axali procesebi viTardeba. sul<br />
ufro didi aqcenti keTdeba qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvaze, bavSTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze,<br />
izrdeba zogad<strong>socialuri</strong>, erovnuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis, mSvidobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> usafrTxoebis problemebis speqtri.<br />
Tanmedrove pirobebSi <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS-Si qalTa moZraoba – es aris qalTa<br />
aqtiuri gamosvlebi, Tanabari ublebebisaTvis samuSaoze miRebisas, profesiis aTvisebis,<br />
xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobaze <strong>da</strong>niSvnis <strong>da</strong> qveynis <strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebaSi monawileobisas.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad arsebuli kanonmdeblobisa am qveynebSi jer kidev ar aris uzrunvelyofili<br />
qalTa inteleqtualuri potencialis sruli realizeba. dRemde moqmedeben<br />
patrirqaluri azrovnebis stereotipebi, romlebic qalTa diskriminacias uwyoben xels.<br />
qalebi ZirTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>saqmebulni arian momsaxurebis sferoSi, administraciuli aparatis<br />
<strong>da</strong>bal Tanamdebobebze. Tumca zogierT qveynebSi qalebma SeZles aRiareba moepovebinaT<br />
iseT sferobSi, romlebic wmin<strong>da</strong> mamakacurad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aSS-Si mosamarTle qalTa<br />
raodenoba 1985-1995 wels 7%-<strong>da</strong>n 18%-de gaizar<strong>da</strong>, operatorebisa <strong>da</strong> sain<strong>for</strong>macio<br />
sistemebis specialistebisa 11%-<strong>da</strong>n 28%-mde, ekonomistebisa – 13,3%-<strong>da</strong>n 34,5%-mde,<br />
arqiteqtorebisa 4,3%-<strong>da</strong>n 11%-mde. rogorc amerikeli mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, Tumca<br />
qalebma SeZles garRveva <strong>da</strong> aiTvises profesiebi, romelic wmin<strong>da</strong> mamakacur profesiebad<br />
iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, Tanasworobisagan isini jer kidev Sors arian. (Working Women. P.<br />
XII).<br />
MqalTa moZraobis ganviTarebSi udidesi roli iTamaSa gaerTianebuli erebis<br />
organizaciam, romelic Tavisi Seqmnis dRi<strong>da</strong>n (1945 wlis 24 oqtomberi) Tanaswori<br />
uflebebis garantad gvevlineba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaerom miiRo konvencia<br />
qalTa mimarT yvela saxis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
Seitana am sakiTxSi, agreTve, iuneskom (parizi) – gaeros organizaciam ganaTlebis,<br />
mecnierebisa <strong>da</strong> kulturis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, romelic 1946 wels Seiqmna. gar<strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisa ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> kulturi <strong>da</strong>rgSi, samecniero-teqnikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis gavrcelebisa iuneskom gamovi<strong>da</strong> programiT ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgSi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> erovnuli kulturebis <strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis.<br />
Tanamdrove etapze qalTa moZraobam axali gaazreba, Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> prioritetebi<br />
SeiZina, rac imasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, rom yalibdeba RirebulebaTa <strong>da</strong> idealTa<br />
axali sistema, viTardeba <strong>da</strong> ixveweba feministuri Teoria, romelic moqalaqeobriv<br />
uflebebzea <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli, icvleba urTierTobebi ojaxSi, yalibdeba ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis<br />
axali modeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qalTa moZraobam, Teoriisa <strong>da</strong> praqtikis<br />
Serwymis, <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri, samecnieroa, sulieri, <strong>socialuri</strong> problemebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wrisadmi kompleqsuri midgomis xarjze, axali xarisxi SeiZina. dReisaTvis SveciaSi<br />
moqmedebs qalTa social-demokratiuli kavSiri, germaniaSi – partiebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
profkavSirebSi 100-ze meti qalTa organizacia <strong>da</strong> seqcia. aSS-Si 1000-ze meti qalTa<br />
organizacia, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 100- ze meti saerToerovnuli. isini aerTianeben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
78
<strong>politikuri</strong> mrwamsis mqone milionze met qals. arsebobs sauniversiteto ganaTlebis<br />
mqone qalTa amerikuli asociacia - qalTa yvelaze ufro msxvili erovnuli<br />
gaerTianeba, filialebiT mTels qveyanaSi. mis programas Seadgens: Tanabari uflebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobebi yvela amerikeli qalisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT politikaSi; sakanonmdeblo<br />
bazis gafarToeba; samedicino momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
qalTa moZraobebis amofrqveva <strong>da</strong>savleTsa <strong>da</strong> aSS- Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebze<br />
modis. es aris feminizmis, rogorc socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> Teoriis ganviTarebis periodi,<br />
rac Tavis mxriv, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiobis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>sTan, romelTa raodenobac dRiTi-dRe izrdeba. Seicvala qalTa <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
prioritetebi, maTi imiji. uaris Tqves ra mxolod colobis, disasaxisobisa <strong>da</strong> qmrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mxmareebis rolze, qalebi iRwvian TviTrealizaciis, <strong>socialuri</strong> aRiarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakacTan Tanabari partnioruli urTierTobebisaTvis. am periodSi xdeba qalTa<br />
erovnuli <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso moZraobebis <strong>da</strong> organizaciebis <strong>for</strong>mireba. qalebis<br />
moqalaqeobrivi aqtiurobis zr<strong>da</strong>, maTi mcdeloba Taviseburi gavlena moaxdinon<br />
politikaze, intersi globaluri problemebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT ki im problemebisadmi,<br />
romlebic a<strong>da</strong>mianis sasicocoxlo interesebSi Sedis, protesti gamalebuli<br />
SeiaraRebis winaaRmdeg, garemos <strong>da</strong>cva – es yvelaferi qalTa moZraobas Tanamedrove<br />
demokratiis sakmaod mZlavr Zalad aqcevs.<br />
2. qalTa moZraoba - qalTa problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris mniSvnelovani faqtoria<br />
qalebi sul ufro farTod ebmevian SromiT saqmianobaSi <strong>da</strong> momuSaveTa 40%-s<br />
Seadgenen. maTi mier iqmneba materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri Rirebulebebis 1/3~. qalTa Cabmam<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gaamwvava bevri problema, romelic sazogadoebaSi maT<br />
mdgomareobasTan, sakuTari uflebebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad qalebis gaaqtiurebasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli. bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa saerTo ganaTlebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> profesionalur momzadebaSi sxvaoba didi ar aris, ekonomikuri gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis zogierT<br />
seqtorSi mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong> umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> arastabiluri <strong>da</strong>saqmebis tendencia qalTa<br />
Soris. sistematural izrdeba <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa raodenoba, Sesabamisad mcirdeba maTi<br />
Semosavlebi <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba iyvnen <strong>da</strong>mokuidebeli. (Шинелева, 1995).<br />
mTel msoflioSi SeniSneba diskriminacia Sromis anazRaurebaSi. qalebi oficialurad<br />
mamakacebze 25-40%-iT naklebs iReben. mag. germaniaSi sxvaoba Sromis anazRaurebaSi<br />
Seadgens 38%-s, safrangeTSi – 28%-s. didi britaneTSi 40%-s, aSS-Si 40%-s.<br />
xSirad qalebi, romlebsac specialuri ganaTleba aqvT ver Souloben samsaxurs<br />
specialobis mixedviT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qalebi SezRudulni arian codnisa <strong>da</strong> Cvevebis<br />
miRebaSi, ramac maTi profesionalizmis zr<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos. bevri saswavlo<br />
programa isev mxolod mamakacebis interesebzea orientirebuli. aseTi midgoma<br />
aRrmavebs uTanasworobas, aZlierebas diskriminaciul tendenciebs <strong>da</strong> akninebs<br />
mosaxleobis qalTa nawilis TviTSegnebas. yvela zemoT CamoTvllili faqtori<br />
ganapirobebs qalTa moZraobis gaaqtiurebas.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis qalebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>for</strong>miT gamodian umuSevrobis, inflaciis,<br />
SeiaraRebis, mzardi saxelmwifo xarjebis, genderuli uTanasworobis <strong>da</strong> sxv. winaaRmdeg<br />
<strong>da</strong> ibrbvian Tanabari uflebebisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebisaTvis, profesionaluri<br />
momzadebisa <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi zrdisaTvis.<br />
protests iwvevs, agreTve, genderuli midgoma qalebis fizikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri<br />
mdgomareobisadmi. zogierT qveyanaSi mcirdeba jan<strong>da</strong>cvaze gamoyofili xarjebis<br />
raodenoba, rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs ara marto qalebis, aramed momavali Taobis<br />
janmrTelobaze.<br />
79
janmrTelobis mdgomareobasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qalebis fsiqologiuri<br />
mdgomareoba. <strong>da</strong>ucveloba, ususuroba, stresebi, Zaladoba ojaxSi, alkoholizmi,<br />
narkomania – yvelaferi es uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qalTa socialur statusze.<br />
qalTa moZraobebi garkveuli programebis realizaciisaTvis iRvwian, romlebic<br />
qalebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoimuSaon sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis grZnoba, SeiZinon<br />
codna <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba, ibrZolon sakuTari uflebebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> gaiumjobeson pirobebi,<br />
uzrunvelyon socialur <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> procesebSi aqtiuri CarTva.<br />
3. saerTaSoriso <strong>for</strong>umebi qalTa moZraobis<br />
erToblivi programis gamomuSavebis mniSvnelovani faqtori<br />
qalTa masobrivi demokratiuli moZraoba saerTo demokratiuli moZraobis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia. meore msoflio omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg, 1945 wels <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> qalTa<br />
saerTaSoriso demokratiuli federacia. qalTa moZraobis istoriaSi es iyo pirveli<br />
masobrivi demokratiuli organizacia. igi gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> mTeli planetis qalebis<br />
sasicocxlo interesebs: gamodio<strong>da</strong> qalTa emansipaciis, Tanasworuflebianobis,<br />
ganiaraRebis, mSvidobis, erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis, Tavisulebisa <strong>da</strong> demokratiis<br />
moTxovniT.<br />
Tavis saqmianobaSi saerTaSoriso demokratiuli organizacia TanamSromlob<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
marto sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qalTa, aramed axalgazrdul organizaciebTan, profkavSirebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. xSirad Tavis moTxovnebs igi gaeros tribuni<strong>da</strong>nac aJRereb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1967 wels gaeros generaluri asamleis mier miRebuli deklaracia qalTa<br />
diskriminaciis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb swored misi saqmianobis Sedegi iyo iseT qalTa<br />
saerTaSoriso oragnizaciebTan erTad, rogorebicaa qalTa saerTaSoriso sabWo,<br />
iuridiuli profesiebis qalTa saerTaSoriso federacia, qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
qalTa moZraobis ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> ganmtkicebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSes msoflio<br />
konferenciebma, romlebic qalTa mdgomareobas eZRvnebo<strong>da</strong>. pirvelma konferenciam,<br />
romelic mexikoSi Catar<strong>da</strong> (1975 w.) miiRo moqmedebis gegma, romlis safuZvelzec gaeros<br />
generalurma asambleam gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> qalTa saerTaSoriso aTwleuli (1975-1985) aTwleulis<br />
realizaciis msvlelobisas 1979 wels gaeros generalurma asamleam miiRo konvencia qalTa<br />
mimarT yvela saxis diskriminaciis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb.<br />
meore msoflio konferencia Sedga kopenhagenSi 1980 wkls. man miiRo moqmedebis<br />
programa qalTa aTwleulis meore naxevrisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba <strong>da</strong>eTmo<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, ganaTlebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis problemebs.<br />
mexikos <strong>da</strong> kopenhagenis konferenciebis momzadebisa <strong>da</strong> Catarebis saqmeSi<br />
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes berlinis (1975 w.), praRis (1981 w.) msoflio kogresebma.<br />
1985 wels nairobiSi Sedga mesame msoflio konferencia, romelic qalTa aTwleulSi<br />
Catarebul muSaobisa <strong>da</strong> misi Sedegebis ganxilvas mieZRvna.<br />
meoTxe msoflio konferencia (pekini 1995 w.), iseve rogorc wina konferenciebi, Catar<strong>da</strong><br />
Tanasworobis, mSvidobis, ganviTarebis deviziT. dRis wesrigSi CarTul iqna Zaladobis<br />
problemac. konferenciam gansazRvra qalTa moZraobis ganviTarebis prespeqtivebi Semdgom<br />
wlebSi, miiRo "moqmedebis plat<strong>for</strong>ma", romelSic aisaxa sakvanZo problemebi,<br />
strategiuli miznebi <strong>da</strong> msoflioSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi.<br />
saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanair xasiaTs atareben <strong>da</strong> garkveulad maTi<br />
mizania zegavlena moaxdinon saxelmwifoTa politikaze, raTa uzrunvelyon qalTa<br />
sruluflebiani <strong>da</strong> srulyofili monawileoba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.<br />
80
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. qalTa saerTaSoriso moZraobis <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba<br />
2. qalTa saerTaSoriso moZraobis Sedegebi<br />
3. <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT saerTaSoriso <strong>for</strong>umebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis realizaciis Sedegebi<br />
literatura<br />
1. saerTasoriso konvenciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo<br />
baza <strong>da</strong> realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tbilisi. 1998<br />
2. qali gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi. Tbilisi, 1998<br />
3. qali, mamakaci <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1998<br />
4. saqarTvelo: qali. sazogadoeba. ganviTareba. GsaqarTvelos mTavrobisa <strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />
erToblivi proeqti "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi".<br />
5. Платформа действий IV Всемирной конференции по положению женщин. ООН. 1995<br />
6. Борьба за улучшение положения женщин, гуманмтарное развитие мира //<br />
Международная жизнь. 1995ю № 3<br />
7. Шинелева Л.Т. Путь в XXI век. IV Всемиирная конференция по положению женщин в<br />
Пекине. 1995<br />
81
Tavi VIII<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis problemebi saqarTveloSi<br />
I. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> qarTveli qali<br />
odiTganve cnobilia, rom qarTveli xalxis zneobrivi siwmindis, Sromismoyvareobis,<br />
vaJkacuri suliskveTebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi qali TvalsaCino rols<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong>. mTeli Cveni mravalsaukunovani warsuli mdi<strong>da</strong>ria gamoCenil qalTa<br />
saxelebiT. maTi dedoba, mamulisaTvis Tav<strong>da</strong>deba, fizikur mSvenierebasTan Serwymuli<br />
patiosneba, maRali zneoba samSoblos sindisis simbolo iyo. Soreul warsulSi qalis<br />
rolze mogviTxrobs qarTuli zepirsityviereba <strong>da</strong> werilobiTi Zeglebi. isini naTlad<br />
metyvelebs qveynisaTvis Tav<strong>da</strong>debul qalTa sagmiro saqmeebze. maT didi <strong>da</strong>msaxureba<br />
miuZRviT saqarTvelos materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri kulturis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvaSi.<br />
qarTveli qalebi ara marto ojaxur saqmianobas eweodnen, aramed mZime gansacdelis Jams<br />
aqtiurad monawileobdnen qveynis <strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> mtris ganadgurebaSi. qarTveli qali<br />
ojaxSi mu<strong>da</strong>m erTguli de<strong>da</strong> iyo, brZolaSi - Seudrekeli <strong>da</strong> uSiSari mebrZoli,<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi - aqtiuri <strong>da</strong> energiuli.<br />
saqarTvelos mfarveli, rogorc sayovelTao<strong>da</strong>a aRiarebuli, qalia –<br />
RvTismSobeli mariami. aseve qali - wmin<strong>da</strong> nino - miCneulia qarTvelebis ganmanaTleblad<br />
<strong>da</strong> qristianobis gamavrceleblad. Zlieri saqarTvelos erT-erTi simboloc qalia –<br />
Tamar mefe.<br />
feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSi qalTa <strong>socialuri</strong> statusi qveynis geo<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
mdgomareobis, rTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> viTarebisa <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis,<br />
agreTve geografiuli faqtorebis, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli Taviseburebebis fonze<br />
yalibdebo<strong>da</strong>. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mamakacis Zalauflebas qalze arasdros<br />
hqonia iseTi ukiduresi <strong>for</strong>mebi, rogorc aRmosavleTis muslimanur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />
qristianul qveynebSi. profesori giorgi na<strong>da</strong>reiSvili aRniSnavs, rom feo<strong>da</strong>lur<br />
saqarTveloSi ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> pirveli Ramis ufleba. SoTa rusTavelma ki jer kidev me-12<br />
saukuneSi Tavis ukv<strong>da</strong>v qmnilebaSi "vefxistyaosani" qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis Tanasworobis<br />
idea umaRles doneze aiyvana.<br />
qalis uflebrivi mdgomareobis maCvenebelia misTvis miniWebuli ganqorwinebis<br />
uflebac, romelic mTel qristianul samyaroSi akrZaluli iyo. Tu qarTuli samarTlis<br />
Zeglebs mivmarTavT, vnaxavT, rom kanoni ganqorwinebas <strong>da</strong>saSvebad Tvli<strong>da</strong> zog Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi (mag., qmris Ralatis, mamakacis impotenciis dros). ojaxis mitovebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi ki orive sqesis meuRle isjebo<strong>da</strong>. magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yovelive zemoT Tqmulisa,<br />
qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> funqcia meuRleobiT, axali Taobis kvlavwarmoebiT <strong>da</strong> saojaxo<br />
SromiT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>. qali, upirveles yovlisa, saojaxo movaleobis SesrulebiT<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli. qalis mier mamakacuri samuSaoebis Sesruleba sazogadoebis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n mowonebiT ar sargeblob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magram XIX saukuneSi ukve <strong>da</strong>iwyo qalis funqciebisadmi konservatiuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis<br />
mZafri kritika. didma qarTvelma mweralma <strong>da</strong> moazrovnem ilia WavWavaZem<br />
qalTa sakiTxi sazogadoebriv moqalaqeobriv uflebas <strong>da</strong>ukavSira. igi qalis profesiul<br />
Sromas sazogadoebis normaluri ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong> qalis Tavisuflebis aucilebel<br />
pirobad Tvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />
ilia, rogorc progresulad moazrovne sazogado moRvawe, aRiareb<strong>da</strong> qalis<br />
Tanaswor uflebebs <strong>da</strong> movaleobebs, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis <strong>da</strong> kulturis yovel<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgSi. qalTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi igi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> im Canasaxebs, romlebsac<br />
mohqon<strong>da</strong> qalis uflebrivi gaTanabreba mamakacebTan. i. WavWavaZe wer<strong>da</strong>: "Sors ar aris<br />
is dro, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>Ta saqme Tavisas gaitans <strong>da</strong> es mTeli naxevari sqesi kacobriobisa<br />
82
mowveul iqneba wuTisoflis sufrazed Tavisi kuTvnilis adgilis <strong>da</strong>saWerad". (i. WavWavaZe,<br />
1928 ).<br />
qalTa moZraobam, ilias azriT, cxadi gaxa<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebs SeuZliaT sazogadoeriv<br />
SromaSi Caeban, faseuloba Seqmnan <strong>da</strong> amitom is "usamarTloba, romelic dRes aqomamde<br />
de<strong>da</strong>Ta sqess, am naxevars mTelis kacobriobisas saZiZao<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> samzareulo<strong>da</strong>n gared ar<br />
uSveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amaT gareT araviTars saqmeSi monawiled ara xdi<strong>da</strong>, ase, rom lukma-puris<br />
saSovris gzasac ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>, didxans veRar gauZlebs erTxel fexadgmul moZraobas".<br />
(iqve gv. 279).<br />
ilias, upirveles yovlisa, saWirod miaCn<strong>da</strong> TviT qalTa masebis <strong>da</strong>intereseba TavianTive<br />
gaTavisuflebis saqmiT. mas "ukbilo sayvedurad <strong>da</strong> uqm Civilad miaCn<strong>da</strong> qalebis<br />
mamakacebze wuwuni - ai Tqve gulqva kacebo, ratom Tqvens uflebas Cvenc ar gagvinawilebT"<br />
<strong>da</strong> qalTa ganTavisuflebis mTavar pirobad TviT qalebis iniciativa <strong>da</strong><br />
aqtiuroba miaCn<strong>da</strong>. es iniciativa <strong>da</strong> TviTmoqmedeba qalebs un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyoT TavianTi<br />
swavla-ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofiT, vinai<strong>da</strong>n amis gareSe, ilias azriT, sul uqmia<br />
laparaki maT gaTanasworebaze mamakacebTan. am gziT maT SeuZliaT moipovon a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
ufleba <strong>da</strong> Rirseba, anu gaTavisufldnen. amitom iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe didi<br />
sixaruliT Seegeba "qarTveli qalis werils", romelic 1889 wlis 4 martis "iveriaSi"<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> saTauriT:P "sazogadoebis sayuradRebod", sa<strong>da</strong>c "qarTveli qali" * mouwodeb<strong>da</strong><br />
qalebs TviTon aeRoT Tavze qalTa saswavleblis gaxsna <strong>da</strong> sakuTari ganaTlebis<br />
xelmZRvaneloba. mxolod am gziT SeeZloT qarTvel qalebs Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwiaT im TiTqos<br />
"uwmindesi <strong>da</strong> usamRvToesi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebi<strong>da</strong>n" rogoricaa mxolod dedoba, coloba, doba.<br />
yovelive es ilias miaCn<strong>da</strong> qalis sapatio movaleobad, magram misi <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mxolod<br />
amiT amowurva – did regresul, usamarTlo <strong>da</strong> reaqciul saqmed. swavla-ganaTlebis<br />
gziT <strong>da</strong>amtkicebs qali, rom igi sruluflebiani a<strong>da</strong>miania <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia, mamakacis<br />
msgavsad, Seasrulos yoveli sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia <strong>da</strong> amave<br />
dros iyos saukeTeso de<strong>da</strong>, coli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>. am Temis <strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad ilia qalTa<br />
emansipaciis mowinaaRmdege g. TumanovTan kamaTis dros mimarTavs karl marqss:<br />
"moviyvanT marqsis naTqvams", - wers ilia <strong>da</strong> mohyavs misi Semdegi sityvebi: "rogoric<br />
de<strong>da</strong>kacia, iseTi ojaxicaa, rogoric ojaxia, iseTi saxelmwifocaa" (i. WavWavaZe , 1928 ).<br />
ilia eTanxmeba am sityvebs, rogorc u<strong>da</strong>vo WeSmartebas qalis rolis Rirseulad<br />
<strong>da</strong>fasebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> energiulad ibrZvis qalis farTo mecnieruli <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri<br />
ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobisaTvis.<br />
swored misi moRvaweobis periodSi aRiniSna qalis uflebebis zr<strong>da</strong> rogorc ojaxSi,<br />
ise sazogadoebriv asparezze, rasac kapitalizmis ganviTarebamac Seuwyo xeli.<br />
Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> muSa qalebis fena. XX saukuknis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gaixsna kavkasiaSi pirveli<br />
qalTa umaRlesi saswavlebeli - qalTa umaRlesi kursebi. garkveuli warmateba iqna<br />
miRweuli wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saqmianobaSi<br />
erT-erT pirvel qalTa <strong>for</strong>malur organizacias, "qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo<br />
organizacias", romelmac farTo saqvelmoqmedo <strong>da</strong> saganmanaTleblo muSaoba Caatara,<br />
swored ilias meuRle – olRa guramiSvili xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qalTa organizaciebis masobrivi Seqmnis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi 1905 wlis<br />
revoluciis Semdeg gaCn<strong>da</strong>. iqamde gamokveTil saganmanaTleblo <strong>da</strong> saqvelmoqmedo<br />
sferos qalTa uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva miemata.<br />
qalTa pirveli <strong>for</strong>malizebuli, xSirad droebiTi, gaerTianebebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wris,<br />
komisiis <strong>da</strong> komitetis saxiT funqcionirebdnen, maTgan aRsaniSnavia ukve zemoT<br />
xsenebuli "qarTvel qalTa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia", "Tbilisel qalTa wris<br />
komisia", "qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba" <strong>da</strong> sxv. maTSi iseTi gamoCenili sazogado<br />
* am qarTveli qalis vinaoba dRemde gamourkvevelia.<br />
83
moRvawe qalebi iyvnen Cabmuli, rogorebic iyvnen olRa guramiSvili, nino tatiSviliyifiani,<br />
ekaterine gabaSvili, anastasia TumaniSvili.<br />
1902 wels "Tbilisel qalTa wris" mier <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> saswavlebeli Raribi gogonebisa-<br />
Tvis, romelic miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> qalTa erovnul tradiciebze aRzr<strong>da</strong>s. skolas mniSvnelovan<br />
materialur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viT sarajiSvilis meuRle – ekaterine<br />
<strong>for</strong>aqiSvili.<br />
skola mTavrobam 1908 wels <strong>da</strong>xura, rac mZlavri biZgi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> iseTi<br />
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis SeqmnisaTvis rogoricaa mag. sazogadoeba "codna".<br />
qalTa wris monawile iyo mariam jambakur-orbeliani, romelmac SemdgomSi Tamar<br />
WavWavaZe-bagration-gruzinskisTan erTad <strong>da</strong>arsa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia e.w.<br />
"<strong>da</strong>mwvrobis komiteti", romelmac mniSvnelovani muSaoba Caatara 1905 wlis masobrivi<br />
gamosvlebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>zaralebuli mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad.<br />
erT-erTi pirveli organizacia, romelic qalTa samarTlebrivi sakiTxebiT iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>interesebuli, - "Tbilisel qalTa sazogadoeba" <strong>da</strong>arsebuli iqna cnobili Jurnalistisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mwerali qalis dominika erisTavis mier, romelic cnobili iyo "gandegilis"<br />
fsevdonimiT. organizacia eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis qalTa sazogadoebis programas <strong>da</strong><br />
aqcents qalTa Tavisuflebis ideaze akeTeb<strong>da</strong>. igi ideas qalTa Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb<br />
farTo propagan<strong>da</strong>s uwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad eweo<strong>da</strong> qvelmoqmedebas, awyob<strong>da</strong> musikalur<br />
<strong>da</strong> literaturul saRamoebs.<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo sazogadoeba "ganaTlebis" mier warmoebuli muSaoba qarTuli<br />
skolis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. skolas mwerali anastasia TumaniSvili-wereTeli xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qalTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> uflebebis <strong>da</strong>mcveli sazogadoebebi gaCn<strong>da</strong> rogorc TbilisSi,<br />
ise provinciebSic. mniSvnelovani iyo maTze social-demokratiuli ideologiis gavlena.<br />
1905 wels anastasia gedevaniSvilis mier <strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> "qalTa Tanasworobis saqarTvelos<br />
kavSiri", romelic miznad qalTa politikur gaTavisuflebas isaxav<strong>da</strong>. regionuli<br />
organizaciebi<strong>da</strong>n aRsaniSnavia "saqarTvelos qalTa foTis sazogadoeba", romlis<br />
mizanic muSa-qalTa gaTviTcnobireba iyo. organizaciis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli iyo mwerali,<br />
social-demokrati qali lidia mamulaSvili-megreliZe.<br />
zogierT regionul organizacias Tavisi filialebi soflebSic hqon<strong>da</strong>. aseT<br />
organizaciaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong> mwerali qalis anastasia xoStaria-erisTavis mier<br />
1913 wels gorSi <strong>da</strong>arsebuli qalTa gaerTianeba "mandili".<br />
2. saqarTvelos qalebis <strong>socialuri</strong> ganwyoba<br />
im periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelo ssrk-is nawils Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, aq mimdinare yvela<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> movlena, ase Tu ise, saqarTvelosTvisac iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi qarTveli qalebi Tavisi ganaTlebiT,<br />
profesionalizmiTa <strong>da</strong> kvalifikaciiT liderobdnen. 1989 wlis aRweris Sedegad yovel<br />
1000 qali<strong>da</strong>n 204-s umaRlesi ganaTleba hqon<strong>da</strong>. qalebs ekavaT xelmZRvaneli postebi<br />
saxalxo ganaTlebis, jan<strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>da</strong> sxva sferoebSi. rogorc gamokvlevebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs,<br />
swored qalebi gamoirCeodnen saqmisadmi erTgulebiT, keTilsindisieri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT,<br />
maRali profesionalizmiT <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanelobis kargi unariT.<br />
saqarTveloSi 1990 wlis ekonomikuri krizisis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde qalebi Cabmuli iyvnen<br />
farTomasStabian ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. qalTa SromiT saqmianobaSi Cabmis masStabebi<br />
gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo soflis meurneobaSi, sazogadoebrivi kvebis sistemaSi,<br />
komunikaciebis sferoSi <strong>da</strong> mrewvelobis ramdenime <strong>da</strong>rgSi (msubuqi, kvebis, qimiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
navTob-qimiuri mrewveloba), agreTve ekonomikis yvela ZiriTad araindustriul<br />
84
seqtorSi.<br />
erovnuli ekonomikis e.w. mamakacur seqtorSic ki (mSenebloba, transporti,<br />
manqanaTmSenebloba, saSeni masalebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.) qalTa monawileobam 30-40%-s miaRwia.<br />
qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen iseT prestiJul profesiebSi, rogoricaa:<br />
maswavlebeli, eqimi, kulturisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis warmomadgeneli, msubuqi <strong>da</strong> kvebis<br />
mrewvelobis inJineri. zogadi ganaTlebis doniT <strong>da</strong> profesiuli kvalifikaciiT<br />
qarTveli qalebi liderobdnen sxva sabWoTa respublikebis qalebs Sorisac.<br />
Sesabamisad, zemoT CamoTvlil seqtorebSi qarTvel qalebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T konkretuli<br />
asparezi <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebi karieris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, magram totalitaruli<br />
saxelmwifos pirobebSi, maTi monawileoba mmarTvelobiT <strong>da</strong> politikur struqturebSi<br />
mkveTrad SezRuduli iyo. qalebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d marTvis saSualo rgolSi iyvnen<br />
warmodgenili, maSin, rodesac mamakacebs TiTqmis yvela umaRlesi posti eWiraT.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> miTi imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom qalTa problema ga<strong>da</strong>Wris procesSi iyo <strong>da</strong> feminizmis yovelgvari<br />
gamovlineba negatiur burJuaziul moZraobad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am periodSi qalTa problemebze arsebuli in<strong>for</strong>macia agebuli iyo socialistur <strong>da</strong><br />
kapitalistur saxelmwifoebSi qalebis mimarT gatarebuli politikis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaze.<br />
Tanac, socialisturi politika aSkarad Selamazebuli iyo. igive SeiZleba iTqvas<br />
sazogadoebaSi qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareobis asaxvis, qalTa sazogadoebriv-<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
moZraobis xasiaTis, masStabebisa <strong>da</strong> aRweris Sesaxeb.<br />
sinamdvileSi ssrk konstituciasa <strong>da</strong> sxva kanonebSi Cawerili qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa<br />
uflebebis <strong>for</strong>maluri Tanasworoba realuri uflebebis Tanasworobis garantias ar<br />
iZleo<strong>da</strong>. gaeros mier miRebuli <strong>da</strong> 1981 w. sabWoTa kavSirSi ratificirebuli konvencia<br />
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb ar gax<strong>da</strong> qveynis saSinao<br />
cxovrebis kanoni.<br />
qalebma mamakacebTan Tanabar mdgomareobas mxolod ramdenime sferoSi miaRwies,<br />
romelTa ricxvs ganaTleba miekuTvnebo<strong>da</strong>. SemoRebuli iqna savaldebulo <strong>da</strong>wyebiTi,<br />
Semdeg ki saSualo ganaTleba, saSualo specialuri <strong>da</strong> umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis<br />
SesaZleblobam gamoiwvia qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis saganmanaTleblo SesaZleblobebis<br />
Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT gaTanabreba, magram socialurma saganmanaTleblo praqtikam mTeli rigi<br />
problemebi gamoavlina.<br />
saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi qalebi Camocilebuli iyvnen ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />
miRebisagan. mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, maT bevrad ufro meti siZnele hqon<strong>da</strong>T profesiul<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>Si, karieraSi, e.i. qalebisTvis realurad mxolod horizontaluri profesiuli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebebi arsebob<strong>da</strong>, xolo vertikaluri – Zalauflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisken<br />
– mamakacebis prerogativa iyo, mag. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rangis mamakac specialistebs Soris<br />
xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen 48%, xolo qalebs Soris mxolod 2%. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Semcirebis dros pirvelad qalebs amcirebdnen.<br />
profesiuli diskriminaciisa <strong>da</strong> segregaciis Sedegi ✲<br />
gax<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba<br />
qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis anazRaurebebs Soris. 80-iani wlebis bolos qalebi im muSakTa did<br />
nawils Seadgendnen, romlebic minimalur xelfass iRebdnen. erTnair samuSao adgilebze,<br />
Tanamdebobebze momuSave mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis xelfasebs Soris gansxvaveba 35-40%-s<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
qalebi Camocilebuli iyvnen saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebaSi<br />
srulfasovani monawileobi<strong>da</strong>n, amis mizezi iyo tradiciuli sazogadoebis konservatulpatriarqaluri<br />
safuZvlebi, romlebsac maRali sicocxlisunarianoba <strong>da</strong> sociokultu-<br />
✲<br />
qalTa profesiuli segregacia aris "qalTa" profesiebis sferoebis an "qalTa" samuSao adgilebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mireba "mamakacTa profesiebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi qalis Sromis Taviseburebad iqca misi<br />
araprestiJuloba <strong>da</strong> mcire anazRaureba.<br />
85
ul procesebSi qalTa integraciaze realuri zegavlenis (zemoqmedebis) unari<br />
gamoavlines.<br />
qalis mimarT paternalisturi politika iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> mraval SeRavaTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
ojaxebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, rac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d adgilebze xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>. 90-iani wlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyisisTvis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebsa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebs maTTan momuSave qalebisTvis un<strong>da</strong> miecaT<br />
15-ze meti saxeobis SeRavaTi <strong>da</strong> fuladi <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis periodis ekonomikuri re<strong>for</strong>mebis ganxorcielebis<br />
Sedegad momuSave qalebis mdgomareoba ara Tu gaumjobes<strong>da</strong>, aramed, piriqiT, mkveTrad<br />
gauares<strong>da</strong>, mox<strong>da</strong> maTi samuSao adgilebze Semcireba.<br />
mamakacebi naklebad monawileobdnen saSinao meurneobasa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si,<br />
amitom momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi kvebis samsaxuri cu<strong>da</strong>d iyo ganviTarebuli. am<br />
mimarTulebiT SemuSavebulma saxelmwifo programebma ver SeZlo qalis maRali<br />
sayofacxovrebo <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis Semcireba.<br />
qveyanaSi viTardebo<strong>da</strong> dedobisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvobis <strong>da</strong>cvis sistema. omis Semdgom<br />
periodSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTov<strong>da</strong> saavadmyofoebisa <strong>da</strong> samSobiaro saxlebis qseli,<br />
saqorwilo-saojaxo kanonmdeblobam gansazRvra mamis movaleobebi, saalimento valdebulebebi<br />
ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve colisa <strong>da</strong> Svilebis uflebebi qonebaze.<br />
gaTanabr<strong>da</strong> qorwinebaSi <strong>da</strong> qorwinebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>badebuli bavSvebis uflebebi.<br />
sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi safuZveli Caeyara <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna bavSvTa sazogadoebrivi<br />
aRzrdis sistema. marTvis centralizaciisa <strong>da</strong> gegmianobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, bavSvebis<br />
aRzrdis problema sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva respublikaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad wydebo<strong>da</strong>. am sferoSi<br />
qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikisTvis deklaraciuloba iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. igi ar<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionis specifikurobas, gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wess.<br />
amgvarad, sabWoTa periodSi qalTa sakiTxSi saxelmwifo politikisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iyo:<br />
• sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalebis monawileobis uflebebis<br />
sakanonmdeblo aRiareba;<br />
• sqesTa Tanasworobis principis realizaciis mizniT administraciuli meTodebis<br />
gamoyeneba;<br />
• qalis ara marto dedobrivi, aramed <strong>socialuri</strong> funqciis aRiareba;<br />
• qalebis statusis mimarT saxelmwifo politikis deklaraciuli xasiaTi.<br />
magram qalebisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebis realuri Tanasworobis miRwevas arsebiTad xels<br />
uSli<strong>da</strong> Semdegi faqtorebi:<br />
- qalTa problemebis <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli statusis maskulinuri uaryofa, maTi klasobrivi<br />
interesebisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba, qalTa moZraobis ideologiis STanTqma klasobrivpartiuli<br />
ideologiiT, rac mTeli sabWoTa periodisTvis iyo <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli;<br />
- qalze mamakaci-patriarqis Zalauflebis totalitaruli saxelmwifos ZalauflebiT<br />
Secvla;<br />
- qalebis CamoSoreba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebisagan saqmianobis TiTqmis yvela<br />
sferoSi, siZneleebi profesiul zr<strong>da</strong>Si, karieraSi, e.i. maTTvis mxolod horizontaluri<br />
profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebis realuri SesaZlebloba, xolo vertikaluri –<br />
xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSelonebisaken ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba mamakacTa prerogativa iyo;<br />
- qalebis Camocileba saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebasa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebaSi<br />
srulfasovani monawileobisagan;<br />
"qalTa" politikis efeqturi <strong>socialuri</strong> politikiT ganmtkicebis ararseboba;<br />
qalebis sayofacxovrebo saqmeebiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvis maRali done.<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom sabWoTa periodis saxelmwifo politika qalebis mimarT<br />
paternalistur-deklaraciul tips ganekuTvneba.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodis demokratiul procesebsa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur cvlilebebs<br />
86
<strong>politikuri</strong> qaosi <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis pirobebis ukiduresi gauareseba moyva. <strong>da</strong>irRva<br />
RirebulebaTa adre arsebuli sistema, rasac ar mohyolia RirebulebaTa axali sistemis<br />
Seqmna. radikalurma socialur-politikurma cvlilebebma Rrma kvali <strong>da</strong>aCnia a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
cxovrebis wess. saTanado gamocdilebasa <strong>da</strong> samarTlebriv <strong>da</strong>cviT meqanizmebs<br />
moklebuli moqalaqeebi moulodnelad riskis situaciaSi aRmoCndnen – iniciativisa <strong>da</strong><br />
pasuxismgeblobis simZimis centrma saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>n maTze ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla. moSlili<br />
ekonomikisa <strong>da</strong> qaoturi socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> cxovrebis pirobebSi pirovnebisaTvis,<br />
faqtobrivad, umTavres problemad axal istoriul viTarebasTan Segueba iqca.<br />
politikurma, ekonomikurma krizisma <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, qalebze iqonia gavlena. qalebi fizikuri <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri Zaladobis upirvelesi<br />
msxverpli gaxdnen. imave konfliqtebma gamoiwvia konfliqtebis zonebi<strong>da</strong>n migraciis<br />
rTuli problema * (ltolvilTa 54,4% qalia, maTgan – 97% afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n, xolo 3% -<br />
cxinvalis regioni<strong>da</strong>n). aRniSnulma pirobebma Secvala qalTa cxovrebis stili, xeli<br />
SeuSala maT personalur <strong>da</strong> socialur ganviTarebas, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n gariyuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis is mniSvnelovani nawili, romelTa<br />
interesebic arasrulyofilad aisaxa axal institutebSi.<br />
mkveTrad Semcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebul qalTa ricxvi (1989-94 wlebSi 1250 aTasi<strong>da</strong>n 750<br />
aTasamde). amis gar<strong>da</strong>, qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis prioritetul sferoebSi (samecniero-kvleviTi<br />
moRvaweoba, medicina, kultura, msubuqi <strong>da</strong> kvebis mrewveloba) <strong>da</strong>balma anazRaurebam<br />
gamoiwvia qalTa mniSvnelovani gaRatakeba. zemoTaRniSnuli procesebi qalis<br />
reproduqciul qcevaSic aisaxa, rac TavisTavad uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qveynis<br />
demografiul suraTze.<br />
bolo periodSi mox<strong>da</strong> sqesobriv urTierTobebze sazogadoebrivi azris liberalizacia,<br />
sazogadoeba ufro Semwynarebeli gax<strong>da</strong> ganqorwinebis mimarTac. aman<br />
bunebrivad Seasusta meuRleTa urTierTobebis oficialuri registraciis<br />
aucilebloba, rac aisaxa oficialuri statistikis Sesabamisi maCveneblebis SemcirebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mainc, qalebi ufro momzadebulebi aRmoCndnen mwvave krizisis ga<strong>da</strong>satanad.<br />
ojaxis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mizniT qalTa umravlesobam xeli mihyo araregistrirebul bizness<br />
(cxoba, wvrili vaWroba, SromiTi migracia). dRes xSirad, swored qali xdeba ojaxis<br />
erTaderTi marCenali. Tumca es mas Zvirad ujdeba - icvleba misi cxovrebis niri <strong>da</strong><br />
xeli eSleba mis pirovnul, sazogadoebriv <strong>da</strong> socialur ganviTarebas. magram qali<br />
yvelaze naklebad fiqrobs Tavis interesebze an maT lobirebaze, amis Sedegad<br />
sazogadoeba kargavs mosaxleobis sakmaod did segments, romlis interesebi adekvaturad<br />
ar aisaxeba axal institutebSi. meore mxriv, ikargeba ganaTlebuli kadrebi, profesionalebi;<br />
kadrebis <strong>da</strong>nakargi <strong>da</strong> sqesTa disbalansi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferoSi ki garkveulad<br />
xels uwyobs socialur ukmayofilebas <strong>da</strong> socialur–politikur arastabilurobas.<br />
3. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli meqanizmebi<br />
qalebis istoriuli <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove <strong>socialuri</strong> mdgomareobis analizi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
qveyanaSi asabuTebs, rom qalebis problemebi internacionaluri xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoixateba yoveli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
ganviTarebis doniT <strong>da</strong> rom am problemebis realizacia moiTxovs ara mxolod<br />
yovelmxriv axal midgomas qalis mimarT, aramed saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> kanonebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>Werasac.<br />
*<br />
samxreT oseTisa <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis konfliqtebis Sedegad dRes saqarTveloSi 400 aTasi migrantia.<br />
oficialurad <strong>da</strong>registrirebulia 286642 ltolvili. aqe<strong>da</strong>n 275096 (95,97%) – afxazeTi<strong>da</strong>n, 11546 (4,0)<br />
– samaCablo<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
87
saqarTvelos qalTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba saerTaSoriso<br />
sakanonmdeblo aqtebs <strong>da</strong> erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> realurad moqmedi meqanizmebis<br />
SemuSavebas.<br />
saqarTvelo 1994 wlis 22 seqtembers SeuerT<strong>da</strong> konvencias 'qalTa diskriminaciis<br />
yovelgvari <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris' Sesaxeb, riTac man valdebuleba aiRo, rom 'miiRebs<br />
yvela saWiro zomas qveynis politikur <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi qalTa mimarT<br />
diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad, saxeldobr, qalebisaTvis mamakacebTan Tanabar<br />
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs arCevnebsa <strong>da</strong> sajaro referendumebSi xmis micemis uflebas,<br />
sajarod arCeul organoebSi kandi<strong>da</strong>turis wamoyenebis SesaZleblobas <strong>da</strong> monawileobas<br />
mTavrobis politikis Camoyalibebasa <strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebaSi <strong>da</strong> imis SesaZleblobas, rom<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikavon saxelmwifo postebi <strong>da</strong> Seasrulon yvela saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia nebismier<br />
samTavrobo doneze, monawileoba miiRon saxelmwifo organizaciebisa <strong>da</strong> asociaciebis<br />
saqmianobaSi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>interesebulni arian qveynis sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
cxovrebis problemebiT. (muxli 7) .<br />
1995 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo saqarTvelos konstitucia.<br />
konstituciis me-14 punqtSi naTqvamia: 'a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong>badebiT Tavisufalia <strong>da</strong> kanonis<br />
winaSe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesisa, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa,<br />
qonebrivi <strong>da</strong> wodebrivi mdgomareobisa an sacxovrebeli adgilisa.<br />
FparlamentSi Seiqmna a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> erovnul umciresobaTa komiteti <strong>da</strong><br />
de<strong>da</strong>Ta, bavSvTa <strong>da</strong> ojaxis uflebis <strong>da</strong>cvis specialuri qvekomiteti, erovnuli uSiSroebis<br />
sabWos aparatSi ki erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgilis Tanamdeboba<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxebSi. aRmasrulebel mTavrobaSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxTa ganyofileba, ombucmenis instituti, romelsac mieniWa<br />
farTo uflebamosileba a<strong>da</strong>mianTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis kontrolis saqmeSi. am ganyofilebis<br />
samuSaos sferoSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> qalTa uflebebis sakiTxebi. erT-erT mniSvnelovan nabijs<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> parlamentar qalTa jgufebis Seqmna. 1992 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentSi Seiqmna parlamentar qalTa klubi. klubis moqmedebis gegmaSi asaxulia<br />
pekinis qalTa meoTxe msoflio konferenciis plat<strong>for</strong>mis Tormetive prioriteti.<br />
1995 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo gaerTianebuli erebisa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos mTavrobis erToblivi<br />
proeqtis – "genderuli ganviTareba" ganxorcieleba. aRniSnuli programa, ZirTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />
pekinis arasamTavrobo organizaciebis <strong>for</strong>umebisa <strong>da</strong> pekinis qalTa konferencii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSav<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnuli proeqtis iniciativiT<br />
momzad<strong>da</strong> proeqti saqarTvelos qalTa mdgomareobis <strong>da</strong> maTi problemebis Sefasebis<br />
Sesaxeb. momzad<strong>da</strong> cnobari qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Sesaxeb. muSaoba <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
axalma programam - 'qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi. Catara<strong>da</strong> qalTa problemebisadmi<br />
miZRvnili seminarebi <strong>da</strong> konferencia, ganxorciel<strong>da</strong> genderul problemebTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli gamokvleva, gamoica broSurebi, momzad<strong>da</strong> satelevizio <strong>da</strong> radio ga<strong>da</strong>cemebi.<br />
gaeroSi gaigzavna angariSi saqarTveloSi diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris<br />
<strong>da</strong> konvenciis cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb. uSiSroebis sabWos a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis<br />
ganyofilebam SeimuSava specialuri programebi yvela sferoSi qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
1996 wels saqarTvelo SeuerT<strong>da</strong> konvencias “mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa Tanabari Rirebulebis<br />
Sromis Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb”, 2002 wels<br />
“qalTa mimarT diskriminaciis yovelgvari <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris' Sesaxeb” <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />
oqms <strong>da</strong> imave konvenciis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis Sesworebis ratificirebis Taobaze”.<br />
samoqmedo plat<strong>for</strong>ma, romelic pekinis qalTa konferenciaze iqna miRebuli,<br />
iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> 1997 wlis bolosaTvis samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebas yvela saxelmwifos<br />
88
mier, Sesabamis organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan konsultaciis safuZvelze,<br />
romelic miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> pekinis samoqmedo plat<strong>for</strong>mis ganxorcielebas.<br />
konferenciaze, romelic 1998 wlis 24 aprils Catar<strong>da</strong>, miRebuli iqna gaeros<br />
ganviTarebis programis mier SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegma saqarTveloSi 1998-2000<br />
wlebSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb, "qalebi ganviTarebis procesSi",<br />
romelic prezidentis mier iqna <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli. samoqmedo gegma pekinis plat<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
Tormeti prioriteti<strong>da</strong>n Svids moicavs.<br />
samoqmedo gegmis mTavari mizani iyo genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa<br />
saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. igi iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />
qalTa <strong>da</strong>xmarebis aucileblobas gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi arsebul socialur problemaTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>WrasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli cvlilebebis Setanas kanonmdeblobaSi.<br />
(qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, 2000).<br />
erovnuli instituciuri meqanizmis <strong>da</strong>fuZneba u<strong>da</strong>od winga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabiji iyo<br />
genderuli Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong> qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris saxelmwifo politikis<br />
SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
metic, 1999 wels qalTa diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris komitetSi angariSis<br />
wardgenis Semdeg saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli specialuri zomebi a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />
genderuli problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris politikur nebas.<br />
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris komitetis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis sapasuxod<br />
saxelmwifom gamosca specialuri brZanebuleba, romelic mimarTuli iyo qalTa<br />
uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis gaumjobesebisaken.<br />
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos prezidentis #511, 1999/11/05 brZanebuleba – “saqar-<br />
TveloSi qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb”, <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>for</strong>malur<br />
pasuxad qalTa diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris komitetis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebze <strong>da</strong><br />
umniSvnelo gavlena moaxdina qalTa winsvlaze.<br />
“qalTa mimarT Zaladobis aRmofxvris deklaraciis” sapasuxod gamoica saqarTvelos<br />
prezidentis #64, 2000/25/02 brZanebuleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> 2000-2002 wlebis “qalTa<br />
mimarT ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli gegma”.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad CamoTvlili RonisZiebebisa, gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi qalTa winsvlis<br />
TvalsazrisiT didi Zvra ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.<br />
2003 wlis, 23 noembris “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg saqarTveloSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong><br />
mTeli rigi administraciuli cvlilebebi. am cvlilebebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina<br />
qalTa winsvlis sakiTxze – marTalia, uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli qalTa winsvlis<br />
komisia 2004 wlis ianvarSi gauqm<strong>da</strong>, magram mis sanacvlod Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentis TavjdomaresTan arsebuli genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebis sakonsultacio<br />
sabWo.<br />
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi qalTa asze meti arasamTvarobo organizaciaa registrirebuli.<br />
isini sakmaod mniSvnelovan rols asruleben qalTa problematikis wina planze<br />
wamowevis, genderuli balansis miRwevisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebebis inicirebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
lobirebis saqmeSi. maTi saqmianoba aCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala problemaTa prioritetebis<br />
miSvneloba qarTveli qalebisaTvis. Tu re<strong>for</strong>mebis sawyis etapze, mwvave<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis periodSi, isini yuradRebas humanitaruli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
programebze amaxvilebdnen, bolo periodisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT, 1995 wlis pekinis<br />
konferenciis Semdeg) gaizar<strong>da</strong> maTi aqtiuroba a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis, demokratiuli<br />
Rirebulebebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> samrTlebrivi re<strong>for</strong>mebis, qalTa<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis gazrdis mimarTulebiT. magram es organizaciebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
mxolod qalebisagan Sedgeba <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, ar aris genderulad <strong>da</strong>balansebuli. erTi<br />
mxriv, aRniSnuli faqti xels uwyobs qalebis problemis irgvliv koncentracias, magram,<br />
meore mxriv, seriozuli <strong>da</strong>brkolebaa genderuli balansis mizniT mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
89
qalebis erToblivi muSaobis gzaze. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, albaT, aucilebelia gaizardos am<br />
problematikaze momuSave mecnierebis ricxvi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalTa Temaze<br />
msoflioSi arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganzogadebas <strong>da</strong> qarTul sinamdvilesTan a<strong>da</strong>ptirebas,<br />
agreTve erovnuli klevebis Catarebas <strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>rgSi qarTuli samecniero<br />
literaturis Seqmnas.<br />
4. saqarTvelos qalebis monawileoba politikur procesebSi<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>mirebadi sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom mis moqalaqeebs hqondeT<br />
garemomcveli sinamdvilisa <strong>da</strong> misi cvalebadobis prognozirebis unari. es maT<br />
saSualebas miscems, miiRon praqtikuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi <strong>da</strong> imoqmedon maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis.<br />
sazogadoebis trans<strong>for</strong>maciis Tanamedrove gageba gulisxmobs mis demokratizaciasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> humanizacias, cxovrebis patriarqaluri ganwyobebisa <strong>da</strong> normebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvas,<br />
warsulSi sazogadoebaSi miRebuli bevri cnebisa <strong>da</strong> warmodgenis ga<strong>da</strong>fasebas.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gar<strong>da</strong>maval sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba qalTa sakiTxs.<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebis trans<strong>for</strong>maciis Tanamedrove tendenciebis analizi, ise<br />
rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong> makrosistemisa, romelic rTul socialur, ekonomikur, politikur,<br />
kulturul cvlilebebs ganicdis, saWiroebs socio-genderuli koncefciebis gamoyenebas.<br />
genderul urTierTobebs <strong>da</strong> yovel socialur erTobaSi arsebul urTierTqmedebebs<br />
Tavisi garkveuli specifika aqvs, gansxvavdeba konkretuli sociokulturuli,<br />
mentaluri, maT Soris, demografiuli TaviseburebebiT, gaaCnia mravalroliani funqcia.<br />
genderuli midgoma efuZneba sqesTa urTierTobis sociokulturul dinamikas <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>hyavs igi mxolod gansazRvrul biologiur urTierTobebze. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,<br />
Cveni istoriis sabWoTa periodSi qalTa emansipacias ideologiuri xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
farTod iyo deklarirebuli <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos oficialurad uWer<strong>da</strong> mas mxars. amJamad<br />
mimdinare trans<strong>for</strong>maciuli procesebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaSi<br />
qalis statusisa <strong>da</strong> rolis Secvlaze.<br />
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis rolebis tradiciuli Tanafardoba<br />
icvleba. Tavad cxovreba gvkarnaxobs maTi axali identifikaciis moTxovnas. amasTan,<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi determinanti xdeba genderuli urTierTobebis cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
Tanaswori uflebebis, Tavisuflebebsa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis principis praqtikuli realizacia.<br />
saqarTveloSi didi ar aris im qalebis procenti, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukavia<br />
aRmasrulebel organoebsa <strong>da</strong> parlamentSi, an<strong>da</strong> adgilibrivi xelisuflebis organoebSi.<br />
isini raime gavlenas ver moaxdenen ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRbis procesze. amdenad,<br />
qalebi Cveulebriv, xdebian mamakacebis <strong>politikuri</strong> mmarTvelobis obieqtebi. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
qalebis problemebisadmi miZRvnili nairobis 1985 Wlis saerTaSoriso kongresis<br />
gancxadebisa imis Taobaze, rom "saxelmwifom un<strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyos qalebis monawileoba<br />
erovnul, saxelmwifoebriv <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv saxelisuflebo organoebSi <strong>da</strong> es un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorcieldes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis saSualebiT", saqarTvelos<br />
mTavrobisaTvis es problema ar gaxlavT wamyvani <strong>da</strong> ramdenadme mniSvnelovani.<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 53% qalebia. isini yvelaze did socialur jgufs<br />
warmoadgenen <strong>da</strong> am jgufis qcevaze mniSvnelovnad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli qveynis warmatebuli<br />
ganviTareba. swored amitom, qalis rolisa <strong>da</strong> adgilis analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia<br />
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare politikur <strong>da</strong> socialur re<strong>for</strong>mebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
cvlilebebis Sefaseba.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelma mZafrma politikurma <strong>da</strong> socialur-<br />
90
ekonomikurma procesebma, faseulobebis cvlilebam <strong>da</strong> axal sistemaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlam<br />
uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdina qalis statusze, rac gamovlin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikur <strong>da</strong><br />
socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis monawileobis disbalansSi.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong>, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong> sferoebis ganviTarebis<br />
procesebSi qalTa monawileobis xarisxi metad mcirea. amis erT-erTi mizezi ki isev<br />
eTnikur cnobierebaSi un<strong>da</strong> veZeboT - qalebi ar aRiqmebian Tanasworuflebian<br />
partniorebad <strong>da</strong> maTi profesiuli, inteleqtualuri <strong>da</strong> piradi Rirsebebi saTanadod ar<br />
fasdeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi realurad ar arsebobs genderuli<br />
Tanasworoba, radgan kanonmdebloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba, Tu igi ganmtkicebulia<br />
mTeli rigi RonisZiebebiT, romlebic mimarTulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi<br />
erTdroul fun<strong>da</strong>mentur gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi qalebs aqvT<br />
xmis ufleba, saarCevno procesebSi maTi monawileoba kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>balia.<br />
gabatonebuli Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad qalTa aqtiuroba politikaSi arc ise<br />
sasurvelia – igi mxolod diasaxlisad, mzrunvel de<strong>da</strong>d, meuRled <strong>da</strong> qaliSvilad<br />
moiazreba – ganapirobebs am mdgomareobas.<br />
sabWoTa periodTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Semcir<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis organoebSi qalTa<br />
warmomadgenlobac. Tu 1990 wels saqarTvelos ssr umaRles sabWoSi deputatTa 16%<br />
qalebi iyvnen, dRes es cifri ar aRemateba saparlamento xelisuflebaSi 7%-s, xolo<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi 10%-s. arc adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSia<br />
saxarbielo mdgomareoba - aq qali mxolod 11%-ia.<br />
Tumca, raodenobrivma cvlilebam xarisxobriv zr<strong>da</strong>sTan migviyvana. dRes susti<br />
sqesis warmomadgenlebi politikaSi midian ufro gaazrebulad, TavianTi programebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
ara statistebis rolSi, rogorc adre iyo.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> speqtris Seswavlam <strong>da</strong>gvanaxa, rom jerjerobiT ar aris<br />
gamokveTili realuri <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala, romelic win wamoswev<strong>da</strong> qalTa problemebs <strong>da</strong><br />
genderuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad aqtiurad <strong>da</strong> kvalificirebulad mimarTav<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
Zalisxmevas. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebSi rigma politikurma partiebma – socialistebma,<br />
mrewvelebma, leiboristebma, axalma memarjveneebma - Camoayalibes Si<strong>da</strong> partiuli<br />
qalTa jgufebi (klubebi), magram am jgufebis saqmianoba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qvelmoqmedebazea<br />
mimarTuli. garkveulad gaaqtiurdnen axali demokratebic <strong>da</strong> TanamSromloba <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />
qalTa organizaciebTan. partiaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganacxadi moqalaqeTa<br />
kavSirs ekuTvnis, romelic qalebisaTvis saarCevno siebSi 30%-ani kvotis SemoRebas<br />
apireb<strong>da</strong>, magram parlamentma amas mxari ar <strong>da</strong>uWira. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad yovelive zemoTqmulisa,<br />
mainc xazgasasmelia, rom arc erT partias ar gaaCnia qalTa problemebze mimarTuli<br />
konkretuli programebi <strong>da</strong> maTi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris konkretuli strategia.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom es mdgomareoba warmavalia <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos qalebi uaxloes<br />
momavalSi sul ufro aqtiur monawileobas miiReben sazogadoebriv-politikur procesebSi,<br />
ufro meti raodenobiT gaxdebian <strong>politikuri</strong> liderebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />
mosamsaxureebi.<br />
Tu msoflio tendenciebs <strong>da</strong> Cvens sazogadoebaSi mimdinare demokratiul procesebs<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos qalebi yovelmxriv<br />
mzad arian marTvaSi monawileobisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis misaRebad <strong>socialuri</strong>, ekonomikuri,<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong>, kulturuli <strong>da</strong> sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
doneze.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodis saqarTveloSi <strong>politikuri</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
doneze qalTa monawileobis xarisxis gansazRvraSi <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003<br />
wlebSi Catarebuli arCevnebis genderuli aspeqtis mimoxilva (ix. <strong>da</strong>narTi 1, 2), sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ufro detalura<strong>da</strong>a warmodgenili 2002 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis <strong>da</strong> 2003 wlis saparlamento<br />
arCevnebi.<br />
91
kiTxvebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>valebebi:<br />
1. qarTvel qalTa roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />
2. qalTa <strong>socialuri</strong> roli <strong>da</strong> statusi feo<strong>da</strong>lur saqarTveloSi<br />
3. saqarTvelos qalTa <strong>socialuri</strong> aqtivoba XIX saukunis bolosa <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />
4. ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc saqarTveloSi qalTa moZraobis aqtiuri mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri<br />
saqarTvelos qalTa socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivoba sabWoTa periodSi<br />
5. ra zegavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos qalebze gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodis procesebma?<br />
6. qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis roli qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmeSi<br />
7. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli meqanizmebi<br />
8. saqarTvelos qalTa monawileoba Tanamedrove politikur procesebSi<br />
literatura:<br />
1. i.WavWavaZe Txzulebani, 1928 w., t. VIII., "qarTuli wignis" gamocema. gv. 278).<br />
2. qafiaSvili i. "Zveli qarTveli qarTveli mwignobari qalebi" Tbilisi,<br />
"lomisi", 1994<br />
3. xomeriki l., javaxiSvili m. "qalTa sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba saqarTveloSi". XIX<br />
saukunis meore naxevari <strong>da</strong> XX saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi Tbilisi 2005<br />
4. kiknaZe T. "qali <strong>da</strong> politika" politologia (saxelmZrvanelo o. gogiaSvilis<br />
re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiT) Tsu, 2003<br />
5. surmaniZe l. "qali qarTil mentalitetSi". G<strong>genderi</strong>s aqtualuri problemebi. Tb. 1997<br />
6. na<strong>da</strong>raia l. "qali <strong>da</strong> politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, "<strong>genderi</strong>,Kkultura.,<br />
Tanamedroveoba" (red. l. Ggafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili), Tbilisi, 2005<br />
7. "<strong>genderi</strong>,Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba", (red. l. gafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili) Tbilisi, 2005<br />
8. durgliSvili n., "cvlileba socialur garemoSi <strong>da</strong> qarTuli ojaxi". Tbilisi. 1997<br />
9. saerTasoriso konvenciebi qalis uflebebis sferoSi , saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo<br />
baza <strong>da</strong> realurad moqmedi meqanizmebi. Tbilisi. 1998<br />
10. qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1998<br />
11. qali gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi. Tbilisi, 11998<br />
12. qali, mamakaci <strong>da</strong> sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 1998<br />
13. qalTa mdgomareobis socialur-fsiqologiuri gamojvleva, Tbilisi 1999<br />
14. qalTa mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi. gaeros ganviTarebis programa, Tb., gamomc.<br />
"nekeri", 2000<br />
92
<strong>da</strong>narTi 1<br />
1995 - 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi<br />
saqarTvelos bolo ori mowvevis parlamentSi qalTa warmomadgenloba principulad<br />
ucvleli rCebo<strong>da</strong> - 1995–1999 wlebSi deputat qalTa ricxvi 17-s ar aRemateba.<br />
saqarTvelos parlamentis fraqciebsa <strong>da</strong> partiebSi 1999 wlis 1 seqtembris<br />
monacemebiT qalTa warmomadgenloba Semdegia:<br />
fraqciebi <strong>da</strong> partiebi<br />
qali-kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi<br />
moqalaqeTa kavSiri 11<br />
edp 1<br />
saxalxo partia -<br />
aRorZineba 1<br />
leiboristuli fraqcia 2<br />
imedi -<br />
socialisturi partia 1<br />
afxazeTi -<br />
mamuli -<br />
fraqciis gareSe 1<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1999 wlis noembris arCevnebis Semdeg parlamentSi qalTa<br />
warmomadgenlobas raodenobrivi cvlileba ar ganucdia. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi<br />
asaxulia parlamentSi arCeul qalTa adgili maT warmdgen partiaTa saarCevno siebSi:<br />
partiis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
I aTeulSi<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri 1<br />
(#6)<br />
saarCevno bloki -“saqarTvelos<br />
aRorZineba”<br />
saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqarTvelos”<br />
1<br />
(#9)<br />
II aTeulSi<br />
1<br />
(#13)<br />
0 1<br />
(#12)<br />
III aTeulSi<br />
1<br />
(#20)<br />
0 1<br />
(#27)<br />
IV aTeulSi<br />
0 0<br />
3<br />
(#32)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#39)<br />
V aTeulSi<br />
1<br />
(#49)<br />
0 2<br />
(#43)<br />
(#44)<br />
VI-VII aTeulSi<br />
3<br />
(#61)<br />
(#64)<br />
(#67)<br />
0<br />
jamSi, axal parlamentSi proporciuli siebiT arCeuli iqna 15 qali, maJoritaruli<br />
wesiT - 1 deputati qali, xolo Zveli parlamenti<strong>da</strong>n avtomaturad ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />
deputaciis 1 warmomadgeneli qali.<br />
aranakleb sainteresoa qalTa warmomadgeloba im partiaTa saarCevno siebSic,<br />
romlebsac 7%-iani barieris ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis potencia hqon<strong>da</strong>T:<br />
93
partiis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
saqarTvelos leiboristuli<br />
(Sromis) partia<br />
erovnul-demokratiuli<br />
aliansi – mesame gza<br />
I aTeulSi<br />
II aTeulSi<br />
0 1<br />
(#16)<br />
1<br />
(#1)<br />
III aTeulSi<br />
IV aTeulSi<br />
0 2<br />
(#34)<br />
(#39)<br />
V aTeulSi<br />
1<br />
(#40)<br />
0 0 0 1<br />
(#43)<br />
VI-VII aTeulSi<br />
1<br />
(#69)<br />
1<br />
(#68)<br />
bloki “saxalxo partia –<br />
didgori”<br />
1<br />
(#8)<br />
0 0 0 1<br />
(#42)<br />
1<br />
(#66)<br />
1998 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi<br />
1998 wlis TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi sakrebulos wevrad arCeul iqna 1526 qali,<br />
rac arCeulTa saerTo raodenobis 14.2% Seadgens. qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos 55<br />
wevri<strong>da</strong>n 7 iyo qali, anu 12.7%. raionebis mixedviT aseTi suraTia:<br />
regionis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba arCeuli qalebis<br />
saerTo ricxvi<br />
arCeuli wevrebis<br />
saerTo ricxvi<br />
arCeuli<br />
qalebis%<br />
mcxeTa-TianeTi 125 750 16.6<br />
kaxeTi 241 1727 13.9<br />
qvemo qarTli 79 1289 6.1<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli 148 1078 13.7<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi 94 964 9.5<br />
imereTi 329 2294 14.3<br />
raWa-leCxumi 109 694 15.7<br />
samegrelo-svaneTi 212 1615 13.1<br />
guria 93 782 11.8<br />
aWara 89 918 9.6<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom arCeul qalTa umravlesoba soflebis sakrebulos wevrebi arian,<br />
rac Seexeba qalaqebsa <strong>da</strong> raionul centrebs, maTi warmomadgenloba minimaluria.<br />
TbilisSi arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRo mosaxleobis 40-50%-ma, maT Soris naxevarze<br />
metma qalma (51-53%). msgavsi suraTi gamoikveTa guriasa <strong>da</strong> zemo svaneTSi. rac Seexeba<br />
qvemo qarTls (marneuli, bolnisi, gar<strong>da</strong>bani), aq qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivoba ramdenadme<br />
naklebi iyo (35-49%). aq gamoCn<strong>da</strong> qalTa diskriminaciac saarCevno procesSi, roca qalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>uswreblad, qalis pasportiT, ojaxis ufrosi (mamakaci) avseb<strong>da</strong> biuletens <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
magivrad akeTeb<strong>da</strong> arCevans.<br />
94
qalTa <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiuroba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi<br />
2002 ivniss adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi maJoritaruli wesiT kenWi<br />
iyara 13293 kandi<strong>da</strong>tma, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 1538 iyo qali. sakrebulos wevri gax<strong>da</strong> 674 qali. olqebis<br />
mixedviT suraTi Semdegnairia:<br />
olqi<br />
#<br />
olqis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi arCeuli<br />
qalebis<br />
saerTo<br />
ricxvi<br />
arCeuli<br />
wevrebis<br />
saerTo<br />
ricxvi<br />
11 sagarejo 37 12 108 11.1<br />
12 gurjaani 42 15 117 12.8<br />
13 siRnaRi 27 7 70 10<br />
14 dedoflis wyaro 30 12 60 20<br />
15 lagodexi 34 18 79 22.8<br />
16 yvareli 27 7 59 11.9<br />
17 Telavi 45 13 84 15.5<br />
18 axmeta 34 8 77 10.4<br />
19 TianeTi 22 14 60 23.3<br />
20 rusTavi 14 0 15 0<br />
21 gar<strong>da</strong>bani 31 7 131 5.3<br />
22 marneuli 5 1 108 0.9<br />
23 bolnisi 9 2 78 2.6<br />
24 dmanisi 7 6 80 7.5<br />
25 walka 11 12 150 8<br />
26 TeTriwyaro 26 14 100 14<br />
27 mcxeTa 37 8 86 9.3<br />
28 duSeTi 63 15 87 17.2<br />
29 yazbegi 15 4 30 13.3<br />
30 kaspi 21 12 89 13.5<br />
31 axalgori 5 4 40 10<br />
32 gori 44 16 143 11.2<br />
33 qareli 20 8 99 8<br />
35 xaSuri 36 11 70 15.7<br />
36 borjomi 26 10 60 16.7<br />
37 axalcixe 38 7 84 8.3<br />
38 adigeni 27 9 125 7.2<br />
39 aspinZa 17 3 60 5<br />
40 axalqalaqi 13 5 112 4.5<br />
41 ninowmin<strong>da</strong> 6 2 50 4<br />
43 oni 13 13 90 14.4<br />
arCeuli<br />
qalebis%<br />
95
44 ambrolauri 23 12 95 12.6<br />
45 cageri 12 7 80 8.8<br />
46 lentexi 19 10 40 25<br />
47 mestia 27 14 80 17.5<br />
48 xaragauli 42 20 99 20.2<br />
49 Terjola 25 3 95 3.2<br />
50 saCxere 12 11 67 16.4<br />
51 zestafoni 30 11 99 11.1<br />
52 baR<strong>da</strong>Ti 26 9 65 13.8<br />
53 vani 38 9 100 9<br />
54 samtredia 35 11 79 13.9<br />
55 xoni 30 10 62 16.1<br />
56 WiaTura 47 9 84 10.7<br />
57 tyibuli 21 7 54 13<br />
58 wyaltubo 37 14 89 15.7<br />
59 quTaisi 15 0 15 0<br />
60 ozurgeTi 66 24 149 16.1<br />
61 lanCxuTi 33 9 61 14.8<br />
62 Coxatauri 37 14 115 12.2<br />
63 abaSa 19 8 82 9.8<br />
64 senaki 53 19 79 24.1<br />
65 martvili 21 13 105 12.4<br />
66 xobi 23 13 105 12.4<br />
67 zugdidi 32 15 159 9.4<br />
68 walenjixa 28 9 74 12.2<br />
69 Cxorowyu 24 10 65 15.4<br />
70 foTi 10 1 15 6.6<br />
75 gulrifSi 6 2 24 8.3<br />
am cxrilis mixedviT, axlad arCeul raionul sakrebuloebSi qalTa warmomadgenloba<br />
saSualod 11.8% -ia, rac wina arCevnebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalTa warmomadgenlobis klebaze<br />
migviTiTebs – 2.4% (1998 wels sakrebulos wevri gax<strong>da</strong> 14.2% qali). amis mizezi<br />
Zalauflebis koncentraciasa <strong>da</strong> saarCevno procesebSi Zaladobrivi meTodebis zr<strong>da</strong>Si<br />
un<strong>da</strong> veZeboT.<br />
96
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika<br />
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi Catar<strong>da</strong> 2002 wlis 16 ivniss. xazi un<strong>da</strong> gaesvas im<br />
garemoebas, rom aWaris arCevnebs akl<strong>da</strong> gamWvirvaloba <strong>da</strong> arCevnebis msvlelobaze<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis mopoveba metad Wir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
olqi<br />
#<br />
olqis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
qali<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi<br />
arCeuli<br />
qalebis<br />
saerTo<br />
ricxvi<br />
arCeuli wevrebis<br />
saerTo ricxvi<br />
1 q. baTumi 4 4 35 11.4<br />
2 q. qobuleTi 5 3 19 15.8<br />
3 qobuleTi 39 35 244 14.3<br />
4 xelvaCauri 35 31 208 14.9<br />
5 qe<strong>da</strong> 15 9 94 9.6<br />
6 Suaxevi 6 5 106 4.7<br />
7 xulo 16 13 148 8.8<br />
arCeuli<br />
qalebis%<br />
qalTa warmomadgenloba sakrebuloebSi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis masStabiT<br />
saSualod 8.8%-ia.<br />
statistikuri masalis analizma didi sxvaoba gamoavlina sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regions Soris,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c qalTa warmomadgenlobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aris lentexis raionSi -<br />
25%, xolo yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bali ki – marneulis raionSi – 0,9%.<br />
qalaqebi<br />
raionul sakrebuloebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalaqebsa <strong>da</strong> raionul centrebSi qalTa<br />
warmomadgenloba kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>balia:<br />
qalaqis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba arCeuli qalebi arCeulTa saerTo ricxvi<br />
Tbilisi 5 49<br />
sagarejo 2 5<br />
gurjaani 0 5<br />
siRnaRi 0 5<br />
dedoflis wyaro 0 5<br />
lagodexi 2 7<br />
yvareli 0 7<br />
Telavi 2 9<br />
axmeta 0 7<br />
rusTavi 0 15<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>bani 0 7<br />
marneuli 0 9<br />
bolnisi 1 7<br />
dmanisi 0 5<br />
97
walka 0 5<br />
TeTriwyaro 0 5<br />
mcxeTa 0 7<br />
duSeTi 2 7<br />
kaspi 1 9<br />
gori 2 9<br />
qareli 2 7<br />
xaSuri 1 9<br />
borjomi 1 9<br />
axalcixe 0 9<br />
axalqalaqi 0 7<br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong> 0 5<br />
oni 1 5<br />
ambrolau-ri 1 5<br />
cageri 1 5<br />
Terjola 0 5<br />
saCxere 0 7<br />
zestafoni 0 9<br />
baR<strong>da</strong>Ti 0 5<br />
vani 1 5<br />
samtredia 1 9<br />
xoni 1 7<br />
WiaTura 0 9<br />
tyibuli 1 9<br />
wyaltubo 0 9<br />
quTaisi 0 15<br />
ozurgeTi 2 9<br />
lanCxuTi 0 7<br />
Coxatauri 0 5<br />
abaSa 1 7<br />
senaki 1 9<br />
martvili 1 5<br />
xobi 2 5<br />
zugdidi 0 9<br />
walenjixa 1 7<br />
Cxorowyu 0 5<br />
foTi 1 15<br />
baTumi 4 35<br />
qobuleTi 3 19<br />
98
aq arCeuli iqna 49 qali, rac qalaqebis sakrebulos wevrebis saerTo raodenobis<br />
10,4% Seadgens. es monacemi 1,4% naklebia regionalur maCvenebelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong> kidev<br />
erTxel a<strong>da</strong>sturebs im faqts, rom iq sa<strong>da</strong>c Zalauflebis koncentracia matulobs <strong>da</strong><br />
ufro mniSvnelovani ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi miiReba, qalTa warmomadgenloba klebulobs.<br />
qalebi partiul siebSi<br />
arCevnebSi monawile <strong>politikuri</strong> partiebis saarCevno siebis pirvel eqvs<br />
(potenciurad gamsvlel) aTeulSi qali-kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi Semdeg adgilebs ikavebdnen:<br />
partiis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
I<br />
aTeulSi<br />
II<br />
aTeulSi<br />
III aTeulSi<br />
IV aTeulSi<br />
V<br />
aTeulSi<br />
VI-VII<br />
aTeulSi<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri -<br />
#1<br />
saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba –<br />
XXI” - #2<br />
saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqarTvelos” #3<br />
saqarTvelos leiboristuli<br />
(Sromis) partia - #4<br />
erovnul-demokratiuli partia -<br />
#5<br />
saarCevno bloki “saxalxo partia<br />
– tradicionalistTa kavSiri” -<br />
#6<br />
saarCevno bloki “erTiani<br />
komunisturi partia (stalinuri)<br />
<strong>da</strong> mSromelTa sabWoebi” - #7<br />
1 (#9) 1<br />
(#14)<br />
0 2<br />
(#16)<br />
(#18)<br />
0 1<br />
(#19)<br />
0 1<br />
(#10)<br />
1<br />
(#1)<br />
1<br />
(#16)<br />
0 2<br />
(#14)<br />
(#18)<br />
1<br />
(#7)<br />
mwvaneTa partia - #9 4<br />
(#5)<br />
(#6)<br />
(#7)<br />
(#8)<br />
1<br />
(#19)<br />
4<br />
(#14)<br />
(#15)<br />
(#17)<br />
(#18)<br />
1<br />
(#27)<br />
2<br />
(#20)<br />
(#29)<br />
3<br />
(#20)<br />
(#28)<br />
(#29)<br />
1<br />
(#24)<br />
4<br />
(#20)<br />
(#23)<br />
(#25)<br />
(#29)<br />
1<br />
(#29)<br />
2<br />
(#26)<br />
(#27)<br />
5<br />
(#20)<br />
(#21)<br />
(#25)<br />
(#27)<br />
(#28)<br />
0 2<br />
(#46)<br />
(#48)<br />
1<br />
(#31)<br />
3<br />
(#36)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#38)<br />
3<br />
(#32)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#39)<br />
4<br />
(#30)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#38)<br />
4<br />
(#32)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#36)<br />
(#38)<br />
1<br />
(#38)<br />
3<br />
(#31)<br />
(#38)<br />
(#39)<br />
2<br />
(#43)<br />
(#45)<br />
3<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
2<br />
(#63)<br />
(#67)<br />
1<br />
(#44)<br />
2<br />
(#40)<br />
(#46)<br />
2<br />
(#42)<br />
(#44)<br />
4<br />
(#40)<br />
(#42)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
2<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#54)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
#51)<br />
(#53)<br />
4<br />
(#71)<br />
(#73)<br />
(#76)<br />
(#79)<br />
3<br />
(#57)<br />
(#58)<br />
(#59)<br />
4<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#55)<br />
3<br />
(#51)<br />
#56)<br />
(#59)<br />
3<br />
(#52)<br />
#55)<br />
(#57)<br />
99
merab kostavas sazogadoeba - #10 2<br />
(#6)<br />
(#8)<br />
helsinkis kavSiri – erovnuli<br />
aRorZineba – erovnuli <strong>for</strong>umi -<br />
#11<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
qristianuldemokratiuli<br />
kavSiri - #16<br />
<strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSeneblis partia - #23<br />
saarCevno bloki “saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli erTianobis partia” -<br />
#24<br />
2<br />
(#3)<br />
(#4)<br />
100<br />
0 5<br />
(#20)<br />
(#21)<br />
(#22)<br />
(#23)<br />
(#28)<br />
2<br />
(#12)<br />
(#15)<br />
7<br />
(#20)<br />
(#23)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#25)<br />
(#27)<br />
(#28)<br />
(#29)<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia ar mogvawo<strong>da</strong><br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia ar mogvawo<strong>da</strong><br />
2<br />
(#7)<br />
(#9)<br />
7 (#10)<br />
(#12)<br />
(#13)<br />
(#14)<br />
(#17)<br />
(#18)<br />
(#19)<br />
6<br />
(#20)<br />
(#21)<br />
(#22)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#26)<br />
(#29)<br />
nacionalistebi - #27 0 1 (#11) 4<br />
(#20)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#27)<br />
(#29)<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> kavSiri”Tanadgoma” -<br />
#31<br />
saqarTvelos inteleqtualTa liga<br />
- #32<br />
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri<br />
moZraoba – demokratiuli fronti<br />
- #34<br />
1<br />
(#9)<br />
1<br />
(#9)<br />
1<br />
(#7)<br />
1 (#15) 3<br />
(#23)<br />
(#27)<br />
(#29)<br />
7 (#10)<br />
(#12)<br />
(#13)<br />
(#14)<br />
(#15)<br />
(#18)<br />
(#19)<br />
6<br />
(#24)<br />
(#25)<br />
(#26)<br />
(#27)<br />
(#28)<br />
(#29)<br />
0 1<br />
(#24)<br />
3<br />
(#32)<br />
(#35)<br />
(#38)<br />
7<br />
(#30)<br />
(#31)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#36)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#38)<br />
4<br />
(#31)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#35)<br />
(#37)<br />
3<br />
(#30)<br />
(#31)<br />
(#37)<br />
3<br />
(#34)<br />
(#36)<br />
(#38)<br />
6<br />
(#30)<br />
(#31)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#35)<br />
2<br />
(#30)<br />
(#34)<br />
3<br />
(#42)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#47)<br />
3<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
7<br />
(#40)<br />
(#42)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#44)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
4<br />
(#41)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#49)<br />
5<br />
(#40)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
6<br />
(#40)<br />
(#41)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
1<br />
(#42)<br />
3<br />
(#52)<br />
#53)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#59)<br />
1<br />
(#51)<br />
4<br />
(#51)<br />
#52)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#58)<br />
9<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#55)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#57)<br />
(#58)<br />
(#59)<br />
8<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#57)<br />
(#59)<br />
9<br />
(#50)<br />
#51)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#55)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#57)<br />
(#58)<br />
(#59)<br />
1<br />
(#54)
konstituciur uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
partia (k.u.d.p.) - #35<br />
“saqarTvelos<br />
qristian-konservatoruli partia<br />
– zurab Jvanias gundi - #36<br />
“saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli<br />
partia (ssdp) - #37<br />
4<br />
(#3)<br />
(#5)<br />
(#6)<br />
(#9)<br />
1<br />
(#3)<br />
1<br />
(#9)<br />
axali memarjveneebi - #38 2<br />
(#2)<br />
(#7)<br />
socialisturi partia - #39 2<br />
(#1)<br />
(#2)<br />
saarCevno bloki “erToba” – j.<br />
patiaSvili, al. WaWia - #40<br />
1<br />
(#6)<br />
0 2<br />
(#24)<br />
(#26)<br />
0 3<br />
(#23)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#29)<br />
5 (#10)<br />
(#11)<br />
(#14)<br />
(#16)<br />
(#18)<br />
3<br />
(#27)<br />
(#28)<br />
(#29)<br />
1 (#18) 2<br />
(#26)<br />
(#29)<br />
2 (#15)<br />
(#18)<br />
1<br />
(#26)<br />
1 (#18) 1<br />
(#28)<br />
1<br />
(#30)<br />
4<br />
(#35)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#38)<br />
(#39)<br />
6<br />
(#30)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#35)<br />
(#39)<br />
2<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
8<br />
(#41)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#44)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
4<br />
(#41)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#49)<br />
0 2<br />
(#45)<br />
(#47)<br />
1<br />
(#30)<br />
2<br />
(#36)<br />
(#37)<br />
2<br />
(#43)<br />
(#46)<br />
3<br />
(#41)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#49)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
2<br />
(#50)<br />
(#53)<br />
2<br />
(#53)<br />
#58)<br />
4<br />
(#50)<br />
#53)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#58)<br />
2<br />
(#50)<br />
#53)<br />
procentuli gamoangariSeba 12.9 18.6 32.4 29 32.4 36.2<br />
im partiaTa wina rigebi, romelTac ga<strong>da</strong>laxes oTx procentiani barieri <strong>da</strong> miiRes<br />
monawileoba Tbilisis arCevnebSi kidev ufro naTlad aCvenebs kanonzomierebas – aq<br />
qal-kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa raodenoba kidev ufro klebulobs <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>sturebs faqts, rom qalebi<br />
ganidevnebian Zalauflebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
partiis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
I aTeulSi<br />
II aTeulSi<br />
III aTeulSi<br />
IV aTeulSi<br />
V aTeulSi<br />
VI-VII<br />
aTeulSi<br />
saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba –<br />
XXI” - #2<br />
saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqarTvelos” #3<br />
0 2<br />
(#16)<br />
(#18)<br />
0 1<br />
(#19)<br />
2<br />
(#20)<br />
(#29)<br />
3<br />
(#20)<br />
(#28)<br />
(#29)<br />
1<br />
(#31)<br />
3<br />
(#36)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#38)<br />
2<br />
(#43)<br />
(#45)<br />
3<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#54)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
#51)<br />
(#53)<br />
101
saqarTvelos leiboristuli<br />
(Sromis) partia - #4<br />
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri<br />
moZraoba – demokratiuli<br />
fronti - #34<br />
0 1<br />
(#10)<br />
1<br />
(#7)<br />
1<br />
(#24)<br />
0 1<br />
(#24)<br />
3<br />
(#32)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#39)<br />
2<br />
(#30)<br />
(#34)<br />
2<br />
(#63)<br />
(#67)<br />
1<br />
(#42)<br />
4<br />
(#71)<br />
(#73)<br />
(#76)<br />
(#79)<br />
1<br />
(#54)<br />
“saqarTvelos<br />
qristiankonservatoruli<br />
partia –<br />
zurab Jvanias gundi - #36<br />
1<br />
(#3)<br />
axali memarjveneebi - #38 2<br />
(#2)<br />
(#7)<br />
0 3<br />
(#23)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#29)<br />
1<br />
(#18)<br />
2<br />
(#26)<br />
(#29)<br />
4<br />
(#35)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#38)<br />
(#39)<br />
8<br />
(#41)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#44)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
(#48)<br />
(#49)<br />
0 2<br />
(#45)<br />
(#47)<br />
3<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
2<br />
(#53)<br />
#58)<br />
procentuli gamoangariSeba 6.7 8.3 20 20 30 26.7<br />
102
qalebi partiul siebSi<br />
(I-VI aTeulSi)<br />
saarCevno subieqtebi <strong>da</strong> sakrebulos wevri qalebi<br />
qali kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi arCeulni iyvnen adgilobriv TviTmarTvelobaSi Semdegi saarCevno<br />
subieqtebis wardginebis Sedegad:<br />
1. sainiciativo jgufi - #99<br />
2. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa kavSiri - #1<br />
3. saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – XXI” - #2<br />
4. saarCevno bloki “mrewveloba ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqarTvelos” - #3<br />
5. saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partia - #4<br />
6. erovnul-demokratiuli partia - #5<br />
7. saarCevno bloki “saxalxo partia-tradicionalistTa kavSiri - #6<br />
8. merab kostavas sazogadoeba - #10<br />
9. <strong>politikuri</strong> kavSiri “Tanadgoma” - #31<br />
10. konstituciur uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis partia - #35<br />
11. axali memarjveneebi (axlebi) - #38<br />
12. socialisturi partia - #39<br />
13. sruliad saqarTvelos <strong>politikuri</strong> organizacia “lemi” - #41<br />
qalaqi Tbilisi<br />
xuTi qali-kandi<strong>da</strong>ti gax<strong>da</strong> qalaq Tbilisis sakrebulos wevri, romlebic waradgines<br />
Semdegma partiebma:<br />
1. saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri moZraoba – demokratiuli fronti” – #34 - 1<br />
2. saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partia – #4 - 1<br />
3. axali memarjveneebi – #38 - 2<br />
4. saqarTvelos qristian-konservatiuli partia –`Jvanias gundi~ – #36 – 1<br />
<strong>da</strong>narCen olqebSi suraTi Semdegia:<br />
olqi #<br />
99<br />
#<br />
1<br />
#<br />
2<br />
#<br />
3<br />
#<br />
4<br />
#<br />
5<br />
#<br />
6<br />
#<br />
10<br />
#<br />
31<br />
#<br />
35<br />
#<br />
38<br />
#<br />
39<br />
sagarejo 10 2<br />
gurjaani 6 2 2 1 4<br />
siRnaRi 3 1 1 1 1<br />
dedoflis 9 3<br />
wyaro<br />
lagodexi 13 1 1 3<br />
yvareli 3 1 1 2<br />
Telavi 3 9 1<br />
axmeta 3 1 3 1<br />
TianeTi 7 1 4<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>bani 7<br />
marneuli 1<br />
#<br />
41<br />
103
olnisi 1 1<br />
dmanisi 6<br />
walka 2 10<br />
TeTriwyaro 11 1 2<br />
mcxeTa 7 1<br />
duSeTi 5 9 1<br />
yazbegi 3 1<br />
kaspi 8 4<br />
axalgori 4<br />
gori 9 1 6<br />
qareli 8<br />
xaSuri 11<br />
borjomi 7 1 2<br />
axalcixe 6 1<br />
adigeni 6 1 1 1<br />
aspinZa 2 1<br />
axalqalaqi 4 1<br />
ninowmin<strong>da</strong> 1 1<br />
oni 2 11<br />
ambrolauri 8 1 2 1<br />
cageri 7<br />
lentexi 1 3 1 5<br />
mestiia 3 2 9<br />
xaragauli 18 2<br />
Terjola 1 2<br />
saCxere 9 2<br />
zestafoni 8 1 2<br />
baR<strong>da</strong>Ti 5 1 2 1<br />
vani 2 4 1 2<br />
samtredia 4 7<br />
xoni 2 1 2 2 3<br />
WiaTura 7 1 1<br />
tyibuli 6 1<br />
wyaltubo 12 2<br />
ozurgeTi 15 3 2 4<br />
lanCxuTi 1 5 3<br />
Coxatauri 13 1<br />
abaSa 7 1<br />
104
senaki 15 3 1<br />
martvili 7 2 1 3<br />
xobi 7 2 4<br />
zugdidi 14 1<br />
walenjixa 7 1 1<br />
Cxorowyu 6 3 1<br />
foTi 1<br />
gulrifSi 2<br />
sul 395 11 29 48 14 13 7 1 3 10 54 14 14<br />
% 60.8 1.9 5.1 8.4 2,4 2.3 1.2 0.2 0.5 1.7 9.4 2.4 2.4<br />
masalis Seswavlam naTelyo, rom politikurad aqtiuri qalebisaTvis ufro<br />
xelsayrelia sainiciativo jgufis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, vidre politikur partiebSi gawevrianeba<br />
– sainiciativo jgufis wardginebis Sedegad sakrebuloebSi arCeuli qalebis<br />
procentuli maCvenebeli 3.26% aRemateba igive wesiT arCeuli mamakacebis procentul<br />
maCvenebels.<br />
aWaris avtonomiuri respublika<br />
aWaraSi adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi monawileoba miiRes Semdegma<br />
saarCevno subieqtebma:<br />
1. saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba – XXI” - #2<br />
2. <strong>politikuri</strong> moZaraoba “mrewveloba ga<strong>da</strong>arCens saqarTvelos” aWaris respublikuri<br />
organizacia - #3<br />
3. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis aWaris samxareo biuro - #5<br />
4. saqarTvelos axali komunisturi partiis aWaris respublikuri organizacia - #14<br />
olqi #2 #3 #5 #14<br />
q. baTumi 4<br />
q. qobuleTi 3<br />
qobuleTi(r) 33 1 1<br />
xelvaCauri 30 1<br />
qe<strong>da</strong> 8 1<br />
Suaxevi 5<br />
xulo 13<br />
sul 96 2 2<br />
% 96 2 2<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi saarCevno bloki<br />
“aRorZineba – XXI” – erTad aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi sxva saarCevno<br />
subieqtebic iRebdnen monawileobas, aq Catarebuli arCevnebis tendenciuroba <strong>da</strong><br />
erTpartiuloba sruliad naTelia – aWaris yvela olqSi saarCevno bloki “aRorZineba<br />
– XXI” arCeul iqna 97-100%. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom aWaraSi arCeuli yvela<br />
qali-kandi<strong>da</strong>ti am saarCevno blokis warmomadgenelia.<br />
105
<strong>da</strong>narTi 2<br />
2003 wlis 2 noembris maJoritarul saparlamento arCevnebSi kenWi iyara 456<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tma, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 65 iyo qali, romelTagan mxolod 3 gax<strong>da</strong> maJoritari deputati -<br />
quTaisis, yvarlisa <strong>da</strong> bolnisis olqebis.<br />
olqis<br />
#<br />
olqis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
wardgenili<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
ricxvi<br />
106<br />
wardgenili<br />
qalikandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
ricxvi<br />
arCeuli<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebis<br />
sqesi<br />
1. mTawmin<strong>da</strong> 12 2 mamakaci<br />
2. vake 7 3 mamakaci<br />
3. saburTalo 9 1 mamakaci<br />
4. krwanisi 8 1 mamakaci<br />
5. isani 10 0 mamakaci<br />
6. samgori 8 2 mamakaci<br />
7. CuRureTi 9 0 mamakaci<br />
8. didube 15 3 mamakaci<br />
9. naZaladevi 10 2 mamakaci<br />
10. gl<strong>da</strong>ni 9 1 mamakaci<br />
11. sagarejo 5 1 mamakaci<br />
12. gurjaani 11 1 mamakaci<br />
13. siRnaRi 4 1 mamakaci<br />
14. dedofliswyaro 5 0 mamakaci<br />
15. lagodexi 8 1 mamakaci<br />
16. yvareli 6 3 qali<br />
17. Telavi 10 1 mamakaci<br />
18. axmeta 6 1 mamakaci<br />
19. TianeTi 6 0 mamakaci<br />
20. rusTavi 8 2 mamakaci<br />
21. gar<strong>da</strong>bani 2 0 mamakaci<br />
22. marneuli 5 0 mamakaci<br />
23. bolnisi 4 1 qali<br />
24. dmanisi 4 0 mamakaci<br />
25. walka 8 2 mamakaci<br />
26. TeTriwyaro 3 0 mamakaci<br />
27. mcxeTa 5 1 mamakaci<br />
28. duSeTi 5 2 mamakaci<br />
29. yazbegi 6 1 mamakaci<br />
30. kaspi 4 0 mamakaci<br />
31. axalgori 4 1 mamakaci<br />
32. gori 7 0 mamakaci<br />
33. qareli 7 0 mamakaci<br />
34. xaSuri 5 0 mamakaci<br />
35. borjomi 6 1 mamakaci<br />
36. axalcixe 7 1 mamakaci<br />
37. adigeni 3 0 mamakaci<br />
38. aspinZa 9 0 mamakaci<br />
39. axalqalaqi 6 0 mamakaci<br />
40. ninowmin<strong>da</strong> 2 0 mamakaci<br />
41. oni 5 1 mamakaci<br />
42. ambrolauri 3 0 mamakaci<br />
43. cageri 2 0 mamakaci<br />
44. lentexi 1 0 mamakaci<br />
45. mestia 4 0 mamakaci<br />
46. xaragauli 6 0 mamakaci
47. Terjola 4 0 mamakaci<br />
48. saCxere 8 0 mamakaci<br />
49. zestafoni 12 0 mamakaci<br />
50. baR<strong>da</strong>Ti 5 0 mamakaci<br />
51. vani 5 0 mamakaci<br />
52. samtredia 5 1 mamakaci<br />
53. xoni 8 0 mamakaci<br />
54. WiaTura 12 1 mamakaci<br />
55. tyibuli 2 0 mamakaci<br />
56. wyaltubo 4 0 mamakaci<br />
57. quTaisi 10 3 qali<br />
58. ozurgeTi 5 0 mamakaci<br />
59. lanCxuTi 6 0 mamakaci<br />
60. Coxatauri 1 0 mamakaci<br />
61. abaSa 6 0 mamakaci<br />
62. senaki 6 1 mamakaci<br />
63. martvili 7 0 mamakaci<br />
64. xobi 6 1 mamakaci<br />
65. zugdidi 8 1 mamakaci<br />
66. walenjixa 3 0 mamakaci<br />
67. Cxorowyu 4 1 mamakaci<br />
68. foTi 11 1 mamakaci<br />
69. baTumi 6 0 mamakaci<br />
70. qe<strong>da</strong> 3 0 mamakaci<br />
71. qobuleTi 8 2 mamakaci<br />
72. Suaxevi 3 0 mamakaci<br />
73. xelvaCauri 5 2 mamakaci<br />
74. xulo 3 2 mamakaci<br />
75. liaxvi 11 1 mamakaci<br />
saerTo raodenoba 456 54 74 mamakaci/3 qali<br />
am cxrilis Tanaxmad, maJoritaruli wesiT wardgenil kandi<strong>da</strong>tTa saerTo ricxvis<br />
11.8% qali iyo, xolo arCeul deputatTa saerTo ricxvSi ki mxolod 3.9%. qal <strong>da</strong><br />
mamakac kandi<strong>da</strong>tebs arCevnebSi gamarjvebis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobac eZleo<strong>da</strong>T –<br />
qalebma Seadgines 5.6%., xolo mamakacebisaTvis es cifri gacilebiT meti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> –<br />
18.4%.<br />
gamoavlindnen saarCevno subieqtebic, romelTac yvelaze meti qali maJoritari<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>ti waradgines: 1. saqarTvelos erovnuli-saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
gaerTieneba “mZleveli” (11 kandi<strong>da</strong>ti); 2. sainiciativo jgufi (8 kandi<strong>da</strong>ti); mesame<br />
adgili gainawiles saqarTvelos leiboristuli (Sromis) partiam <strong>da</strong> blokma “jumber<br />
patiaSvili – <strong>politikuri</strong> gaerTianeba “erToba”. sami saarevno subieqtis mier<br />
warmodgenilma maJoritarma kandi<strong>da</strong>tma qalebma SeZles saparlamento arCevnebSi<br />
gamarjveba: quTaisSi “burjanaZe - demokratebis”, yvarelSi sainiciativo jgufisa <strong>da</strong><br />
bolnisSi - nacional – demokratebis kandi<strong>da</strong>tebma.<br />
2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento proporciul arevnebSi monawile <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
partiebis saarCevno siebis pirvel eqvs (potenciurad gamsvlel) aTeulSi qalma<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>tebma Semdegi adgilebi <strong>da</strong>ikaves:<br />
107
partiis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />
“saqarTvelos<br />
partia”-#1<br />
socialisturi<br />
“demokratiuli aRorZinebis<br />
kavSiri”-#2<br />
saarCevno bloki “memarjvene<br />
opozicia – mrewveloba,<br />
axlebi” -#3<br />
saqarTvelos leiboristuli<br />
partia -#4<br />
“nacionalurma moZraoba -<br />
demokratebma” - #5<br />
“saqarTvelos erTiani<br />
komunisturi partia”- #6<br />
saarCevno bloki “edp -<br />
tradicionalistebi”-#7<br />
saqarTvelos erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong><br />
gaerTieneba “mZleveli” - #8<br />
I<br />
aT-Si<br />
1<br />
(#9)<br />
2<br />
(#3)<br />
(#8)<br />
2<br />
(#4)<br />
(#9)<br />
1<br />
(#7)<br />
2<br />
(#1)<br />
(#5)<br />
II<br />
aT-Si<br />
1<br />
(#19)<br />
1<br />
(#17)<br />
1<br />
(#14)<br />
1<br />
(#15)<br />
1<br />
(#17)<br />
III IV<br />
aT-Si aT-Si<br />
0 1<br />
(#35)<br />
1<br />
(#29)<br />
1<br />
(#27)<br />
3<br />
(#30)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
0 2<br />
(#34)<br />
(#37)<br />
1<br />
(#21)<br />
0 2<br />
(#41)<br />
(#49)<br />
V VI<br />
aT-Si aT-Si<br />
5 6<br />
(#40) (#50)<br />
(#43) (#51)<br />
(#45) (#53)<br />
(#47) (#55)<br />
(#48) (#57)<br />
(#58)<br />
0 0<br />
2<br />
(#44)<br />
(#49)<br />
0 3<br />
(#42)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#48)<br />
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze<br />
1<br />
(#4)<br />
2<br />
(#5)<br />
(#7)<br />
1<br />
(#15)<br />
0 4<br />
(#21)<br />
(#22)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#25)<br />
0 1<br />
(#37)<br />
3<br />
(#32)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#35)<br />
3<br />
(#40)<br />
(#41)<br />
(#48)<br />
5<br />
(#40)<br />
(#41)<br />
(#42)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#44)<br />
konstituciur uflebaTa moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis partia - #9<br />
“nacionalistebi”-#10 0 0 3<br />
(#22)<br />
(#23)<br />
(#24)<br />
4<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#36)<br />
(#38)<br />
2<br />
(#45)<br />
(#48)<br />
bloki “samSoblo” -#11 1<br />
(#9)<br />
2<br />
(#12)<br />
(#13)<br />
1<br />
(#20)<br />
3<br />
(#31)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#35)<br />
6<br />
(#40)<br />
(#41)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#44)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#48)<br />
3<br />
3<br />
(#53)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#58)<br />
0<br />
4<br />
(#51)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#57)<br />
(#58)<br />
4<br />
(#52)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#55)<br />
(#56)<br />
7<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#55)<br />
(#57)<br />
5<br />
(#50)<br />
(#52)<br />
(#55)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#58)<br />
108
saarCevno bloki “nacionaluri<br />
moZraoba” -#12<br />
bloki “jumber patiaSvili –<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> gaerTianeba<br />
“erToba” - #13<br />
demokratiuli samarTlis<br />
partia -#14<br />
saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />
ideologiis partia -#15<br />
partia “no<strong>da</strong>r naTaZe –<br />
saxalxo fronti” -#16<br />
samarTlianoba -#17<br />
<strong>politikuri</strong> moZraoba<br />
“Tavisufleba” -#18<br />
sruliad saqarTvelos saxalxo<br />
aliansi -#20<br />
2<br />
(#3)<br />
(#7)<br />
3<br />
(#15)<br />
(#16)<br />
(#17)<br />
0 2<br />
(#10)<br />
(#14)<br />
3<br />
(#4)<br />
(#5)<br />
(#9)<br />
2<br />
(#5)<br />
(#6)<br />
1<br />
(#6)<br />
2<br />
(#18)<br />
(#19)<br />
3<br />
(#14)<br />
(#15)<br />
(#19)<br />
2<br />
(#14)<br />
(#15)<br />
2<br />
(#21)<br />
(#25)<br />
1<br />
(#23)<br />
5<br />
(#20)<br />
(#22)<br />
(#23)<br />
(#25)<br />
(#28)<br />
5<br />
(#22)<br />
(#23)<br />
(#24)<br />
(#27)<br />
(#28)<br />
1<br />
(#23)<br />
5<br />
(#31)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#35)<br />
(#36)<br />
3<br />
(#30)<br />
(#35)<br />
(#36)<br />
8<br />
(#30)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#43)<br />
(#35)<br />
(#36)<br />
(#37)<br />
(#38)<br />
(#39)<br />
5<br />
(#31)<br />
(#32)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
(#38)<br />
3<br />
(#42)<br />
(#45)<br />
(#47)<br />
1<br />
(#40)<br />
2<br />
(#44)<br />
(#49)<br />
4<br />
(#41)<br />
(#44)<br />
(#46)<br />
(#47)<br />
0 1<br />
(#46)<br />
moxsnilia sakuTari gancxadebis safuZvelze<br />
1 1 0 1 2<br />
(#7) (#17)<br />
(#31) (#45)<br />
0 1<br />
(#11)<br />
1<br />
(#21)<br />
3<br />
(#31)<br />
(#33)<br />
(#34)<br />
5<br />
(#50)<br />
(#51)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#57)<br />
(#59)<br />
1<br />
(#59)<br />
4<br />
(#52)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#55)<br />
(#58)<br />
8<br />
(#51)<br />
(#52)<br />
(#53)<br />
(#54)<br />
(#56)<br />
(#57)<br />
(#58)<br />
(#59)<br />
1<br />
(#59)<br />
2<br />
(#57)<br />
(#48) (#58)<br />
0 0<br />
procentuli gamoangariSeba 31.1 13.8 17.5 21.9 18.1 23.8<br />
2004 wlis 28 martis saparlamento proporciuli arCevnebis Sedegad, 7%-iani barieri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxa mxolod orma politikurma subieqtma – “nacionalurma moZraoba -<br />
demokratebma” 67.02%-iT <strong>da</strong> saarCevno blokma “memarjvene opozicia – mrewveloba,<br />
axlebi” - 7.62%-iT. Am procentebis Sesabamisad, “nacionalurma moZraoba -<br />
demokratebma” miiRes 135 man<strong>da</strong>ti, romelTagan 15 man<strong>da</strong>ti qalebma moipoves. rac Seexeba<br />
“memarjvene opozicia – mrewveloba, axlebs”, maT wilad xv<strong>da</strong>T 15 man<strong>da</strong>ti, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 3 –<br />
qalebs.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maJoritaruli arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli iqna 77<br />
deputati, aqe<strong>da</strong>n 3 – qali. rac Seexeba afxazeTis deputacias, romelsac 1995 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
avtomaturad ugrZeldebo<strong>da</strong> man<strong>da</strong>ti, 2004 wlis mowvevis parlamentma gaauqma maTi<br />
uflebamosileba, ris gamoc parlaments gamoakl<strong>da</strong> 11 wevri.<br />
dRes parlamentSi 22 qalia, rac warmoadgens parlamentarebis saerTo ricxvis 9.7%-<br />
s. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom wina mowvevis parlamentebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, es monacemi winsvlaa –<br />
parlamentSi qalTa warmomadgenloba 3%-iT gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />
(monacemebi aRebulia: l. na<strong>da</strong>raia "qali <strong>da</strong> politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, "<strong>genderi</strong>,<br />
Kkultura., Tanamedroveoba" (red. l. gafrin<strong>da</strong>Svili), Tbilisi, 2005)<br />
109
<strong>da</strong>narTi 3<br />
saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, romelsac saqarTvelo SeuerT<strong>da</strong>:<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia<br />
euTos dokumentacia, 1995 wlis 15 seqtembris ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />
samoqalaqo <strong>da</strong> politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1994 wlis 25 ianvari.<br />
ekonomikur, socialur <strong>da</strong> kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, 1994 wlis<br />
25 ianvari<br />
konvebcia "qalTa diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis Sesaxeb", 1994 wlis 22<br />
seqtemberi<br />
N111 konvencia "Sromisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferoSi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb", 1995 wlis<br />
5 maisi<br />
N100 konvencia "Tanabari Rirebulebis SromaSi qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanabari<br />
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb" 1996 wlis 29 maisi<br />
saqarTvelos axali kanonmdebloba, romelic efuZneba konvencias qalTa diskriminaciis<br />
yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, Seqmnilia qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis mizniT.<br />
kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, qalTa uflebani <strong>da</strong>culia samoqalaqo kodeqsiT<br />
gansazRvruli normebiT:<br />
fexmZime qalTa uflebani<br />
de<strong>da</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa uflebani, rac kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT aris gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
patimar qalTa uflebani<br />
arasrulwlovanis uflebani<br />
qalis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli <strong>da</strong>naSaulebebi.<br />
110
<strong>da</strong>narTi 4<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba<br />
saqarTveloSi qalTa uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cvis ganmtkicebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis ZiriTad uflebaTa <strong>da</strong> TavisuflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cva garantirebulia saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciiT <strong>da</strong> gamocxadebulia umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifoebriv prioritetad. am<br />
mimarTebiT saqarTveloSi mravali RonisZieba ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>. seriozuli nabijebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>idga qalis – a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. Seiqmna qalTa<br />
ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebeli komisia, prezidentis gankargulebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkic<strong>da</strong> qalTa ganviTarebis samoqmedo gegma, SemuSav<strong>da</strong> janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
erovnuli programis proeqtebi, romlebSic qalTa janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
specialuri RonisZiebebia gaTvaliswinebuli. qalis – a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
uaRresad aqtualuri problemaa saerTaSoriso doneze <strong>da</strong> CvenTan saqarTveloSi. "qalTa<br />
diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris konvencias" saqarTvelo SeuerT<strong>da</strong> 1994 wels,<br />
xolo 1999 wels saqarTvelos pirveladi moxseneba ganxiluli iqna qalTa diskriminaciis<br />
aRmofxvris komitetSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debiTi Sefaseba <strong>da</strong>imsaxura. komitetma saqarTvelos<br />
moawo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi <strong>da</strong>skvniTi komentarebi. Semdgomi muSaobis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebiT. saqarTvelos<br />
konstituciis, a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa sferoSi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis,<br />
pekinis samoqmedo plat<strong>for</strong>mis ganxorcielebis, qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris<br />
komitetis rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis ganxorcielebis mizniT:<br />
1. eTxovos saqarTvelos parlaments imsjelos droebiT specialur RonisZiebebze<br />
qalTa poziciebis gasaumjobeseblad <strong>politikuri</strong> warmomadgenlobis speroSi, kerZod,<br />
politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis kvotebis sakiTxze.<br />
2. saqarTvelos iusticiis saministrom (j.xecuriani) – ucxoel eqspertTa monawileobiT<br />
ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis genderuli analizi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
safuZvelze SeimuSaos sakanonmdeblo wina<strong>da</strong>ebebi am sferoSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis<br />
srulyofisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv normebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT.<br />
kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowerigebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
miaqcios qalTa pir<strong>da</strong>piri an iribi diskriminaciis gamoricxvas.<br />
3. qalTa ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSavebelma komisiam (r. beriZe) qalTa<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT: - monitoringi gauwios moqmedebis<br />
erovnuli gegmis ganxorcielebas, moamzados rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebi samTavrobo struqturebisaTvis<br />
am gegmis gansaxorcieleblad Casatarebeli samuSaos Sesaxeb; -<br />
moamzados qalTa mimarT Zaladobis, maT Soris, ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />
samwliani erovnuli programa, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs krizisuli centrebis<br />
Seqmnas, sakonsultacio samsaxurebis gafarTovebas msxverpli qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
gasawevad, seqsualuri eqspluataciis msxverpli qalebisaTvis reabilitaciis<br />
programebis Seqmnas.<br />
4. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom (k. TargamaZe) <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
prokutaturam (j. babilaSvili) – mTeli qveynis masStabiT Seagrovos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amuSaos<br />
monacemebi qalTa winaaqmdeg Zaladobis TiToeuli SemTxvevis Sesaxeb; - mkacri aRwera<br />
Caataros ojaxuri Zaladobis faqtebis gamisavlenad <strong>da</strong> ganaxorcielos RonisZiebebi<br />
maT aRmosafxvrelad.<br />
5. saqarTvelos Sromis, <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis saministrom (T. gazdeliani)<br />
SeimuSaos farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebis gegma, romelTa mizani iqneba qalTa<br />
ekonomikuri statusis gaumjobeseba maTi momzadebis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis gziT, qalTa<br />
monawileobis xelSewyoba erovnuli ekonomikis yvela sferoSi.<br />
6. saqarTvelos janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cvis saministrom (a. jorbenaZe) – Caataros qalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebisaTvis janmrTelobis aucilebeli stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis analizi <strong>da</strong> gamiricxos am<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebiT qalTa iribi an pir<strong>da</strong>piri diskriminaciis SesaZlebloba Sromis<br />
bazarze; - SeimuSaos <strong>da</strong> gaataros RonisZiebaTa farTo sistema de<strong>da</strong>Ta <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa<br />
sikvdilianobis <strong>da</strong> abortebis maRali maCveneblis winaaRmdeg brZolis, qalebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli samedicino samsaxuris gawevis, kontraceptivebis popularizaciis <strong>da</strong><br />
gavrcelebis mizniT; - sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces<br />
pacienti qalebis saavadmyofoebSi <strong>da</strong> sxva samedicino <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebSi mkurnalobis<br />
111
uzrunvelyofas.<br />
7. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministrom (a. kartozia) Caataros saxelmZRvaneloebis<br />
genderuli analizi atereotipebis aRmosafxvrelad cxovrebis yvela sferoSi qalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Tanasworuflebianobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis mizniT.<br />
8. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom (i. meneRariSvili) gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba miaqcios molaparakebebis procesSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis CarTvas.<br />
9. saqarTvelos saqarTvelos ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong> gansaxlebis saministrom (v. vaSakiZe)<br />
SeimuSavos ltolvili <strong>da</strong> iZulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebuli qalebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
specialuri programa.<br />
10. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTis saministrom (b. gulua) – SeimuSaos<br />
specialuri programebi soflad momuSave qalebis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad; - gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba miaqcios <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli programebis ganxorcielebis procesSi qalTa<br />
monawileobas.<br />
11. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri in<strong>for</strong>maciis saxelmwifo departamentma (T.<br />
beriZe) socialur-ekonomikuri in<strong>for</strong>maciis saxelmwifo departamentis yovelwliur<br />
angariSSi specialurad <strong>da</strong>amuSaos statistikuri monacemebi genderul WrilSi.<br />
12. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kancelariasTan arsebulma marTvisa <strong>da</strong> in<strong>for</strong>maciis centrma<br />
(z. jiblaZe) gamosces qalTa diskriminaciis yvela <strong>for</strong>mis aRmofxvris konvencia <strong>da</strong><br />
pekinis samoqmedo plat<strong>for</strong>ma <strong>da</strong> gaavrcelos rogorc mTlianad sazogadoebaSi, ise<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo struqturebSi.<br />
13. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom (d. onofriSvili) 2000 wlis biujetSi<br />
gaiTvaliswinos a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa dokumentebis gamosacemi xarjebi.<br />
14. qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetis <strong>da</strong>skvniTi komentarebi gamoqveyndes<br />
presaSi am brZanebulebis gamoqveynebisTanave.<br />
15. ga<strong>da</strong>egzavnos es brZanebuleba gasacnobad saministroebs, samTavrobo struqturebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs.<br />
16. am brZanebulebis Sesrulebis koordinacia <strong>da</strong> kontroli <strong>da</strong>evalos erovnuli<br />
uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgiles a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong>cvis sakiTxSi (r. beriZe).<br />
e.SevardnaZe<br />
112
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis N308 brZanebulebiT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 5<br />
1998 wlis 18 ivnisi<br />
saqarTveloSi qalTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul RonisZiebaTa gegma<br />
1998-2000 ww.<br />
prioritetebi<br />
miznebi strategiebi aRmasruleblebi<br />
xangrZl<br />
ivoba<br />
1.institucionaluri meqanizmebis Seqmna<br />
1. genderul<br />
sakiTxebze<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mirebulobis<br />
gaumjobeseba,<br />
problemis Sesaxeb<br />
detaluri<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
momzadeba<br />
2. genderuli<br />
faqtoris<br />
gaTvaliswineba<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
politikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
1. qalTa sakiTxebis<br />
departamentis<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZneba;<br />
2. samTavrobo<br />
struqturebSi qalTa<br />
erTeulebis Seqmna;<br />
3. biujetis,<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
politikisa <strong>da</strong><br />
swavlebis programebis<br />
SemuSvebis sqesTa<br />
Tanasworobis<br />
sakiTxebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba;<br />
4. genderuli Tanasworobis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis miwodeba<br />
seminarebis, debatebis,<br />
publikaciebis,<br />
<strong>for</strong>umebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
saSualebebis<br />
gamoyenebiT<br />
5. yvela kanonisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonproeqtis Sefaseba<br />
genderuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT<br />
6. qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb<br />
statistikuri<br />
monacemebis Sekreba <strong>da</strong><br />
analizi<br />
7. sazogadoebaSi qalisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mamakacis<br />
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb<br />
masalebis gamoqveyneba;<br />
1. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti<br />
2. saqarTvelos<br />
mTavroba<br />
3. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti,<br />
finansTa <strong>da</strong><br />
ekonomikis<br />
saministroebi<br />
4. qalTa Sesaxeb<br />
saxelmwifo politikis<br />
SemmuSavebeli<br />
komisia<br />
(SemdgomSi "komisia")<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqar-<br />
Tvelos mTavrobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
erToblivi programa,<br />
qalebi ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi;<br />
5. iusticiis<br />
saministro,<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
iuristTa<br />
asociacia;<br />
6. statistikis<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
departamenti<br />
7. qalebi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis procesSi -<br />
proeqti<br />
1. 1999-<br />
2000<br />
2. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
3. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
4. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
5. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
6. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
7. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
113
2. qalTa rolisa <strong>da</strong> monawileobis gazr<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />
<strong>for</strong>mirebis procesSi<br />
3. ekonomikuri politika<br />
1. qalTa<br />
monawileobis gazr<strong>da</strong><br />
xelisuflebaSi<br />
1. qalTa ekonomikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />
xelSewyoba<br />
2. sabazro ekonomikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mcire<br />
biznesisaTvis gamoyofili<br />
kreditebis,<br />
mcire fermebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />
pirebis (gansakuTrebiT<br />
qalebis) Sesaxeb<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
xelmisawvdomobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
1. yvela sferoSi qalTa<br />
monawileobis Sesaxeb<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis Segroveba<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoqveyneba<br />
2. qalTa swavleba<br />
liderisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />
aqtiurobisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli<br />
unar-Cvevebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis;<br />
3. marTvis yvela<br />
rgolSi qalTa kadrebis<br />
rezervis momzadeba;<br />
4. diplomatur samsaxurebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saer-<br />
TaSoriso organizaciebSi<br />
qalTa monawileobis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>;<br />
5. saqarTveloSi<br />
produqtiuli asakis<br />
qalTa direqtoriis<br />
Seqmna, maTi kvalifikaciisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> unaris,<br />
gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis CaTvliT<br />
1. specialuri<br />
programis SemuSaveba<br />
kerZo seqtorSi<br />
momuSave qalebisaTvis<br />
2. soflad mcxovreb<br />
qalTa Semosavlebis<br />
gazrdis<br />
uzrunvelmyofi<br />
programis SemuSaveba<br />
3. qalTa mcire <strong>da</strong><br />
saSualo biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;<br />
4. ganviTarebis gegmis<br />
SemuSavebis genderuli<br />
parametrebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba;<br />
1. komisia, proeqti<br />
"qalebi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis procesSi",<br />
statistikis<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
departamenti;<br />
2. proeqti "qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
3. saqarTvelos<br />
mTavroba, roeqti<br />
"qalebi ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
4. saqarTvelos<br />
mTavroba, sagareo<br />
saqmeTa saministro;<br />
5. komisia, proeqti<br />
"qalebi ganvi-<br />
Tarebis procesSi";<br />
6. saqarTveloSi<br />
qalTa<br />
arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis<br />
direqtoriis<br />
gamoqveyneba;<br />
1. ekonomikis<br />
saministro<br />
2. soflis meurneobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
sursaTis,<br />
ekonomikis, Sromis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
socuzrunvelyofis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
proeqti "qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi"<br />
3. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti, soflis<br />
meurneobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sursaTis,<br />
ekonomikis <strong>da</strong><br />
finansTa saministroebi;<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
qonebis marTvis<br />
saministro <strong>da</strong><br />
profkavSirebi;<br />
1. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
2. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
3. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
4. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
5. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
6. 1998<br />
1. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
2. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
3. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
4. ekonomikis<br />
saministro;<br />
4. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
114
1. gar<strong>da</strong>maval<br />
periodSi qalTa<br />
Soris siRatakis<br />
zrdis SeCereba<br />
1. makroekonomikuri investiciebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
politikis siRatakis<br />
doneze zegavlenis<br />
genderuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
Sefaseba;<br />
2.soflad mcxovrebi<br />
qalebisaTvis siRatakis<br />
aRmofxvris programis<br />
SemuSaveba;<br />
1. ekonomikis,<br />
finansTa, Sromis,<br />
socuzrunvelyo_fi<br />
sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis,<br />
saxelmwifo marTvis<br />
qonebis<br />
saministroebi,<br />
proeqti "qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
1. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
4.qalebi <strong>da</strong> siRatake<br />
3. makroekonomikuri<br />
kreditebis gamoyenebiT<br />
iseTi specialuri programebis<br />
SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong><br />
ganxorcieleba, romlebic<br />
xels Seuwyoben qalTa<br />
ojaxebis Semosavlebs;<br />
4. demografiuli<br />
procesebis Seswavla <strong>da</strong><br />
saTanado proeqtebis<br />
SemuSaveba;<br />
5. qalTa migraciisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnul ekonomikaze misi<br />
zegavlenis Sefaseba;<br />
6. martoxela dedebisaTvis,<br />
mravalSviliani<br />
ojaxebisaTvis,<br />
pensionerebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
invalidebisaTvis<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />
proeqtebis SemuSaveba;<br />
7. xelaxali treningis<br />
axali programebis<br />
SemuSaveba;<br />
8. kanonmdeblobaSi<br />
cvlilebebis Setana<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcveli meqanizmebis<br />
gaZlierebis,<br />
prostituciis, maTxovrobis,<br />
SimSilobis<br />
aRmofxvris mizniT,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis momsaxurebaTa<br />
gawevisa <strong>da</strong> kulturul<br />
cxovrebaSi monawileobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa, werakiTxvis<br />
ucodinarobis<br />
aRmofxvris axali<br />
meTodebis <strong>da</strong>nergva;<br />
9. maRalmTiani regionebis<br />
eqimebisaTvis,<br />
maswavleblebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis<br />
muSakTaTvis<br />
SeRavaTebis <strong>da</strong>weseba;<br />
2. soflis<br />
meurneobis <strong>da</strong><br />
sursaTis<br />
saministro;<br />
3. ekonomikis<br />
saministro<br />
4. Sromis, <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministro,<br />
demografiis<br />
instituti<br />
5. ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong><br />
migraciis<br />
saministro, komisia;<br />
6. Sromis, <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministro;<br />
7. Sromis,<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministro<br />
8. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti, Sromis,<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis,<br />
ganaTlebis,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
iusticiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturis<br />
saministroebi<br />
9. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti;<br />
2. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
3. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
4. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
5. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
6. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
7. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
8. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
9. 1999<br />
115
5. qali <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi<br />
1. qalTa CarTva<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />
miRebis yvelanair<br />
procesSi<br />
2. konfliqtebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
Semdgom periodSi<br />
qalTa winaaRmdeg<br />
Zaladobis<br />
gamomricxavi<br />
meqanizmebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
politikis SemuSaveba;<br />
3. konfliqtebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
Semdgom periodSi<br />
qalTa uflebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcavi meqanizmebis<br />
SemuSaveba;<br />
1. qalTa CarTva<br />
samSvidobo<br />
molaparakebebSi;<br />
2. specialuri iuridiuli<br />
meqanizmebis<br />
SemuSaveba <strong>da</strong> am<br />
procesebSi qalTa<br />
monawileobis<br />
uzrunvelyofa;<br />
3. ganqorwinebuli<br />
ojaxebis problemaTa<br />
mogvareba;<br />
4. SeiaraRebuli<br />
konfliqtebis dros<br />
<strong>da</strong>karguli piradi<br />
qonebis <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />
meqanizmebis SemuSaveba;<br />
5, Tavisufali<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis uflebis<br />
aRdgena;<br />
6. SeiaraRebuli<br />
kinfliqtebis<br />
msxverplTa<br />
reabilitaciis<br />
programebis SemuSaveba;<br />
7. arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebis CarTva<br />
konfliqtebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wris procesSi;<br />
1. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti,<br />
sagareo saqmeTa<br />
saministro;<br />
2. saqarTvelos<br />
parlamenti,<br />
iusticiis<br />
saministro;<br />
3. iusticiis<br />
saministro <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifo<br />
uSiSroebis<br />
saministro;<br />
4. iusticiis<br />
saministro<br />
5. saxelmwifo<br />
uSiSroebis<br />
saministro;<br />
6. arasamTavrobo<br />
organizaciebi,<br />
ltolvilTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mograciis<br />
komiteti;<br />
7. komisia;<br />
1. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
2. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
3. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
4. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
5. 1998<br />
6. 1998<br />
7. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
116
6.qalebi <strong>da</strong> maTi janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba<br />
1. qalis janmrTelobis<br />
yvela<br />
aspeqtisadmi<br />
yuradRebis miqceva;<br />
2. qalTa interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba<br />
saqarTveloSi<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
programebisa <strong>da</strong> im<br />
strategiebis SemuSavebisas,<br />
romlebic<br />
msoflio bankis,<br />
unisebisa <strong>da</strong> gaeros<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis organizaciis<br />
dokumentebSi<br />
umaRlesi prioritetis<br />
sakiTxebad<br />
iTvleba;<br />
3. umuSevar <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ucvel qalTa<br />
ufaso mkurnalobis<br />
programaTa<br />
SemuSaveba<br />
1. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis sistemis<br />
yvela profesionalisaTvis<br />
swavlebis<br />
yuradRebis miqceva;<br />
2. qalTa janmrTelobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis gaZliereba;<br />
3. jan<strong>da</strong>cvaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofis<br />
sferoSi gatarebuli<br />
re<strong>for</strong>mebis<br />
qalTa janmrTelobis<br />
mdgomareobaze<br />
zegavlenis Sefaseba;<br />
4. ojaxis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
programebis SemuSaveba<br />
umuSevari <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ucveli<br />
qalebisaTvis;<br />
5. mkerdis kibos profilaqtikis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
programebis SemuSaveba;<br />
6. qalTa <strong>da</strong> bavSvTa<br />
Soris iodis deficitis<br />
profilaqtikis<br />
programaTa mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera<br />
<strong>da</strong> rekomendireba;<br />
7. qalTa Soris tuberkulozis<br />
profilaqtikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mkurnalobis<br />
programebis<br />
SemuSaveba;<br />
8. samuSao adgilze<br />
qalTa janmrTelobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis regulireba;<br />
9. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>Ta<br />
<strong>da</strong> fexmZime qalebis<br />
janmrTelobis sruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
10. qalTaTvis<br />
profilaqtikuri,<br />
saganmanaTleblo,<br />
kulturuli<br />
seminarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
swavlebis mowyoba;<br />
1. jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ganaTlebis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
2. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro<br />
3. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
Sromis, soc.<br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
profkavSirebi;<br />
4. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis,<br />
Sromis, soc.<br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
profkavSirebi;<br />
5. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro;<br />
6. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro;<br />
7. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro;<br />
8. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro;<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvis, Sromis,<br />
soc.<br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
profkavSirebi;<br />
9. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro;<br />
10. jan<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />
saministro; Sromis,<br />
soc.<br />
uzrunvelyofisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
profkavSirebi;<br />
1.1998-<br />
1999<br />
2. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
3. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
4. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
5. 1998<br />
6. 1998<br />
7. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
117
1. saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
funqcionirebadi<br />
meqanizmebis<br />
TavsebadobaSi moyvana<br />
1. samTavrobo<br />
struqturebisaTvis<br />
swavlebis Catareba<br />
qalTa uflebebis<br />
sakiTxebze;<br />
1. komisia, proeqti<br />
"qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
1. 1998-<br />
1999<br />
2. genderuli<br />
diskriminaciis yvela<br />
faqtoris aRmofxvra<br />
2. saerTaSoriso<br />
konvenciebisa <strong>da</strong> pekinis<br />
moqmedebaTa plat<strong>for</strong>mis<br />
Targmna <strong>da</strong> gamoqveyneba;<br />
2. proeqti "qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
2. 1998<br />
3. qalTa arasamTavrobo<br />
organozaciebisaTvis<br />
treningis Catareba<br />
qalTa uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb;<br />
3. komisia, proeqti<br />
"qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
3. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
7. qalTa uflebani<br />
4. qalTa uflebebis<br />
Sesaxeb specialuri<br />
saganmanaTleblo<br />
programebis SemuSaveba<br />
saSualo skolebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
umaRlesi<br />
saswavleblebisaTvis;<br />
5. kanongamtarebeli<br />
organoebisaTvis qalTa<br />
uflebebis Sesaxeb<br />
treningis Catareba;<br />
6. mas mediis<br />
saSualebebisaTvis<br />
seqsizmis Temaze<br />
specialuri seminaris<br />
mowyoba;<br />
7.antidiskriminaciul<br />
sakiTxebze treningis<br />
Catareba.<br />
4. ganaTlebis,<br />
jan<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturis<br />
saministroebi;<br />
5. iusticiis,<br />
Sinagan saqmeTa<br />
saministroebi,<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
prokuroris ofisi;<br />
6. komisia, proeqti<br />
"qalebi<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi";<br />
7. komisia, proeqti<br />
"qalebi<br />
4. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
5. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
6. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
7. 1998-<br />
2000<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
procesSi".<br />
118
119<br />
<strong>da</strong>narTi 6
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
sakiTxebi diskusiisa <strong>da</strong> weriTi <strong>da</strong>valebebisaTvis<br />
1. gansazRvreT sqesi rogorc bio<strong>socialuri</strong> fenomeni.<br />
2. rogoria mamakacisa <strong>da</strong> qalis <strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>da</strong> biologiuri gansxvaveba?<br />
3. genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi.<br />
4. ra aris seqsizmi?<br />
5. ra aris feminizmi?<br />
6. feminizmis wanamZRvrebi.<br />
7. feminizmis sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.<br />
8. ra gansxvavebaa gendersa <strong>da</strong> feminizms Soris?<br />
9. feminizmis tipologia judiT lorberis mixedviT<br />
10. ra aris feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mizani?<br />
11. feministuri ekonomikuri Teoriis mimarTulebebi.<br />
12. ra ganapirobebs qalTa diskriminacias <strong>da</strong>saqmebis saferoSi?<br />
13. ra zomebi SeiZleba iqnes miiRebuli Tanasworobis misaRwevad?<br />
14. religiur-eTikuri memkvidreobis gavlena qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikur<br />
procesebSi CarTvaze.<br />
15. feministebis azriT, qristianobaSi ra warmodgenebi emsaxureba: qalTa diskriminacias?<br />
16. egalitarizmis elementebi iu<strong>da</strong>izmSi.<br />
17. ras iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> induizmis re<strong>for</strong>ma qalTa sakiTxSi?<br />
18. ra aris sati?<br />
19. ra aris sataZro prostitucia?<br />
20. rogoria qalis statusi islamSi?<br />
21. rogor miTiTebebs iZleva yurani qalis Sesaxeb?<br />
22. qalis roli budizmSi.<br />
23. ra Sexeduleba aqvs budizms mamakacebisa <strong>da</strong> qalebis mier gasxivosnebis miRwevis<br />
saSualebebis Sesaxeb?<br />
24. ra aris budizmis istoriuli <strong>da</strong>msaxureba qalebis winaSe?<br />
25. msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis gavlena Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi qalis<br />
rolsa <strong>da</strong> statusze.<br />
26. ra Sexedulebebia sazogadoebaSi qalis socialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtiurobis Sesaxeb?<br />
27. qalis, rogorc-politikosis moRvaweobis stilis Taviseburebani<br />
28. ra zomebi aris miRebuli genderuli balansis gasaumjobeseblad?<br />
29. qalTa moZraobebis ZiriTadi etapebi<br />
30. qalTa msoflio konferenciebi <strong>da</strong> maTi mniSvneloba<br />
31. qalis uflebrivi mdgomareoba Zvel saqarTveloSi.<br />
32. qalis soialur-<strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivoba me-19 saukuneSi<br />
33. ilia rogorc feministuri moZraobis momxre<br />
34. saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo aqtebi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli meqanizmebi<br />
35. qarTveli qali gar<strong>da</strong>maval periodSi<br />
36. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis arsi <strong>da</strong> miznebi<br />
37. a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebis “mesame Taoba" <strong>da</strong> qalebi.<br />
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