Een typologische benadering van de hopast in Vlaanderen - OAR ...

Een typologische benadering van de hopast in Vlaanderen 173Poperinge that he describes were small buildings consisting ofthree rooms. The room at the font of the building provided stowagefor green hops, and the room at the back of the building wasfor collecting the hops once they had been dried. The middle,and most important, space was the oast proper with its furnaceand above it the drying floor, consisting of a rectangular gridmade from metal or wooden slats. Brick was the recommendedbuilding material, and if that was not feasible, loam and horsehair.The oast house was covered with a thatch roof. Because thispresented a fire hazard, it was considered a good idea to in anyevent use brick for the walls around the furnace.From this late 16th century hop oast house, a variant developed,as noted by Samuel von Grouner in the region of Aalstduring his tour of Flanders in the early 1820s. This type of oasthouse, which also existed in the Poperinge area, was characterizedby being divided into just two rooms (see fig. 6). The oneroom contained a furnace with above it a funnel-shaped warmair room, the so-called ‘hell’ (see fig. 7). The walls of this hellconsisted of wooden frames that were sealed off with staves andloam to effect optimal use of the heated air. Above the hell wasthe drying floor, made from wooden or, very occasionally, metalslats. Whereas the design of the hell, with its funnel shape,departed from that of the late 16th century hop oast houses, thiswas not or rarely the case for the drying floor. A small openingin the top storey (see fig. 8) pulled the now-moist air out, whilethe thatched roof prevented condensation. The other room wasused for the green hops that were distributed on the dryingfloor. Once the hops were dry, they were plucked in this roomand, a few days later, collected and moved to one of the hopattics. This type of hop oast house was common until the end ofthe 19th century in both the area around Poperinge and theregion of Aalst and Asse/Ternat. A variant was the hop oasthouse combined with a bake oven. Given the very real risk of fireassociated with both these activities, bringing them together inone building away from the other buildings on the farm was anobvious solution.Shortly after 1850, the practice of treating hops with sulphurwas introduced in Flanders from England. The first sulphur oastwas probably constructed around 1851 for maltster and hop merchantDe Wolf-Cosyns in Aalst. In Poperinge, the first sulphuroast was constructed in 1863, for hop merchant Casimir Valcke-Vercamer. In hop warehouses, the sulphur oast usually consistedof a brick furnace with a sulphur drawer. The drawer (seefig. 15) was lined with paper, on which were placed some sulphurpowder and several sulphur cylinders, which were then lit. Oncethe sulphur was burning well, the drawer was pushed back intothe furnace, allowing the sulphur fumes to rise via the chimneyto the hell under the drying floor. On the drying floor, the hopswere spread 2 metres thick. The sulphur fumes penetrated thehop and vented through a small chimney on the roof. Duringbad weather, the sulphur fumes sometimes remained aroundthe oast house, which resulted in poor air quality for anyoneliving nearby. Initially, this sulphur treatment was an additionalstep carried out only by hop merchants. It wasn’t until the 1880sthat some hop farmers started to sulphur their hop themselves.If they had an oast house powered by an open coke furnace, thesulphur oast often consisted of a lower drying floor under whichsulphur was burned in an open pot. If, however, they had aclosed-in coke furnace, they tended not to create a separate sulphuroast. They simply put a sulphur pot, the base of whichconformed to the round or arched shape of the furnace, on topof the furnace.Between 1851 and 1855, the so-called English oast was introduced(see fig. 16). This type of hop oast not only permitted peopleto work year-round with a minimal risk of fire, but also leftthe aroma and lupulin content of the hop intact. In a conventionaloast, the lupulin content was reduced by more than half;because of their cone-shaped or hipped roofs, these English oasthouses effected a much stronger flow of air. The fact that thesetypes of oast houses employed open oast fires for extended periodsdid not harm the hop because the air current was so strongthat the fumes did not remain on the hop. But because of theirsaddle-shaped roofs, the original oast houses in Flanders couldnot achieve this strong suction effect and the associated flow ofair (see fig. 17).Starting in 1860, oast houses were increasingly stoked withcoke, because the smoke from a wood or coal fire gave the hop abad smell. In addition to being smoke-free, coke resulted in amuch more even combustion and a much greater amount of radiantheat. Hop oast houses built after 1860 often contained opencoke fires in the form of coke fire-baskets or wagons (see fig. 20).The increased radiant heat of the fire allowed the drying floor tobe placed a greater height, with the big advantage that this typeof oast house could be used outside of the hop season as a barn.To improve the quality of the hop, it was important that itshould not come into contact with smoke at all. From the 1880s,hop oasting operations using a hot air furnace or stove start tomake an appearance. These furnaces or stoves had a chimneyand a register and were connected to a system of pipes. Turningkey or register ensured that when the coal or coke fire was laid orfed, the resulting smoke went up the chimney. Once the fire wasburning steadily and without smoke, the register was switchedto divert the warm air to the system of pipes that ran below thedrying floor – before the air escaped via the chimney. Hop farmers,who could not afford such an investment, used an open oastfurnace with two lateral warm air vents furnished with metalflaps, and a chimney made of ceramic or iron. By closing the hotair vents and opening the chimney with a key before feeding thefire, the smoke and the smell of coals could be led outside withoutcausing damage to the hop (see fig. 23).Air circulation was poor in many oast houses with a saddleshapedroof. Therefore, from the 1890s onwards, many oastswere equipped ventilation holes at ground level to help fan theoast furnace or open coke fire. To allow the now-moist air abovethe drying floor to escape, it was recommended to have an openingat the apex of the roof instead of the then still common windowor small, sometimes shuttered opening in the top storey. Aturret with louvered sides and a flap that could move up anddown at its base helped prevent condensation caused by wind.To create even stronger air currents, some oast houses were fittedwith fans. With this same aim in mind, E.H. Dejaegher,around 1911, suggested that, following the design of English oasthouses, the space above the drying floor should be funnelshapedif possible.Starting in 1905, wooden chimneys were gradually replacedby a wooden or metal tube one to two metres high. This tube didnot stick out much beyond the roof, in order to avoid compromisingthe flow of air. To prevent wind and rain from entering thetube, it was covered with an iron or zinc cowl (see fig. 26).At the end of the 19th century, the drying floor also underwentan important design improvement. From the late 16th centuryuntil the first quarter of the 19th century, drying floorsconsisted of slats with a diameter of 2,5 cm, placed at 0,6 cmintervals. Over the course of the 19th century, wider slats were