B. A. Part-III Psychology Paper-4 Sem. V Unit-3.P65

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 4 (OyZm) nona 7 d 12 (Z{dZ)
~moY{ZH$ _mZgemñÌ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-3 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-3
KQ>H$-3
à{V{H«$`m H$mi Am{U AÜ``Z
(Reaction Time and Learning)
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr ì`m»`m Am{U àH$ma
3.2.2 à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr {ZYm©aHo$ ({Z`m_Ho$)
3.2.3 AÜ``ZmMr ì`m»`m Am{U àH$ma
3.2.4 AÜ``ZmMr {ZYm©aHo$ ({Z`m_Ho$)
3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.5 gmam§e
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.7 joÌr` H$m`©
3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1

3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmcm ••
1. à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr ì`m»`m ñnîQ> H$aVm `oB©c.
2. à{V{H«$`m H$mimMo àH$ma d {ZYm©aHo$ gm§JVm `oVrc.
3. AÜ``ZmMr ì`m»`m gm§JVm `oB©c.
4. AÜ``ZmMo àH$ma d {ZYm©aHo$ ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVrc.
3.1 àmñVm{dH$ (Introduction)
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV {d{dY {H«$`m à{V{H«$`m§À`m~m~V {^ÞVm Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. à{V{H«$`m H$mi
åhUOo CÔrnH$ CnpñWV Pmë`mnmgyZ à{V{H«$`m CËnÞ hmoÊ`mMm H$mi. gmYm à{V{H«$`m H$mi, ^oX ~moYZ
à{V{H«$`m H$mi Am{U {ZU©`Z à{V{H«$`m H$mi ho à{V{H«$`m H$mimMo àH$ma AmhoV. à{V{H«$`m H$mimda
C{ÔnH$mer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m d ì`pŠVer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ooìhm AmnU
H$mhrVar {eH$Vmo, Ë`mcm AÜ``Z åhUVmV. ""AZw^d Am{U gamd `m§À`m_wio dV©ZmV KSy>Z `oUmam
gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMm Agm H$moUVmhr ~Xc åhUOo AÜ``Z.'' AÜ``ZmMo empãXH$, H$maH$ d
g_ñ`m n[ahmamË_H$ AÜ``Z Ago à_wI àH$ma AmhoV. AÜ`Zmda AÜ``Z {df`mMo ñdê$n, AÜ``Z
nÜXVr d AÜ``Z H$m`m©Mr ì`pŠVJV JwUd¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm AmnU
{dñVmamZo Aä`mg H$ê$.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr ì`m»`m Am{U àH$ma
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVt_Ü`o {d{dY {H«$`m à{V{H«$`m§À`m ~m~VrV {^ÞVm Agë`mMo {XgyZ
`oVo. CXm. Mm¡H$mVrc añË`mdarc dmhVyH$ {Z`§ÌH$mMm cmc {Xdm cmJë`mg EH$ ì`ŠVr cdH$a Wm§~Vo,
Va Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrcm Wm§~Ê`mg WmoS>m doi cmJVmo. gmYmaUV: doJdoJiçm n[apñWVrV H$mhr ì`ŠVr
MQ>H$Z à{V{H«$`m XoVmV, Va H$mhtZm à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mg BVam§À`m VwcZoZo OmñV doi cmJVmo. AJXr dJm©V
CÎma XoV AgVmZmgwÜXm EImXm {dÚm{W© àíZ {dMmaë`m~amo~a cJoM CÎma XoVmo Va Xþgam {dÚmWu WmoS>m
Ceram CÎma XoVmo.
à{V{H«$`m H$moUVrhr Agcr Var gd© à{V{H«$`m§Mo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç _mnZr` AgVo Vo åhUOo ""CÔrnH$
CnpñWV Pmë`mnmgyZ à{V{H«$`m CËnÞ hmoÊ`mMm H$mi'' `mcmM à{V{H«$`m H$mi Ago åhUVmV. Reaction
time means the time interval between the onset of the stimulus and occurrance of a
response.
2

1850 gmcr hoë_hmoëQ²>g² `m§Zr àW_ `m {df`mdarc à`moJ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. Ë`m§Zr
ZgmdoJdhZmÀ`m JVrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. Ë`mZ§Va S>m±S>g©, EŠgZoa, dw§Q>, H°$Q>oc nm`am± `m _mZgemñÌkm§Zr
`m {df`mda g§emoYZ Ho$co. 1873 gmcr EŠgZoa `m§Zr àW_ "à{V{H«$`m H$mc' hr g§km ê$T> Ho$cr.
n«{V{H«$`m H$mc åhUOo àË`j à{V{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmam H$mcmdYr Zìho. Va EImÚm
CÔrnH$mcm AZwgê$Z Ho$cocr ~mø à{V{H«$`m gwê$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmam doi åhUOo à{V{H«$`m H$mi.
WmoS>Š`mV CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$ë`mnmgyZ, ~mø à{V{H«$`m gwê$ hmoÊ`mn`ªVMm H$mi åhUOo à{V{H«$`m H$mi.
CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$ë`m~amo~a H$mhr EH$ à{H«$`m VmËH$mi gwê$ hmoVo. na§Vw Vr gwßV AgVo. ñZm`y§Mr hmcMmc
gwê$ Pmë`mdaM `m à{H«$`ocm àH$Q> ñdê$n `oVo. à{V{H«$`m H$mcm_Ü`o `m g§nyU© à{H«$`ocm cmJUmè`m doioMo
_mnZ hmoVo. `m à{H«$`oV CÔrnH$mMo J«hU hmoUo, kmZ|{Ð`mnmgyZ ZgmdoJ _|Xÿn`ªV nmohMUo, _|Xÿ_Ü`o H$mhr
à{H«$`m hmoD$Z _|XÿH$Sy>Z H$maH$ ZgmdoJ {d{eîQ> ñZm`y§H$S>o nmohmoMUo B. à{H«$`m KSy>Z `oVmV. `m gd©
à{H«$`m§gmR>r H$mhr EH$ H$mi cmJVmo. CÔrnH$mMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoD$Z `mo½` à{V{H«$`oMr {ZdS> d g§KQ>Z
H$aUo `m _|XÿÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r gdm©V A{YH$ doi cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$Yrhr eyÝ` `oV Zmhr.
à{V{H«$`m H$mimMo àH$ma :-
1. gmYm à{V{H«$`m H$mc (Simple Reaction Time) :-
Á`mdoir à`wŠVmg_moa EH$M CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$cm OmVmo d EH$mM àH$maMr à{V{H«$`m _mJ{dcr
OmVo. Ë`mdoir {_iUmè`m à{V{H«$`m H$mcmg gmYm à{V{H«$`m H$mi åhUVmV. gmYmaUV: àH$me, ÜdZr
qH$dm ñne© `m§Mm CÔrnH$ åhUyZ dmna Ho$cm OmVmo Am{U CnH$aUmdarc Va\o$dê$Z qH$dm H$irdê$Z
(telegraphic key) ~moQ> CMcUo hr à{V{H«$`m dmnacr OmVo.
2. ^oX ~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`m H$mc (Judgement Reaction Time) :-
`m àH$mamV XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ CÔrnH$ `mÔpÀN>H$ H«$_mZo à`wŠVmcm gmXa Ho$co OmVmV. à`wŠVmZo
_mÌ à{V{H«$`m EH$mM CÔrnH$mcm Úm`Mr AgVo. gmYm à{V{H«$`m H$mimnojm à`wŠVmMo H$m_ A{YH$
H${R>U AgVo. CXm. Ñí` CÔrnH$mMm à{V{H«$`m H$mi _mnZmÀ`m à`moJmV {hadm d Vm§~S>m (cmc) àH$me
ho CÔrnH$ Agë`mg Vm§~S>çm àH$memcm à{V{H«$`m XoUo d {haì`m àH$memcm Z XoUo ho à`wŠVmMo H$m`©
AgVo. åhUOo `mo½` à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r à`wŠVmcm XmoZ CÔrnH$m_Ü`o ^oX~moYZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
åhUyZ `m àH$maÀ`m à{V{H«$`m H$mcmg ""^oX ~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`mH$mc'' åhUVmV.
3. {ZU©`Z à{V{H«$`m H$mc (Judgement Reaction Time) :-
{ZU©` à{V{H«$`m H$mim_Ü`o à`wŠVmMo H$m`© {ZU©`ZmÀ`m ñdê$nmMo AgVo. CXm. CÔrnH$mÀ`m EImÚm
JwUY_m©{df`r, CÔrnH$mÀ`m Vrd«Vo~m~V, n[a{MVVo~m~V qH$dm AmdS>r{df`r {ZU©` XoÊ`mMo AgVo.
3

CÔrnH$ CnpñWV Pmë`mnmgyZ {ZU©` XoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`ocm Omo H$mcmdYr cmJVmo, Ë`m H$mcmdYrg {ZU©`Z
à{V{H«$`m H$mc åhUVmV. gmÜ`m d ^oX~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`mnojm {ZU©`mda AmYmacocr à{V{H«$`m A{YH$
Jw§VmJw§VrMr d H${R>U AgVo. åhUyZ gmÜ`m d ^oX~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`mH$mimnojm {ZU©`Z à{V{H«$`m H$mi
Zoh_r A{YH$ `oVmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {dYmZmg_moa {Xcoë`m H§$gmV {chm.
1. 1850 gmcr hoë_hmoëQ²>P² `m§Zr ZgmdoJdhZmÀ`m JVrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. ( )
2. CÔrnH$ CnpñWV Pmë`mnmgyZ à{V{H«$`m CËnÞ hmoÊ`mMm H$mi åhUOo à{V{H«$`m H$mi.( )
3. à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$Yrhr eyÝ` `oV Zmhr. ( )
4. gmÜ`m à{V{H«$`mH$mimV EH$M CÔrnH$ gmXa H$ê$Z EH$M à{V{H«$`m _mJ{dcr OmVo. ( )
5. ^oX~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`mH$mimV {H$_mZ XmoZ CÔrnH$ `mÔpÀN>H$ H«$_mZo gmXa Ho$co OmVmV.()
~) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {chm.
1. ............. `m§Zr àW_ "à{V{H«$`m H$mc' hr g§km ê$T> Ho$cr.
2. ^oX~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`m H$mimnojm ............... à{V{H«$`m H$mi Zoh_r A{YH$ `oVmo.
3.2.2 à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr {ZYm©aHo$ ({Z`m_Ho$) (Determinants of Reactin Time)
à{V{H«$`m H$mimda H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`mZwgma ì`ŠVrMm à{V{H«$`mH$mi H$_r-OmñV
`oD$ eH$Vmo. hr {Z`m_Ho$ XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV.
(1) CÔrnH$mer {ZJS>rV KQ>H$ Am{U
(2) ì`ŠVrer g§~§{YV KQ>H$. ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ g{dñVa nwT>o nmhÿ.
1. CÔrnH$ n[adV©Ho$
A) doXZ àH$ma :-
doXZ àH$mamZwgma à{V{H«$`mH$mcmV \$aH$ {XgyZ `oVmo. CÔrnH$ lmì`, Ñí` qH$dm ñne© Aem
H$moUË`m doXZàH$mamMm Amho, `mda à{V{H«$`m H$mc Adc§~yZ AgVmo. ho nwT>rc VŠË`mdê$Z {XgyZ `oB©c.
4

VŠVm H«$. 3.1
doXZ àH$ma à{V{H«$`m H$mc doXZ àH$ma à{V{H«$`m H$mc
({_. go.)
({_. go.)
ñne© 110 - 150 J§Y 200 - 500
lwVr 120 - 160 ê$Mr 200 - 1000
ÑîQ>r 150 - 200 Xþ:I 700 - 1000
Vmn_mZ 150 - 200
VŠË`mdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, ñne©doXZoMm à{V{H«$`m H$mc gdm©V H$_r Va Xþ:I doXZmMm à{V{H«$`m
H$mi gdm©V OmñV AgVmo. gmYmaUV: doXZàH$mamZwgma à{V{H«$`m H$mcm_Ü`o nS>Umam \$aH$ J«mhH$noetMo
CÔrnZ, ZgmdoJmMo dhZ, _|XÿMo H$m`© `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m AWdm AZoH$ ñVamda Adc§~yZ Agy
eH$Vo.
1. CÔrnH$m§_wio hmoUmao J«mhH$noerMo CÔrnZ Ëd[aV hmoB©c qH$dm Zmhr ho doXZ|{Ð`mÀ`m aMZoda
Adc§~yZ AgVo. H$mhr J«mhH|${Ð`o Ëd[aV CÔrnZJ«hUmg `mo½` AgVmV. CXm. ËdModarc J«mhHo$
MQ>H$Z CÔr{nV hmoVmV. na§Vw S>moiçmVrc X§S> d e§Hy$ `m§À`m {d{eîQ> ñWmZm_wio CÔrnH$
Ë`m§À`mn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg doi cmJVmo.
2. àË`oH$ J«mhH|${Ð`mMm CÔrnZdoi {^Þ AgVmo. H$mhr J«mhH$noer_Ü`o àW_ {d{eîQ> à{H«$`m
KS>ë`mZ§VaM ZgmdoJm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. CXm. Ñí` CÔrnH$m§~m~V ZgmdoJ {Z{_©Vrnydu S>moiçmVrc
X§S> d e§Hy$ noer_Ü`o {d{eîQ> amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo.
3. ÑîQ>r, lwVr d ñne© `m doXZm§hÿZ BVa doXZ àH$ma doJio AmhoV, H$maU Ë`m§À`m CÔrnZmÀ`m doir
BVa doXZJ«mhHo$hr CÔr{nV hmoV AgVmV.
4. Xþ:I doXZmÀ`m ZgmdoJmMo dhZ H$aUmao ZgV§Vy BVa doXZm§À`m ZgV§Vynojm A{YH$ gyú_
Agë`m_wio `m ZgmdoJmMo dhZ g§W J{VZo hmoV Agmdo. Ë`m_wio Xþ:I doXZmMm à{V{H«$`m H$mc
BVa doXZm§À`m VwcZoZo gdm©V OmñV AmT>iVmo.
doXZ`§ÌUoÀ`m doJdoJiçm ^mJmVrc {dÚwV àdmhm§Mm g§emoYZmdê$Z doXZ à{H«$`oVrc àË`oH$ nmVirda
{H$Vr H$mcmdYr cmJVmo, `mMo _mnZ Ho$co AgVm nwT>rc {ZîH$f© {_imco :-
1. _m§Oamda Ho$coë`m lwVrdoXZmÀ`m à`moJmV - lwVrZgmdoJ {Z{_©Vrg 1 Vo 2 {_.go. doi
cmJVmo. hm ZgmdoJ _|XÿVcmn`ªV nmohMÊ`mg 8 Vo 9 {_.go. doi cmJVmo.
5

2. _|XÿVyZ H$maH$ ZgmdoJ ñZm`yn`ªJV nmohMÊ`mg 10 Vo 15 {_. go. d ñZm`y§À`m hmcMmcrg
30 Vo 40 {_. go. cmJVmV.
3. lwVrdoXZmÀ`m 120 {_. go. à{V{H«$`m H$mcmVrc nÞmg Q>ŠŠ`mnojm OmñV H$mcmdYr _|XÿVrc
à{H«$`ogmR>r cmJVmo.
Am) EH$mM doXZàH$mamVrc à{V{H«$`m H$mcmVrc {^ÞVm :-
EH$mM doXZ àH$mamVrc à{V{H«$`m H$mim_Ü`o {^ÞVm Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. hr {^ÞVm CÔrnH$mÀ`m
JwUY_m©_wio qH$dm d¡{eîQ>çm_wio {Z_m©U hmoV Agë`mMo AZoH$ à`moJmVyZ {XgyZ Amco Amho. nwT>rc H$mhr à_wI
CÔrnH$ d¡{eîQ>çm_wio à{V{H«$`mH$mimV {^ÞVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
1. CÔrnH$m§Mr Vrd«Vm :-
gmYmaUV: Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, H$_r Vrd«VoÀ`m CÔrnH$mnojm OmñV Vrd«VoÀ`m CÔrnH$mcm à`wŠVmH$Sy>Z
MQ>H$Z à{V{H«$`m {Xcr OmVo, Ë`m_wio à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oVmo. CÔrnH$mMr Vrd«Vm gr_m_yë`mnojm OmñV
Agoc Va _moR>çm à_mUmV ZgV§Vy CÔr{nV hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oVmo. na§Vw CÔrnH$mMr Vrd«Vm
Am{U à{V{H«$`m H$mi `m_Yrc g§~§Y Zoh_r g_à_mUmV AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. Oa CÔrnH$mMr Vrd«Vm (Ñí`
qH$dm lmì`) à_mUmnojm OmñV dmT>dcr Va à{V{H«$`m H$mi dmT>Ê`mMrhr eŠ`Vm AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, CÔrnH$
jrU Agë`mg, Vrd«Vm dmT>{dë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mc H$_r hmoVmo, na§Vw CÔrnH$ ghO OmUdUmam Agë`mg
Ë`mMr Vrd«Vm dmT>ë`mZo à{V{H«$`mH$mcm_Ü`o \$magm \$aH$ {XgyZ `oV Zmhr.
2. CÔrnH$mMm H$mcmdYr :-
CÔrnH$mÀ`m CÔrnZ H$mcmdYrMm à{V{H«$`m H$mcmda n[aUm_ hmoÊ`mMo H$mhrhr H$maU Zmhr. H$maU
à`wŠVmcm CÔrnH$ OmUdë`m~amo~a à{V{H«$`ocm gwédmV hmoV AgVo. VargwÜXm CÔrnH$mÀ`m H$mcmdYrMm
à{V{H«$`m H$mcmda n[aUm_ hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. CXm. ÜdZr CÔrnH$ gmVË`mZo VrZ {_.go. gmXa Ho$ë`mg
à{V{H«$`m H$mcm_Ü`o KQ> hmoVo. na§Vw 50 {_. go. nojm A{YH$ doi CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$ë`mg _mÌ à{V{H«$`m
H$mimV \$magm n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. åhUOoM {d{eîQ> _`m©Xon`ªV CÔrnZH$mcmV dmT> Ho$ë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mc
H$_r hmoVmo. hm n[aUm_ {deof Zgcm Var {dídgZr` Amho. CXm. ÑpîQ>doXZmV, CÔrnZmcm H$mcmdYrV Xhm
nQ> dmT> Ho$ë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mi 5 Vo 10 {_. go. H$_r hmoVmo.
3. CÔrnZmMo ñWmZ :-
doXZ|{Ð`mVrc H$moUVo ñWmZ CÔr{nV Ho$co Amho, Ë`mdagwÜXm à{V{H«$`m H$mi Adc§~yZ AgVmo. CXm.
ÑpîQ>H|$Ðmda CÔrnH$ H|${ÐV Ho$ë`mg ÑpîQ>nQ>cmÀ`m BVa ^mJmÀ`m VwcZoV à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oVmo.
ÑpîQ>H|$Ðm_Ü`o X§S>noerMm A^md AmT>iVmo.
6

B) CÔrnH$mVrc n[adV©Z :-
à{V{H«$`m H$mimÀ`m à`moJmV CÔrnH$mcm à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mEodOr CÔrnH$mVrc n[adV©Zmcm {Xcr
OmUmar à{V{H«$`m {dMmamV KoVcr OmVo. Ë`mdoir à{V{H«$`m H$mc Am{U CÔrnH$mVrc n[adV©Z `m§Mm g§~§Y
{XgyZ `oVmo. CXm. à{V{H«$`m H$mimÀ`m à`moJmV EImÚm {d{eîQ> Vrd«VoMm àH$me CÔrnH$ dmnê$Z Ë`mVrc
Vrd«VoV ~Xc Pmë`mg à{V{H«$`m Úmdr Aer gyMZm à`wŠVmcm {Xcr OmVo. Ë`mdoir ~Xc _moR>çm à_mUmV
Agoc Va à{V{H«$`m H$mc H$_r `oVmo.
CÔrnH$mVrc n[adV©Zmg§~§Yr Pmcoë`m g§emoYZmV Ago AmT>ico H$s, CÔrnH$ gwê$ Pmë`mda à{V{H«$`m
_mJ{dÊ`mEodOr CÔrnH$ Wm§~VmjUr à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mg gm§{JVco Va CÔrnH$ gwê$ hmoVmZm {_iUmè`m à{V{H«$`m
H$mimnojm CÔrnH$ Wm§~VmZm {_iUmam à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
B©) CÔrnH$mMo g§H$cZ :-
doXZ|{Ð`mda XmoZ CÔrnH$ ñdV§ÌnUo gmXa Z H$aVm EH$mMdoir gmXa Ho$ë`mg à`wŠVmMm à{V{H«$`m H$mc
H$_r `oVmo. CXm. XmoÝhr H$mZmda ÜdZrCÔrnH$ EH$mMdoir gmXa Ho$ë`mg qH$dm XmoÝhr S>moio EH$mMdoir àH$me
CÔrnH$mZo CÔr{nV Ho$ë`mg à`wŠVmMm à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oVmo. EH$m à`moJmV EH$mM H$mZmda gmXa Ho$coë`m
ÜdZrCÔrnH$mg {_imcocm à{V{H«$`m H$mi 147 {_.go. hmoVm Va XmoÝhr H$mZmda gmXa Ho$coë`m ÜdZrCÔrnH$mcm
{_imcocm à{V{H«$`m H$mi 130 {_.go. hmoVm.
C) CÔrnH$ gmYå`© d n`m©`r CÔrnH$m§Mr g§»`m :-
`m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ ^oX~moYZ à{V{H«$`m H$mcmda hmoVmo. Ho$di CÔrnH$mVrc ^oX~moYZmMm àíZ
Agë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r cmJVmo. Am{U ^oX ~moYZ d à{V{H«$`oVrc {ZdS> Agm àíZ Agë`mg
à{V{H«$`mH$mc OmñV `oVmo. ^oX ~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`oÀ`mdoir n`m©`m§Mr g§»`m {OVH$s OmñV Agoc Ë`m
à_mUmV à{V{H«$`m H$mc dmT>Vmo. XmoZ CÔrnH$m_Ü`o {OVHo$ gmå` OmñV Ë`m à_mUmV à{V{H«$`m H$mc OmñV
AgVmo. `mCcQ> XmoZ CÔrnH$mV \$aH$ {OVH$m OmñV {VVH$m à{V{H«$`mH$mc H$_r `oVmo.
2. ì`pŠV{ZîR> n[adV©Ho$
A) à`wŠVmMr VmËH$m{cH$ d¥Îmr qH$dm V`marMr d¥Îmr :-
CÔrnH$ H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Agcm Var à`wŠVmMr d¥Îmr Am{U à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r Agcocr
V`marMr AdñWm `m§Mm à{V{H«$`m H$mcmda {ZpíMVnUo n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Ooìhm AmnU
EImÚm JmoîQ>rMr V`mar Ho$cocr AgVo Voìhm Ë`m n[apñWVrVrc à{V{H«$`m A{YH$ VËnaVoZo {Xë`m
OmVmV.
7

à{V{H«$`m H$mimÀ`m à`moJmV à`wŠVmcm gyMZm XoD$Z d gÁOVoMm gyMH$ dmnê$Z Ë`mMr à{V{H«$`m
XoÊ`mgmR>r _mZ{gH$ V`mar Ho$cr OmVo. "nyd© gyMZm Am{U àË`j CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$cm OmUo' `m_Yrc
H$mcmdYrg nyd©H$mc (fore period) åhUVmV. à`wŠVmMr _mZ{gH$ d¥Îmr `m nyd©H$mcmda Adc§~yZ AgVo.
AZoH$ à`moJmdê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© {ZKVmo H$s, nyd©H$mc XmoZ goH§$XmMm AgVmZm à{V{H«$`m H$mc gdm©V H$_r
`oVmo. ì`pŠVJV ^oXmZwgma `mo½` nyd©H$mcmMm {dñVma 2 Vo 4 goH§$XmMm AgVmo. nyd©H$mc `mnojm OmñV
dmT>{dë`mg nyd©V`marMr AdñWm H$_r hmodyZ à{V{H«$`ocm {dc§~ cmJVmo. nwT>rc AmH¥$Vrdê$Z (3.1)
nyd©H$mc d à{V{H«$`m H$mc `mVrc g§~§Y A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoB©c.
`
220
à{V{H«$`m H$mc ({_./go.)
200
180
160
140
120
0
4 8 12 16 20 24
nyd©H$mc (goH§$X)
nyd©H$mcmV ñZm`dr VmUmMr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
gmYmaUV: nyd©gyMZoZ§Va 200 Vo 400 {_. goH§$Xm§Zr ñZm`dr VmUmMr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo, Am{U
à{V{H«$`oMr V`mar gwê$ hmoVo. Á`mdoir nyd©H$mc {Z`{_V AgVmo, Ë`mdoir ñZm`dr VmUmMo à_mU OmñV AgVo.
Ë`m_wio à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oVmo. dwS´>mo (1914) `m§À`m _Vo, à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaUV:
2 goH§$XmMm nyd©H$mc Agmdm. nyd©H$mi OmñV Agë`mg V`marMr d¥Îmr XrK©H$mi R>odmdr cmJVo. nyd©H$mc
AJXrM H$_r R>odë`mg OmñV V`marMr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. Ano{jV nyd©H$mi R>odë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mc
H$_r `oVmo.
~) doX{ZH$ Am{U H$maH$d¥Îmr :-
à{V{H«$`m H$mimÀ`m à`moJmV à`wŠVmMr, CÔrnH$ J«hUmgmR>r Am{U CÔrnH$ OmUdVmM à{V{H«$`m
H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Zmod¥Îmr V`ma Pmcocr AgVo. ì`pŠV^oXmZwgma qH$dm {d{eîQ> àm`mo{JH$ gyMZmZwgma Ho$di
CÔrnH$ J«hUmgmR>r qH$dm \$ŠV à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r _Zmod¥Îmr V`ma hmoD$ eH$Vo. doX{ZH$ _Zmod¥Îmr_Ü`o
à`wŠVmMo gd© cj CÔrnH$mÀ`m CnpñWVrda H|${ÐV Pmcoco AgVo. CXm. "Vm§~S>m {Xdm {XgVmjUrM Vwåhr
8
j

H$irda R>odcoco ~moQ> CMcm`Mo Amho. Vm§~S>m {Xdm Ho$ìhm cmJVmo {VH$S>o cj R>odm.' Aem àH$maÀ`m
gyMZo_wio CÔrnH$ J«hU H$aÊ`m{df`r _Zmod¥Îmr V`ma hmoVo. Va H$maH$ _Zmod¥Îmr_Ü`o à`wŠVmMo gd© cj
à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mda AgVo. CXm. {hadm {Xdm {XgVmjUrM Vwåhr H$irdaMo ~moQ> CMcm`Mo Amho, eŠ`
{VVŠ`m cdH$a ~moQ> CMcm, Vw_À`m à{V{H«$`oMm doJ _moOcm OmUma Amho. Aem gyMZm_wio H$maH$
_Zmod¥Îmr V`ma hmoB©c.
doX{ZH$ d H$maH$ _Zmod¥Îmr nañnam§er {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mV nyU©nUo ^oX H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
Varhr AZoH$ à`moJmdê$Z Ago {XgVo H$s, H$maH$d¥Îmr Agë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oVmo.
H$) ^oX~moYZ à{V{H«$`m H$mcmÀ`m doiMr _Zmod¥Îmr :-
gmYm à{V{H«$`mH$mc d ^oX~moYZ à{V{H«$`m H$mc `m_Ü`o gmYmaUV: 500 {_.goH§$XmMm \$aH$
nS>Vmo, `mMo H$maU åhUOo (1) ^oX ~moYZ à{H«$`ocm cmJUmam doi Am{U (2) à`wŠVmMr _Zmod¥Îmr {ÛYm
Pmcocr AgVo. ^oX~moYZmV à`wŠVmcm XmoZ CÔrnH$ d XmoZ à{V{H«$`m `m§MoH$S>o cj Úmdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio
{OVHo$ n`m©` OmñV {VVH$m à{V{H«$`m H$mc OmñV `oVmo. CXm. ÑîQ>rdoXZmV gmYm à{V{H«$`m H$mc 180
{_. go., XmoZ n`m©` AgVmZm 300 {_.go. Va 10 n`m©` AgVmZm à{V{H«$`m H$mc 600 {_. go.
Agë`mMo {XgVo.
S>) gamd :-
à`wŠVmZo gamd Ho$ë`mg à{V{H«$`m H$mimV gwYmaUm hmody eH$Vo. gmÜ`m à{V{H«$`m H$mimÀ`m
àH$mamV EH$M CÔrnH$ Am{U EH$M à{V{H«$`m Agë`mZo à`wŠVmMo H$m_ gmono AgVo. na§Vw hmM gamd
XrK©H$mi Mmcy R>odcm Va 50 Vo 100 à`ËZmZ§Va à{V{H«$`m H$mi 10% Zo H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
^oX ~moYZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`m H$mimg _mÌ EH$ {XdgmÀ`m gamdmZo 30 Vo 40% gwYmaUm Pmë`mMo AmT>iVo.
B) d` :-
ì`ŠVrÀ`m d`mMm Am{U à{V{H«$`m H$mimMm g§~§Y {XgyZ `oVmo. gmYmaUV: 25 dfm©n`ªV à{V{H«$`m
H$mcmV KQ> hmoV OmVo. gwédmVrcm à{V{H«$`m H$mi OcX JVrZo H$_r hmoVmo Z§Va hr JVr hiyhiy H$_r
hmoVo. (JwS>BZ\$ 1935). 25 df} Vo 60 df} `m d`m_Ü`o à{V{H«$`m H$mi ~è`mM à_mUmV pñWa amhVmo.
B©) qcJ^oX :-
à{V{H«$`m H$mimV qcJ{^ÞVm {XgyZ `oVo. H$moUË`mhr d`moJQ>mVrc nwéfm§Mm à{V{H«$`m H$mi
ñÌr`m§À`m à{V{H«$`m H$mimnojm H$_r {XgyZ `oVmo (JwS>BZ\$ 1935). AemM àH$maMo {ZîH$f© _mWwa
(1964) Am{U Q>§S>Z (1967) `m§Zr Ho$coë`m g§emoYZmV AmT>ico. _mWwa `m§Zr 8, 9, 10 d 11
d`moJQ>mVrc 100 _wcm§À`m d 100 _wctÀ`m Ñí` à{V{H«$`m H$mimMm Aä`mg Ho$cm AgVm gd©
d`moJQ>mVrc _wcm§Mm à{V{H«$`m H$mi _wctÀ`m VwcZoV H$_r AmT>icm.
9

\$) d¡`pŠVH$ ^oX :-
à{V{H«$`m H$mcmda n[aUm_ H$aUmar H$mhr ì`pŠV n[adV©Ho$ Aer AmhoV H$s Ë`mda à`moJH$Vm©
{Z`§ÌU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMmhr n[aUm_ à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r-OmñV `oÊ`mda hmoVmo. CXm. àmoËgmhZ
qH$dm àoaUm, `m_wio à{V{H«$`m H$mi H$_r `oD$ eH$Vmo. àmoËgmhZm_wio AdYmZmda `mo½` n[aUm_ hmoD$Z
à{V{H«$`m H$mimV KQ> hmoV Agmdr Ago _mZco OmVo.
VgoM ì`pŠVÀ`m à{V{H«$`m H$mcmV hmoUmao {dMcZ, ì`ŠVrMo AdYmZ, j{UH$ ^mdd¥Îmr,
g_m`moOZ, A{^d¥Îmr, emar[aH$ Vmn_mZ, aŠVXm~, A§_cr nXmWmªMo godZ Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m§_wio hmoVo.
ì`pŠVÀ`m dV©ZmV Pmcoë`m ~XcmMmhr à{V{H«$`m H$mcmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm. CÝ_mX-AdgmX
hr _Zmo{dH¥$Vr Pmcoë`m é½Um_Ü`o CÝ_mX Am{U AdgmX `m XmoÝhr AdñWm§_Ü`o à{V{H«$`m H$mi {XK© `oVmo.
VgoM {N>Þ_ZñH$Vm Pmcoë`m é½Um§Mm à{V{H«$`m H$mi A{Ve` OmñV AgVmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {dYmZmg_moa {Xcoë`m H§$gmV {chm.
1. doXZ àH$mamZwgma à{V{H«$`m H$mimV \$aH$ {XgyZ `oVmo. ( )
2. gdm©V OmñV à{V{H«$`m H$mi Xþ:I `m doXZàH$mamcm `oVmo. ( )
3. CÔrnH$mÀ`m Vrd«VoMm à{V{H«$`mH$mimer g§~§Y AgVmo. ( )
4. nyd©gyMZm Am{U àË`j CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$cm OmUo `m_Yrc H$mcmdYrg nyd©H$mc åhUVmV.()
5. nwéfm§Mm à{V{H«$`mH$mi pñÌ`m§À`m à{V{H«$`m H$mimnojm H$_r `oVmo. ( )
3.2.3 AÜ``ZmMr ì`m»`m Am{U àH$ma
AÜ``Zj_Vm ho àmÊ`m§Mo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. nydm©Zw^dmMm Cn`moJ hmoV Agë`mZo
àmÊ`m§À`m dV©ZmV gVV ~Xc hmoV AgVmo. VgoM ZdZdrZ n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ H$aVmZm ZdrZ
à{V{H«$`m§Mrhr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `m j_VocmM AÜ``Zj_Vm åhUVmV. gd©gm_mÝ` ^mfoV "O|ìhm AmnU
H$mhrVar {eH$Vmo Ë`mcm AÜ``Z åhUVmV' qH$dm ""EImXr JmoîQ> H$er H$am`Mr Vo {eH$Uo åhUOo
AÜ``Z''. AemàH$mao AÜ``Z hr g§H$ënZm BVH$s ghO Am{U gmonr dmQ>Vo. na§Vw _mZgemñÌr`
ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ nm{hë`mg AÜ``Z `m eãXmcm AZoH$ n¡cy Agë`mMo AmT>iVo.
10

ì`m»`m :-
""AZw^d Am{U gamd `m§À`m_wio dV©ZmV KSy>Z `oUmam gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMm Agm H$moUVmhr
~Xc åhUOo AÜ``Z hmo`.''
AÜ``ZmMo n[aUm_ gmd©{ÌH$ AgyZ Vo gd© àH$maÀ`m dV©Zmer {ZJS>rV AgVmV. dV©Z empãXH$ Agmo
qH$dm H$maH$ Agmo, gmYo Agmo qH$dm Jw§VmJw§VrMo, gmÜ`m gd`rMo qH$dm g_ñ`m n[ahmamË_H$ Aem H$moUË`mhr
dV©ZmV nydm©Zw^dmMm n[aUm_ hmoD$Z à{V{H«$`mV ~Xc Pmcoco {XgVmV.
AÜ``Zm_wio gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMo ~Xc hmoVmV. åhUOo Ooìhm ì`ŠVr H$moUË`mhr JmoîQ>rMo
AÜ``Z H$aVo Voìhm ì`ŠVr H$m` {eH$cr `mMr Zm|X R>odÊ`mgmR>r _|XÿÀ`m H$mhr ^mJm_Ü`o ^m¡{VH$ ~Xc
KS>VmV. ì`ŠVr EImXr JmoîQ> {eH$cr H$s Vr {VÀ`m ñ_¥Vr_Ü`o amhVo. (Barsulou, 1992)
_m°J©Z, qH$J, doO d ñH$m°nca `m§À`m_Vo, "_mZdr dV©ZmV à`ËZ qH$dm AZw^d `m_wio KSy>Z `oUmao
gmnojV: H$m`_ ñdê$nmMo _mnZr` ~Xc åhUOo AÜ``Z.'
"Learning can be defined as any relatively permanent change in behaviour that
occurs as a result of practice or experience."
darc ì`m»`m§dê$Z AÜ``ZmMr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço d AÜ``ZmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> hmoVo.
1. AÜ``Zm_wio dV©ZmV ~Xc KSy>Z `oVmo :-
EImÚm JmoîQ>rMo AÜ``Z hmoÊ`mnyduMo ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z Am{U AÜ``Z Pmë`mZ§VaMo dV©Z {^Þ AgVo.
åhUOo AÜ``Zm_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV ~Xc KSy>Z `oVmo. CXm. gm`H$c Mmcdm`cm {eH$Ê`mnyduMo dV©Z
Am{U gm`H$c Mmcdm`cm {eH$ë`mZ§VaMo dV©Z qH$dm g§JUH$ {Zaja AgVmZmMo dV©Z Am{U g§JUH$ gmja
Pmë`mZ§VaMo ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z `m_Ü`o ~Xc {XgyZ `oVmo.
2. AÜ``ZmV AZw^d Am{U à`ËZmMo _hÎd :-
AÜ``ZmMr à{H«$`m KS>Ê`mgmR>r AZw^d Am{U à`ËZ qH$dm gamd _hÎdmMm AgVmo. CXm. EImÚm
chmZ _wcmZo Vmncoë`m J°gÀ`m eoJS>rcm hmV cmdë`m_wio Ë`mcm Iyn doXZm ghZ H$amì`m cmJë`m
AgVrc Va Vo _yc Ja_ eoJS>rcm hmV cmdë`mg doXZm hmoVmV ho {eHo$c. VgoM EImXr JmoîQ> Ho$ë`m_wio
Ë`mMm AmZ§XXm`H$ n[aUm_ {XgyZ Amcm Agoc Va ì`ŠVr Vr JmoîQ> nwÝhm-nwÝhm H$aVo.
3. AÜ``Zm_wio KSy>Z `oUmao ~Xc {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMo AgVmV :-
ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV Oo ~Xc A{Ve` VmËnwaË`m ñdê$nmMo hmoVmV, Ë`m§Zm AÜ``Z åhUVm `oV Zmhr.
AÜ``Zm_wio Pmcoco ~Xc {XK©H$mi {Q>H$Umao AgVmV. CXm. nmohUo, gm`H$c Mmc{dUo, ^mfm {eH$Uo `m
JmoîQ>r H$mhr H$mi gamd Zmhr Ho$cm Var H$m`_ {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV.
11

AÜ``ZmMo àH$ma :-
H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m dV©ZmV gamdm_wio qH$dm à`ËZm_wio ~Xc hmoV AgVmo. åhUOo AÜ``ZmMo
n[aUm_ gd©M dV©ZàH$mamV {XgyZ `oVmV. CXm. ^mfm {eH$Uo, doJdoJir H$maH$ H$m¡eë`o g§nmXZ H$aUo,
gd`r {Z_m©U hmoUo, g_ñ`m n[ahma `m gd© H¥$Vr Am{U H$m¡eë`m_Ü`o AÜ``Z hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio
dV©ZàH$mamMo dJuH$aU Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMo àm`mo{JH$ {dícofU H$aUo gwc^ hmoVo. {d{dY dV©ZjoÌmZwgma _mZdr
AÜ``ZmMo VrZ àH$ma gm§{JVco OmVmV. (1) empãXH$ AÜ``Z (2) H$maH$ AÜ``Z d (3) g_ñ`m
n[ahmamË_H$ AÜ``Z.
`m VrZhr àH$mam§Mr g{dñVa MMm© H$ê$.
1. empãXH$ AÜ``Z :-
empãXH$ AÜ``Z åhUOo eãXm§Mo d eãXm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo hmoUmao AÜ``Z. _mZdmÀ`m ~è`mMem
à{V{H«$`m àm_w»`mZo empãXH$ AgVmV. CXm. ~mocUo, dmMUo, {c{hUo B.Mm _mZdr ì`dhmamV Cn`moJ hmoV
AgVmo. eãX, à{VHo$, g§»`m hr gd© ^m{fH$ gmYZo AmhoV. åhUyZ empãXH$ AÜ``ZmV eãX qH$dm g§»`m
hrM CÔrnH$ d à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ H$m`© H$arV AgVmV. àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrZo AJXr chmZnUmnmgyZM AZoH$
eãXm§Mo ^m§S>ma {_i{dcoco AgVo. ì`ŠVrOdi AgUmar eãXg§nÎmr A{Ve` ì`pŠV{ZîR> AgVo. åhUOoM
{d{eîQ> eãXmer doJdoJiçm ì`ŠVtMr doJdoJir gmhM`© V`ma Pmcocr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio AÜ``ZmÀ`m
à`moJmgmR>r gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMo eãXgm{hË` {_iUo H$R>rU AgVo. hr AS>MU Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r h_©Z
Eq~Jhm°g `m§Zr AW©hrZ eãXmd`dm§Mm dmna Ho$cm. AW©hrZ eãXmd`d åhUOo XmoZ ì`§OZm§À`m_Ü`o EH$
ñda KmcyZ V`ma Ho$cocr Ajam§Mr eãXgÑí` aMZm. Ë`m_YyZ H$moUVmhr AW© ì`ŠV hmoV Zmhr. CXm.
ZOP, MUX, TUM B. H$mhr doim VrZ ì`§OZo dmnê$Zhr AW©hrZ eãXm§d`d V`ma Ho$co OmVmV. CXm.
MBX, PNT, PXY B. Eq~Jhm°gZo AemàH$maMo AZoH$ {ZaW©H$ eãXmd`dm§Mr aMZm H$ê$Z àm`mo{JH$
Aä`mg Ho$cm.
Aem àH$mao gm{hË` AÜ``ZmÀ`m à`moJmgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo. H$maU Vo An[a{MV AgVo, Ë`mMr
H$m{R>Ê`nmVir gmaIr AgVo. VgoM `m gm{hË`mer ì`pŠVJV gmhM`© {Z_m©U Pmcocr ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio
à`wŠVm§À`m AÜ``ZmMr dñVw{ZîR> VwcZm H$aVm `oVo.
2. H$maH$ AÜ``Z :-
AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r _mUyg eãXm§Mm d ^mfoMm Cn`moJ H$aVmo. VargwÜXm Ë`mcm H$mhr
dV©Z àH$ma H$maH$ H$amdo cmJVmV. H$maH$ AÜ``ZmV ñZm`{dH$ hmcMmcr, {d{dY H«$sS>m H$m¡eë`o,
`§ÌdV hmcMmcr, g\$mB©Xma Hw$ec hmcMmcr d gyú_ gwg§K{Q>V hmcMmcr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. H$maH$
dV©ZmV H$mhr àH$ma AmT>iVmV.
(1) H$mhr H$maH$ H¥$VtMm gamd Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m `§ÌdV hmoVmV. H$mhr H¥$Vr_Ü`o H$m¡eë` g§nmXZ
Ho$ë`mZ§VagwÜXm g_m`moOZ H$amdo cmJVo. CXm. IoimSy>, gm`H$c Mmc{dUo, dmhZ Mmc{dUo `m H¥$VrV
H$m¡eë` g§nmXZ Ho$ë`mZ§VagwÜXm n[apñWVrZwê$n g_m`moOZ gmYmdo cmJVo.
12

(2) H$mhr H¥$Vr {d{eîQ> ñZm`wnwaË`mM _`m©{XV AgVmV. CXm. {dUH$m_, ^aVH$m_, eñÌ{H«$`m,
`§ÌmMr {d{eîQ> H$i Xm~Ê`mMo H$m_, ~±Ho$_Ü`o ZmoQ>m _moOÊ`mMo H$m_, n°qH$J H$aUo B. Va H$mhr {H«$`m_Ü`o
g§nyU© earamÀ`m gwg§K{Q>V hmcMmctMr JaO AgVo. CXm. YmdUo, nmohUo, gm`H$c Mmc{dUo, Z¥Ë` H$aUo
B. WmoS>Š`mV H$maH$ AÜ``ZmgmR>r _mZdr earamVrc {d{dY ñZm`y§À`m hmcMmcr, gwg§K{Q>V à`ËZ d
{XK©H$mi gamd Amdí`H$ AgVmo.
3. g_ñ`m n[ahma :-
empãXH$ d H$maH$ `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m AÜ``ZmV `mo½` àH$maMr à{V{H«$`m H$moUVr ho _m{hV
AgVo Am{U Vr H$em nÜXVrZo g§nmXZ Ho$cr OmVo, `mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. na§Vw H$mhrdoim AZoH$
g§^mì` à{V{H«$`mVyZ, MwH$sÀ`m à{V{H«$`m ~mOycm gmê$Z, AMyH$ à{V{H«$`m emoYyZ H$mT>mdr cmJVo. hr
à{V{H«$`m Ho$ë`mZo g_ñ`oMr CH$c hmoVo. `m AÜ``ZmcmM "g_ñ`m n[ahma AÜ``Z' åhUVmV. g_ñ`m
empãXH$, `m§{ÌH$ qH$dm AÝ` H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m Agy eH$VmV. `m g_ñ`oMr CH$c H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ
à_mX nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. g_ñ`ocm AZwgê$Z `mo½` à{V{H«$`oMo __©kmZ Pmë`mdaM
g_ñ`oMr CH$c hmoVo Am{U CÎma gmnS>Vo. `mo½` CÎmamMo __©kmZ hmoUo ho g_ñ`m n[ahmamMo
d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. hr à{V{H«$`m AMyH$ d EH$_od AgVo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV gm_mÝ`kmZ, {deof H$m¡eë`o,
H$ënZmeŠVr `m§Mm dmna g§H$sU© g_ñ`m gmoS>{dVmZm Ho$cm OmVmo. g_ñ`m n[ahmamgmR>r, {MÌo, R>moH$io,
H$moS>r B. àH$maMo gm{hË` dmnaco OmVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
A) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {dYmZmg_moa {Xcoë`m H§$gmV {chm.
1. AÜ``Zm_wio gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMo ~Xc hmoVmV. ( )
2. eãXm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo hmoUmao AÜ``Z åhUOo empãXH$ AÜ``Z. ( )
3. H$maH$ AÜ``ZmV ñZm`{dH$ hmcMmctMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ( )
4. CÎmamMo __©kmZ hmoUo ho g_ñ`m n[ahmamMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. ( )
3.2.4 AÜ``ZmMr {ZYm©aHo$ ({Z`m_Ho$)
AÜ``Zmda AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`m_Yrc àË`oH$ KQ>H$ ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mgUo A{Ve`
H$R>rU Agë`mZo Ë`mMo H$mhr JQ> qH$dm g_yh nmSy>Z Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_Ü`o •
(1) AÜ``Z {df`mMo ñdê$n.
(2) AÜ``Z nÜXVr.
13

(3) AÜ``H$Ë`m©Mr ì`pŠVJV d¡{eîQ>ço `m VrZ _hÎdmÀ`m {Z`m_H$g_yhm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV darc VrZ {Z`m_H$ g_yhm§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ago OmUdVo H$s, AÜ``Z H$emMo Ho$co
OmVo? H$go Ho$co OmVo? Am{U H$moU H$aVo? `mda AÜ``Z à{H«$`m Adc§~yZ AgVo. `m KQ>H$mV àm_w»`mZo
_mZdr AÜ``ZmMm d empãXH$ AÜ``ZmÀ`m n[adV©H$m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm Amho.
A) AÜ``Z {df` :-
_mUgmÀ`m gd© dV©Zm_Ü`o Am{U H¥$Vr_Ü`o AÜ``Zm_wio gwYmaUm hmoVo; na§Vw AÜ``ZmMo à_mU,
doJ B. ~m~r àË`oH$ H¥$VrgmR>r doJdoJiçm AgVmV. \$ŠV empãXH$ AÜ``ZmMm {dMma Ho$cm Var AÜ``Z
gm{hË` BVŠ`m {d{dY àH$maMo AgVo H$s, Ë`m gdmª~m~V gm_mÝ` {dYmZ H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. na§Vw H$mhr
à_wI d¡{eîQ>çm§dê$Z AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr VwcZm H$aVm `oVo. AW©, ^md{ZH$Vm d ì`mßVr ({dñVma) hr
d¡{eîQ>ço doJdoJiçm gm{hË`mV doJdoJiçm à_mUmV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm AÜ``ZmÀ`m doJmda Am{U à_mUmda
n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
1. AÜ``Z{df`mMr AW©nyU©Vm :-
empãXH$ gm{hË`mcm H$mhrdoim AW© AgVmo Va H$mhrdoim Agm AW© ZgVmo. Aemdoir ì`pŠVJV AW©
AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. empãXH$ AÜ``ZmÀ`m à`moJmV Á`m {ZaW©H$ eãXmd`dm§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo, Vo
nyU©nUo {ZaW©H$ AgVmV Ago åhUVm `oV Zmhr. H$mhr à`wŠV Ë`m eãXmd`dm§Zm AW©nyU© ~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmV. Eq~Jhm°g `m§Zr AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr H$m{R>Ê`nmVir g_mZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r {ZaW©H$ Aja g_yhm§Mm dmna
Ho$cm. na§Vw ì`pŠV-ì`ŠVr_Ü`o AWm©~m~V {^ÞVm AmT>iVo. åhUOo EH$m ì`ŠVrcm {ZaW©H$ dmQ>Umao gm{hË`
Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrcm AW©nyU© dmQy> eH$Vo.
AW©nyU© d {ZaW©H$ gm{hË`mMr VwcZm Ho$cr AgVm gmYmaUV: Ago AmT>iVo H$s, {ZaW©H$
gm{hË`mnojm AW©nyU© gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z cdH$a d gwc^ hmoVo. JÚ-nÚ qH$dm gwQ>o eãX Ago H$moUVohr
AW©nyU© AÜ``Z gm{hË` {ZaW©H$ gm{hË`mnojm OcX JVrZo {eH$co OmVo. AW©nyU© gm{hË`m_Ü`ohr AWm©À`m
à_mUmZwgma AÜ``ZmÀ`m JVrda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm. gwQ>çm eãXm§À`m `mXrnojm AW©nyU© dmŠ` cdH$a
{eH$co OmVo. AW©nyU©Vo_wio AÜ``ZmV gwc^Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo AWm©_wio XmoZ qH$dm
A{YH$ H$c_mV gmhM`© {Z_m©U hmodyZ nydm©Zw^d d nydm©Ü``ZmV gm§JS> KmVcr OmVo.
2. AÜ``Z {df`mMr ^md{ZH$Vm :-
ì`ŠVrÀ`m dmñVd OrdZmV ^mdZm§Mo ñdê$n g§H$sU© AgVo. {d{eîQ> ^mdZocm H$_r-OmñV
Vrd«VoÀ`m N>Q>m AgVmV. à`moJmgmR>r V`ma Ho$coë`m AÜ``Z gm{hË`mer à`wŠVmMm ^md{ZH$ g§~§Y \$maM
gm¡å` ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. VgoM gd©© à`wŠVm§gmR>r ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm g_mZ gm{hË` V`ma H$aUo AdKS> Amho.
14

H$maU doJdoJiçm ì`ŠVtMr nydm©Zw^dmVrc ^md{ZH$ gmhM`} {Za{Zamir AgVmV. à`moJH$Vm© à`moJmgmR>r
Oo AÜ``Z gm{hË` {ZdS>Vmo Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`mMo AmdS>r-{ZdS>r Am{U nyd©J««hm§Mo à{Vq~~ nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm
AgVo.
^md{ZH$Vm `mg§~§Yr AZoH$ Aä`mg Pmco Agco Var Ë`m§Mo {ZîH$f© \$mago ñnîQ> ZmhrV. Varhr
gmYmaUnUo ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm CXmgrZ gm{hË`mnojm ^md{ZH$ _yë` AgUmao gm{hË` cdH$a {eH$co OmVo.
Ë`mVhr gwIX gm{hË`, Xþ:IX gm{hË`mnojm OcX {eH$co OmVo Ago {ZîH$f© {_iVmV. ^m{dZH$Voà_mUoM
ì`ŠVrÀ`m gd©gmYmaU ^mdd¥ÎmrMmhr n[aUm_ AÜ``Zmda hmoV AgVmo. CXm. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^mdd¥Îmrer OwiUmao
gm{hË` ^mdd¥Îmrer {damoYr AgUmè`m gm{hË`mnojm cdH$a {eH$co OmVo.
3. AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr :-
AÜ`` gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr dmT>ë`mg Vo AÜ``Z gm{hË` {eH$Ê`mg OmñV doi cmJVmo. `m~m~V Agm
EH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo H$s gm{hË`mVrc àË`oH$ H$c_ qH$dm ^mJ {eH$Ê`mg cmJUmam doi pñWa amhVmo H$s
Ë`mVhr ~Xc hmoVmo? à`moJmMm {ZîH$f© Agm Amho H$s OgOer AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr dmT>Vo, VgVgm
àË`oH$ ^mJ qH$dm H$c_ {eH$Ê`mgmR>r doi dmT>V OmVmo. H$maU ì`mßVr dmT>ë`m_wio {d{dY H$c_m§Mo gmhM`©
cjmV R>odUo, Ë`m§Mo ì`dpñWV g§KQ>Z H$aUo à`wŠVmcm H${R>U OmVo. H$c_m§Mr g§»`m dmT>ë`mZo nañna
gmhM`m©Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio AÜ``ZmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
~) AÜ``Z nÜXVr :-
AÜ``Z gm{hË` H$moUVohr Agco Var AÜ``Z H$moUË`m nÜXVrZo d H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV Ho$co OmVo,
`mdahr AÜ``ZmVrc àJVr Adc§~yZ AgVo. AÜ``ZmMr ^rVr dmQ>oc, _mZ{gH$ VmU {Z_m©U hmoB©c Aer
n[apñWVr Agë`mg AÜ``Z Mm§Jco hmoUma Zmhr, åhUyZ AÜ``Z Mm§Jco hmoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc _wÚm§Mm {dMma
H$ê$.
1. AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMr {d^mJUr (g_J« Am{U A§e nÜXVr) :-
AÜ``ZmgmR>r {ZdS>coco gm{hË` EH$mdoir nyU©nUo Aä`mgVm `oVo qH$dm Ë`mMo chmZ-chmZ
^mJ nmSy>Z Aä`mgVm `oVo. Á`mdoir àË`oH$ à`ËZmV g§nyU© AÜ``Zgm{hË`mMm gamd Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`mdoir
Ë`m AÜ``ZnÜXVrcm g_J« AÜ``Z nÜXVr åhUVmV. `mCcQ> AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo ^mJ nmSy>Z àË`oH$
^mJmMm gamd ñdV§ÌnUo Ho$cm OmVmo, Ë`mnÜXVrcm A§§e nÜXVr åhUVmV. CXm. EImÚm CVmè`mMo n[aÀN>oX
nmSy>Z A§e nÜXVrZo Vmo nmR> H$aVm `oB©c qH$dm Ë`m CVmè`mMo ^mJ Z nmS>Vm gd©M CVmam g_J« nÜXVrZo
nmR> H$aVm `oVmo. `m XmoZ nÜXVrn¡H$s H$moUVr nÜXVr A{YH$ H$m`©j_ AgVo `m~m~V ñnîQ> {ZîH$f© ZmhrV.
AÜ``Z gm{hË`, {df`, ì`mßVr, H$m{R>Ê` nmVir Am{U ì`pŠVd¡{eîQ>ço Aem AZH$ n[adV©H$m§Mm `m
nÜXVrer g§~§Y Amho.
15

2. gamdH$mcmMr {d^mJUr (AI§S> Am{U I§S> nÜXVr) :-
AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMo Á`mà_mUo ^mJ nmS>Vm `oVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo gamd H$mcmMrhr {d^mJUr H$aVm
`oVo. Á`mdoir AÜ``ZmÀ`m à`ËZmV I§S> Z nmS>Vm, AÜ``ZmMm {ZH$f JmR>on`ªV gcJnUo gamd Ho$cm
OmVmo. `mcm AI§S> nÜXVr åhUVmV. `mCcQ> AÜ``ZmMm {ZH$f JmR>Ê`mnydu H«$_mH«$_mZo gamd I§{S>V
H$ê$Z H$mhr à`ËZmZ§Va {dlm§Vr {Xcr OmVo. Voìhm `m nÜXVrcm I§S>nÜXVr åhUVmV. `m XmoZ nÜXVrn¡H$s
H$moUVr nÜXVr H$m`©j_ AgVo, `mg§~§Yr {ZîH$f© {dídgZr` {_imco AmhoV. I§S>nÜXVrZo AÜ``Z OcX
hmoVo Am{U Ë`mMr YmaUmhr Mm§Jcr amhVo, Ago AmT>ico.
AÜ``Z gm{hË` XrK© d H${R>U Agë`mg I§S> nÜXVr Cn`wŠV R>aVo Va AÜ``Z gm{hË` chmZ
Am{U gmono Agë`mg AI§S> nÜXV \$m`Xoera R>aVo.
3. gamd nÜXVr (CÀMmaU nÜXVr) :-
AÜ``Z gm{hË`mMm WmoS>mgm n[aM` Pmcm åhUOo gamdmgmR>r XmoZ nÜXVr dmnaVm `oVmV. (1) gd©
gm{hË` nwZ: nwÝhm dmMUo Am{U (2) AÜ``Z gm{hË` AmR>dyZ åhUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo `m_Ü`o {dñ_aU
Pmë`mg, nwÝhm AÜ``Z gm{hË` nmhÿZ Ë`m ^mJmMo nwÝhm AÜ``Z H$am`Mo. `m Xþgè`m nÜXVrcm CÀMmaU
nÜXVr åhUVmV.
àm`mo{JH$ {ZîH$f© Agm {_iVmo H$s, àË`j gH«$s` CÀMmaUmcm {OVH$m A{YH$ doi {Xcm OmVmo {VVHo$
AÜ``Z cdH$a hmoVo. H$maU `m nÜXVrZo AÜ``Z gm{hË`mVrc H$moUVo ^mJ AmË_gmV Pmco AmhoV Am{U
H$moUVo Xþ~©c am{hco AmhoV `m~m~V _m{hVr {_iVo. VgoM C{ÔîQ>mnmgyZ AmnU {H$Vr Xÿa AmhmoV `mMr OmUrd
ì`ŠVrcm Pmë`mZo Vr {H«$`merc ~ZVo. VgoM àJVr {df` kmZ {_imë`mZo ì`ŠVrÀ`m àoaUoda AZwHy$c
n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
H$) AÜ``ZH$Ë`m©Mr ì`pŠVJV d¡{eîQ>ço :-
AÜ``Zj_Vo~m~V ì`pŠV{^ÞVm AmT>iVo. H$mhr ì`ŠVtMo AÜ``Z OcX JVrZo Va H$mhtMo g§W
JVrZo hmoVo. H$mhtMo ÑT> Va H$mhtMo Xþ~©c AgVo. AÜ``Zmda ì`pŠVJV JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Mm H$m` n[aUm_
hmoVmo ho nwT>rc KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z cjmV `oB©c.
1. d` :-
AÜ``Z hr AI§S> MmcUmar à{H«$`m Amho. d`mMm Am{U AÜ``Zj_VoMm g§~§Y AgVmo H$m?
AÜ``Zmcm H$moUË`m d`mV gwédmV hmoVo? AÜ``Zj_VoMm èhmg hmoVmo H$m? Ago H$mhr àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
AÜ``Zj_Vm àm_w»`mZo doXH$ d H$maH$ j_Vm§À`m {dH$mgmda Adc§~yZ Agë`m_wio, ~m¡pÜXH$ d
H$m{`©H$ j_Vm§Mo {d{eîQ> nmVirn`ªV n[anŠd Pmë`m{edm` AÜ``Z hmody eH$V Zmhr. empãXH$
AÜ``ZmgmR>r dmMoMm {dH$mg ìhmdm cmJVmo. WmoS>Š`mV {d{dY j_Vm§Mm {dH$mgmZwgma AÜ``Zj_Vm
16

{dH${gV hmoV OmVo. hr j_Vm XrK©H$min`ªV {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. AÜ``Zj_VoÀ`m H$_mc {dH$mgmZ§Va hr
j_Vm XrK©H$mcmZo A{Ve` g§W JVrZo H$_r hmoVmZm {XgVo. àm¡T>mdñWoV n[anŠdZm~amo~a AZw^d d
g§nm{XV kmZgmR>m Agë`mZo Ë`mMm AÜ``Zmda Mm§Jcm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`mZ§Va dmT>Ë`m d`m~amo~a
AÜ``Zj_Vm g§W JVrZo H$_r hmoVo.
2. qcJ^oX :-
ñÌr-nwéfm§À`m AÜ``Zj_VoV H$mhr ~m~VrV d H$mhr à_mUmV \$aH$ {XgyZ `oVmo. na§Vw Ho$di
qcJ^oXmMm hm n[aUm_ ZgVmo Ago à`moJmda {XgyZ `oVo. {ZaW©H$ eãXmd`d dmnê$Z Ho$coë`m à`moJmV hm
\$aH$ {XgyZ `oV Zmhr, na§Vw AW©nyU© gm{hË` dmnê$Z Ho$coë`m à`moJmV hm ^oX {XgyZ `oVmo. H$maU
gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm hm n[aUm_ Agmdm. ñÌr-nwéfm§À`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r, àoaUm d BVa AmË_{ZîR>
KQ>H$m§À`m à^mdm_wio AÜ``Z j_VoV \$aH$ {XgyZ `oVmo.
3. ~wpÜX_Îmm :-
~wpÜX_Îmm Am{U AÜ``Zj_Vm `m§Mm K{ZîR> g§~§Y AgVmo. AÜ``ZmVrc JVr d AÜ``ZmMm ZdrZ
AZw^dmV dmna hr ~wpÜX_ÎmoMr A§Jo AmhoV. ~wpÜX_mZ d _{V_§X {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AÜ``ZmV \$aH$ {XgVmo.
Ë`mdê$Z AÜ``ZmVrc àJVr ~wpÜX_Îmoda Adc§~yZ Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. AÜ``Z gm{hË` A_yV© AgVo
Ë`mdoir hm g§~§Y CÀM à_mUmV OmUdVmo.
4. àoaUm :-
AÜ``Z gm{hË` H$moUVohr Agco d H$moUË`mhr nÜXVrZo {eH$co Var eodQ>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m àoaUoda
Adc§~yZ AgVo. ì`ŠVrMr àoaUm hr g§H$sU© AgVo. H$mhrdoim à`wŠVmMr {eH$Ê`mMr à~i BÀN>m,
CËgwH$Vm, AmdS>, Ü`o` `m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ AZwHy$c àoaUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`m_Ü`o hmoVmo. `mCcQ> àm`mo{JH$
n[apñWVrMr ^rVr, {eH$Ê`mMr A{ZÀN>m, O~aXñVr, Ü`o`mMm A^md `m_wio à{VHy$c àoaUm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
AZwHy$c àoaUo_wio AÜ``Z Mm§Jco hmoVo. åhUyZ à`moJmV gyMZm `mo½`, ñnîQ> {Xë`mg àoaUm {Z_m©U H$aVm
`oVo.
AemàH$mao AÜ``ZmÀ`m {ZYm©aH$m§Mm AÜ``Z à{H«$`oda n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 4
A) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {dYmZmg_moa {Xcoë`m H§$gmV {chm.
1. AÜ``Z {df`mÀ`m AW©nyU©VoMm AÜ``Zmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. ( )
2. CXmgrZ gm{hË`mnojm ^md{ZH$ _yë` AgUmao gm{hË` cdH$a {eH$co OmVo. ( )
3. AÜ``Z gm{hË` H${R>U Agë`mg I§S> nÜXVr Cn`wŠV R>aVo. ( )
4. ~wpÜX_Îmm Am{U AÜ``Zj_Vm `m§Mm K{ZîR> g§~§Y AgVmo. ( )
17

3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1. {ZYm©aHo$ = {Z`m_Ho$, AÜ``Z à{H«$`m R>a{dUmao KQ>H$.
2. nyd©H$mc = (Fore period) nyd©gyMZm Am{U àË`j CÔrnH$ gmXa H$aUo `m_Yrc H$mcmdYr.
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.4.1. ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) CÎmao :-
1. ~amo~a.
2. ~amo~a.
3. ~amo~a.
4. ~amo~a.
5. ~amo~a.
~) CÎmao :-
1. EŠgZoa.
2. {ZU©`Z.
3.4.2. ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) CÎmao :-
1. ~amo~a.
2. ~amo~a.
3. ~amo~a.
4. ~amo~a.
5. ~amo~a.
18

3.4.3. ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
A) CÎmao :-
1. ~amo~a.
2. ~amo~a.
3. ~amo~a.
4. ~amo~a.
3.4.4. ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 4
A) CÎmao :-
1. ~amo~a.
2. ~amo~a.
3. ~amo~a.
4. ~amo~a.
3.5 gmam§e
""CÔrnH$ CnpñWV Pmë`mnmgyZ à{V{H«$`m CËnÞ hmoÊ`mMm H$mi'' åhUOo à{V{H«$`m H$mi.
à{V{H«$`m H$mimMo (1) gmYm à{V{H«$`m H$mi (2) ^oX~moYZ à{V{H«$`m H$mi d (3) {ZU©`Z
à{V{H«$`m H$mi Ago VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr {ZYm©aHo$/{Z`m_Ho$ XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV. (1) CÔrnH$mer {ZJS>rV {Z`m_Ho$
Am{U (2) ì`pŠVer g§~§{YV {Z`m_Ho$.
""AZw^d Am{U gamd `m§À`m_wio dV©ZmV KSy>Z `oUmam gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMm Agm H$moUVmhr
~Xc'' åhUOo AÜ``Z. AÜ``ZmMo (1) empãXH$ AÜ``Z (2) H$mQ>H$ AÜ``Z d (3) g_ñ`m
n[ahmamË_H$ AÜ``Z Ago àm_w»`mZo VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
AÜ``Zmda Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zm AÜ``ZmMr {ZYm©aHo$/{Z`m_Ho$ åhUVmV. `m
{ZYm©aH$m_Ü`o (1) AÜ``Z {df`mMo ñdê$n (2) AÜ``Z nÜXVr d (3) AÜ``Z H$Ë`m©Mr ì`pŠVJV
d¡{eîQ>ço. `m {Z`m_H$ g_yhm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
19

3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr ì`m»`m Úm. à{V{H«$`m H$mimMo àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.
2. à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr {ZYm©aHo$ g{dñVa {chm.
3. AÜ``ZmMr ì`m»`m d àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.
4. AÜ``ZmMr {ZYm©aHo$ ñnîQ> H$am.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1. gmYm d ^oX~moYZ à{V{H«$`m H$mi.
2. ^oX ~moYZ d {ZU©`Z à{V{H«$`m H$mi.
3. à{V{H«$`m H$mimer {ZJS>rV CÔrnH$ KQ>H$.
4. à{V{H«$`m H$mimer g§~§{YV ì`pŠVJV KQ>H$.
5. AÜ``ZmMo àH$ma.
6. AÜ``ZmMr {ZYm©aHo$ - AÜ``Z {df`mMo ñdê$n.
7. AÜ``ZmMr {ZYm©aHo$ - AÜ``ZH$Ë`m©Mr ì`pŠVJV d¡{eîQ>ço.
3.7 joÌr` H$m`©
1. d`mMm à{V{H«$`m H$mimda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho {d{dY d`moJQ>mVrc ñÌr-nwéfm§da à`moJ
H$ê$Z _m{hVr {_idm.
2. qcJ^oXmMm d à{V{H«$`m H$mimMm g§~§Y VnmgÊ`mgmR>r ñÌr-nwéfm§À`m à{V{H«$`m H$mimMr
VwcZm H$am.
3. I§S> d AI§S> `m AÜ``ZnÜXVrn¡H$s H$moUVr nÜXVr AÜ``ZmgmR>r 10 drVrc {dÚmÏ`mªZm
Cn`wŠV R>aVo `m{df`r _m{hVr Jmoim H$am.
20

3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1. "àm`mo{JH$ _mZgemñÌ' : Xm_co, Hw$gy_ (1981)
_hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W {Z{_©Vr
_§S>imgmR>r gm{hË` àgma H|$Ð,
ZmJnya.
2. Experimental Psychology : An Introduction : Postman, L, and Egan, J.P.
3. Experimental Psychology : A systematic Introduction
(1948) Kalyani Publishers,
New Delhi.
: Kothurkar and Vanarase
(1986)
Wiley Estern Ltd.
4. "e¡j{UH$ d àm`mo{JH$ _mZgemñÌ' : OJVmn, h. Zm. (2011)
{ZË`ZyVZ àH$meZ, nwUo.
5. "_mZgemñÌ' : AmoH$, Aä`§H$a, Jmoi{dcH$a (2008)
X{jU Am{e`m Amd¥Îmr,
{nAagZ EÁ`wHo$eZ {Xëcr.
❑◆❑
21

7.1 AmH«$_UmMo ÑpîQ>H$moU (Perspectives of Aggression)
(A) O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m (The role of biological factors)
(~) àMmoXZm {gÕm§V (Drive Theories)
gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌk AmH«$_H$ àoaUoMm Am{U dV©ZmMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg H$aV AmhoV. em[aarH$
AmH«$_UmMo _mnZ H$aVm `oVo H$m `mg§X^m©V {dMma H$aVmZm AmaZmoëS> ~g `mZo emoYyZ H$mT>coë`m
àm`mo{JH$ CnH$aUmH$S>o gdmªMo cj doYco. `m CnH$aUmcm AmH«$_H$ CnH$aU Ago åhUVmV.
_mZdm_Ü`o Omo à^mdr àoaH$ AgVmo, Ë`mMm Am{dîH$ma åhUOo AmH«$_H$Vm hmo`. `m_Ü`o MT>mB©,
hëcm H$aUo, A§Jmda YmdUo, eÌwËd, IwZernUm, qhgm, {Q>H$m H$aUo `mgma»`m JmoîQ>r AmH«$_H$VoV
_moS>VmV. {^Vr qH$dm d¡\$ë`, Xþgè`mcm {^Vr XmI{dÊ`mMm hoVy qH$dm BÀN>m gmÜ` H$ê$Z KoUo, A§{V_
C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$ê$Z KoUo `mgmR>r AmH«$_H$VoMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. WmoS>Š`mV JaOm§À`m V¥ßVrV H$moUË`mhr
àH$maMr ~mYm {Z_m©U Pmë`mg AmH«$_H$Vm hm àoaH$ OmJ¥V hmoVmo. àË`oH$ g_mOmV àM{cV Mmcr[aVrZm
d à{VîR>m àmßV dV©ZmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mamZm AZwgê$Z `m àoaUocm CÎmoOZ {Xco OmVo qH$dm Ë`mMo X_Z Ho$co
OmVo. hm àoaH$ OÝ_OmV ZgyZ A{O©V àoaH$ Amho Ago H$m§hrMo _V Amho. Va H$m§hr emñÌkm§Zr hr àoaUm
AZwd§{eH$ Amho Ago _V _m§S>co Amho.
(A) O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m (The role of biological factors)
❀
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 5 (OyZm) nona 8 d 13 (Z{dZ)
gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 6 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-7 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-3
AmH«$_H$Vm
ghOàd¥ÎmrnmgyZ Vo _mZemñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moZmn`ªV (from instinets to the Evolutionary
Psychological perspectives)
(Aggression)
gdm©V n[a{MV Am{U OwZo Ago _mZdr AmH«$_H$Vo{df`rMo ñnîQ>rH$aU åhUOo qhgmË_H$Vm hmo`.
"qhgm' hm _mZdr ñd^mdm_Ü`o AgUmam _yc^yV Agm KQ>H$ Amho. qhgmË_H$Vm hr KQ>Zm nyd©{Z`mo{OV
JmoîQ>r_wiomKS>VmV Ago H$mhr {gÕm§V gm§JVmV. Va _mZdr qhgmË_H$Vm _mZdr ñd^mdm_Ü`o OÝ_OmVM
AgVo Agohr H$m§hr {gÕm§VdmXr åhUVmV. hr OÝ_OmV d¥Îmr EH$_oH$m§À`m AmH«$_H$Vocm AmìhmZ H$aVo.
`m {gÕm§VmMm nwañH$Vm© S>m°. {g½_§S> \«$m°BS> hm Amho. S>m°. \«$m°BS>À`m _Vo, _mZdr ñd^mdmV AmH«$_H$Vm
hm KQ>H$ _¥Ë`y BÀN>m `m KQ>H$m_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmo. hr AmH«$_H$Vm EHy$U _Zwî`OmVrV Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
\«$m°BS>À`m _Vo, AmH«$_H$Vm hr àoaUm _mUgmÀ`m ñd{dZmemg H$maUr^yV AgVo, na§Vw hr àoaUm AÝ`
_mJm©Zohr ì`ŠV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
1

Zmo~oc nm[aVmo{fH$ {dOoVo H$moZa°S> cm°aoÝg `mZr Aer nwîQ>r {Xcr Amho H$s, _mZdr AmH«$_H$Vm hr
g§Kf© àoaUoer g§~§YrV Amho. hr àoaUm _mZd d _mZdoÎma àmÊ`m§À`m_Ü`ohr {XgyZ `oVo. hm {gÕm§V
CËH«$m§VrdmXmer g§~§{YV AgyZ CËH«$m§VrdmXr {Z`_mZwgma ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z à~i d eŠVremcr OUwHo$ nwT>rc
{nT>r_Ü`o g§H«$_rV H$ê$ eH$VmV. hr ~m~ {ZgJ© {ZarjUmdê$Z AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVmV. nwéfm_Ü`o
pñÌ`mnojm em[aarH$ eŠVr OmñV AgcoZo AmoKmZoM nwéfm§Mo A{YnË` ñÌr`m§da {XgyZ `oVo. {edm`
A{YH$ma JmO{dÊ`mgmR>r nwwéf AmH«$_H$Vm d àm~ë` `m XmoÝhtMm dmna H$aVmo, `mdê$Z CËH«$m§VrdmXr
{Z`_mà_mUo _Zwî`m_Ü`o AmH«$_H$Vm hm KQ>H$ OÝ_OmV Amho.
~è`mM dfm©nmgyZ gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌkmZr AmH«$_H$Vo{df`r {d{dY {gÕm§V _m§S>coV. Ë`mn¡H$s
H$m§htMo _V Ago Amho H$s, AmH«$_H$Vm AZwd§{eH$VoVyZ g§H«${_V Pmcocr AgVo. Ë`m_Ü`o Imcrc KQ>H$m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1. _mZdr AmH«$_H$Vm {d{dY _mJmªZr ì`ŠV hmoV AgVo. MwH$sÀ`m A\$dm CR>dyZ H«y$a H¥$Ë` H$aUmao
cmoH$ AgVmV. Aem àg§Jr AZwd§{eH$ KQ>H$m§À`m g_mdoemMm Aä`mg H$aUo AeŠ`
hmoVo.
2. _mZdr AmH«$_H$VoVrc dma§dm[aVm d Ë`mMr ì`mßVr AcrH$S>rc H$mimV dmT>cocr {XgyZ `oVo.
H$m§hr g_mOmV BVa g_mOmÀ`m VwcZoZo 50 Q>ŠHo$ Ë`m_Ü`o dmT> Pmcocr {XgyZ `oVo. Aem {^Þ-
{^Þ n[apñWVr_Ü`o AZwd§{eH$Vm d AmH«$_H$Vm `mMm Aä`mg H$aUo AeŠ` Amho Ago
gmm_{OH$ _mZgemñÌkm§Mo _V Amho.
`mdê$Z gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌk `m {ZîH$fm©àV Amcoco AmhoV H$s, O¡{dH$ d AZwd§{eH$VoMm n[aUm_
hm AmH«$_H$Voda H$m§hr à_mUmV hmoVmo. earamVrc H$m§hr noer Ë`mgmR>r Img H$m`© H$arV AgVmV.
CËH«$m§VrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmMm _mZgemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmVrc Cn`mo{OVVm cjmV KoVm gÜ`m n[apñWVr_Ü`o
~Xc Pmcocm nhmd`mg {_iVmo. VWm{n, H$m§hr gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌk _mZdr AmH«$_H$Vm hr _moR>çm à_mUmV
OÝ_OmV Zgë`mMo gm§JVmV. nyduÀ`m H$mir (Am{U H$m§hr à_mUmV gÜ`m) nwéf Amnë`m AmH«$_H$VoZwgma
g§Kf© H$ê$Z Amnco ApñVËd {gÕ H$arV Ago. H$m§hr AmH«$_H$ nwéf BVa nwéfm§~amo~a g§Kf© H$ê$Z Amnco
àm~ë` àñWm{nV H$arV AgV. `mCcQ> H$m§hr pñÌ`m§À`m_Ü`o nwéfmnojm AmH«$_H$VoMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo.
gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVrZwgma d Amnë`m g_mOmcm EH$g§K {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hr g_mOmVrc
nwéf AmH«$_H$ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m~amo~a Ë`m g_mOmVrc ñÌr`mXoIrc AmH«$_H$ AgVmV, `mdê$Z AmYw{ZH$
gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌkmZr AmH«$_H$Vog§X^m©V H$m§hr ^m{H$Vo _m§S>cr AmhoV. VéU g_d`ñH$m_Ü`o BVa
nwéfm§nojm Am{U ñÌr`m§nojm AmH«$_H$Vm A{YH$ {XgyZ `oVo, `mdê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© {ZKVmo H$s O¡{dH$ qH$dm
AZwd§{eH$ KQ>H$m§Mm AmH«$_H$Vo~m~V g§~§Y Amho ho gd© {gÕm§V \«$m°BS>, cm°aoÝO Am{U BVa emñÌkmZr gy{MV
Ho$coco {XgyZ `oVo. O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mm _mZdr AmH«$_H$Vog§X^m©V emñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moUmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ AcrH$S>rc
H$mimV {dMma Ho$cocm nhmd`mg {_iVmo.
2

(~) àMmoXZm {gÕm§V (Drive Theories)
❀ Xþgè`mgmR>r CnÐdr àoaUm (The Motive to Harm others) :-
Ooìhm gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌkm§Zr S>m°. \«$m°BS> d cm°aoÝO `m§Mm AmH«$_H$Vo{df`rMm ÑpîQ>H$moU ZmH$macm,
Voìhm Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ H$m§hr n`m©`r KQ>H$m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. AmH«$_H$Vm hr àoaUm Xþgè`m KQ>H$m§Zm
H$er CnÐd H$aVo `mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Imcrc KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. `m_Ü`o ~mø KQ>H$m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. AmH«$_H$ àoaUo_wio _mZdr ñd^mdm_Ü`o BVam§Zm CnÐd H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U hmoVo. Imcrc
AmH¥$Vrdê$Z `mMr ñnîQ> H$ënZm `oB©c.
~mø AQ>r qH$dm KQ>H$
CXm. d¡\$ë`, AgwIH$maH$
dmVmdaUr` KQ>H$
BVam§Zm Ìmg qH$dm BOm
H$aÊ`mMr àMmoXZm
~mø AmH«$_H$Vm
AmH«$_H$VoÀ`m ~m~VrV _m§S>Ê`mV Amcoco H$m§hr {gÕm§V Ago gwM{dVmV H$s, ~mø n[apñWVr_YyZ
AmH«$_H$ dV©Z {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. Aem dV©ZmV Xþgè`m§Zm BOm nmohmoM{dUo, Xþ:Ir H$aUo hr àoaUm OmJ¥V
Pmcocr AgVo. CXm. BßgrV åhUOoM R>a{dcoco C{ÔîQ> gmYVm Amco Zmhr, BVam§Zr Ë`mV AS>Wio AmUco Va
Ë`mVyZ d¡\$ë` {Z_m©U hmoVo. d¡\$ë`m_wio g§~§{YVm§da hëcm H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m Am{U H¥$Vr KS>y eH$Vo. Aem
àH$maÀ`m {gÕm§Vm_Yrc EH$ _hÎdmMm {gÕm§V åhUOo d¡\$ë`-AmH«$_U {gÕm§V qH$dm Aä`ynJ_ (Frustration
Aggression - Hypothesis) hmo`. S>mocmS>© Am{U ~aH$mo{dQ²>P `m§Zr _m§S>coë`m `m Aä`wnJ_mZwgma
d¡\$ë`mVyZ àMmoXZoMr OmJ¥Vr hmoVo. d¡\$ë`mg H$maUr^yV Agcoë`m EImXr ì`ŠVr AJa dñVycm XþImnV H$aUo
ho `m àMmoXZoMo àmW{_H$ C{ÔîR> AgVo. d¡\$ë` ho AmH«$_ZmMo EH$ AË`§V à^mdr {ZYm©aH$ Amho. `m CnnÎmrV
à_wI XmoZ VH©$ H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV.
1. d¡\$ë` Zoh_r H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m AmH«$_UmH$S>o ZoVo.
2. AmH«$_H$Vm Zoh_r d¡\$ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo.
ho XmoÝhr VH©$ {ZUm©`H$ ñdê$nmMo ZmhrV. Xþgao Ago H$s, d¡\$ë` ho AmH«$_UmMo EH$ H$maU Agco Var
Vo EH$_od H$maU Zmhr. VgoM Vo _Ü`dVu H$maU hr Zmhr. AmH«$_H$ àMmoXZm {gÕm§VmV AmH«$_UmgmR>r ~mø
n[apñWVr H$maUr^yV AgVo Ago _mZÊ`mV Amë`mZo Ë`mcm à{V~§Y KmcÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVm `oVmo.
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
Q>rnm {chm.
1. O¡{dH$ KQ>H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m
2. àMmoXZm {gÕm§V.
3
❀❀❀

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 6 (OyZm) nona 9 d 14 (Z{dZ)
_Zmo{dH¥${VemñÌ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 6 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-8 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-4
(~) Xþ~©c j a§JgyÌ g§cjU (Fragile X Syndrome) :-
X. A_o[aHo$Vrc amÁ`m§_Ü`o Xþ~©c j a§JgyÌ g§cjU {dH¥$Vrcm _mQ>uZ-~oc g§cjU qH$dm
BñH$mcoQ>Mm g§cjU Agohr åhQ>co OmVo. "23 ì`m a§JgwÌmÀ`m OmoS>rVrc "j' a§JgwÌmMm ^mJ H$_Hw$dV
AgUo' `m H$maUm_wio "Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU'' hm _mZ{gH$ _§XZmMm àH$ma {Z_m©U hmoVmo. EH$m AWm©Zo
"j' a§JgwÌmÀ`m ^mJmVrc OZ{ZH$ H$m`©H«$_ A{VaoH$s à_mUm_Ü`o (Amdí`H$Vonojm IynM OmñV) j
a§JgwÌm_Ü`o Amcocm AgVmo. j a§JgwÌmÀ`m ^mJmVrc `m ~Xcm§_wio _mZ{gH$ _§XZ `oVo. a§JgwÌmVrc
OÝ`yVrc XmofmÀ`m `m AdñWocm E\$E_Ama-1 Ago åhUVmV. gm_mÝ`nUo _yco d _wct_Ü`o hr {dH¥$Vr
{Z_m©U hmoV Agcr Varhr _wctnojm _wcm§_Ü`o hr {dH¥$Vr OmñV
AmT>iVo. _wct_Ü`o 23 ì`m a§JgwÌm§Mr OmoS>r "j'-"j' a§JgwÌm§Mr
AgVo. _wct_Yrc EH$ "j' a§JgwÌ H$_Hw$dV qH$dm gXmof
Agoc Va Ë`mMr ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© Xþgao "j' a§JgyÌ H$aVo. na§Vw
_wcm§_Ü`o (nwéf) EH$M "j' a§JgwÌ Agë`m_wio Ë`m "j'
a§JgwÌmMm ^mJ H$_Hw$dV qH$dm gXmof Agoc Va Ë`mMr ZwH$gmZ
^anmB© _wcm§_Yrc "`' a§JgwÌmH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmV Zmhr. n[aUm_r
_wctnojm _wcm§_Ü`o ""Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU'' `m àH$maÀ`m
_mZ{gH$ _§XZmMo à_mU OmñV AmT>iVo. AÜ``Z Aj_Vm§nmgyZ
Vrd« _mZ{gH$ _§XZmn`ªVMm {dñVma "Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU'
`m {dH¥$Vr_Ü`o AmT>iVmo. Xþ~©c "j' a§JgwÌ H$go AgVo ho
AmH¥$Vr 4.1 _Ü`o Xe©{dcoco Amho. `m AmH¥$VrVrc COdrH$S>rc
"j' hm Imcrc ~mOycm H$_Hw$dV Amho.
emar[aH$ cjUo (d¡{eîQ>ço) :-
Xþ~©c "j' a§JgwÌ g§cjUm§À`m _wcm§Mm Moham cm§~Q>, S>moŠ`mMm AmH$ma _moR>m, ZmH$ MnQ>o, {R>gyi
gm§Yo, A{dH${gV d _moR>o H$mZ, _moR>o H$nmi, MnQ>o nm`, _¥Xÿ ËdMm, hmVmcm qH$dm nm`mcm OmoS> A§JR>m
Am{U YS>mMm AmH$ma _moR>m AgVmo. `mVrc H$mhr cjUo/g_ñ`m OÝ_mZ§Va {XgVmV. Va H$mhr cjUo/
g_ñ`m n[anŠdVoZ§Va {dH${gV hmoV OmVmV.
1
AmH¥$Vr 4.1 : COdrH$S>rc j hm
Imcrc ~mOyg H$_Hw$dV Amho. hm
"j' "Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU'
_mZ{gH$ _§XZ KodyZ `oVmo. `mCcQ>
S>mdrH$S>rc j ho a§JgwÌ gm_mÝ` Amho.

à_mU :-
gd©gmYmaUnUo Xa 1000 _wcm§_Ü`o EH$ d Xa 2000 _wct_Ü`o EH$ "Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU'
{dH¥$Vr hmoÊ`mMo à_mU AmT>iVo. åhUOoM _wctnojm _wcm§_Ü`o Xa hOmar ho à_mU XmoZXm OmñV AmT>iVo.
dV©Z g_ñ`m :-
Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmÀ`m _wcm§Mo am§JUo, MmcUo CeramZo KSy>Z Amcoco AgVo. `m~amo~aM ^mfm
d dmUr {dc§~mZo {dH${gV hmoUo, EH$gma»`m {H«$`m gVV H$arV amhUo, CÀM doXZ{ecVm, Q>miçm
dmO{dUo, hmVmcm MmdUo, ñdV:À`m S>moŠ`mMo Ho$g AmoT>Uo, A{V{H«$`mercVm d BVam§er g§nH©$ Q>miÊ`mMr
d¥Îmr Aem _wcm§_Ü`o OmñV AmT>iVo. `m~amo~aM {d{dY àH$maMr H$m_o H$aUo, Ñî` ñ_¥Vr, Ñî`
AdH$me{df`H$ g§~§Y d J{UV BË`mXr ~m~t_Ü`o `m _wcm§Zm AS>MUr `oVmV.
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m :-
Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmÀ`m _wcm§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ qMVm AmT>iVo. Ë`m§Zm gmo~Ë`m§er _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y
ñWm{nV H$aVm `oV ZmhrV. {ZîH¥$îR> ZoÌ g§nH©$ d cmOmiynUm hr d¡{eîQ>ço `m àH$maÀ`m _wcm§_Ü`o OmñV
AmT>iVmV. ~mocVmZm eãX, dmŠ`mÀ`m nwZamd¥Îmr~amo~aM {df`mMrhr nwZamd¥Îmr Ho$cr OmVo. ñdV:er
doJdoJiçm ñdamV gVV ~mocV amhUo, ñd_½Z AgUo hr d¡{eîQ>çohr Aem _wcm§_Ü`o AgVmV.
g§emoYZo :-
loUr~ÜX/H«$_dma AÜ``Z H$aUo ""Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU'' àH$maÀ`m _wcm§Zm H${R>U OmVo. `mCcQ>
S>mCZ g§cjU _mZ{gH$ _§XZmÀ`m _wcm§Zm loUr~ÜX AÜ``Zm~m~V AS>MUr `oV ZmhrV. `m~amo~aM S>mCZ
g§cjU _wcm§Mo gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma ào_i AgVmV. Va "Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUm'À`m _wcm§Mo gm_m{OH$
ì`dhma {ZH¥$îR> XOm©Mo AgVmV, Ago hmoS>ßn Am{U ghH$mè`m§Zm (1992) AmT>ico.
CncãY nwamì`mAmYmao ñnîQ> Pmcoco Amho H$s "Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmÀ`m _wcm§_Ü`o {damoYmË_H$
Vgog {dÜd§gH$ dV©ZmMr àd¥Îmr _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>iVo. S>mCZ g§cjU _wcm§_Ü`o Aer àd¥Îmr AmT>iV
Zmhr. Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmMo H$maU OZ{ZH$ à_mX (Genetic error) Amho H$s Omo à_mX EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z
Xþgè`m {nT>r_Ü`o g§H«${_V hmoV AgVmo. Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmÀ`m _mZ{gH$ _§XZmÀ`m _wcm§Mm Moham cm§~Q>,
ZmH$ MnQ>o, A{dH${gV d _moR>o H$mZ Am{U _wcm§À`m d¥fUmMm AmH$ma _moR>m AgVmo Ago S>m`H$Ýg Am{U
Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zm (1994) AmT>ico.
à{V~§YH$ Cnm` :-
J^m©dñWo_Ü`o OZ{ZH$ VnmgUr H$ê$Z Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmMo {ZXmZ H$aVm `oVo. OZ{ZH$mg_wnXoeZmÛmao
Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aVm `oVo. _mÌ Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmMo _wc OÝ_mcm Amë`mZ§Va
Ë`m§À`mda H$moUVmhr Am¡fYmonMma Zmhr. AmYma_` ì`dñWmnZ, dmUr CnMma nÜXVr, d¡`pŠVH$ {ejU Am{U
dV©ZmË_H$ H$m`©H«$_ d ì`dgm` CnMmamMm Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmÀ`m _wcm§Zm \$m`Xm hmody eH$Vmo.
2

(H$) J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjU (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome / FAS)
J^m©dñWoÀ`m H$mimV CÀM à_mUmV _Ú qH$dm _mXH$ Ðì`m§À`m godZm_wio J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV
_mZ{gH$ Am{U emar[aH$ Xmof AgUmè`m aMZocm ""J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjU'' åhUVmV.
J^m©dñWoV ñÌrZo OmñV à_mUmV _Ú godZ Ho$ë`mZo Vo _Ú J^©doîQ>Z (dma) ^oXÿZ J^m©Mr dmT> qH$dm dOZ
KQ>{dVo. n[aUm_r J^m©Vrc AnË`mÀ`m Vm|S>mda CRy>Z {XgÊ`mgmaIo S>mJ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. J^m©Vrc
AnË`mÀ`m earamVrc _ÁOmnoer Am{U _ÁOmg§ñWocm _Ú hmZr nmohmoM{dVo. Ë`m_wio _mZgemñÌr` qH$dm
dU©ZmË_H$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV, Am{U AÝ` emar[aH$ ZwH$gmZhr hmoVo. A_o[aHo$_Ü`o Ho$coë`m EH$m
gd}jUm_Ü`o 10 Vo 15% J^©dVr ñÌr`m CÀM à_mUmV _Ú KoVmV Am{U Odinmg 30% J^©dVr
ñÌr`m H$mhrdoim _ÚnmZ H$arV Agë`mMo AmT>ico.
nmpíM_mË` Xoem_Ü`o {deofV: `wamon d A_o[aHo$_Ü`o _ÚnmZ hr IynM gm_mÝ` ~m~ _mZcr OmVo.
Ë`m_wio `m XoemVrc _mZ{gH$ _§XZmMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo J^m©dñWoÀ`m H$mimVrc ñÌr`m§Mo _ÚnmZ hmo`.
Xa 1000 AnË`mÀ`m OÝ_m_mJo 0.2 Vo 1.5 EdT>m àgmamMm Xa `m H$maUm_wio hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo.
J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjUmÀ`m {dH¥$VrZo J«ñV OÝ_coë`m EH$m _wcmgmR>r OrdZ^amMr Am¡fYo Am{U
gm_m{OH$ qH$_V (nmcZnmofU) Odinmg AmR> cmI A_o[aH$Z S>m°ca Amho.
J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjU ì`ŠVrMr MohaonÅ>r d S>moŠ`mMm AmH$ma :
J^m©dñWoÀ`m H$mimV J^©dVr _mVoZo Ho$coë`m _ÚnmZm_wio J^m©Vrc A^©H$mÀ`m _|XÿMr dmT> ZrQ>
hmoV Zmhr. Á`m_wio gmh{OH$M Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ J^m©e`mVrc A^©H$mMo S>moHo$ d Mohè`mMr dmT> ZrQ>
hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mVyZ S>moHo$ d Mohè`mda AZoH$ àH$maMo Angm_mÝ`Ëd (ghO AmoiIyZ `oÊ`mBVnV) AmT>iVo.
AmH¥$Vr 4.2 _Ü`o J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjUmMr _wco XmI{dcr AmhoV. _w»`Ëdo J^m©dñWoÀ`m
H$mimV 10 ì`m Am{U 20 ì`m AmR>dS>çm_Ü`o J^©dVr ñÌrZo _moR>çm à_mUmda _Ú KoVë`mg hr {dH¥$Vr
{Z_m©U hmoVo. hm H$mi {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {ZUm©`H$ H$mi AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Aem AnË`mMm OÝ_ Pmë`mda
Ë`mÀ`m Mohè`mda _w»` VrZ àH$maMo Angm_mÝ`Ëd {Z_m©U hmoVo.
AmH¥$Vr 4.2 : J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjU `m àH$maMr _wco
3

1. ZmH$ d daÀ`m AmoR>m_Yrc OmJm ngaQ> AgVo.
2. daMm AmoR> nmVi AgVmo.
3. S>moio ~marH$ AgVmV.
`m VrZhr Angm_mÝ`ËdmMo à_mU _|XÿVrc {~KmS>mÀ`m à_mUmer g§~§{YV Amho. _|XÿVrc {~KmS>
OodT>m OmñV VodT>o `m VrZhr àH$maÀ`m Angm_mÝ`ËdmMo à_mU OmñV AgVo. åhUyZ `m {dH¥$VrMo _w»`
d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo H|${Ð` _ÁOmg§ñWoMr Pmcocr hmZr hmo`. AWm©V J^©dVr ñÌr J^m©dñWoÀ`m H$mimV {H$Vr
_Ú KoVo? Ë`mMo à_mU d H$mcmdYr `mMm g§~§Y `m {dH¥$Vter Amho. J^©dVr ñÌr _ÚnmZ H$aÊ`m_wio
J^m©Vrc A^©H$mÀ`m _|XÿÀ`m {dH$mgmda dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmodyZ OÝ_mcm `oUmè`m AnË`mcm Anñ_ma (\o$\$ao)
qH$dm J§^ra Vo gm¡å` àH$maMo _mZ{gH$ _§XZ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. {ZH¥$îR> H$maH$ H$m¡eë`o, ldU
j_Vm, nm` \$a\$Q>V MmcUo, S>moio d hmVm_Yrc g_Ýd` {ZH¥$îR> AgUo Aer cjUo Aem {dH¥$VrZo J«ñV
AgUmè`m _wcm§_Ü`o AmT>iVmV. `m~amo~aM AÜ``Z Aj_Vm, AdYmZ, ñ_¥Vr ~moYZ, gm_m{OH$ H$m¡eë`o,
e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ, ^mfm, g§àofU, J{UV, {dMma d {ZU©` BË`mXr {H«$`m§Zm _`m©Xm `oVmV.
J^m©dñWoÀ`m n{hë`m VrZ _{hÝ`m§_Ü`o _|XÿnoetMo ñWcm§Va d g§KQ>ZmMr _hÎdmMr à{H«$`m gwê$
AgVo. Ë`m _hÎdmÀ`m à{H«$`odaM _Ú KmVH$ n[aUm_ H$aVo. n[aUm_r _|Xÿ aMZo_Ü`o Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
_|XÿVrc Aíd_rZ ({hßnmoH°$ång) `m H|$ÐmMr hmZr hmoVo. ñ_¥Vr, AÜ``Z, ^mdZm Am{U Ñí` d lmì`
_m{hVrMo g§Ho$VZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho H|$Ð _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo. Aem nÜXVrZo H|$Ðr` _ÁOmg§ñWo_Ü`o
_ÁOmemñÌr` d H$m`m©Ë_H$ Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV. S>m°. H°$caZ (1970) `m§Zr Aem àH$maÀ`m A^©H$mMr
Ho$g Zm|X{dcr Amho. J^m©dñWoV ^anya _ÚnmZ H$aUmar _mVm EH$m AnË`mcm OÝ_ XoVo. OÝ_mZ§Va Xhmì`m
{Xder {VMo AnË` _aU nmdVo. Ë`m AnË`mMr VnmgUr Ho$cr AgVm. Ë`m AnË`m_Ü`o `m {dH¥$VrMr gd©
cjUo _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>icr.
A_o[aHo$Vrc dm°qe½Q>Z {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m d¡ÚH$s` {d^mJmVrc S>m°. Ho$ZoW cm°`Ýg OmoÝg Am{U
S>opìhS> do`oZ pñ_W `m§Zr 1973 _Ü`o J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjUmÀ`m cjUm§Mo dU©Z Ho$co.
à{V~§YH$ Cnm` :-
J^©dVr ñÌrZo J^m©dñWoÀ`m AJmoXa, J^m©dñWoÀ`m H$mimV _ÚnmZ qH$dm _mXH$ Ðì`m§Mm Cn`moJ
H$ê$ Z`o. hm EH$_od à{V~§YH$ Cnm` `m {dH¥$VrgmR>r Amho. Varhr Ago AnË` OÝ_mcm Amë`mZ§Va _mÌ
Ë`mMr XoI^mc H$aUo, Ë`mcm à{ejU XoUo, Ë`mÀ`m ~moY{ZH$ {H«$`m gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r VÁkm§H$Sy>Z g_wnXoeZ
H$ê$Z KoUo `m JmoîQ>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV.
4

ñdmÜ`m`
(A) H§$gmVrc `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1. Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjUmcmM .......... g§cjU åhUVmV.
(S>mCZ / J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú / BñH$mcoQ>Mm)
2. Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU àH$ma .......... OmñV AmT>iVmo.
(_wct_Ü`o / _wcm§_Ü`o / XmoKm§_Ü`o)
3. ............ _wcm§Mo gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma ào_i AgVmV.
(S>mCZ g§cjU / Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU / J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjU)
4. _Ú _ÁOmnoer d ............ hmZr nmohmoM{dVo.
(_ÁOmg§ñWocm / aŠVm{^gaU g§ñWocm / nMZ g§ñWocm)
5. J^m©dñWoÀ`m n{hë`m .............. _{hÝ`m§_Ü`o _|XÿnoetMo ñWcm§Va d g§KQ>ZmMr à{H«$`m gwé
AgVo.
(~) Q>rnm {chm.
(XmoZ / VrZ / Mma)
1. Xþ~©c j a§JgwÌ g§cjU.
2. J^m©dñWoer g§~§{YV _Ú g§cjU.
ñdmÜ`m` - CÎmao
(A) H§$gmVrc `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1. BñH$mcoQ>Mm.
2. _wcm§_Ü`o.
3. S>mCZ g§cjU.
4. _ÁOmg§ñWocm.
5. VrZ.
5
❀❀❀

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 7 (OyZm) nona 10 d 15 (Z{dZ)
_mZgemñÌr` _mnZ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-4 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-4
AZwH«$_{UH$m
4.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
4.2 àmñVm{dH$
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ
4.3.1 `WmW©Vm g§H$ënZm
(A) Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm
(~) Ame` `WmW©Vm
4.3.2 {ZH$f-g§~§{YV `WmW©Vm
(A) {ZH$e åhUOo H$m`?
(~) {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm
(H$) nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm
4.3.3 aMZm `WmW©Vm
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z dñVw{ZîR> àíZ d CÎmao
4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
KQ>H$-4
`WmW©Vm
(Validity)
1

4.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Amnë`mcm •
1. _mZgemñÌr` MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm åhUOo H$m`? ho ñnîQ>nUo cjmV `oB©c.
2. MmMUr-{ZdS>VmZm {VMr `WmW©Vm nmhUo {H$Vr _hÎdmMo Amho ho g_OyZ `oB©c.
3. Xe©Z `WmW©VoÀ`m Mm§Jë`m-dmB©Q> ~mOy cjmV `oVrc.
4. {ZH$e Am{U `WmW©Vm `m§Mm g§~§Y _m{hV hmoB©c.
5. MmMUr `WmW©VoMo {d{dY àH$ma g_OVrc.
6. gÜ`m aMZm `WmW©Vm hr gdm©V _hÎdmMr H$m Amho? ho cjmV `oB©c.
4.2 àmñVm{dH$
gÜ`m àË`oH$ Xoem_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmda _mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m {dH${gV hmoV AmhoV; Ver
JaOhr Amho. _mÌ _mZgemñÌr` MmMUr hr EH$ "à_m{UV CnH$aU' Amho ho Oê$a cjmV KoVco nm{hOo.
`mgmR>r {Vcm à_m{UH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oVyZ OmdoM cmJVo. àË`oH$ MmMUr hr {d{eîQ> hoVyZo {d{eîQ> JwUmMo
_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM {d{eîQ> cmoH$m§À`mgmR>rM {dH${gV Ho$cocr AgVo. Ë`mM cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m
àm{V{Z{YH$ Z_wÝ`mcm nwZ:nwÝhm Vr MmMUr XodyZ Vr MmMUr Ë`mM JwUmMo _mnZ H$aVo H$m? ho {ZpíMV
H$amdo cmJVo. åhUOoM à_mUrH$aUmVyZ {VMr `WmW©Vm {ZpíMV H$amdr cmJVo. Z§VaM {Vcm MmMUrMm
XOm© àmßV hmoVmo, AÝ`Wm Zmhr. åhUyZM MmMUr {dH${gV H$aVmZm à_mUrH$aUmda OmñVrV OmñV ^a
{Xcm OmVmo. AcrH$S>o ZdZdrZ V§Ìo {dH${gV Pmë`m_wio MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm AË`§V Mm§Jë`màH$mao
{ZpíMV H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.
_mZgemñÌr` MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm {OVŠ`m J§^ranUo Vnmgcr OmVo {VVŠ`mM, qH$~hþZm
Ë`mnojm OmñV Jm§^r`m©Zo `WmW©Vm Vnmgmdr cmJVo. H$maU MmMUr Á`m {d{eîQ> JwUmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r,
{d{eîQ> Aem hoVyZo {dH${gV Ho$cocr AgVo; Vmo hoVy gmÜ` Pmcm VaM Vr MmMUr `WmW© Amho. Ho$di
Zmdmdê$Z Vr MmMUr Ë`mM JwUmMo _mnZ H$aVo Agm AW© H$mT>Uo MwH$sMo R>aVo. AcrH$S>o gd©Ì ^«îQ>mMma
Amho; ñnY}_wio ~moJg MmMÊ`m§Mo nod \w$Q>co AmhoV. Ë`m_wio MmMUr hr IamoIaM Ë`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$aVo
H$m? ho nhmdoM cmJVo. åhUOoM n`m©`mZo MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm Aä`mgmdr cmJVo.
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ
`WmW©Vm g§H$ënZm (Validity Concept) :-
EImXr g§H$ënZm {OVH$s A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoB©c {VVH$s Vr g§H$ënZm g_OÊ`mg gmonr OmVo. åhUyZ
`WmW©Vm hr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho Vo nmhÿ. Validity `m B§J«Or eãXmdê$Z `WmW©Vm hm _amR>r eãX Amcocm
Amho. `WmW©Vocm `mo½`Vm, d¡ÚVm Agohr g§~moYco OmVo.
2

MmMUr Á`m JwUmÀ`m _mnZmgmR>r {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho Ë`m JwUmMo Vr Á`m à_mUmV _mnZ H$aVo
Ë`mg `WmW©Vm Ago åhUVmV. `WmW©Vm VnmgVmZm Oo ñdrH¥$V {ZH$f AmhoV Ë`mZm AZwgê$ZM Vnmgcr
OmVo. Ë`m_wio `WmW©VoMr ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo Ho$cr OmVo.
""ñdrH¥$V-{ZH$fm§Zm AZwgê$Z MmMUrcm Á`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho. Ë`m JwUmMo _mnZ Vr
MmMUr {H$Vr à_mUmV H$aVo, Ë`m à_mUmÀ`m {ZX}em§H$mg `WmW©Vm Ago åhUVmV.''
CXm. EImXr ~wÜXr_Îmm MmMUr Oa EImÚm ì`ŠVrcm {Xcr Va Ë`m MmMUrZo Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m \$ŠV
~wpÜX_ÎmoMoM _mnZ H$amd`mg hdo. Ë`m MmMUrZo g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrMo ~mocUo H$go Amho? ñd^md H$gm
Amho? B. BVa JwUm§Mo _mnZ H$aVm H$m_m Z`o. hr MmMUr \$ŠV ~wpÜX_ÎmoMoM _mnZ H$arV Agoc VaM
Vr `WmW© g_OVr OmVo.
darc ì`m»`o_Ü`o EH$ Xmof XoIrc g§^dVmo. Vmo åhUOo `WmW©Vm hr \$ŠV EH$mM àH$maMr AgVo?
Va Vgo ZgyZ dmñVdmV AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m `WmW©Vm AmT>iVmV. H$maU `WmW©Vm hr _mnZ hoVy, {d{eîQ>
cmoH$g§»`m, Á`m n[apñWVr_Ü`o MmMUr-ì`dñWmnZ Ho$co d `WmW©Vm _mnZmMr nÜXVr `m gd© KQ>H$m§da
Adc§~yZ AgVo; ho `oWo Oê$a cjmV ¿`mdo.
àË`oH$ _mZgemñÌr` MmMUrcm {d{eîQ> Ago Zmd {Xcoco AgVo. CXm. doíca àm¡T> ~wpÜX_Îmm
MmMUr. MmMUrcm Oo Zmd {Xco OmVo, Ë`m ZmdmMr ñnîQ> Aer ì`m»`mhr Ho$cr OmVo. MmMUrcm
A{Ve` ñnîQ>, `mo½` Ago Zm§d XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. Varhr ~hþVoH$ MmMÊ`m§Mr Zm§do hr \$maM ì`mnH$
d g§{X½Y AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Vr MmMUr H$moUË`m dV©ZjoÌmMo _mnZ H$aVo ho ñnîQ>nUo g_Oy eH$V Zmhr.
åhUyZ MmMUrcm Oo Zm§d {Xcoco AgVo, Ë`mMr dñVw{ZîR> _m{hVrda AmYm[aV ñnîQ> ì`m»`m Ho$cr nm{hOo.
MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm hr gd©gmYmaU eãXmV gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. `WmW©Vm hr "CÀM' Amho qH$dm AJXr
"{ZåZ' Amho Ago {ZanojnUo H$moUË`mM MmMUrÀ`m ~m~VrV gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. H$maU MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm
hr MmMUr H$moUË`m CÔoemZo dmnacr OmUma Amho `mdahr R>aV AgVo.
H$moUVrhr MmMUr dmnaÊ`mAJmoXa åhUOoM MmMUr {ZdS>VmZm {VMm `WmW©Vm ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$
(r) cjmV ¿`mdmM cmJVmo. MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm g_mYmZH$maH$ Zgoc Va Vr MmMUr dmnaUoM {ZaW©H$
R>aVo. àË`oH$ MmMUr {dH${gV hmoV AgVmZmM {VMo _°Ý`wAchr {dH${gV hmoV AgVo. Ë`m-Ë`m
_°Ý`wAc_Ü`o `WmW©Vm {ZX}em§H$ {Xcocm AgVmoM. CXm. nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm r = .80.
MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm hr \$ŠV _mnZmVrc "Aì`dpñWV à_mXm_wio à^m{dV hmoVo. Va `WmW©Vm
hr _mnZmVrc "Aì`dpñWV d ì`dpñWV' Aem XmoÝhr à_mXm_wio à^m{dV hmoV AgVo. n[aUm_r Or
MmMUr {dídgZr` ZgVo Vr MmMUr `WmW©hr ZgVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Or MmMUr {dídgZr` AgVo Vr
MmMUr `WmW© AgVoM Ago Zmhr.
3

`WmW©VoMo àH$ma (Types of Validity) :-
àñVmdZm :-
MmMUr `WmW©Vm g§H$ënZoMm {dH$mg hm "Ame`-nyd©H$WZ-aMZm' Aem {d{dY Q>ßß`mVyZ Pmcm
Amho. åhUOoM gwédmVrg Ame` `WmW©VoZ§Va nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm Va gÜ`m aMZm `WmW©Vm _mnÊ`mda
{deof ^a {Xcm OmV Amho. `mg§X^m©V `WmW©Vm _mnÊ`mÀ`m (A) Ame`-dU©Z nÜXVr (~) {ZH$fnyd©H$WZ
nÜXVr d (H$) aMZm-AmoiI nÜXVr. Aem VrZ _w»` nÜXVr AmhoV. `m nÜXVtMm dmna H$ê$Z
doJdoJiçm ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ (A§JmZr) `WmW©Vm Vnmgcr OmVo. Ë`mZm Vem àH$maMr `WmW©Vm Agohr g§~moYco
OmVo. gÜ`m A{YH$Va Ë`mM Zm§dmZo `WmW©Vm AmoiIcr OmVo Amho. `WmW©VoMo gd©gmYmaUnUo nwT>rc
àH$ma nS>VmV. (1) Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm (1) H¥$Vr `WmW©Vm (3) nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm (4) Ame` `WmW©Vm
(5) KQ>H$s` `WmW©Vm, (6) aMZm `WmW©Vm (7) {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm (8) N>oXH$ `WmW©Vm B. ho
`WmW©VoMo àH$ma `WmW©VoÀ`m {d{dY A§Jmda àH$me Q>mH$VmV.
`oWo AmnU H$m§hr _hÎdmÀ`m `WmW©Vm àH$mam§Mr MMm© nwT>rcà_Uo H$ê$ `m. 1. (A) Xe©Zr
`WmW©Vm, (~) Ame` `WmW©Vm.
2. {ZH$f-g§~§{YV `WmW©Vm (A) {ZH$e åhUOo H$m`? (~) {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm
(H$) nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm.
3. aMZm (~m§YUr) `WmW©Vm.
4.3.1 (A) Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm (Face Validity) :-
MmMUr ì`dñWmnZm_Ü`o n[ajUmWuer "gwg§dmX' gmYÊ`mcm {deof Ago _hÎd Amho. n[ajUmWucm
MmMUr ì`ŠVr JwUm§Mo _mnZH$aVo Ago dmQ>co, VaM Ë`mcm MmMUr gmoS>dmdr Ago dmQ>oc. åhUyZ Xe©Zr
`WmW©VoMm g§~§Y hm MmMUr hr Ë`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$aVo Ago dmQ>Ê`mer Amho.
""MmMUrcm Á`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`m JwUmMo Vr _mnZ H$aVo Amho Ago daH$aUr
(nm{hë`m~amo~a) dmQ>Uo åhUOo Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm hmo`.''
Xe©Zr `WmW©Vo_Ü`o Vgo AgÊ`mnojm Vgo dmQ>Uo nm{hco OmVo. {MÌnQ>m_Yrc Zm`H$-IcZm`H$ d
BVa nmÌo hr AmnAmncr ^y{_H$m dR>dV AgVmV. `m_Ü`o Vo nmÌ Vgo dmQ>Uo _hÎdmMo Amho. Zm`H$ hm
Zm`H$ dmQ>cm nm{hOo qH$dm IcZm`H$ hm IcZm`H$M dmQ>cm nm{hOo. CXm. IcZm`H$ Ë`mMo EHy$UM
{XgUo, AmdmO, Ho$e^yfm, dof^yfm, hmd^md ho IcZm`H$mgmaIo (H«y$a) dmQ>co nm{hOo. VaM Vmo IcZm`H$
dmQ>Vmo. CXm. A_[aenwar. Vgo Á`m hoVyZo Vr MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho Vmo hoVy g\$c hmoVmo Amho Ago
\$ŠV dmQ>Ê`mer Xe©Zr `WmW©VoMm g§~§Y Amho. MmMUr Xe©Zr `WmW© dmQ>Ê`mgmR>r Vem àH$maMr H$c_o
4

Ë`m MmMUr_Ü`o g_m{dîQ> Ho$cr OmVmV. CXm. qMVm MmMUr_Ü`o- (1) nyd©V`mar Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr Vwåhmcm
A`eñdr hmoÊ`mMr ^rVr dmQ>Vo H$m? (2) Vwåhr Zoh_r ^yVH$mimVrc KQ>Zm§Mo qMVZ H$aVm H$m? Ago
àíZ (H$c_o) Agm{dV. qH$dm g_m`moOZ MmMUr_Ü`o (1) Vw_À`m _Zm{déÜX N>moQ>r JmoîQ> KS>cr Var
Vwåhr Xþ:Ir hmoVm H$m? (2) Vwåhr nQ>H$Z amJmdVm H$m? Aer H$c_o g_m{dîQ> Ho$cr OmVmV.
~è`mMdoim Ame` `WmW©Vm Am{U Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm `m_Ü`o J\$cV hmoVo, Vr hmody Xody Z`o. _wimVM
Xe©Zr `WmW©VoMm g§~§Y hm gwg§dmX Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ymer Amho. EdT>o åhUVm `oB©c H$s, Xe©Z
`WmW©Vm hr MmMUrMo Ano{jV Ago d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. CXm. Ooìhm _wcm§À`mgmR>r AgUmar MmMUr àm¡T>m§Zm
gmoS>{dÊ`mg {Xcr, Voìhm Vo àm¡T> MmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mg CËgwH$ ZìhVo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm Vr MmMUr
Amnë`mgmR>r Amho Ago dmQ>V Zmhr. àm¡T>m§gmR>rÀ`m MmMÊ`m_Ü`o Ho$di IamoIaMr `WmW©Vm AgyZ nwaogo
R>aV Zmhr, Va Vr dmñVd n[apñWVr_Ü`o n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm Amho Ago
OmUdUo JaOoMo Amho. VaM Vo _ZmnmgyZ MmMUr gmoS>dy cmJVrc.
MmMUr {dH$mgmÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m AdñWo_Ü`o Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm hr g§H$ënZm dmnacr OmV hmoVr.
AmO _mÌ Vr {VVH$ser _hÎdmMr R>aV Zmhr. Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm hr MmMUrVrc "H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm
AJXr àmW{_H$ AdñWo_Ü`o nm{hcr OmVo. Xe©Zr `WmW©Voda H$m§hrZr g§emoYZhr Ho$coco Amho. Ë`m
g§emoYZm_Ü`o CncãY MmMÊ`m§_Ü`o Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm {H$Vr Amho? `mH$S>o àW_M cj doYco. Z§Va Ë`mZr
Xe©Zr `WmW©VoMo g§»`mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ gwM{dco. MmMUr _°Ý`wAc_Ü`o Xe©Zr `WmW©Vog§~§Yr XmoÝhr
JwUmË_H$, g§»`mË_H$ _m{hVr {Z`{_VnUo {Xcr nm{hOo Aer gyMZm `m g§emoYZm_Ü`o Ho$cocr Amho.
MmMUrÀ`m Iè`m `WmW©VoÀ`m {R>H$mUr Xe©Zr `WmW©VoMm dmna H$YrM H$aVm `oV Zmhr. H$maU
MmMUrMr Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm dmT>{dcr åhUOo MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm IamoIa gwYmaVo Ago Zmhr. Xe©Zr
`WmW©Vm hr Ver _mJo nS>cocr g§H$ënZm Amho. H$maU dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ hr `WmW©Vm Cn`wŠV R>aV
Zmhr. Ho$di Xe©Z `WmW©Vm Agoc Va AmnU Ë`m MmMUrcm ~moJg Q>oñQ> Ago åhUVmo. Aem ~moJg
MmMÊ`m øm MmMUr {dH$mgm_Ü`o \$ma _moR>m AS>Wim R>aV AmhoV. \$ŠV BVHo$M åhUVm `oB©c H$s
Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm n[ajUmWucm MmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mg ào[aV H$aVo.
(~) Ame` `WmW©Vm (Content Validity) :-
_mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m§À`m {dH$mgm_Ü`o AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV Ame` `WmW©VmM nm{hcr
OmV hmoVr. ì`ŠVrZo {d{eîQ> joÌm_Ü`o {H$Vr g§nmXZ Ho$co Amho? `mÀ`m _yë`_mnZmgmR>r Ame` `WmW©Vm
Agcoë`m MmMÊ`m dmnaë`m OmV hmoË`m. gÜ`m hmoUmè`m emim, H$m°coOÀ`m narjm, H$ma S´>m`pìh¨J
nadmZm narjm, {d{eîQ> ì`dgm`mgmR>r JwUdÎmm narjm B.gmR>rÀ`m narjm (MmMÊ`m)_Ü`o Ame`
`WmW©VmM cjmV KoVcr OmVo.
Xe©Zr `WmW©VoMm g§~§Y \$ŠV MmMÊ`m§À`m _mH}$qQ>JgmR>rM AgVmo. _mÌ Ame` `WmW©Vo_Ü`o Á`m
JwUmMo _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho Vmo Ame` Ë`mV Amcocm Amho H$s Zmhr ho nm{hco OmVo. Á`mà_mUo AmnUmg
5

`oUmè`m nÌmVrc \$ŠV _OHy$a _hÎdmMm AgVmo; Vgo Ame` `WmW©Vo_Ü`o {d{eîQ> joÌmVrc _m{hVr
(Ame`) `mda AmYm[aV _yë`_mnZ Ho$co OmVo. Ame` `WmW©Vo_Ü`o dU©ZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moU _hÎdmMm
AgVmo. AmOhr MmMÊ`m {dH${gV H$aVmZm aMZm `WmW©Vo~amo~aM Ame` `WmW©Vmhr Vnmgcr OmV Amho.
"Á`m JwUmÀ`m _mnZmgmR>r MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho Ë`m JwUmVrc Ame` (_m{hVr) {H$Vr
à_mUmV Ë`m MmMUr_Ü`o Amcocr Amho, Ë`m à_mUmÀ`m {ZX}em§H$mg Ame` `WmW©Vm Ago åhUVmV.'
Ame` `WmW©Vo_Ü`o _mnZ H$arV Agcoë`m dV©Z ^mJmVrc gd©M Ame` "àm{V{Z{YH$ Z_wZm' `m
ê$nmZo `m MmMUr Ame`m_Ü`o Amcocm Amho H$m? {d{eîQ> H$m¡eë` qH$dm Aä`mgH«$_ `mda {H$Vr
à_mUmV à^wËd {_i{dco Amho? ho _mnZ Ho$co OmVo. g§nmXZ MmMÊ`m {deofH$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ
MmMÊ`m (àíZn{ÌH$m) _Ü`o Ame` `WmW©Vm cjmV KoVcr OmVo. Ame` `WmW©Vm _mnZ H$aUo dmQ>Vo
{VVHo$ gmono Zmhr. Ame` `WmW©VogmR>r `mo½` MmMUr H$c_m§Mm Z_wZm V`ma H$amdm cmJVmo. Á`m dV©Z
^mJmMo ({df`mMo) _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`mVrc ~hþVoH$ _w»` ^mJ `mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV MmMUr
H$c_m_Ü`o Amcocm Amho H$s Zmhr `m~m~V ì`dpñWV {dícofU H$ê$Z ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVcr nm{hOo. CXm.
EImÚm {df`mVrc EImÚm àH$aUmda Oa OmñV dñVw{ZîR> àíZ {ZKV AgVrc Va AmnmoAmnM Ë`mda
OmñV àíZ n[ajo_Ü`o {dMmaco OmVmV. ho Ame` `WmW©Vocm Yê$Z hmoV Zmhr. MmMUr (àíZn{ÌH$m) V`ma
H$aÊ`mnyduM Ë`m {df`mMm g§nyU© Ame` cjmV ¿`md`mg hdm, MmMUr V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va Zìho.
WmoS>Š`mV, Ame`mMm ì`mnH$ AW© cjmV KodyZ Ë`m {df`mMr _w»` C{ÔîQ>ço, dmnacocr VËdo, _m{hVrMm
AW©~moY, VgoM dmñVd kmZ B. Mm g_mdoe Ame`m_Ü`o Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ame` `WmW©Vm hr dadaÀ`m
(Xe©Zr) MmMUr-H$c_ Ame`mda Adc§~yZ ZgVo; Va Vr ì`ŠVrÀ`m Ë`m {df`mcm AZwgê$Z {Xcoë`m
Iè`m à{V{H«$`oda Adc§~yZ AgVo. MmMUr-JwUm§H$m_Ü`o BVa Ag§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo;
ho Ame` `WmW©VogmR>r Q>mico nm{hOo. CXm. àíZn{ÌHo$_Ü`o gai-àíZ {dMmaco nm{hOoV; àíZ g§{X½Y
Agy Z`oV.
Ame` `WmW©Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r EHy$UM Ë`m JwUm_Ü`o H$m`-H$m` `oVo? `ody eH$Vo? ho Aä`mgyZ
`mo½` Aem MmMUr H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo. CXm. e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ MmMÊ`m åhUOoM narjoÀ`m
àíZn{ÌH$m V`ma (goQ>) H$aVmZm g§~§{YV {df`mMm Aä`mgH«$_ Am{U nmR>çnwñVH$ `m§Mm gImoc d
ì`dpñWV Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM Ë`m {df`mVrc VÁkm§Mm gëcmhr KoVcm OmVmo. Z§VaM Jmoim
Ho$coë`m _m{hVrdê$Z àíZn{ÌH$m H$mT>cr OmVo. åhUyZM Aä`mgH«$_m~mhoaMo àíZ {dMmaco OmV ZmhrV.
EdT>oM Zìho Va n[ajH$m§Zm nona VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Z_wZm CÎman{ÌH$mhr nwa{dcr OmV Amho Vo Ame` `WmW©Vm
dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rM hmo`.
ZmoH$ar, ZmoH$a-{ZdS> d dJuH$aUmgmR>r {dH${gV Ho$coë`m H$m§hr ì`mdgm{`H$ MmMÊ`m§À`m ~m~VrV
Ame` `WmW©Vm Cn`wŠV R>aVo. dmñVd, Iam "H$m`©-Z_wZm' KodyZ Ë`m AmYmao MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr
Agoc Va Ame` `WmW©Vm g_mYmZH$maH$ AmT>iVo. `mo½`Vm d ì`pŠV_Îd MmMÊ`m~m~V Ame` `WmW©Vm
dmnaUo A`mo½` Am{U MwH$sMm AW© H$T>Umao R>aVo. H$moUË`mhr MmMUrÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m AdñWo_Ü`o Ame`
6

hm àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$nmV `oV Agcm Var `mo½`Vm Am{U ì`pŠV_Ëd MmMÊ`m§À`m `WmW©Vo_Ü`o AZw^dmZo
nS>VmiUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. g§nmXZ MmMÊ`mà_mUo `m MmMÊ`m øm {d{eîR> H$mog© qH$dm nyduÀ`m
AZw^dg§Mmda AmYm[aV ZgVmV. Vo Vgo AmYm[aV AgVo Va Ame` `WmW©Vm R>a{dVm Amcr AgVr.
åhUyZ `mo½`Vm d ì`pŠV_Îd MmMÊ`m~m~V Ame` `WmW©Vm Cn`moJr nS>V Zmhr.
4.3.2 {ZH$f-g§~§{YV `WmW©Vm (Criterion-related Validity) :-
àñVmdZm :-
àË`oH$ MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm hr ñdrH$macoë`m {ZH$fmZm (à_mUmZm) AZwgê$ZM R>a{dcr OmVo.
Ë`m_wio MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm Am{U cmdcoco {ZH$f `m§Mm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y Amho. {ZH$fm{edm` `WmW©VmM
{ZpíMV H$aVm `oV Zmhr. åhUyZ Ë`m JwUmg§X^m©V Pmcoë`m g§emoYZmdê$Z `mo½` Ago {ZH$f R>adyZ MmMUr
JwUm§H$ d _mZcoco {ZH$f, `m_Yrc ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ (r) H$mT>cm OmVmo. hmM `WmW©Vm ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$
(r) hmo`.
MmMUrMo {d{eîQ> Ago {OVHo$ Cn`moJ AmhoV {VVHo$ {ZH$f Agë`mZo, Ë`m {ZH$fm§Zm Vr MmMUr
{H$Vr CVaVo? ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ (r) {H$Vr Amho? `mMo _mnZ `WmW©Vm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm H$amdoM cmJVo.
åhUOoM {VVHo$ `WmW©Vm (r) H$mT>mdoM cmJVmV. {ZH$f {OVHo$ `mo½` Am{U dmñVd {VVH$s `WmW©Vm
Iar AgVo. {ZH$f hm XoIrc VodT>mM `WmW© d {dídgZr` Agmdm cmJVmo. MmMUr _°Ý`wAc_Ü`o Aem
àH$maMr H$moUVr _mnZo dmnacr AmhoV `mMr Zm|X Ho$cocr AgVo. `mdê$Z MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm H$er
R>a{dcr Amho ho cjmV `oVo. VgoM MmMUrJwUm§H$m§Mm AW© cmdUo eŠ` hmoVo. åhUyZM MmMUrÀ`m
`WmW©Vo_Ü`o {ZH$fmcm (Criterion cm) AÝ`moÝ`gmYmaU Ago _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.
(A) {ZH$f åhUOo H$m`? (What is Criterion?) :-
Criterion `m B§J«Or eãXmMm _amR>r AW© hm {ZH$f (A{^cjU), qH$dm à_mU dm _mZH$ AWdm
H$gmoQ>r Agm hmoVmo. `mdê$Z "JwUmMr nmaI H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmdÊ`mV `oUmar H$gmoQ>r dm à_mU åhUOo {ZH$f
hmo`.'
eãXH$mofm_Ü`o "H«$m`Q>o[a`Z' `m eãXmMm AW© nwT>rcà_mUo gm§{JVcm Amho. Criterion means the
standard that you use when you make a decision or form an opinion about. `mdê$Z
{ZH$fmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVm `oB©c.
""EImÚm ì`pŠVÀ`m JwUm{df`r qH$dm JmoîQ>r{df`r Vwåhr Ooìhm Vw_Mo _V ~Z{dVm qH$dm Ë`m~m~V
{ZU©` KoVm Voìhm Vwåhr Oo à_mU dmnaVm Vo à_mU qH$dm Vo _mZH$ dm Vr H$gmoQ>r (AQ>) åhUOo {ZH$f
(A{^cjU) hmo`.'' CXm. ^maVmV _wcJm 21 dfm©Mm qH$dm _wcJr 18 dfm©Mr Pmcr H$s gkmZ g_Oco
7

OmVo. `mMm AW© _wcmgmR>r 21 ddf} d _wcrgmR>r 18 df} hm gkmZmMm {ZH$f {ZpíMV Ho$cm Amho, qH$dm
emco` narjo_Ü`o 100 n¡H$s 35 _mH©$g² {_imco H$s Vmo/Vr nmg hmoVmV; åhUOo nmg hmoÊ`mgmR>r 35
Q>ŠHo$ hm {ZH$f Amho.
_mZgemñÌr` MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm R>a{dVmZm Vr MmMUr H$moUmgmR>r d H$moUË`m hoVyZo {dH${gV
Ho$cr Amho? H$moUË`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho? ho cjmV KodyZ {ZH$f {ZpíMV
Ho$co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio {ZH$f "{Zanoj' AgV ZmhrV, Va Vo ñWc-H$mc ì`pŠVg_yh gmnoj AgVmV.
g§emoYZmVyZ OmñVrV OmñV dmñVd Ago {ZH$f KodyZ `WmW©Vm Vnmgcr OmVo. _mÌ {ZH$f ho dñVwpñWVrcm
Yê$Z ZgVrc Va hmñ`mñnX Va R>aVoM Am{U MmMUrMr `WmW©Vmhr YmoŠ`mV `oVo. CXm. 2011-2012
_Ü`o ^maV gaH$maÀ`m {Z`moOZ Am`moJmÀ`m AhdmcmV Xm[aÐç-aofoImcr `oUmè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>rMm {ZH$f
{Xcm Amho. J«m_rU ì`ŠVrMo XaamoOMo CËnÞ é. 24 nojm H$_r, Va ehar ì`ŠVrMo é. 32 nojm CËnÞ
H$_r Agoc Vr ì`ŠVr Jar~ R>aVo. (^maVmV Jar~ Am¡fYmcmhr gmnS>Uma Zmhr Ago `m {ZH$fmdê$Z
{Xgoc) hm {ZH$f {H$Vr AdmñVd Amho ho gdmªÀ`m ghO cjmV `oVo.
MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm emoYVmZm EH$ _hÎdmMr XjVm ¿`mdr cmJVo, Vr åhUOo MmMUr-JwUm§H$
AmnUhÿZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m {ZH$f-XOm©da à^md nmS>Uma ZmhrV. Aem àH$maÀ`m à^mdm_wio MmMUrJwUm§H$
Am{U {ZH$f Imcrc γ AmnmoAmnM dmT>oc; _J ho gd©M H¥${Ì_ Am{U H$mën{ZH$ R>aoc. n[aUm_r {ZH$f
Xÿ{fV hmoVrc. MmMUr `WmW©VoVrc à_mXm§Mm g§^mì` _mJ© åhUOo {ZH$f Xÿ{fVVm hmo`. CXm. nX:{ZíM`Z
H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm JwUm§H$mMo kmZ Pmco Va {ZH$fm§Mo nX:{ZíM`Z Xÿ{fV hmoVo.
MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm R>a{dVmZm AZoH$ àH$maMo {ZH$f dm à_mU dmnaco OmVmV. MmMUrMo {OVHo$
Cn`moJ AmhoV {VVHo$ {ZH$f Agë`mZo {d{dY àH$maMo {ZH$f AmT>iVmV. (1) e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ. ~hþVoH$
gd© ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMÊ`m§Mr `WmW©Vm hr H$m§hr e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ {ZX}em§H$mdê$Z (_mH$m©dê$Z) R>a{dcr OmVo.
(2) {deof à{ejUmVrc {ZdV©Z (3) H$m`©-{Zd©V©Z (4) {damoYr g_yh (5) _mZg{M{H$Ëgm {ZXmZ
(6) nX:{ZíM`Z d (7) _mJrc CncãY MmMÊ`m. `mn¡H$s EH$ dm EH$mnojm OmñV qH$dm gd©M {ZH$fm§Zm
MmMUr JwUm§H$ {H$Vr ghg§~§Y Xe©{dVmV `mdê$Z `WmW©Vm R>a{dcr OmVo. `oWo `m g§X^m©Vrc nwT>rc XmoZ
`WmW©Vm§Mm {dMma H$ê$.
(~) {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm (Concurrent Validity) :-
`WmW©VoMm hm àH$ma Vgm ZdrZM Amho. hr `WmW©Vm _wimVM gmYr, gmonr, OcX, H$_r IMm©Mr
d {ZH$f _m{hVrcm n`m©`r Aer Amho. MmMUrÀ`m hoVyà_mUo {ZH$f ~XcV Agë`m_wio VgoM {ZH$f dm
à_mU R>a{dUo ho AË`§V {OH$sarMo H$m_ Amho. _mÌ {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm _mncr Va hoM H$m_ ~aoM
gmono hmoVo. åhUyZ ~hþVm§er MmMÊ`mMr {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW© _mnÊ`mH$S>o H$c dmTy> cmJcm Amho.
_mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm EH$ JmoîQ> ghO cjmV `oVo H$s, EH$mM JwUmMo _mnZ
8

H$aUmè`m AZoH$ MmMÊ`m CncãY AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va EH$mM hoVyZo d Ë`mM JwUm§Mo _mnZ H$aUmè`m
EH$mnojm OmñV MmMÊ`m CncãY AmhoV. CXm. A_o[aHo$Vrc ì`ŠVtMo ~wpÜX_Îmm, _mnZmgmR>r ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-
{~Zo MmMUr d doíca MmMUr CncãY AmhoV. {d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrg_yhmcm àW_ ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-{dZo MmMUr XodyZ
JwUm§H$ H$mT>cm OmVmo. Z§Va Ë`mM g_yhmcm doíca MmMUr XodyZ JwUm§H$ H$mT>cm OmVmo. `m XmoZ JwUm§H$mVrc
ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ hm {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm r hmo`. `m_Ü`o doíca MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm R>a{dVmZm
ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo MmMUrMm ~wpÜX JwUm§H$ hm {ZH$f _mZyZ r _mncm OmVmo. Va ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo MmMUrMr
{_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm R>a{dVmZm doíca MmMUr ~wpÜXJwUm§H$ hm {ZH$f _mZcm OmVmo. Vmo {d{eîQ>
MmMUr JwUm§H$ d BVa g§~§{YV MmMUr JwUm§H$ (CXm. ~wpÜX_Îmm JwUm§H$ d g§nmXZ JwUm§H$) `m_Yrc r
`m `WmW©Vo_Ü`o _mncm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio EH$m MmMUrZo H$mT>coco JwUm§H$ ho Ë`mM dm g§~§{YV JwUmMo _mnZ
H$aUmè`m Xþgè`m MmMUr JwUm§H$mer {H$Vr OwiVmV? ho nmhVm `oVo.
""Ooìhm EImÚm MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Ë`mM JwUmMo qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV
JwUmMo _mnZ H$aUmè`m Xþgè`m EImÚm MmMUr JwUm§H$mer ho JwUm§H$ {H$Vr {_iVo-OwiVo AmhoV? {H$Vr
ghg§~§YrV Amho? ho Vnmgco OmVo, Ë`m `WmW©Vog {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm Ago åhUVmV.''
CXm. SB-IV 1986 À`m SAS- à_mU d` JwUm§H$mMr VwcZm SB-II 1937 MmMUr DIQ- {dM{cV
~wpÜXJwUm§H$mer Ho$cr AgVm ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ r = .81 Amcm qH$dm SB-IV-1986. ~wpÜXJwUm§H$ (SAS)
Mr VwcZm doíca àm¡T> ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMUrÛmam {_iUmè`m {dM{cV ~wpÜXJwUm§H$m (DIQ) er Ho$cr AgVm
`WmW©Vm r = .80 Amcm. hr {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm hmo`.
{_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm _mnZ H$aVmZm BVa MmMUr Ûmam Or _m{hVr {_i{dcr OmVo Vr ZdrZ
MmMUr JwUm§H$ {_i{dcoë`mÀ`m WmoS>çm AJmoXa d Z§Va Vr MmMUr XodyZ JwUm§H$ dm _m{hVr {_i{dcr
OmVo. `m `WmW©Vo_Ü`o ZdrZ Aem {ZH$fmMr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. CXm. ZdrZ EImÚm ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMUrMr
`WmW©Vm R>adm`Mr Agoc Va Ë`mM cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m Z_wÝ`mcm Vr MmMUr XodyZ MmMUr JwUm§H$ {_i{dco
OmVmV. Aënem doioZ§Va Ë`mM Z_wÝ`mcm AË`§V Mm§Jcr Aer g§nmXZ MmMUr XodyZ JwUm§H$ {_i{dco
OmVmV. ho XmoZ JwUm§H$ {H$Vr {_iVo-OwiVo (ghg§~§{YV) AmhoV `m g§X^m©Vrc r _mncm OmVmo. hm r
{_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm r hmo`.
(H$) nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm (Predictive Validity) :-
_mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m `m gwédmVrg _yë`_mnZ `m hoVyZo {dH${gV Pmë`m Agë`m Var Z§Va
_yë`_mnZm~amo~aM _mJ©Xe©Z d {Z`moOZ `m AZoH$ hoVyZo {dH${gV Pmë`m d dmnaë`mhr Joë`m. gÜ`m
_mJ©Xe©Z Am{U {deofH$ê$Z {Z`moOZmcm {deof Ago _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. {Z`moOZmgmR>r AJmoXa
g_OUo, nyd©H$WZ ho An[ahm`© R>aVo. nyd©H$WZ H$aUo åhUOo AJmoXa ^m{H$V H$aUo, ^{dî`mV H$m` KS>oc
ho gm§JUo hmo`. gÜ`m ì`pŠVJwUm§À`m nyd©H$WZmg _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio MmMÊ`m_Ü`o nyd©H$WZ
9

H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. WmoS>Š`mV MmMUrMr nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©VmXoIrc Cƒ Agmdr
cmJVo.
nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©VoMm H¥$Vr `WmW©Voer AË`§V OdiMm g§~§Y AmT>iVmo. Ë`m-Ë`m JwUm§_Ü`o KSy>Z
`oUmè`m _mZ{gH$ {H«$`m MmMUr gmoS>{dVmZm KSy>Z `oVmV H$m? `mÀ`mer H¥$Vr `WmW©Vm g§~§{YV Amho.
_mÌ H¥$Vr `WmW©Vm Am{U nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm `m_Ü`o \$aH$ Amho. CXm. eãX Am{U g§»`m VnmgUr
MmMUr hr gImoc g§doXZ _mnoc (H¥$Vr `WmW©Vm) _mÌ Ë`mM MmMUrdê$Z Vmo/Vr goH«o$Q>ar åhUyZ {H$Vr
`eñdr hmoVrc ho {VVHo$go ImÌrZo gm§JVm `oV Zmhr.
""MmMUr JwUm§H$mdê$Z ì`ŠVr H$moUË`m n[apñWVr_Ü`o H$er na\$m°_© H$aoc, dV©Z H$aoc `mMo
AJmoXaM H$WZ H$aÊ`mMr MmMUrMr j_Vm åhUOo nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm hmo`.''
CXm. _hm{dÚmc`rZ àdoe MmMUr åhUyZ AmnU SAT MmMUr dmnacr. `m MmMUrVrc
JwUm§H$mdê$Z Ë`mcm H$m°coOMm Aä`mg {H$Vr O_oc? ho ~amo~a ^m{H$V H$aVm Amco Va Ë`m MmMUrMr
nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm g_mYmZH$maH$ Amho. `m CXmhaUm_Ü`o SAT MmMUr hr nyd©H$WZr` n[adV©H$ Amho.
Va H$m°coO_Yrc J«oS> (GAP) hm {ZH$f Amho. `m MmMUrMm CÔoe hmM MmMUr JwUm§H$mdê$Z J«oS>
g§nmXZm_Ü`o Vmo {H$Vr `eñdr hmoB©c ho ^m{H$V H$aUo hm Amho. nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm CÀM Agoc VaM
H$m°coO àdoe H${_Q>rcm {VMm Cn`moJ hmoB©c, AÝ`Wm Zmhr. XþX£dmZo AmO AZoH$ SAT MmMÊ`mÀ`m
~m~VrV Ano{jV nyd©H$WZr` j_Vm AmT>iV Zmhr.
MmMUrÀ`m nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vo_wio {Z`moOZ Am{U _mJ©Xe©Z `mo½` nÜXVrZo H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. VgoM
`m `WmW©VoVyZ Or _m{hVr {_iVo {VMm dmna ZmoH$a{ZdS> d ñWmZ{ZpíMVrgmR>r hmoVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va
Á`m AO©Xmam_Ü`o ^md{ZH$ {~KmS> hmoB©c Ago dmQ>Vo, Aem§Mr N>mZZr H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm
AgUmè`m MmMÊ`m dmnaVmV. AZoH$ àg§Jr nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©VoEodOr Ë`mÀ`m OmJr {_iVr-OwiVr
`WmW©Vm dmnacr OmVo. H$mhr _mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m§À`m ~m~VrV {_iVr-OwiVr d nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm
R>a{dUo gdm©V `mo½` d Ý`m`mMo R>aVo.
nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm Am{U {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm `m XmoÝhr_Yrc \$aH$ hm "H$mi, doi' `mda
AmYm[aV Amho. Á`m MmMÊ`m \$ŠV ^{dî`mVrc {ZînÎmrÀ`m nyd©H$WZmnojm "gÜ`mÀ`m XOm©Mo, {ZXmZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV, Ë`m§À`m~m~VrV {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm `mo½` R>aVo. Va Á`m MmMÊ`m
\$ŠV ^{dî`mVrc {ZînÎmrÀ`m ^m{H$VmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV, Ë`m§À`m~m~VrV nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm
A{YH$ `mo½` R>aVo. nwT>rc àíZmdê$Z `mVrc \$aH$ cjmV `oVmo.
CXm. (1) V|Sy>cH$a_Ü`o Mm§Jë`m d¡_m{ZH$mMr JwUdÎmm Amho H$m? - {_iVrOwiVr `WmW©Vm.
(2) Mm§Jcm d¡_m{ZH$ ~ZÊ`mgmR>r Oo H$m¡eë` cmJVo Vo V|Sy>cH$a_Ü`o Amho H$m?
10

- nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm.
{_iË`m-OwiË`m `WmW©VogmR>rMo {ZH$f ho MmMUr XoÊ`mÀ`mdoir Zoh_rM CncãY AgVmV; Vgo
nyyd©H$WZr` `WmW©VoMo Zmhr, Ago AgcoVar gÜ`m MmMUrÀ`m nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vocm {deof _hÎd àmßV
Pmco Amho. n[aUm_r CÀM nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm AgUmè`m MmMÊ`m {dH${gV H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$c dmT>cm
Amho.
4.3.3 aMZm (~m§YUr) `WmW©Vm (Construct Validity) :-
_mZgemñÌr` MmMUr hr Ho$di à_m{UV CnH$aUM Zmhr Va Vr dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ
ì`ŠVrJwUm§Mo _mnZ H$aUmao CnH$aU Amho. hm hoVy gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r Z§Va MmMUrÀ`m à_m{UH$aUmda
{deof ^a {Xcm Omdy cmJcm. n[aUm_r MmMUrMr `WmW©Vmhr AZoH$ A§JmZr Vnmgcr Omdy cmJcr.
emñÌr` àJVr_wio MmMUrMr ~m§YUr {H$Vr `WmW© Amho? ho nmhUohr eŠ` hmodyZ gdm©V C{eam aMZm
qH$dm ~m§YUr `WmW©Vm Vnmgcr Omdy cmJcr.
aMZm dm ~m§YUr `WmW©Vm hr g§H$ënZm Am¡nMm[aH$Vm gm`H$mo_oQ´>rŠg (_Zmo_mnZm) _Ü`o 1954
_Ü`o Amcr. AÚ`mdV "Q>opñQ>¨J ñQ>±S>S>©, Amd¥Îmr_Yrc _mZgemñÌrM MmMÊ`m Am{U {ZXmZmË_H$ V§ÌmÀ`m
Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm `m_Ü`o hr g§H$ënZm dmnamV Amcr. Z§Va 1955 _Ü`o H«$m°Z~°M `m§À`m coIm_Ü`o aMZm
`WmW©VoMr g{dñVa _m{hVr {Xcr Jocr. n[aUm_r Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV MmMUrÀ`m aMZoda _moR>çm à_mUmV
cj H|${X«V Pmco.
aMZm, `WmW©Vm hr MmMUr ~m§YUrVrc _mZgemñÌr` {gÜXm§VmMr ^y{_H$m d {gÜXm§VH$ënZm _m§Sy>Z
Vr `WmW© à{H«$`oZo {gÜX dm A{gÜX H$aÊ`mMr JaO `mda àH$me Q>mH$Vo. aMZm `WmW©VoZo "`WmW©Vm-
S>oQ>m, Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo ZdZdrZ _mJ© emoYÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV Ho$co. aMZm `WmW©Vm emoYÊ`mgmR>rMr AZoH$
V§Ìo AmhoV. VgoM nmhVm aMZm `WmW©Vo_Ü`o _wimVM gd© àH$maÀ`m `WmW©Vm§Mm g_mdoe H$amdm cmJVmo.
Á`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`m JwUmMr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ~m§YUr H$er Amho? ho nmhÿZM MmMUrMr aMZm
dm ~m§YUr H$amdr cmJVo. VaM Vr MmMUr n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m d dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Ë`m JwUmMo
_mnZ H$aVo.
aMZm `WmW©Vm hr ZdrZ H$m`m©pÝdV Aer `WmW©VoMr g§H$ënZm Amho. eãXH$mofm_Ü`o Construct
Mo AZoH$ AW© {Xcoco AmhoV. KQ>H$m_Ü`o g_Ýd` gmYUo qH$dm H«$_ {ZpíMV H$aUo, {dMmamVrc eãXm§Mm
g_Ýd` gmYUo B. _mZgemñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moZ {dMmamV KoVë`mg aMZm `WmW©VoMm g§~§Y hm coIH$mZo Ë`m
JwUmMr Or ì`m»`m Ho$cr Amho, {dícofU Ho$coco Amho, Ë`mà_mUo MmMUr_Ü`o Ë`m _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m Ë`mM
H«$_mZo KS>VmV H$m? `mÀ`m _yë`_mnZmer Amho.
""MmMUrcm Á`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho, Ë`m JwUmMr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ aMZm Oer Amho, VerM
11

Ë`mM MmMUrMr ~m§YUr {H$Vr à_mUmV Ho$cocr Amho `m à_mUmÀ`m {ZX}em§H$mg aMZm (~m§YUr) `WmW©Vm
Ago åhUVmV.''
CXm. àm¡T>m§À`m ~wpÜX_ÎmoMr aMZm _mZgemñÌr` g§emoYH$mZo Oer {ZpíMV Ho$cocr Amho. VerM
MmMUr H$c_m§Mr ~m§YUr doíca-àm¡T> ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMUr_Ü`o Agoc Va {VMr aMZm `WmW©Vm g_mYmZH$maH$
Amho.
aMZm `WmW©Vm hr Xe©Zr d Ame` `WmW©Vonojm doJir Amho. aMZm `WmW©Vo_Ü`o Á`m JwUmMo _mnZ
H$am`Mo Amho, Ë`mMr-VnmgUr H$ê$Z {_imcoë`m _m{hVrMo {deofU H$ê$Z {VÀ`m _`m©Xm ñnîQ> Ho$ë`m
nm{hOoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va àË`oH$ MmMUr H$c_ ho Ë`m JwU-à{H«$`oer g§~§{YVM Agco nm{hOo.
nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm hr ì`mdgm{`H$ d e¡j{UH$ {ZdS> d ñWmZ-{ZpíMVr (ßcog_|Q>) `mgmR>r
A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m j_Vm MmMÊ`m d H$m§hrdoim ì`pŠV_Îd d A{^ê$Mr MmMÊ`mhr
{ZdS d ñWmZpíMVrgmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV. `m gdm©_Ü`o {deofH$ê$Z ì`pŠV_Ëd MmMÊ`m_Ü`o aMZm
`WmW©Vm _hÎdmMr R>aVo. aMZm `WmW©Vm hr EH$mM nÜXVrZo {ZpíMV H$aVm `oV Zmhr. `mgmR>r g§emoYZmMo
Omio Am{U BVa _yë`_mnZ nÜXVr Amdí`H$ R>aVmV. H$maU ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm aMZmg§X^m©V
R>a{dUo AdKS> H$m_ Amho. _mZgemñÌkmZm Oa ào_, Hw$Vyhc, _mZ{gH$-Amamo½`, gwI dJ¡aoMo _mnZ
H$amd`mMo Agoc Va Aem MmMÊ`m§Mr aMZm `WmW©Vm {ZpíMV H$aUo {O{H$arMo H$m_ Amho. CXm. ào_ hm
Amnë`m OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho. AmnU gd©OU ào_ H$aVmoM. _mÌ Zo_Ho$ ào_ H$emcm åhUm`Mo?
ho R>a{dUo AdKS> Amho. `mdê$Z ào_ _mnZ H$aUmè`m MmMUrMr aMZm `WmW©Vm {ZpíMVr {H$Vr AdKS>
H$m_ Amho ho ghO cjmV `oVo.
aMZm dm ~m§YUr `WmW©Vm hr gdm©V _hËdmMr Aer MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm Amho. AcrH$S>o aMZm
`WmW©Vm AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ Vnmgcr OmV Amho. aMZm `WmW©Vm {ZpíMVrgmR>r, H$c_m§Mr ~m§YUr
ì`dpñWV hmoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ V§Ìo dmnacr OmVmV. Vr V§Ìo nwT>rc à_mUo AmhoV. (1) d¡H$m{gH$ ~Xc (2)
BVa MmMÊ`m§er ghg§~§Y (3) KQ>H$-{dícofU (4) Am§V[aH$ gmVË` (5) H|${ÐV d ^oX{ZH$ `WmW©Vm
(6) àm`mo{JH$VoMm A§V^m©d (7) aMZmg_mZ àmê$n (8) ~moY{ZH$ _mZgemñÌmMo `moJXmZ B. aMZm
`WmW©Vm {ZpíMVrgmR>r darc gd© V§Ìo H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmV dmnacr OmVmV, ho Oar Iao Agco Var
H$m§hr V§Ìo hr gam©g dmnacr OmVmV.
aMZm `WmW©Vm g_mYmZH$maH$ Amho ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Vgo nwamdo, _m{hVr {_idmdr cmJVo. aMZm
`WmW©VoMm nwamdm åhUOo aMZm Iar Amho Ago dmQ>m`cm cmdUmar dmñV{dH$, dm {MÝho dJ¡ao nwamdm dm
à_mU hmo`. aMZm `WmW©VoMm nwamdm Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r darcn¡H$s H$m§hr V§Ìo h_Img dmnacr OmVmV. Vr
nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.
1. d¡H$m{gH$ ~Xc : "d`mo_mZmZwgma {^ÞVm, hm {ZH$f nma§nm[aH$ ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMÊ`m§À`m
`WmW©Vm _mnÊ`mgmR>r dmnacm Amho. Ë`m_wio Oa MmMUr `WmW© Agoc Va d` dmT>oc Ë`m à_mUmV
12

JwUm§H$ dmT>VmV Ago _mZco. _mÌ Or H$m`} ñnîQ>nUo d gmVË`mZo d`mZwgma ~Xc Xe©{dV ZmhrV,
Ë`m~m~VrV hm {ZH$f {Zén`moJr R>aVmo. CXm. ì`pŠV_Îd _mnUmÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o `m {ZH$fmMm
AJXr _`m©{XV AgmM dmna hmoVmo. VgoM d`-{ZH$f hm gmd©{ÌH$ Amho Ago J¥hrV YaVm
`oV Zmhr. H$maU hm {ZH$f Á`m n[apñWVrdê$Z V`ma Ho$cm Amho Ë`m {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$Vr g§X^m©VM AgVmo.
H«${_H$ MmMÊ`m§Mr aMZm `WmW©Vm VnmgVmZm {dH$mgmË_H$ {dícofU hoM AmYma^yV Amho. Aem
àH$maÀ`m MmMÊ`m§Mo _yc^yV J¥hrVH$ åhUOo "{dH$mgmMm H«${_H$ AmH¥${V~§Y' hmo`. aMZm `WmW©Vm
R>a{dVmZm d`-{ZH$f, {dH$mgmMm H«${_H$ AmH¥${V~§Y hm H$miOrnyd©H$ dmnamdm cmJVmo.
2. BVa MmMÊ`m§er ghg§~§Y : aMZm `WmW©Vm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm BVa MmMÊ`m§er AgUmam `m
{d{eîQ> MmMUrMm ghg§~§Y cjmV KoVcm OmVmo. BVa Ë`mM JwUmMo _mnZ H$aUmè`m MmMUrVrc
H$c_mMr aMZm gmaIrM Agoc Va Vo r dê$Z H$iVo. åhUyZ aMZm `WmW©Vo_Ü`o BVa MmMÊ`m§er
ghg§~§Y hm {ZH$fhr dmnacm OmVmo. BVa MmMÊ`m§er ghg§~§Y hm AmUIr EH$m JmoîQ>tgmR>r dmnacm
OmVmo; Vmo åhUOo ZdrZ MmMUr hr Ag§~§{YV KQ>H$m§À`m à^mdmnmgyZ VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm {H$Vr _wŠV Amho?
ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r CXm. ì`pŠV_Ëd MmMUrMm ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMUrer CÀM ghg§~§Y Agy Z`o. BVa
MmMÊ`m§er ghg§~§Y hm aMZm `WmW©Vm R>a{dVmZm nyaH$ V§Ì åhUyZM dmnaco OmVo.
3. KQ>H$ {dícofU (Factor Analysis) : aMZm `WmW©Vm {ZpíMVrgmR>r KQ>H$-{dícofU V§Ì
dmnamdoM cmJVo. KQ>H$-{dícofU hr EH$ g§»`memñÌr` nÜXVr Amho. EImÚm ì`ŠVr-JwUm_Ü`o H$moUVo
KQ>H$? Am{U Vo {H$Vr à_mUmV AmhoV? ho KQ>H$-{dícofUmVyZ _mnVm `oVo. CXm. ~wpÜX_Îmo_Ü`o 180
KQ>H$ AmhoV ho AcrH$S>rc g§emoYZmdê$Z {XgyZ `oVo. H°$Q>oc `m§Zr 18,000 Zm_o KodyZ Ë`mVyZ g_mZ JwU
~mOyg H$mTy>Z gd©gm_mÝ` Ago 16 KQ>H$ AmhoV, ho KQ>H$ {dícofUmVyZ _mnZ Ho$co d 16 nrE\²$ hr
à{gÜX ì`pŠV_Îd MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr. {d{eîQ> JwUm_Ü`o H$moUVo KQ>H$? {H$Vr à_mUmV AmhoV? ho
cjmV KodyZ Ë`mà_mUo MmMUr H$c_o {dH${gV H$ê$Z Ë`mMr `mo½` Aer aMZm åhUOoM ~m§YUr Ho$cr
OmVo. g§~§{YV g§emoYZ Ë`m JwUmMr aMZm H$er Amho ho ñnîQ> H$aVo Ë`mà_mUo MmMUrMr aMZm (~m§YUr)
H$ê$Z aMZmË_H$ `WmW©Vm gmYcr OmVo.
4. Am§V[aH$ gmVË` : àË`oH$ MmMUr_Ü`o nwaoer H$c_o KodyZ Vr MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr OmVo.
H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm, _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm Am§V[aH$ gmVË` AmT>iVo H$m? ho nm{hco OmVo. H$m§hrdoim
{damoYr g_yh KodyZ Ë`m-Ë`m H$c_mg§X^m©V nmg hmoÊ`mMr eoH$S>odmar H$mT>cr OmVo. `m nmg e|H$S>odmar_Ü`o
_hÎdmMm \$aH$ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Vo H$c_ A`mo½` R>aVo qH$dm Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur Va A`mo½` R>aVo. Ago
H$c_ EH$Va H$_r Ho$co OmVo dm Ë`m_Ü`o gwYmaUm Ho$cr OmVo. ghg§~§YmË_H$ nÜXVr (r) Mm dmnahr
_hÎdmMm \$aH$ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. CnMmMUr JwUm§H$mMm nyU© MmMUr JwUm§H$mer AgUmam ghg§~§Y
hm AmUIr EH$ Am§V[aH$ gmVË`mMm {ZH$f Amho. MmMUr H$c_mda qH$dm CnMmMÊ`m§da AmYm[aV
Am§V[aH$ gmVË` 4 hm Iao Va EH${OZgrnUm _mnZ H$aVmo. MmMUrMr aMZm `WmW©Vm Am{U EH${OZgrnUmMo
à_mU `m§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Agë`mZo aMZm `WmW©Vm R>a{dÊ`mg `m r Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. _mÌ aMZm
13

`WmW©Vm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Am§V[aH$ gmVË`mMm _`m©{XV Agm dmna Amho.
5. H|${ÐV d ^oX{ZH$ `WmW©Vm : H$m§hr dfm©nydu H°$ån~oc Am{U {\$ñHo$ `mZr Vm{H©$H$ AmYmamda
aMZm `WmW© Amho H$s Zmhr? ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r "H|${ÐV d ^oX{ZH$ `WmW©Vm' ho V§Ì {dH${gV Ho$co.
åhUOoM aMZm `WmW©VoMo {dMmanyd©H$ {dícofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho V§Ì gwM{dco Amho. aMZm `WmW©Vm
_mnÊ`mgmR>r g¡ÜXm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm MmMUrcm Á`m n[adV©H$mer CÀM ghg§~§Y XmIdm`cm nm{hOo Ë`m
n[adV©H$mer Vr {H$Vr CÀM ghg§~§Y XmIdVo? ho Vnmgmdo cmJVo. VgoM Vr MmMUr Á`m n[adV©H$mnmgyZ
{^Þ Amho Ë`m n[adV©H$mer {VMm r H$_r Amcm nm{hOo. åhUOoM MmMUrÀ`m g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§er "CÀM,
ghg§~§Y (H|${ÐV `WmW©Vm) d MmMUrÀ`m Ag§~§{YV KQ>H$mer AJXr {ZåZ (Aën) ghg§~§Y r (^oX{ZH$
`WmW©Vm) AmT>icm VaM Vr MmMUr aMZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm `WmW© Amho.
gÜ`m ~hþVoH$ MmMUr _°Ý`wAc_Ü`o Ë`m MmMUrMr aMZm `WmW©Vm H$er _mncr Amho (àH$ma) d
Vr {H$Vr Amho `mMr Zm|X AmT>iVoM.
darc `WmW©VoMo àH$ma EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ nyU©nUo doJio ZmhrV. CXm. Ame` `WmW©Vm CÀM Agoc Va
Ë`mM Ame`mMr _m§S>Ur, ~m§YUr `mo½` Ë`m nÜXVrZo Ho$ë`mg Vr MmMUr aMZm` `WmW©hr AmT>iVo. ho
`WmW©VoMo àH$ma åhUOoM MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm hr AZoH$ A§JmZr _mncr Amho BVHo$M. `m_wio Vr MmMUr
A{YH$ CÀM "à_m{UV' hmoVo. n[aUm_r ~è`mM à_mUmV dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ ì`pŠVJwUmMo _yë`_mnZ
H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
4.3 gmam§e
_mZgemñÌr` MmMUr hr à_m{UV d dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ ì`ŠVrJwUm§Mo _mnZ H$aUmao CnH$aU
Amho. Ë`m_wio à_mUrH$aU à{H«$`o_Ü`o {dídgZr`Vo~amo~aM _hËdmMr Aer {VMr `WmW©Vm hr Vnmgcr
OmVo. MmMUrcm Á`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`mM JwUmMo ñdrH¥$V {ZH$fm§Zm AZwe§JyZ Vr {H$Vr
à_mUmV _mnZ H$aVo Ë`m à_mUmÀ`m {ZX}emH$m§g `WmW©Vm Ago åhUVmV.
MmMÊ`m `m AZoH$ hoVyZo d {d{dY JwUm§Mo _wë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dH${gV Ho$coë`m AgVmV.
Ë`m_wio {VMr `WmW©Vm EH$mM A§JmZr VnmgyZ MmcUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm {d{dY
ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ {ZpíMV Ho$cr OmVo. `mgmR>r VrZ nÜXVrhr dmnaë`m OmVmV. n[aUm_r `WmW©VoMo AZoH$
àH$ma AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o `WmW©VoMo nwT>rc _w»` àH$ma AmT>iVmV.
(1) Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm (2) Ame` `WmW©Vm (3) {_iVr-OwiVr `WmW©Vm (4) nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm
d (5) aMZm (~m§YUr) `WmW©Vm.
`WmW©Vm _mnÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Ago {ZH$f {ZdS>Uo AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho. {ZH$f åhUOo à_mU qH$dm
_mZH$ Ë`m {d{eîQ> MmMUrMo JwUm§H$ d cmdcoco {ZH$f `m_Yrc ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ r H$mT>cm OmVmo. hm
14

hm `WmW©Vm r hmo`. CXm. Ame` `WmW©Vm r = .80.
`WmW©VoMo gd©M àH$ma Ë`m-Ë`m g§X^m©V _hÎdmMo Agco Var Ame`, nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vo~amo~a
aMZm `WmW©Vm _mnÊ`mda {deof ^a {Xcm OmV Amho. gÜ`m KQ>H$ {dícofUmgmaIo V§Ì, g§JUH$mMm dmna
`m_wio MmMUrMr aMZm `WmW©Vm AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ Vnmgcr OmV Amho.
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1. `WmW©Vm = {d{eîQ> JwUmMo _mnZ-à_mU {ZX}em§H$, r ? ghg§~§YJwUm§H$.
2. {ZH$f = à_mU, _mZH$, H$gmoQ>çm dm AQ>r.
3. KQ>H$-{dícofU = {d{eîQ> JwU {H$Vr KQ>H$mZr ~Zcocm Amho Vo VnmgÊ`mMr
g§»`memñÌr` nÜXVr.
4. nyd©H$WZ = ^{dî`H$WZ, AJmoXa gm§JUo.
5. aMZm = ~m§YUr, _m§S>Ur.
4.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z dñVw{ZîR> àíZ d CÎmao
A) H§$gmVrc `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1. .............. `m B§J«Or eãXmdê$Z `WmW©Vm hm _amR>r eãX Amcocm Amho.
(Norm / Reliability / Validity)
2. Or MmMUr {dídgZr` ZgVo Vr MmMUr ................ ZgVo.
(~moJg / `WmW© / VQ>ñW)
3. MmMUr `WmW©Vm H$moUË`m ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ _mncr Amho, `mdê$Z ............ Mo àH$ma
nS>VmV.
({dídgZr`Vm / `WmW©Vm / _mZX§S>)
4. `WmW©Vm r hm H$Yrhr nyU© ............ `oV Zmhr.
(1 / 2 /3)
15

5. daH$aUr MmMUr H$moUË`m JwUmMo _mnZ H$aVo Ago dmQ>Vo, `mÀ`mer ........... `WmW©Vm
g§~§{YV Amho.
(Ame` / Xe©Zr / {_iVr-OwiVr)
6. e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ MmMÊ`m_Ü`o ............. `WmW©Vm _hËdmMr AgVo.
(Xe©Zr / Ame` / nyd©H$WZ)
7. .......... `WmW©Vm hr MmMUr {dH$mgmÀ`m gwédmVrg dmnacr Jococr g§H$ënZm Amho.
(nyd©H$WZ / Ame` / Xe©Zr)
8. {ZH$f åhUOo .......... hmo`.
(à_mU / JwUm§H$ / Ü`o`)
9. {ZH$f ho ........... ZgVmV.
(gmnoj / {Zanoj / VQ>ñW)
10. aMZm `WmW©Vm hr g§H$ënZm gm`H$mo_oQ´>rŠg_Ü`o .......... _Ü`o Pmcr.
(1950/1954/1960)
11. ........... V§Ìm_Ü`o {d{eîQ> JwUm§_Ü`o H$moUVo KQ>H$ d {H$Vr à_mUmV AmT>iVmV ho _mnco
OmVo.
(KQ>H$-{dícofU / Am§V[aH$ gmVË` / H|${ÐV d ^oX{ZH$)
12. Am§V[aH$ gmVË` r hm Iao Va MmMUr H$c_mVrc ............... _mnZ H$aVmo.
(VQ>ñWVm / EH${OZgrnUm / {damoYm^mg)
13. KQ>H$-{dícofU ho ................. V§Ì Amho.
(g§»`memñÌr` / VH©$emñÌr` / AemñÌr`)
14. gÜ`mÀ`m MmMUr à_mUrH$aUm_Ü`o .......... `WmW©Vog _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.
(aMZm / Xe©Zr / {_iVr-OwiVr)
15. ........... `WmW©Vm hr gmonr, OcX d H$_r IMm©Mr Amho.
(Ame` / {_iVr-OwiVr / nyd©H$WZr`)
16

~) CÎmao :-
(1) Validity. (2) `WmW© (3) `WmW©VoMo (4) 1 (EH$)
(5) Xe©Zr (6) Ame` (7) Xe©Zr (8) à_mU
(9) {Zanoj (10) 1954 (11) KQ>H$-{dícofU (12) EH${OZgrnUm
(13) g§»`memñÌr` (14) aMZm (15) {_iVr-OwiVr.
4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
(A) Q>r>nm {chm.
1. Xe©Zr `WmW©Vm.
2. Ame` `WmW©Vm.
3. nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm.
(~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. `WmW©VoMr ì`m»`m Úm. aMZm `WmW©Vm ñnîQ> H$am.
2. {ZH$f åhUOo H$m`? {_iVr-OwiVr Am{U nyd©H$WZr` `WmW©Vm {dfX H$am.
4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. Psychological Testing : Robert Kaplan, Saccuzzo.
6th Edition.
2. Psychological Testing and Assessment : Lewis Aiken,
Groth-Marnat,
12th Edition.
3. Theory and Practice of Psychological Testing : Frank Freeman,
3rd Edition.
4. Psychological Testing : Anne Anastasi,
Susana Urbina
7th Edition.
❃❖❃
17

5.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
5.1 àñVmdZm
5.2 {df` {ddoMZ
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 7 (OyZm) nona 10 d 15 (Z{dZ)
_mZgemñÌr` _mnZ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 6 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-5 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-1
5.2.1 ~wpÜX_ÎmoMr ì`m»`m
KQ>H$-5
~wpÜX_mnZ MmMÊ`m
(Intelligence Tests)
5.2.2 ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo ~wpÜX_mnZ MmMUr
5.2.2.1 ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo H$gmoQ>rÀ`m OwÝ`m (àma§{^H$ Amd¥Î`m)
5.2.2.2 ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo H$gmoQ>rÀ`m ZdrZ Amd¥Î`m
5.2.3 doíca loÊ`m
5.3. gmam§e
5.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
5.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
5.2.3.1 doíca àm¡T> ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr (Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr)
5.2.3.2 doíca `m§Mr chmZ _wcm§Mr ~wpÜX_mnZ MmMUr ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr)
5.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
5.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
5.8 joÌr` H$m`©
5.9 g§X^© J«§W, gm{hË` B.
18

5.0 C{ÔîQ>ço (Objectives)
darc KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg -
1. AmnUmg ~wpÜX_ÎmoMr nmíd©^y_r d ì`m»`m g_Ooc.
2. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZoÀ`m àma§{^H$ Amd¥Î`m§Mr H$ënZm `oB©c.
3. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZoÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ Amd¥ÎmrMr g{dñVa _m{hVr hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.
4. doíca `m§Mr àm¡T> ~wpÜX_Îmm MmMUrMo ñdê$n g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©c.
5. doíca `m§À`m chmZ _wcm§À`m ~wpÜX_Îmm _mnZmÀ`m MmMUr{df`r ñnîQ> H$ënZm `oB©c.
5.1 àñVmdZm
_mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr ì`pŠVËdmVrc {d{dY JwUY_m©Vrc \$aH$ AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r
Pmcr. Ë`m_Ü`o ~m¡pÜXH$ JwUmVrc ì`pŠV{^ÞVm _mnÊ`mV `oD$ cmJcr. ~wpÜX_ÎmoMo _yë`_mnZ Am{U
{dícofUmMo H$m`© gmVË`mZo gwê$ Amho. ~wpÜX_Îmm hr EH$ g§H$sU© _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m Amho. 19ì`m
eVH$mV Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`mdoir g¡{ZH$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am_u Aë\$m d Am_u {~Q>m `m XmoZ
MmMÊ`m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ë`mMm dmna \$magm Pmcm Zmhr. 1895 À`m Xaå`mZ
\«$mÝg_Ü`o àmW{_H$ emioVrc _wcm§Mm ~m¡pÜXH$ d _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg `mda Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$
g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. `m g{_Vr_Ü`o Amë\«o$S> ~rZo Am{U gm`_Z ho XmoKo _mZgemñÌk
hmoVo. 1895 Vo 1904 `m H$mimV {d{dY emim§VyZ {_imcoë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmamda 1905 _Ü`o
~wpÜX_mnZmMr EH$ dñVw{ZîR> MmMUr V`ma Pmcr. Ë`mcmM ~rZo gm`_Z ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 1905 Ago
åhUVmV. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV hiyhiy dñVw{ZîR> MmMÊ`m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o AZoH$ _mZgemñÌk g§emoYZ
H$ê$ cmJco. hm ~wpÜX_mnZ MmMÊ`m§À`m {dH$mgmVrc àma§{^H$ Q>ßnm hmoVm.
~w{Õ_mnZ `m g§H$ënZoMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~w{Õ_Îmm åhUOo H$m`? Ë`m_Ü`o H$moUË`m
CnJwUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~wpÜX_Îmm H$er _mncr OmVo Ë`mgmR>r H$moUË`m MmMÊ`m dñVw{ZîR> AmhoV,
`m~m~V g{dñVa _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoD$.
5.2 {df` {ddoMZ
5.2.1 ~wpÜX_ÎmoMr ì`m»`m (Definitions of Intelligence)
AZoH$ _mZgemñÌkm§Zr ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m ì`m»`m {Xcoë`m AmhoV. na§Vw T>mo~i ñdê$nmV ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m
ì`m»`oMo VrZ JQ>mV dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
19

1. n{hcm JQ> åhUOo ì`ŠVrZo Ë`mÀ`m EHy$U dmVmdaUmer qH$dm n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ qH$dm
ñdrH$maU H$aUo åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.
(Intelligence is an adjustment or adaption of the individual to his total
environment.) `m ì`m»`odê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, OrdZmVrc ZdrZ g_ñ`m Am{U ZdrZ
n[apñWVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mMr gm_mÝ` _mZ{gH$ j_Vm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`. qH$dm Agohr
åhUVm `oB©c H$s, EImÚmMo dV©Z àUmcr AmoiIyZ Ë`mn«_mUo EImÚm n[apñWVr_Ü`o
n[aUm_H$maH$ d AMyH$ à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`. `mdê$Z ho ñnîQ>
hmoVo H$s, CÀM ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr ì`ŠVr AZoH$ g§^mì` AMyH$ à{V{H«$`m d g¥OZerc dV©ZmMr
{Z{_©Vr H$aVo Va {ZåZ ~w{ÕMr ì`ŠVr \$maM H$_r à{V{H«$`m Am{U {ZåZ g¥OZercVm
Xe©{dVmV.
2. ì`m»`oMm Xþgam JQ> åhUOo H$m§hrVar ZdrZ {eH$Ê`mMr nmÌVm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`. CÀM
~w{Õ_Îmm AgUmar ì`ŠVr A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$nUo d cdH$amV cdH$a {eH$Vo. Aem
ì`ŠVrH$S>o AÜ``ZmVrc AZw^d d H¥${VercVm nhmd`mg {_iVo.
3. {Vgam JQ> åhUOo A_yV© nmVirda {dMma H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`. {d{dY
n[apñWVr_Ü`o {ZU©` KoVmZm H$mhr g§Ho$V d g§H$ënZm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm H$mhr
cmoH$m_Ü`o AgVo. ~rZo `m§Mr ì`m»`m `mM dJuH$aUmV _moS>Vo. EImÚm àg§JmMo H$maU,
{ZU©`Z d ñd-Q>rH$m `m§Mmhr `m_Ü`o g_mdoe hmoVmo. ì`pŠVH$Sy>Z A_yV© nmVirda {dMma
H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm `mMmhr g_mdoe {Vgè`m JQ>mV hmoVmo.
darc gd© ì`m»`m `m EH$m§Jr qH$dm EH$mM KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV AmhoV, Ë`mnojm `m gd©
KQ>H$m§Mm gdªH$e {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr EH${ÌV _m§S>Ur Ho$ë`mg Imcrcà_mUo ì`m»`m V`ma
H$aVm `oB©c.
doíca `m§À`m _Vo, ""ghoVyH$ H¥$Vr H$aUo, {ddoH${ZîR> {dMma H$aUo, Am{U n[apñWVrer
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g_m`moOZ àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ì`pŠVMo EH${ÌV qH$dm g_wÀM`mË_H$ nmÌVm
åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.''
ñQ>moS>mS>© (Stoddard) `m§À`m _Vo, ""~w{Õ_Îmm hr EH$ j_Vm qH$dm nmÌVm AgyZ Ë`m
~w{Õ_ÎmoH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m H¥$VtMr d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo (1) H$m{R>Ê`Vm (2) g§H$sU©Vm (3) A_yV©Vm
(4) Am{W©H$ (5) CÔrîQ>m§Mm ñdrH$ma (6) gm_m{OH$ _yë` (7) Zd{Z{_©Vrj_Vm Am{U `m
gdmªgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar EH$mJ«VoMr eŠVr Am{U ^md{ZH$ VmH$Vrcm {damoY B.
JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.''
Q>_©Z (Terman) `m§À`m _Vo, ""A_yV© {dMma H$aÊ`mMr Am{U AZw^dmVyZ H$m§hr {eH$Ê`mMr
j_Vm åhUOo ~w{Õ hmo`.'' dwS>dW© (Woodworth) {dMma H$m¡eë`m§Mm àJQ> Cn`moJ åhUOo
~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.
20

darc gd© ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm _mZgemñÌkm§Zr A{YH$ g_n©H$ Aer ì`m»`m Ho$cr,
""AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMr g§H$ënZm d Ë`m§Mm nañna g§~§Y AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr AmR>dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U
g§nm{XV kmZmMm Amnë`m dV©ZmV à{V`moOZmË_H$ nÕVrZo Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr ì`ŠVrMr j_Vm åhUOo
~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.''
5.2.2 ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo ~wpÜX_mnZ MmMUr (Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test)
~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm_Yrc ì`pŠVJV {^ÞVm _mnÊ`mgmR>r Amë\«o$S> ~rZo (Alfred Binet) `m§Zr AË`§V
_m¡{cH$ Ago H$m`© Ho$co. gZ 1896 _Ü`o \«$mÝg_Yrc emco` {dÚmÏ`mªMm _mZ{gH$ Aä`mg Ho$cm. dJm©V
{eH$dë`m OmUmè`m JmoîQ>tMm dJm©Vrc gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_mZ \$m`Xm {_iV Zmhr ho cjmV Amë`mZ§Va
Ë`m {dÚmÏ`m©Mo Hw$dVrZwga JQ> nmS>co OmdoV Aer Ë`mZo gyMZm Ho$cr. gyMZoà_mUo {dÚmÏ`mªMr dJ©dmar
H$amdr cmJcr. {dÚmÏ`mªMo chmZ JQ> nmSy>Z Ë`m àË`oH$ JQ>mMo _mnZ {dídgZr` d dñVw{ZîR> V§ÌmZo Pmco
nm{hOo Ago ~rZocm dmQ>co. `m _yi ~rZoÀ`m g§H$ënZoVyZ ~w{Õ_mnZmÀ`m H$m`m©g Iè`m AWm©Zo gwédmV
Pmcr.
VËnydu JmëQ>Z `m g§emoYH$mZo doX{ZH$ nmÌVm Am{U ~w{Õ_Îmm `m§Mm nañnam§er g§~§Y Amho Agm
Xmdm Ho$cm `mMo _mnZ Pmë`mg ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m¡pÜXH$ nmÌVm AmoiIUo d Ë`m§Mo nyd©H$WZ H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©c
Ago _V _m§S>co. `m JmëQ>ZÀ`m H$m`m©Mm _moR>m à^md ~rZoda nS>cm. doX{ZH$ MmMUr, H$maH$ MmMUr
Am{U ñ_¥VrÀ`m j_Vm§Mr MmMUr `m gmÜ`m MmMÊ`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo ~w{Õ_mnZ H$aVm `oVo Ago ~rZoMo _V
hmoVo. ñne© ^oX~moYZ, à{V{H«$`m H$mi, Ñí` ^oXZ, lmì`, ^oX ~moYZ, eãX d A§H$mMm nwZéÀMma Aem
_mÜ`_mVyZ ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnVm `oVo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. `mVyZ ~rZo Am{U gm`_Z `m§Zr H$m§hr AmdË`m V`ma
Ho$ë`m Ë`m Imcrcà_mUo :-
ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo H$gmoQ>rÀ`m OwÝ`m Amd¥Î`m
1. ~rZo-gm`_Z H$gmoQ>r (Binet-Simon Scales 1905) :-
~rZo gm`_Z `m§Mr n{hcr Amd¥Îmr àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmV V`ma Ho$cr. hr Amd¥Îmr _mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm Xþ~©c
_wcm§Mm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oV Ago. `mMo _yi VÎd Ago hmoVo H$s, _mZ{gH$VoVrc {^ÞVm
emoYUo, hþemanUm qH$dm _mZ{gH$ _§XnUmMm emoY KoUo, Am{U {dH$mgmVrc d`moJQ>mZwgma \$aH$ cjmV
KoUo hm hmoVm. 1905 Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o 30 H$c_o hmoVr, H$c_m§Mr _m§S>Ur H${R>UVoÀ`m nmVircm AZwgê$Z
Ho$cocr hmoVr, åhUOoM n{hcr gmonr H$c_o d Z§Va H$R>rU hmoV OmUmar H$c_o Aer aMZm hmoVr. hr
d`moJQ>mda AmYm[aV Aer MmMUr ZìhVr. {d{dY H$c_o {d{dY JwUm§À`m ñVamMo _mnZ H$arV AgV.
CXm. _wI©~wÜXr, OS>~wÕr, gm_mÝ` ~wÜXr dJ¡ao. `m MmMUrV emco` kmZmda A{YH$ ^a Agë`m_wio
MmMUrMm _wi hoVy g\$c Pmcm Zmhr, Ë`m_wio ZdrZ MmMUr V`ma H$amdr cmJcr.
21

2. 1908 Mr ~rZo-gm`_Z MmMUr (Binet-Simon Scale of 1908) :-
1905 À`m n{hë`m Amd¥Îmr_Yrc Xmof Q>miÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ ì`mnH$ d dñVw{ZîR> Aer Xþgar
Amd¥Îmr ~rZo-gm`_Z MmMUr-1908 `m ZmdmZo àH$m{eV Pmcr. `mgmR>r H$mhr `WmW© _mZX§S>m§Mr {ZdS>H$
ì`mnH$ cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m à{V{ZYrH$ Z_wÝ`mda AmYm[aV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mVrc AZoH$ _wcm§Mm
g_mdoe Ë`m_Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Amcm. hr MmMUr d`moJQ>mda AmYm[aV Aer AgyZ VrZ Vo 13 d`monmVirgmR>r
ñdV§Ì MmMÊ`m AmhoV.
1905 Vo 1908 `m XmoÝhr Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o nwîH$igm \$aH$ Amho. ZdrZ Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o EHy$U 59 H$c_o
AmhoV. 1905 _Yrc H$mhr H$c_o H$mTy>Z Ë`m{R>H$mUr ZdrZ H$c_m§Mr ^a KmVcr. d` {dñVma
dmT>{dÊ`mV Amcm. àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mgmR>r {d{eîR> H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 1908 _Ü`o XmoZ
ZdrZ ~Xc Ho$co. (1) d`moJQ>mZwgma H$c_m§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr. (2) _mZ{gH$ d` (Mental Age) hr
g§H$ënZm n{hë`m§Xm ~rZo `mZr _m§S>cr. _mZ{gH$ nwT>maconU, _mZ{gH$ gm_mÝ`Ëd d _mZ{gH$ _mJmgconU
`m g§H$ënZoVyZ ~wpÜX_ÎmoMr dJ©dmar H$aÊ`mV `oD$ cmJcr. 3 Vo 13 d`moJQ>mVrc n°[agÀ`m àmW{_H$
emioVrc 203 _wcm§Mm g_mdoe àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wÝ`mgmR>r Ho$cm. `m_Ü`o _mZ{gH$ d` H$mT>VmZm
A{YH$À`m d`mMm {dMma Ho$cm Zmhr. nU 1908 `m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o d` MmMUr, _mZ{gH$ d`,
à_mUrH$aUmÀ`m ZdrZ nÜXVr Am{U BVa H$m§hr g§H$ënZm_wio _mZgemñÌr` MmMUrMo joÌ g_¥ÜX Pmco.
1908 À`m Amd¥ÎmrVXoIrc ~aoM Xmof hmoVo. Vo H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ Amd¥Îmr H$mT>mdr cmJcr.
3. ~rZo-gm`_Z MmMUr-1911 (Binet-Simon Scale - 1911) :-
1908 À`m MmMUr_wio ~opëO`_, O_©Zr, B§½c§S>, BQ>mcr, ñdrg Am{U A_o[aHo$_Yrc
_mZgemñÌkm_Ü`o ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUr{df`r A{YH$ A{^ê$Mr {Z_m©U Pmcr. Ë`m§À`m A{^ê$Mr_wio MmMUrMm
dmna, _yë`_mnZ d gyMZm `m ~è`mM à_mUmV àmßV Pmë`m.
d` MmMUrÀ`m g§X^m©V Or Q>rH$m Pmcr Ë`mVyZ ~è`mM H$c_m§Zm H$mTy>Z 1911 _Ü`o ZdrZ
H$c_m§Mr ^a KmcÊ`mV Amcr. 1908 _Ü`o _w»` Q>rH$m Aer hmoVr H$s, H$_r d`moJQ>mVrc _wcmgmR>r
gmonr H$c_o d d[aîR> d`moJQ>mVrc _wcm§gmR>r H$R>rU H$c_o hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ~w{Õ_ÎmoV \$aH$ {XgyZ `oV
hmoVm. WmoS>Š`mV MmMUrÀ`m à_mUrH$aUm_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$ê$Z 1911 À`m Amd¥Îmr H$c_m§Mr AXcm~Xc
d ZdrZ H$c_m§Mr ^a KmcÊ`mV Amcr.
1911 _Ü`o Oo _hÎdmMo ~Xc Ho$co Vo åhUOo 11 d`moJQ>mVrc 4 MmMUr H$c_o 22 d`moJQ>mgmR>r
R>odÊ`mV Amcr. 12 dfm©Vrc H$c_o 15 dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>cr. 13 d`moJQ>mVrc VrZ H$c_o d ZdrZ XmoZ
H$c_o {_iyZ àm¡T> ñVa {Z_m©U Ho$cm. ImcÀ`m d`moJQ>mVrc H$m§hr H$c_o darc d`moJQ>mV d darc
d`moJQ>mVrc H$m§hr H$c_o ImcÀ`m d`moJQ>mgmR>r {ZdS>cr. 11, 13, 14 `m d`moJQ>mgmR>r H$moUVrhr
MmMUr CncãY Ho$cr Zmhr. 1908 _Yrc AZoH$ dmXJ«ñV H$c_o dJiÊ`mV Amcr. H$maU 1908
_Ü`ohr emco` _m{hVrda AmYm[aV Aem H$c_m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Pmcr. d` df} 3, 4, 5 `m
d`moJQ>mVrc H$c_o 1908 à_mUo gmaIrM hmoVr.
`mdoir _mZ{gH$ d`mMr g§H$ënZm ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnVmZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. _mZ{gH$ d` R>a{dVmZm
22

_mZ{gH$ d`mVrc \$aH$ cjmV KoÊ`mV Amcm. àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mV 5 H$c_o AmhoV. àË`oH$ H$c_ 2
_{hÝ`mÀ`m _mZ{gH$ d`mMo (2/10) à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. CXm. 6 dfm©Mm ~mcH$ 6 dfm©Mr MmMUr
gmoS>{dcm d 7 dfm©Vrc XmoZ H$c_o d 8 dfm©Vrc EH$ H$c_ ~amo~a gmoS>{dë`mg Ë`mMo _mZ{gH$ d`
6-6 df} BVHo$ `oB©c.
~rZoÀ`m _Vo, em[aarH$ d`m~amo~a _mZ{gH$ d` Amë`mg Ë`mcm {Z`{_V (Regular) qH$dm
gm_mÝ`, Á`mMo _mZ{gH$ d` CÀM Ë`m§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm gwYm[aV (Advanced) d Á`mMo _mZ{gH$ d` H$_r
qH$dm {ZåZ Vmo _mZ{gH$ Xþ~©c (Retarded) g_OÊ`mV `oV Ago. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {dë`_ ñQ>Z© `mZo
~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m gwÌmMm emoY cmdcm d Ë`mMo ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm JwUm§H$ H$mT>Ê`mV `mdm Ago gwM{dco.
1911 _Ü`o ~rZoMm A§V Pmcm Am{U \«$mÝg_Yrc _mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m§Mo joÌ nyU©nUo R>ßn Pmco.
Z§Va A_o[aHo$Vrc ñQ>°_\$moS>© {dÚmnrR>mVrc _mZgemñÌmMo àmÜ`mnH$ Q>_©Z d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar _o[ac `m§Zr
~rZoMr gd© MmMUr àUmcr ñdrH$macr. Am{U A_o[aHo$Vrc _wcm§gmR>r ZdrZ gwYm[aV MmMÊ`m§À`m
Amd¥Î`m V`ma Ho$ë`m. Ë`m Imcrcà_mUo :-
ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZoMr n{hcr Amd¥Îmr-1916
ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZoMr n{hcr Amd¥Îmr 1916 _Ü`o àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© {dÚmnrR>mV Q>_©Z
d _oarc ho _mZgemñÌmMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr ~rZoÀ`m MmMUrMr VÎdàUmcr nyU©nUo
pñdH$macr Am{U A_o[aHo$Vrc EHy$U n[apñWVrcm AZwgê$Z 1916 Mr Amd¥Îmr V`ma Ho$cr. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ho
{dÚmnrR>mMo Zmd Am{U ~rZo hm MmMUrMm _yi àdV©H$ `m XmoÝhr ZmdmÀ`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo
Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. `mMXaå`mZ A_o[aHo$_Ü`o JmoS>mS>© (Goddard) `m§Zr ~rZoÀ`m 1905 À`m
Amd¥ÎmrMo ê$nm§VaU H$ê$Z A_o[aHo$V Ë`m MmMUrMm dmna Ho$cm. Ë`mÀ`m 1915 d 1923 cm XmoZ
Amd¥Î`m àH$m{eV Pmë`m. Ë`mM~amo~aM ho[a¨J (Herring) `m§Zr 1922 gmcr EH$ ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr MmMUr
V`ma Ho$cr. Hw$ëh_Z (Kuhlmann) `m§Zr 1912, 1922, 1939 Aem Amd¥Î`m V`ma Ho$ë`m. nU Ë`m§Mo
à_mUrH$aU, JwUm§H$U Am{U dñVw{ZîR>Vm `m~m~V `m MmMÊ`m \$maem Cn`wŠV R>aë`m ZmhrV.
ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr 1916 hr Q>_©Z d _o[ac `m Xmohm§Zr {_iyZ V`ma Ho$cr. g§`wŠV
amîQ´> qH$dm A_o[aHo$Vrc _wcm§gmR>r Img H$ê$Z hr MmMUr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mMo _w»` d¡{eîQ>ç
åhUOo hr ì`pŠVJV MmMUr AgyZ ~hþVm§er _mZgemñÌk Am{U {ejUVÁkm§Zr `mMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm.
Am{U ì`mnH$ à_mUmV Ë`mMm dmnahr Pmcm. `m MmMUrMo à_mUrH$aU H$aVmZm 2300 _wcm§Mm
àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>cm, Ë`mn¡H$s 1700 _wco hr gm_mÝ`, 200 _wco _mZ{gH$ Xþ~©c (Angm_mÝ`)
Am{U Agm_mÝ`, Am{U 400 àm¡T> ì`ŠVtMm g_mdoe hmoVm. 14 dfm©Imcrc H°${c\$mo{Z©`m_Ü`o OÝ_coë`m
1000 _wcm§Mmhr Ë`m_Ü`o g_mdoe hmoVm.
1916 À`m MmMUr_Ü`o EHy$U H$c_m§Mr g§»`m 90 BVH$s hmoVr Am{U 3 dfm©nmgyZ Vo 14
dfmªn`ªVÀ`m _wcm§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnÊ`mV `oV hmoVr. Ë`mM~amo~a 15 Am{U 16 dfm©gmR>r gamgar àm¡T>
Am{U 17 Am{U 18 df©gmR>r gag àm¡T> Aer XmoZ MmMÊ`m V`ma Ho$ë`m. EHy$U 90 H$c_m§n¡H$s 54
H$c_o hr ~rZoÀ`m 1911 À`m Amd¥Îmr_Yrc 5 H$c_o 1905 d 1908 _Yrc, 4 H$c_o BVa
23

A_o[aHo$Vrc MmMÊ`m§_YyZ Am{U 27 H$c_o hr ZdrZ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
`WmW©Vm :-
`WmW©VogmR>r H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm XmoZ JmoîQ>tda ^a XoÊ`mV Amcm.
(1) na{jH$m§Mr {Q>nUr Am{U {Q>H$m d n[ajmWuÀ`m à{V{H«$`m cjmV KoÊ`mV Amë`m.
(2) àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mVrc àË`oH$ MmMUr_Ü`o n[ajmWuÀ`m nmg hmoÊ`mMr Q>ŠHo$dmar.
`mMdoir {dë`_ ñQ>Z© `m§Zr gwM{dcoë`m ~w{ÕJwUm§H$mÀ`m gyÌmMm dmnahr `m_Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
Vo gyÌ åhUOo,
(Intelligence Quitient)
(I.Q.)
`m gyÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ H$mT>Ê`mMr ZdrZ nÜXVr `m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
d`moJQ>mà_mUo àíZm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mV 6 H$c_o/{dYmZo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
11 Am{U 13 `m d`moJQ>mgmR>r `m_Ü`o MmMÊ`m CncãY ZmhrV. H$maU 11 Am{U 13 d`moJQ>mXaå`mZ
_wcm§À`m_Ü`o em[aarH$-c¢{JH$ n[anŠdVm `oV Agë`mZo ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg hm _§XJVrZo Mmcy amhVmo, Ë`m_wio
`m XmoZ d`moJQ>mgmR>r MmMÊ`m CncãY ZmhrV. gamgar àm¡T> d gag àm¡T> JQ>mgmR>r MmMUr H$c_m§Mr
{ZdS> H$aVmZm 30 ì`mdgm{`H$, 150 ñWcm§VarV, ~oamoOJma nwéf, 150 {H$emoa ~mcJwÝhoJma Am{U 50
_mÜ`{_H$ emioVrc {dÚmÏ`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVm.
JwUm§H$Z :-
~w{ÕJwUm§H$ =
_mZ{gH$ d` (Mental Age) M.A.
em[aarH$ d`/H$m{cH$/OÝ_d`
• 100
(Chronological Age) C.A.
àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mgmR>r 6 {dYmZo Agë`m_wio Am{U dfm©Mo 12 _{hZo `m§Mm _oi KmVë`mg 1 {dYmZ
gmoS>{dë`mg 2 _{hÝ`m§Zr _mZ{gH$ d`mV dmT> hmoVo. JwUm§H$Zm_Ü`o gwê$dmVrnmgyZÀ`m gd© MmMÊ`m _wcm§Zm
{Xë`m OmVmV Am{U Vmo Á`m {R>H$mUr gmoS>dm`Mo Wm§~doc VoWo Ë`mMo _mZ{gH$ d` {ZpíMV Ho$co OmVo.
CXm. 6 dfm©À`m _wcmg gwédmVrnmgyZ MmMÊ`m {Xë`mg Vmo 6 dfm©n`ªVMr gd© MmMUr H$c_o
~amo~a gmoS>dcr Va Ë`mMo _mZ{gH$ d` 6 df} BVHo$ `oB©c. Oa Ë`mZo 7 df} d`moJQ>mVrc XmoZ MmMUr
H$c_o gmoS>{dcr Va Ë`mMo _mZ{gH$ d` 6 df© 4 _{hZo BVHo$ `oB©c. `mCcQ> Oa `m _wcmZo 3 dfm©nmgyZ
Vo 5 dfm©n`ªVMr MmMUr H$c_o ~amo~a gmoS>{dcr Am{U 6 ì`m dfm©À`m MmMUr H$c_mVrc EH$hr H$c_
Ë`mcm ~amo~a gmoS>{dVm Amco Zmhr Va Ë`mMo _mZ{gH$ d` 5 df} BVHo$M Agoc.
`m MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm d {dídgZr`Vm CÀM Aem àH$maMr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio 1916 Vo 1937 n`ªV
24

OidOi 23 df} `mMm dmna Pmcm.
(1) `mda _w»` Q>rH$m Aer H$aÊ`mV `oVo H$s, H°${c\$mo{Z©`m Am{U Ý`y`m°H©$ `m XmoZ eham§À`m_Yrc
_wcm§À`m àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wÝ`mda AmYm[aV _m{hVrda MmMUrMo à_mUrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. (2) `m{edm`
empãXH$ Am{U A_yV© nmVirdarc gm{hË`mMm dmna OmñV H$aÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. (3) hr MmMUr B§J«Or
^mfo_Ü`oM Agë`mZo B§J«OrMo kmZ ZgUmè`m§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnVm `oV Zmhr.
(A) {deofV: naXoemVyZ `oD$Z ñWm{`H$ Pmcoco d B§J«Or ^mfm Z `oUmao.
(~) A§Y Am{U ~{hè`m cmoH$m§Zm `m MmMUrMm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr.
(H$) 4 Am{U 5 d`moJQ>mImcrc _wcm§Mo ~w{Õ_mnZ AMyH$ hmoV Zmhr.
`m gd© Xmofm§_wio 1916 À`m MmMUrda {Q>H$m hmoD$ cmJcr Am{U ZdrZ Amd¥ÎmrMr JaO ^mgy
cmJcr.
ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo H$gmoQ>rMr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr-1937 :-
1937 À`m MmMUr_Ü`o H$mhr J¥{hVHo$, nÜXVr, Am{U VÎdo `m§Mm Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma H$ê$Z A{YH$
à_m{UV Am{U AMyH$nUo {ZU©` XoUmar gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr åhUyZ `mMm CëcoI hmoVmo. `m MmMUr_Ü`o XmoZ
\$m_©g² AmhoV. \$m°_© L Am{U \$m°_© M Aer Ë`m§Mr Zm§do AmhoV. àË`oH$ \$m°_©_Ü`o 129 {dYmZo/H$c_o
AmhoV. `m {dYmZm§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm 1916 À`m MmMUrVrc ~arMer {dYmZo KmcÊ`mV Amcr d ZdrZ
{dYmZm§Mr ^a KmcÊ`mV Amcr. `m_Ü`o d`mo{dñVma dmT>{dÊ`mV Amcm. 2 dfm©nmgyZ Vo 14 dfmªn`ªV
Am{U gamgar Am{U gag àm¡T> nmVirn`ªV d`mo{dñVma {XgyZ `oVmo. 2 Vo 5 dfm©n`ªV àË`oH$ AÜ`m©
dfm©gmR>r MmMUr Amho. H$maU `m H$mimV _wcm§Mm ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mg OcXJVrZo hmoVmo. 1916 _Ü`o 11
Am{U 13 d`moJQ>mgmR>r MmMÊ`m CncãY ZìhË`m. `m Amd¥ÎmrV `m XmoÝhr d`moJQ>mgmR>r MmMÊ`m {Z_m©U
Ho$ë`m. JwUm§H$Z Am{U gyMZm d MmMUr ì`dñWmnZm_Ü`o gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. 1937 À`m MmMUrMo
à_mUrH$aU H$aVmZm ì`mnH$ àm{V{Z{YH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>cm. `m Z_wÝ`mV A_o[aHo$V OÝ_coë`m Jmoè`m _wcm§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVm. EHy$U 3000 _wcm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. hr _wco 11 amÁ`mVrc hmoVr. {deofV:
ì`mdgm{`H$, gm_m{OH$ `m KQ>H$m§da AmYm[aV `m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
`m MmMUrMo ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ _mnZ 1916 à_mUoM H$aÊ`mV Amco. H$mhr ~m~t~m~VrV _wi
~w{ÕJwUm§H$m§À`m J¥{hVH$m§_Ü`o WmoS>mgm \$aH$ H$aÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. 1916 À`m ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo (Eg.~r.)
_Ü`o OmñVrV OmñV _mZ{gH$ d` 19 df© 6 _{hZo BVHo$ J¥{hV YaÊ`mV Amco Amho. 1937 _Ü`o OmñVrV
OmñV _mZ{gH$ d` 22 df© 10 _{hZo BVHo$ J¥{hV YaÊ`mV Amco Amho.
1937 À`m MmMUr_Ü`o H$mhr J§^ra Aem àH$maMo Xmof Agë`m_wio Am{U XmoZ g_mZ \$m°_©g²
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m à_m{UH$aUmVrc AS>MUr_wio ZdrZ MmMUrMr JaO ^mgy cmJcr. Am{U Ë`m_wioM
1960 _Ü`o Eg.~r.Mr {Vgar Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
25

ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo 1960 :-
_o[acÀ`m _VmZwgma 1937 Am{U 1960 _Ü`o Imcrcà_mUo ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amco.
1. 1960 À`m MmMUrV ~rZoMr VÎdàUmcr pñdH$maÊ`mV Amcr. `m_YyZ gm_mÝ` _mZ{gH$
J{V`moOZercVoMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
2. L \$m°_© Am{U M \$m°_© EH${ÌV H$ê$Z EH$M MmMUr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
3. hr MmMUr V`ma H$aVmZm 1950 nmgyZ Vo 1954 n`ªV 1937 Mr MmMUr dmnê$Z
{_imcoë`m _m{hVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
4. cmoH$g§»`oMm àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wZm åhUyZ 4498 _wcm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr. Ë`m§Mm d`moJQ> (AS>rM)
2.5 dfm©nmgyZ Vo 18 dfm©n`ªVMm hmoVm.
5. H$c_m§Vrc H${R>UVm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r àË`oH$ H$c_m_Ü`o nmg hmoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr Q>ŠHo$dmar
H$mT>cr.
6. H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm Imcrc {ZH$f cjmV KoÊ`mV Amco.
(A) d`mà_mUo nmg hmoUmè`m§Mr Q>ŠHo$dmar.
(~) H$c_m§_Yrc ghg~§Y Am{U JwUm§H$ `m§Mr VwcZm.
`m XmoZ {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV H$c_m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mdoir {dM{cV ~w{ÕJwUm§H$m§Mm
dmna H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm d `WmW©Vm CÀM hmoVr. `m darc gd© JmoîQ>tMm {dMma
H$aVm ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZoMr 1960 Mr Amd¥Îmr Oar gwYm[aV Agcr Var Ë`m_Ü`ohr ~aoM Xmof {XgyZ `oVmV.
Am{U Ë`mgmR>r ZdrZ Amd¥ÎmrMr JaO ^mgy cmJcr Am{U Ë`mVyZM ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUrÀ`m
Mm¡Ï`m Amd¥ÎmrMm CX` Pmcm.
ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUrMr Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr-1986
(Stanford-Binent Intelligence Scale-IV (S.B.IV)
àñVmdZm :-
ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo MmMÊ`m§Mr hr AÚ`mdV CÎm_ àñWm{nV d _moR>çm à_mUmda dmnacr OmUmar Mm¡Wr
Amd¥Îmr Amho. AJmoXaÀ`m VrZhr Amd¥ÎmrMo _w»` \$m`Xo VgoM R>odyZ `m Mm¡Ï`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o ~m¡{ÕH$
H$m`mªMr g¡Õm§{VH$ g§H$ënZm Am{U MmMUr ~m§YUrMr nÜXVr `m XmoÝhrMo EH${ÌV à{Vq~~ C_Q>co Amho.
AJmoXaÀ`m Amd¥Îmrer g§c½ZVm amIÊ`mgmR>r `m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o nyduÀ`m Amd¥Îmr_Yrc ~arMer H$c_o VgoM
R>odcr AmhoV. `mhÿZhr _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo `m MmMUr_Ü`o àË`oH$ ì`ŠVr Aer H$c_o gmoS>{dVo H$s,
Ë`mÀ`m qH$dm {VÀ`m {Zd©V©Z nmVircm `mo½` Aer AmhoV. åhUOoM `m MmMUr_Ü`o à{V`moOZmË_H$
_mnZ nÜXVr dmnacr Amho.
26

(A) g§»`mË_H$, ñWcmË_H$ d AënH$mcrH$ ñ_¥Vr H$m`mªZm A{YH$ à{V{Z{YËd XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo
nyduÀ`m MmMÊ`mnojm `m MmMUr_Ü`o Ame` ì`mnH$Vm \$maM dmT>cocr Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va àË`oH$
àH$maMo MmMUr H$c_ {OVŠ`m d`monmVircm XoVm `oB©c. VodT>o {Xcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio {^Þ-{^Þ
d`monmVirdarc Ho$coë`m _yë`_mnZmMr VwcZm eŠ` hmoVo.
(~) d`-{dñVma hr AmYw{ZH$ Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr 2 Vo 23 dfmªn`ªV (àm¡T>-nmVirn`ªV) dmnaVm `oB©c.
AemàH$mao {dH${gV Ho$cocr Amho.
(H$) MmMUr ì`dñWmnZ - ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo Mm¡Ï`m Amd¥ÎmrMo ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r nwT>rc à_m{UV
AgoM gm{hË` cmJVo.
gm{hË` :-
MmMUr gm{hË`m_Ü`o MmMUr H$c_o gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mma N>mnrc H$mS>m©Mr ~wH$coQ>g² (_m{hVr
nwpñVH$m), R>moH$io, \$m°_©, ~moS>© AZoH$ a§JmMr Am{U {d{dY AmH$mamMo _Ur EH$qcJr` {MÌo AZoH$ d§er`
~mhþë`m Aem MmMUr dñVy cmJVmV. n[ajH$mgmR>r aoH$m°S>© nwpñVH$m Á`m_Ü`o Vmo à{V{H«$`m§À`m Zm|Xr
JwUm§H$Z (ñH$moA[a¨J) H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM MmMUr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r d JwUm§H$ZmgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ nwpñVH$m
hdr AgVo.
MmMUr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r BVa d¡`pŠVH$ MmMÊ`mà_mUo `m MmMUr_Ü`o JwUm§H$Z Am{U AW©emoYZmgmR>r
{deof à{ejU d AZw^dmMr JaO Amho. `m MmMUrer {deof n[aM` d gamd Amdí`H$ R>aVmo.
AS>IiUo Am{U Jm|Yi `mMm n[ajUmWuÀ`m gwg§dmXmda {deof H$ê$Z chmZ _wco MmMUr gmoS>{dV
AgVrc Va dmB©Q> à^md nS>Vmo. eãXm§À`m OwO~r ~Xcm_wio XoIrc H$c_m§Mr H${R>UVm ~Xcy eH$Vo.
MmMUr H$c_ gmXa Ho$co H$s cJoMM Ë`m§À`m à{V{H«$`odê$Z JwU Úmdo cmJVmV. Ë`mÀ`m_mJrc
{Zd©V©Zmdê$Z qH$dm gÜ`mÀ`m JwUm§H$mdê$Z nwT>rc MmMUr H$c_o XoÊ`mMr gmo` `m MmMUr_Ü`o Agë`mZo
AmUIrZM Jw§VmJw§V {Z_m©U hmoVo.
ñQ>°Z\$moS>©-~rZo MmMUr d BVa gma»`mM d¡`pŠVH$ MmMÊ`m `m Ho$di à_m{UV MmMÊ`mM ZmhrV
Va øm {M{H$ËgH$ _wcmIVrhr AmhoV. ho {M{H$ËgH$m§À`m AZw^dmdê$Z ñnîQ> Pmco Amho. MmMUrÀ`m `m
d¡{eîQ>çm§_wio MmMUr ì`dñWmnZ KoUo AdKS> R>aVo. _mÌ `m MmMUr ì`dñWmnZmVrc n[ajH$ Am{U
n[ajUmWu `m§À`mVrc (EH$mg-EH$) Am§Va{H«$`o_wio AZw^dr {M{H$ËgH$mcm BVa g§Ho$Vhr {_i{dÊ`mMr
g§Yr àmßV hmoVo. n[ajUmWuÀ`m H$m_m§Mr nÕV g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moU, BVa {Zd©V©ZmMr JwUmË_H$
d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mo {Z[ajU n[ajH$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. n[ajH$mcm H$mhr ^md{ZH$ d àoaUmË_H$ d¡{eîQ>ço.
CXm. EH$mJ«Vm, AmË_{dídmg, gmVË` B.g§~§Yr {ZU©` KoÊ`m§Mr g§Yr {_iVo. JwUmË_H$ n[ajUmWu
g§Yr `m MmMUrÀ`m ì`dñWmnZm_Ü`o CncãY hmoVo. ho JwUmË_H$ {ZarjU_yë` n[ajH$mMm AZw^d
H$m¡eë`, _mZgemñÌr` kmZ VgoM Ë`mcm {Z[ajUmVrc Xmofm§Mr {H$VnV _m{hVr Amho `mda R>aVo.
27

`m AJmoXaÀ`m Amd¥Î`m_Ü`o MmMUr H$c_m§Mo JQ> Ë`m-Ë`m d`monmVirà_mUo {Xco hmoVo. Vgo Ë`m
Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o (SB-IV 1986 _Ü`o) àË`oH$ àH$maMr MmMUr H$c_o dmT>Ë`m H${R>UVoÀ`m nmVirà_mUo
àË`oH$ CnMmMUr_Ü`o R>odcocr AmhoV.
SB-IV _Ü`o 15 CnMmMÊ`m AmhoV. `m 15 CnMmMÊ`m ~moY{ZH$ joÌmVrc 4 _w»` àH$maMo
à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV.
(1) empãXH$ VH©$,
(2) A_yV© VH©$,
(3) g§»`mË_H$ VH©$,
(4) AënH$mcrZ ñ_¥Vr.
`m 4 _w»` àH$meZ JwUm§H$Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì Ho$ë`m AmhoV. `m MmMUrVrc 15 n¡H$s 6
CnMmMÊ`m `m EHy$UM MmMUrMm H$R>rUVm {dñVma Xe©{dVmV. H$maU H$m_mÀ`m ñdê$nm_wio am{hcoë`m
9 CnMmMÊ`m `m EH$ Va CÀM nmVirda gwê$ hmoVmV qH$dm {ZåZ nmVirda g§nVmV.
❀ ì`dñWmnZ (Administration) :-
SB-IV Mo ì`dñWmnZ XmoZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o Ho$co OmVo.
1. n{hcm Q>ßnm : `m Q>ßß`m_Ü`o n[ajH$ hm n[ajmWucm àW_ eãXg§J«h CnMmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mg
XoVmo. eãXg§J«h MmMUr hr H$moRy>Z gmoS>{dÊ`mg gwédmV H$amd`mMr ho n[ajmWuÀ`m em[aarH$ d`mda
Adc§~yZ AgVo. BVa gd© CnMmMÊ`mVrc àdoe nmVir hr eãXg§J«h JwUm§H$ d em[aarH$ d` `m§À`m
g§`wŠV VŠË`mdê$Z R>a{dcr OmVo.
2, Xþgam Q>ßnm : SB-IV MmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mÀ`m Xþgè`m Q>ßß`m_Ü`o narjH$mZo narjUmWuÀ`m
{XgyZ Amcoë`m {ZdV©Zmdê$Z àË`oH$ CnMmMUrMr _yi nmVir Am{U gdm}ƒ nmVir àñWm{nV Ho$cr
nm{hOo. åhUOoM gmoS>{dÊ`mMr CnMmMUr H$moRy>Z gwédmV H$am`Mr Am{U H$moR>o Wm§~m`Mo ho `m Q>ßß`m_Ü`o
R>a{dco OmVo.
CnMmMUrMr _yi nmVir (Basic Levals) Ooìhm gcJ XmoZ nmViçmdarc Á`m H$c_m§_Ü`o
narjmWu nmg hmoVmo Vr Ë`mMr _yi nmVir hmo`. Oa Vmo Zmnmg Pmcm Va _yi nmVir JmR>on`ªV Ë`mcm
Imcrc {XeoMr gmonr H$c_o gmoS>{dÊ`mg {Xcr OmVmV. Am{U hr _yi nmVir JmR>ë`mg Vr MmMUr
H$moRy>Z gmoS>{dÊ`mg gwê$dmV H$amdr ho R>a{dco OmVo.
28

JwUm§H$Z (Scoring) :-
SB-IV _Ü`o JwUm§H$Z ho àË`oH$ CnMmMUrVrc EH$ H$c_ gmoS>{dë`mZ§Va cJoM JwUm§H$Z {Xco
OmVmV. Aem nÜXVrZo narjH$ hm JwUm§H$mMr Zm|X nwñVH$m_Ü`o H$aVmo. Ë`mdê$Z narjUmWuMm Ë`m-Ë`m
CnMmMUrMm àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$ {_iVmo. Ë`m {d{eîR> CnMmMUrVrc gmoS>{dcoë`m gdm}ÀM H$c_ g§»`oVyZ
Vmo {H$Vr H$c_m§_Ü`o Zmnmg hmoVmo Vr H$c_o dOm Ho$cr OmVmV. `mdê$Z H$mT>cocm Omo JwUm§H$ AgVmo Vmo
àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$ AgVmo.
àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$ = EHy$U gmoS>{dcocr H$c_ g§»`m • Zmnmg H$c_ g§»`m.
`m MmMUr_Ü`o JwUm§H$Z A{Ve` Xj amhÿZ H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rc ~m~r cjmV ¿`mì`m
cmJVmV. EHy$U 11 CnMmMÊ`m§_Ü`o H$mhr Z_wZm H$c_o AmhoV H$s Or gmoS>{dë`mZ§Va Ë`mcm JwU {Xco
OmV ZmhrV. hr Z_wZm H$c_o \$ŠV MmMUrMr AmoiI ìhmdr åhUyZ {Xcocr AgVmV. ~hþVoH$
CnMmMÊ`m§_Ü`o àË`oH$ H$c_m§gmR>r n[ajH$mÀ`m H$c_ nwñVH$mV d Zm|X nwñVH$mV EH$M-EH$ ~amo~a CÎma
{Xcoco AgVo. Vr {d{eîQ> à_mUmZwgma gd© H$c_o EH$Va nmg qH$dm Zmnmg R>aVmV.
nmM CnMmMÊ`m§_Ü`o _wŠV à{V{H«$`m XoV Agë`m_wio Aem à{V{H«$`m§Zm JwU XoÊ`mgmR>r JmB©S>_Ü`o
ì`mnH$ JwUm§H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ CncãY AgVmo.
SB-IV Mr MmMUr CnMmMÊ`m§Zr ~Zcocr Amho. Var H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr `m 15 À`m 15 åhUOoM
gd©M CnMmMÊ`m gmoS>{dV Zmhr. H$maU H$mhr CnMmMÊ`m øm {d{eîQ> d`-{dñVmamgmR>rM `mo½` R>aVmV.
gd©gmYmaUnUo nyU© MmMUr g_yhm_Ü`o 8 Vo 13 CnMmMÊ`m§MmM g_mdoe hmoVmo. åhUOoM
gd©gmYmaUnUo 15 n¡H$s 8 Vo 13 BVŠ`mM CnMmMÊ`m gmoS>{dë`m OmVmV. {H$Vr CnMmMÊ`m gmoS>dyZ
Úm`À`m ho narjUmWuMo d` Am{U gmoS>{dcoë`m MmMUrVrc {Zd©V©Z `mda Adc§~yZ AgVo.
MmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mg cmJUmam H$mcmdYr (doi) :-
nyd© MmMUr g_yho gmoS>{dUo eŠ` Amho. Ë`m gd© CnMmMÊ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r "30 {_{ZQ>o Vo 90
{_{ZQ>o' BVH$m doi cmJVmo. _mÌ AZw^d H$_r AgUmè`m narjH$m§Zm OmñV doi cmJVmo. hr nyU© MmMUr
EH$mMdoir àË`oH$ CnMmMUrZ§Va H$mhr {_{ZQ>o {dlm§Vr XodyZ gmoS>dyZ KoVcr OmVo. H$mhr {d{eîQ> hoVyZo
JmB©S>_Ü`o MmMUrMo g§{jßV MmMUr g_yh (cKw MmMÊ`m) gwM{dcoë`m AmhoV. `m cKw MmMÊ`mgmR>r
H$_r doi cmJVmo. _mÌ {d{eîQ> hoVygmR>r H$mhr CnMmMÊ`m gdm©V `mo½` R>aVmV. Aem MmMÊ`m§Mm g_yh
dmnacm OmVmo.
à_m{UH$aU d _mZX§S> (Standardization & Norms) :-
A) cmoH$g§»`oMm àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wZm :-
SB-IV MmMUr {dH${gV H$aVmZm 2 Vo 23 df} d`mÀ`m 5000 À`mda ì`ŠVtMr àm{V{Z{YH$
Z_wZm {ZdS>cm. hm gd© Z_wZm A_o[aHo$_Yrc AgyZ Vmo 1980 À`m OZJUZoZwgma ^m¡Jmo{cH$ ^mJ,
29

g_mOmMm AmH$ma, d§e, g_yh Am{U qcJ VgoM nmcH$m§Mm ì`dgm` d {ejU `mg§X^m©V d gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$ XOm© B. À`m à_mUmV cmoH$g§»`oMm àm{V{Z{Y{ZH$ Z_wZm "à_m{UV' nÜXVrZo AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$
{ZdS>cm.
darc Z_wÝ`m_Ü`o daÀ`m nmVirda A{V àm{V{Z{YH$ Va ImcÀ`m nmVirda H$_r àm{V{Z{YH$
Ago d`monmVirÀ`m ~m~VrVco ñdê$n {XgyZ Amco. hm \$aH$ gd©gmYmaU VŠË`mdê$Z OwidyZ KoD$Z H$_r
Ho$cm åhUyZ CÀM gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ XOm©Vrc àË`oH$ ì`ŠVr AnyUmªH$mV (EH$mnojm H$_r) _m§S>cr Va
H${ZîR> gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ XOm©VyZ Amcocr àË`oH$ ì`ŠVr nyU© EH$ _m§S>cr Am{U hm EH$ \$aH$ Zmhrgm
Ho$cm. `mdê$Z Z_wZm {H$Vr H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZdS>cm Amho ho cjmV `oVo.
~) à_mU d` JwUm§H$ (SAS - Standard Age Scores) :-
15 CnMmMÊ`mVrc àË`oH$ CnMmMUrÀ`m àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$mMo ê$nm§Va SAS _Ü`o åhUOoM à_mU
d` JwUm§H$m_Ü`o Ho$co OmVo. àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$mMo ê$nm§Va SAS _Ü`o H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$cocm gd©gmYmaU
VŠVm (Q>o~c) dmnacm OmVmo. àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mgmR>r gamgar 50 Va SD 8 Ago _yë` KoD$Z à_mUd`
JwUm§H$ H$mT>co OmVmV. gd©gmYmaU VŠVo (SAS ê$nm§VaUmgmR>rMo VŠVo) ho,
(1) 4 _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§VamZo d`moJQ> 2 Vo 5 df} d`mgmR>r;
(2) 6 _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§VamZo d`moJQ> 11 Vo 17 df© d`mgmR>r;
(3) 18 Vo 23 df} d`moJQ>mgmR>r EH$M VŠVm Ago MmMUr nwpñVHo$_Ü`o nwa{dco AmhoV.
gd©gmYmaU VŠVm dmnê$Z àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$mMo ê$nm§Va SAS _Ü`o Ho$co OmVo.
àË`oH$ n[ajUmWugmR>r `mo½` gd©gmYmaU VŠVm dmnê$Z {_imcoë`m SAS nmgyZ joÌ d g§nyU©
MmMUr {_idco OmVmV. ho {_imcoco SAS (à_mU d`) JwUm§H$ ho gwÜXm gd©gmYmaUrH¥$V JwUm§H$M
AmhoV. _mÌ Vo gamgar 100 d à_mU {dMcZ (SD) = 16 KoD$Z gd©gmYmaUrH¥$V Ho$coco AmhoV. 1960
À`m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`o Ogo DIQ ({dM{cV ~w{ÕJwUm§H$m) ~m~V Ho$coco hmoVo, VgmM hm àH$ma Amho. \$aH$
BVH$mM Amho H$s, `m SB-IV MmMUr_Ü`o IQ Mm dmna nyU©nUo Q>micocm Amho. (IQ Mr g§H$ënZm _mJo
nS>cr.)
{deof H$maUmñVd n[ajU hm XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ joÌmgmR>rMo SAS EH$Ì {_idy eH$Vmo. CXm.
emco` A{^j_Vm, empãXH$ Am{U g§»`mË_H$ j_Vm `m OdiOdi EH$M AmhoV. {deof ê$Mr Agoc
Va e¡j{UH$ g§nmXZ _yë`_mnZmgmR>r `m XmoÝhrMm dmna hmoD$ eH$Vmo. hr MmMUr {dH${gV H$aVmZm {VÀ`m
à_mUrH$aUmda {deof ^a {Xcm, åhUyZ AmnU `oWo SB-IV MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm Am{U `WmW©Vm `mMm
{dMma H$ê$.
H$) {dídgZr`Vm (Reliability) :-
`m SB-IV MmMUr_Ü`o n`m©`r MmMUr CncãY Zgë`mZo `m MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm "MmMUr
nwZ©MmMUr' d A§VJ©V gmVË` nÜXVrZo _mnZ Ho$cr. `m MmMUrMo à_mUrH$aU _m{hVrMo g§nyU© {dícofU
30

Hw$S>a d [aMS>©gZ V§Ì dmnê$Z Ho$co. Anojoà_mUo g§nyU© MmMUrg_yhmMo gd©M nmVirdarc g§`wŠV
{dídgZr`Vm JwUm§H$ gdm}Îm_ AmT>icr. Vr .95 Vo .99 BVH$s AmT>icr Amho.
àË`oH$ ~moY{ZH$ joÌmMr {dídgZr`Vm hr CÀM AmT>icr Vr .80 Vo .97 BVH$s Amho. àË`oH$
CnMmMUrMr ~hþVoH$ {dídgZr`Vm øm .80 Vo .90 À`m KamV AmT>icr. 14 H$c_mÀ`m chmZ
CnMmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm .66 Vo .68 BVH$s AmT>icr. gd©gmYmaUnUo gd©M {dídgZr`Vm øm daÀ`m
d`monmVirgmR>r WmoS>çm\$ma CÀM AmT>iVmV.
MmMUr-nwZ©MmMUr {dídgZr`Vm _mnÊ`mgmR>r 2 Vo 8 _{hÝ`mZ§Va nwZ©MmMUr KoD$Z nyd©emco`
_wcm§Mm g§`wŠV JwUm§H$ _mnZ Ho$cm. MmMUr-nwZ©MmMUr {dídgZr`Vm nmM df} d`moJQ>mgmR>r .91 Va 8
d} d`moJQ>mgmR>r .90 `oVo. åhUOoM {dídgZr`Vm r = .90 Vo .91 `oVo. empãXH$ VH©$ MmMUrMr
{dídgZr`Vm hr .80 À`m KamV AmT>icr SB-IV MmMUrÀ`m {dídgZr`Voda {VMm SEM XoIrc _mnZ
Ho$cm. Vmo JmB©S>_Ü`o d Vm§{ÌH$ MmMUr nwpñVHo$_Ü`o {Xcm Amho. hm SEM àË`oH$ d`monmVirgmR>r MmMUr
joÌ JwUm§H$ Am{U g§`wŠV JwUm§H$ g§X^m©V nwa{dco AmhoV. SEMs ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m JwUm§H$_yë`_mnZmgmR>r
VgoM \«$mo\$mB©c {dícofUmgmR>r JwUm§VJ©V \$aH$mMm AW© cmdÊ`mg§X^m©V Amdí`H$ R>aVmV.
gd©gmYmaU g§`wŠV SAS (gamgar=100 d SD =16) Mm SEMs ho gw_mao 2 Vo 3 JwUm§H$
`oVmV. `mMm _Ü` KoVcm Va 2.5 hm g§`wŠV JwUm§H$mdarc Iam \$aH$ åhUVm `oB©c Va (5 Q>ŠHo$nojm
OmñV \$aH$ JwUm§H$m_Ü`o nS>Uma Zmhr)
SB-IV MmMUrÀ`m {dídgZr`Vog§X^m©V narjH$ nwñVH$hr CncãY Amho.
S>) `WmW©Vm (Validity) :-
SB-IV MmMUrMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOoh Ë`m-Ë`m CnMmMUrMr `WmW©Vm aMZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZm~amo~a
AZoH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ (AZoH$ àH$mao) _mnZ Ho$co Amho. `m AJmoXaÀ`m Amd¥Îmr_Yrc AZw^dmMm d
g§emoYZmMm Cn`moJ `m MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm.
SB-IV MmMUr_Ü`o aMZmË_H$ `WmW©Voda {deof ^a {Xcm Amho. àË`oH$ MmMUr H$c_mMo ì`mnH$
d AË`mYw{ZH$ g§»`memñÌmÀ`m nÜXVr dmnê$Z {dícofU Ho$co d Ë`mdê$ZM H$c_o {ZdS>cr. Or H$c_o
`m {ZH$fm§Zm CVaV ZmhrV Vr H$_r Ho$cr, d Ë`m {R>H$mUr ZdrZ A{YH$ g_mYmZH$maH$ H$c_o {ZdS>cr.
à_m{UV Z_wÝ`mda à_m{UH$aUo H$ê$Z `WmW©VoMr _m{hVr {_i{dcr. Vr nwT>rc VrZ àH$mamV
_moS>Vo.
1. Am§V[aH$ ghg§~§Y Am{U JwUm§H$mMo KQ>H$ {dícofU.
2. BVa ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMÊ`m§er ghg§~§Y (r)
3. AJmoXaÀ`m AmoiIcoë`m AndmXmË_H$ JQ>mÀ`m {Zd©V©ZmMr VwcZm.
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1. Am§V[aH$ ghg§~§Y Am{U JwUm§H$mMo KQ>H$ {dícofU :-
SB-IV MmMUrÀ`m •
(A) gd© CnMmMÊ`mVrc Am§V[aH$ ghg§~§Y;
(~) joÌmVrc d;
(H$) g§`wŠV JwUm§H$mVrc-d`monmVirVrc ghg§~§Y;
(S>) JwUm§H$ _mnZ.
KQ>H$ {dícofUmÀ`m _mÝ`VogmR>r {_{S>`Z ghg§~§Y-JwUm§H$ dmnacm `m gd©M KQ>H$ {dícofUmVyZ
àË`oH$ MmMUrVrc ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm gd©gmYmaU (B) KQ>H$mMm nwaoem Xm~ (cmoS) OmUdVmo.
SB-IV MmMUr_Ü`o ~w{Õ_ÎmoVrc Mma-KQ>H$s _m°S>oc J¥{hV Yaco OmVo. Ë`mà_mUoM dmT>Ë`m
d`mZwgma Odi-Odi VgoM AmT>iVo.
2. SB-IV MmMUr Am{U 1937 L - M \$m°_© MmMUr
(A) emco` _wcm§Zm VgoM {O{ZAg, An§J, Am{U _ZmoXþ~©c {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m JQ>mcm SB-IV d
1937 Mr MmMUr XoD$Z ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnZ Ho$cr. 1937 L - M MmMUrÀ`m DIQ d SB-IV
MmMUr g§`wŠV (SAS) JwUm§H$ `mVrc ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ r = .81 `oVmo.
(~) empãXH$ VH©$ ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$ `oVmo. WmoS>Š`mV Oem àH$maMr SB-IV Mr aMZm Ho$cocr
Amho. ho `m ghg§~§Y JwUm§H$mdê$Z (r dê$Z) {XgyZ `oVo.
3. AndmXmË_H$ Z_wZm :-
AndmXmË_H$ Z_wZm dmnê$Z Ho$coë`m {deof Aem Aä`mgm_Ü`o Ago {XgyZ Amco H$s, SB-IV
MmMUr hr àkmd§VnmVir AÜ``Z Aj_Vm d _ZmoXþ~©c nmVir `m VrZhr dV©Zm_Ü`o `mo½` Vmo \$aH$
H$aVo. àkmd§V Z_wÝ`mMr gamgar g§`wŠV JwUm§H$mdarc à_m{UV Z_wÝ`m§nojm {ZpíMVnUo OmñV AmT>iVmo.
`m MmMUrÀ`m `WmW©Vm AmT>mdm g§emoYZm_Ü`o Ago {XgyZ Amco H$s, `m SB-IV MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm
AË`§V g_mYmZH$maH$ AmT>iVo.
g_mamon :-
SB-IV hr MmMUr {O{ZAg _wcm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo. H$maU `m_Ü`o Or gdm}ÀM
_`m©Xm (goqcJ) Amho. Ë`m_wio {O{ZAg _wco AmoiIVm `oVmV. AmOhr SB-IV A_o[aHo$V _moR>çm à_mUmda
AZoH$ CÔoem§Zr dmnacr OmVo. _mÌ `mVrc AZoH$ MmMUr JwUm§H$mMm AW© cmdÊ`mgmR>r Vo JwUm§H$ PQ>H$Z
namdVuV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ g§emoYZmMr JaO Amho, Ago Agco Var SB-IV MmMUrMm ì`mnH$
à_mUmda dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r g°cQ>a dJ¡a|Zr _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$coco Amho. gÜ`mMr hr Amd¥Îmr IV hr gwYm[aV
aMZm `WmW©Vm _mnZ Ho$cocr Aer AgyZ {VÀ`m_Ü`o JwUm§H$m§À`m~m~V cd{MH$Vm AmT>iVo. ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m
32

AcrH$S>rc g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ñdê$nmg AZwgê$Z Ho$cocm g§emoYZmÀ`m AmYmaoM hr MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho.
åhUyZ {Xdg|{Xdg SB-IV MmMUrMm dmna dmT>VM Mmccm Amho.
5.2.3 doíca loÊ`m (Wechsler Scales) :-
àñVmdZm :-
ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUrÀ`m àH$meZmZ§Va ~è`mM _mZgemñÌkm§Zr _mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m§da
g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Eg.~r. MmMÊ`m `m \$ŠV _wcm§À`m ~w{Õ_mnZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oV
AgV. VgoM B§J«Or Z `oUmè`m d AS>mUr qH$dm A{e{jV cmoH$m§Mr ~wÕr _mnV Zgo. gdm©V _hÎdmMo
åhUOo Eg.~r. MmMUr àm¡T>m§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnV Zgo. ho gd© Xmof AmoiIyZ doíca `m§Zr 1939 _Ü`o àm¡T>
~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr àH$m{eV Ho$cr. hr doíca MmMUrMr n{hcr Amd¥Îmr AgyZ ""doíca ~ocoìøy ~w{Õ_mnZ
MmMUr-1939'' (Form I) `m Zm§dmZr Vr AmoiIcr OmVo. `m MmMUrMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eîR>ç åhUOo
àm¡T>m§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnÊ`mgmR>r Vr A{Ve` Cn`wŠV Aer hmoVr.
doíca `m§Zr MmMUr V`ma H$aVmZm ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$cm; Ë`mÀ`m _VmZwgma ~w{Õ_Îmm
åhUOo "H$m`© H$aUo, VH©$g§JV {dMma H$aUo d n[apñWVrer d¡{eîR>çnyU© g_m`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr ì`pŠVMr
j_Vm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.'' dooícaZo àm¡T>m§gmR>r Oer ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr Ho$cr VerM 1949 _Ü`o
""doíca `m§Mr chmZ _wcm§Mr MmMUr'' (WISC-1949) V`ma Ho$cr. doíca ~ocoìøy MmMUr_Ü`o Xmof
AmT>ië`mZo 1955 _Ü`o Ë`mMr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr V`ma Ho$cr, Ë`mcm doíca àm¡T> ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr
(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-1955 (WAIS-1955) Ago Zm§d XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m{edm`
doíca `m§Zr emco`nyd© d àmW{_H$ emioVrc _wcm§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ MmMUr V`ma
Ho$cr. Ë`mg ""doíca nyd© àmW{_H$ d àmW{_H$ ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr'' (Wechsler Preschool and
Primary Scale of Intelliegence (WPPSI-1967) Ago Zm§d {Xco. hr MmMUr 4 Vo 6.1/2
dfm©n`ªVÀ`m _wcm§Mr ~w{Õ_Îmm _mnVo.
(A) doíca àm¡T> ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr-3 (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III)
doícaÀ`m _Vo, ~w{Õ_Îmm hr EH${ÌV Aer ì`pŠVËdmVrc nmÌVm Amho. `m_Ü`o ghoVyH$ H¥$Vr H$aUo,
{ddoH${ZîR> {dMma Am{U dmVmdaUmer n[aUm_H$maH$nUo g_m`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr ì`pŠVMr nmÌVm `m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~w{Õ_ÎmoVrc ho gd© KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§er g§~§{YV AmhoV Vo ñdV§Ì ZmhrV, Ago Ë`m§Zr _V
_m§S>co. doíca `m§Zr àË`oH$ nmÌVm ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.
WAIS-III Am{U WISC-IV `m_Ü`o doícaZo _yi MmMUrMr VËdo VerM dmnacr AmhoV. doíca
~ocoìøy WAIS-1955, WAIS-R-1981, WISC-IV-2003, WISC-1949, WISC-1991 `m gd© Amd¥Î`m§_Ü`o
^m{fH$ d A^m{fH$ MmMÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. `m gd© MmMÊ`m§_YyZ ^m{fH$ JwUm§H$ d ~w{ÕJwUm§H$,
A^m{fH$ MmMUr JwUm§H$ d ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ Am{U g§nyU© MmMUr JwUm§H$ d ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ {_iVmo. doíca àm¡T>
33

~w{Õ_Îmm MmMUr-3 _Ü`o `mV empãXH$ CnMmMÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. empãXH$ MmMÊ`m Imcrcà_mUo
:-
1. eãX g§J«h CnMmMUr (Vocabulary Sub-test) :-
`m_Ü`o ì`ŠVrH$S>o AgUmar eãXg§nÎmr Am{U eãXg§J«h d Ë`m eãXm§Mr ì`m»`m d AW©
nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. Ë`mVyZ ~w{Õ_Îmm _mncr OmVo. eãXg§J«h MmMUrMr {Zanoj pñWaVm hm EH$
_hÎdmMm `m CnMmMUrVrc KQ>H$ Amho. `m_Ü`o _|Xÿcm BOm Pmcoë`m ì`ŠVr, {N>Þ_ZñH$ ì`ŠVrZm `m
MmMUrV CÀM JwUm§H$ {_iV ZmhrV. ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm ÌñV AgUmè`mZm qH$dm A{VVmUmImcr Agcoë`m
ì`ŠVtMm `m MmMUrVrc {ZînmXZ H$_r {XgyZ `oVo.
2. gmYå`© CnMmMUr (Similarlities Sub-test) :-
`m_Ü`o 15 OmoS>çm§Mr H$c_o H«$_e: H$R>rU hmoV OmUmar AmhoV. àË`oH$ OmoS>rVrc àË`oH$ H$c_m§V
H$m` gmYå`© qH$dm g_mZVm Amho ho à`wŠVmZo emoYyZ H$mT>m`Mo AgVo. `mVrc H$m§hr H$c_m§gmR>r A_yV©
nmVirda {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. à`wŠË`mZo àË`oH$ dñVw qH$dm KQ>H$m_Ü`o ZH$iV Omo \$aH$ AgVmo Vmo
AmoiImd`mMm AgVmo.
3. A§H$J{UVr` CnMmMUr (The arithmetic Sub-test) :-
`m_Ü`o 15 gm_mÝ` d gmoß`m g_ñ`m AgUmar CXmhaUo AmhoV. H$m§hr à`wŠV H$s Oo _mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm
An§J d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm d§{MV AgVmV, Ë`m§À`mgmR>r hr MmMUr \$maer Cn`moJr nSy> eH$V Zmhr. cj
EH${ÌV H$aUo, àoaUm ñ_¥Vr `m VrZ JmoîQ>rda `m MmMUrMo {ZînmXZ Adc§~yZ AgVo.
4. A§H$ H$jm CnMmMUr (The Digit Span Sub-test) :-
àË`oH$ à`wŠË`mcm àË`oH$ goH§$Xmcm EH$ A§H$m§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVco OmVo. `m_Ü`o H«$_mZo
JUVr d CcQ>çm {XeoZo JUVr H$aUo `m XmoÝhr nÕVtMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. `mVyZ AënH$mcrZ lmì`
ñ_¥VrMo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo.
5. _m{hVr CnMmMUr (Information Sub-test) :-
_hm{dÚmc`rZ {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r hr MmMUr \$ma gmonr Amho. `mVrc H$c_o H«$_mZo H$R>rU hmoV OmUmar
AmhoV. `mV gm_mÝ` kmZmÀ`m _m{hVrMo _mnZ hmoVo. CXm. Amnë`m XoemÀ`m g§gXo_Ü`o cmoH$g^oMo {H$Vr
g^mgX AmhoV? `m_Ü`o ~m¡{ÕH$ d A~m¡{ÕH$ Aem XmoÝhr JmoîQ>tMo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo. gwMZm§Mo AmH$cZ,
_m{hVrMm dmna Am{U à{V{H«$`m XoUo `m gd© nmÌVm§Mo _mnZ `mVyZ hmoVo. `mVyZ à`wŠË`mÀ`m kmZmMm
{dñVma _mnVm `oVmo. A~m¡{ÕH$_Ü`o Hw$Vyhc qH$dm {Okmgm d A{^ê$MrMo _mnZ hmoVo. kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
`m XmoZ JmoîQ>tMm à`wŠV {H$VnV dmna H$aVmo ho nm{hco OmVo.
6. AmH$cZj_Vm CnMmMUr (The Comprehension Sub-test) :-
AmH$cZj_Vo_Ü`o VrZ àH$maMr àíZo AgVmV.
34

1. {Xcoë`m n[apñWVr_Ü`o AmnU H$m` H$ê$ eH$mc? CXm. añË`m_Ü`o OI_r AdñWoV nS>cocr
ì`ŠVr {Xgë`mg AmnU H$m` H$amc?
2. Xþgè`m àíZm_Ü`o H$m§hr {Z`_ d g§H$ënZm§Mo Vm{H©$H$ ñnîQ>rH$aU {dMmaÊ`mV `oVo.
3. {Vgè`m àH$maÀ`m àíZm_Ü`o gd©Zm_mg§~§Yr {dMmaUm Ho$cocr AgVo. `m_Ü`o X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrc
àË`jmVrc n[apñWVr{df`rMo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo. ^md{ZH$ g_ñ`m AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm `m_Ü`o
H$_r JwU {_iVmV.
7. Aja-A§H$ H«$_ CnMmMUr (The Letter-Number Sequential Sub-test) :-
hr EH$ ZdrZ CnMmMUr WAIS-III _Ü`o g_m{dîR> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. hr EH$ n`m©`r CnMmMUr
Amho. à`wŠ Ë`mÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m`m©Vrc BVa _m{hVr `mVyZ {_iy eH$Vo. hr CnMmMUr H$m`©aV ñ_¥Vr Am{U
AdYmZ `mMoer g§~§{YV Amho.
❀ JwUm§H$Z d àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$ (empãXH$ MmMÊ`m) :-
àË`oH$ MmMUr H$c_mcm à`wŠË`mZo {Xcocr à{V{H«$`m dê$Z JwUm§H$Z H$aÊ`mV `oVo. àË`oH$
H$c_m§À`m JwUm§H$ZmMr ~oarO Ho$ë`mg Ë`m CnMmMUrMm àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$ (Raw Score) {_iVmo.
ì`pŠVJV ñdê$nmV CnMmMÊ`m§À`m JwUm§H$m§Mr VwcZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$m§Mo à_m{UV
JwUm§H$mV ê$nm§VaU H$aÊ`mV `oVo. `m_Ü`o _Ü`_mZ 10 d à_mU {dMcZ 3 Ago J¥hrV YaÊ`mV Amco
Amho. _mZX§S>m§Mo 2 g§M `m_YyZ KoVco AmhoV. (1) d`-g_m`moOZ _mZX§S>, (2) g§X^© g_yh _mZX§S>.
empãXH$ ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r empãXH$ CnMmMÊ`m§Mr ~oarO Ho$cr OmVo, Z§Va doícaZo V`ma
Ho$coë`m Q>o~c_Ü`o {d{dY d`moJQ>mMm ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ H$mT>cm OmVmo. empãXH$ ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ hmM {dM{cV
~w{ÕJwUm§H$ AgyZ Ë`mMm _Ü`_mZ 100 d à_mU {dMcZ 15 BVHo$ J¥hrV YaÊ`mV Amco Amho.
(~) {ZînmXZ, A^m{fH$ CnMmMÊ`m (The Performance Sub-test)
{ZînmXZ qH$dm A^m{fH$ CnMmMÊ`m§Mr g§»`mXoIrc gmV BVH$s Amho. {ZînmXZ MmMÊ`m
Imcrcà_mUo :-
1. {MÌnyVu CnMmMUr (The Picture Completion Sub-test) :-
à`wŠV ì`pŠV§Zm H$m§hr _hÎdmMr {MÌo XmI{dÊ`mV `oVmV. `m {MÌmVrc H$m§hr ^mJ XmIdcocm
ZgVmo. {MÌ nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r Omo ^mJ XmIdcm Jocm Zmhr, Vmo XmIdyZ {MÌ nyU© H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ à`wŠË`mMo
AgVo. Z XmI{dcocm ^mJ à`wŠË`mZo nyU© Ho$ë`mg Ë`mg JwU {Xco OmVmV. `m MmMUrgmR>r doioMo ~§YZ
AgyZ Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUmam qH$dm MmMUr XoUmam hr AZw^dr d à{e{jV Agmdm cmJVmo.
2. A§H$ {MÝh-g§Ho$V CnMmMUr (The Digital Symbol-coding Sub-test) :-
`m CnMmMUrV à`wŠË`mcm A§H$ d {MÝh `m XmoÝhr JmoîQ>r EH${ÌV AgUmao H$mS>©g² XmI{dÊ`mV
35

`oVmV. Z§Va \$ŠV A§H$ XmIdcm OmVmo d Ë`mMo {MÝh AmR>dÊ`mg gm§{JVco OmVo. CXm.
1
x
2
I
3
+
_ _ _ _ _
9
8
0 1 2 3
_ _ _ _ _
gamd åhUyZ EH$-XmoZ à`ËZ g§në`mZ§Va A§H$ XmI{dco OmVmV d {MÝh gm§JÊ`mg gm§{JVco OmVo.
Ë`mgmR>r 120 goH§$X doi {Xcm OmVmo. _m{hV ZgUmè`m H$m_mMr H$m¡eë`o {eH$Ê`m~m~VMo à{ejU
`m_Ü`o {_iVo. Ñí` lmì` H$m¡eë`o, {ZînmXZmMr JVr `mMo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo. `mgmR>r à`wŠË`mH$S>o AMyH$
Ñí` nmÌVm d `mo½` H$maH$ nmÌVm Agmd`mg hì`mV. åhUOo hr MmMUr A{YH$ AMyH$nUo gmoS>{dVm
`oVo. `m MmMUrgmR>r d` hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm Amho.
3. dñVy§Mo gwQ>o ^mJ OmoS>Uo CnMmMUr (The Block-Design Sub-test) :-
1939 À`m MmMUrnmgyZ hr CnMmMUr ~w{Õ_mnZmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV `oV Amho. `m_Ü`o {d{dY a§JmMo
9 Am`VmH¥$Vr dñVy AgVmV. {MÌm§Mr EH$ nwpñVH$mXoIrc gm{hË`m~amo~a nwa{dcr OmVo. {MÌm_Ü`o
XmI{dë`mà_mUo dñVwMo gwQ>o ^mJ OmoSy>Z EH$ {d{eîR> AmH$ma V`ma H$amd`mMm AgVmo. àË`oH$ dñVyMr
aMZm H«$_mZo H$R>rU hmoV OmB©c Aer AgVo. hr MmMUr gmoS>{dVmZm à`wŠË`mH$S>o AdH$me g§~§Y
{dícofU Am{U Ñí` d lmì` H$m`m©Mr EH${ÌH$aUmMr JaO AgVo. à`wŠË`mcm {_iUmam CÔrnH$ (Input)
hm Ñí` ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. nU Ë`mcm H$maH$ à{V{H«$`m Úmdr cmJVo. AempãXH$ g§~moY {Z{_©Vr Am{U
A_yV© {dMmamMo _mnZ `m CnMmMUrH$Sy>Z AMyH$ hmoVo.
4. {MÌ aMZm CnMmMUr (Picture Arrangement Sub-test) :-
`m_Ü`o à`wH$Ë`mcm {d{dY JmoîQ>r_Yrc g{dñVa _m{hVr Agmdr cmJVo. à`wŠË`mZo {d{eîR>
CÔrnH$mgmR>r AMyH$ AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm cmJVmo. `m_Ü`o
OmñVrV OmñV 11 H$c_o AgyZ àË`oH$ H$c_m§gmR>r AZoH$ {MÌo EH$_oH$m§er g§~§{YV AgVmV. à`wŠË`mcm
àË`oH$ {MÌ nmhÿZ Ë`mMr aMZm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. Aa{MV {MÌm§Mo aMZmË_H$ {MÌm§_Ü`o
ê$nm§VaU H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ EImXr JmoîQ> qH$dm Mm§Jco {MÌ {Z_m©U H$amd`mMo AgVo. H$maU à`wŠË`mZo
KQ>ZoVrc Vm{H©$H$ H«$_ cjmV KoD$Z {MÌm§Mr aMZm V`ma H$am`Mr AgVo, `mVyZ AempãXH$ `wŠVrdmX,
j_Vm§Mo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo, H$maU `mVrc H$m§hr H$c_o gm_m{OH$ qH$dm Am§Vad¡`pŠVH$ g§~§Ymda AmYm[aV
AgVmV.
5. dñVy§Mo gwQ>o ^mJ OmoS>Ê`mMr MmMUr (The block-design test) :-
`m_Ü`o H$mhr H$moS>r AgVmV qH$dm EH$mM dñVyMo gwQ>o ^mJ H$mTy>Z {dñH$irV loUrZo _m§S>coco
36

AgVmV. à`wŠË`mZo H$_rV H$_r doioV Ë`m {dñH$irV dñVyMr OmoS>Ur H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ dñVyMo _yi ê$n
V`ma H$amd`mMo AgVo, `mVyZ nyUm©H¥$Vr Am{U Ë`mMo ^mJ `mVrc g§~§Y qH$dm AmH$ma cjmV KoD$Z
Ë`mMr OmoS>Ur H$amd`mMr AgVo. `mVyZ Ñí` {dícofU Am{U gmYr dñVy OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m¡eë`m§À`m
g_Ýd`mMo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo.
6. g§~moY-emoY CnMmMUr (The Symbol-search Sub-test) :-
WAIS-III _Yrc hr EH$ ZdrZ d EopÀN>H$ CnMmMUr Amho. ~w{Õ_ÎmoVrc _m{hVr g§ñH$aU JVrMm
Aä`mg `mVyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. `m_Ü`o XmoZ ^m¡{_Vr` C{ÔîQ> AmH¥$Ë`m à`wŠË`mg XmI{dÊ`mV `oVmV.
à`wŠË`mZo Ë`mVyZ AmIUr nmM AmH¥$Ë`m emoYm`À`m AgVmV. `m_Ü`o 60 H$c_o AgyZ Vr gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
120 goH§$X {Xcm OmVmo. à`wŠË`mZo {OVŠ`m JVrZo AmH¥$Ë`m AmoiIoc {VVH$sM J{Verc Ë`mMr _m{hVr
g§ñH$aU JVr Agoc.
7. {ZînmXZ ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ CnMmMUr (The Matrix-Reasoning Sub-test) :-
~w{Õ_ÎmoMo AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§VmMm ^a ~hþ{dY nmÌVmda Amho. WAIS-III _Ü`o hr CnMmMUr dmnê$Z
ñ\$Q>rH$gÑí` ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mMr _XV hmoVo. `wŠVrdmXmMr nmÌVm `mVyZ _mncr OmVo.
à`wŠË`m§g_moa AempãXH$ Am{U AmH¥$Vr`wŠV CÔrnH$ gmXa Ho$co OmVmV. n«`wŠË`mZo CÔrnH$mMm àH$ma
qH$dm Ë`mVrc g§~§Y AmoiImd`mMm AgVmo. `mVyZ _m{hVr g§ñH$aU Am{U A_yV© {dMma H$m¡eë`mMo
_mnZ H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
❀ {ZînmXZ ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ (AempãXH$ MmMÊ`m) :-
empãXH$ MmMUrà_mUoM AempãXH$ MmMÊ`m§Mo JwUm§H$Z Ho$co OmVo. àË`oH$ CnMmMUrÀ`m _Ü`_mZ
10 d à_mU {dMcZ 3 BVH$m Amho. {ZînmXZ ~wÕrJwUm§H$ hm {dMcZ ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ AgyZ 100 hm _Ü`_mZ
à_mU{dMcZ 15 BVHo$ Amho.
(H$) doíca `m§Mr chmZ _wcm§Mr MmMUr-4-2003 (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children-IV)
WAIS-IV hr gmd©{ÌH$ ~w{Õ_mnZ H$aUmar MmMUr AgyZ ~m¡{ÕH$VoVrc BVa KQ>H$m§Mo {dícofU
`m_YyZ nhmd`mg {_iVo. `mVyZ ~moYZmË_H$ nmÌVm, à{H«$`m JVr Am{U H$m`©aV ñ_¥VrMm Aä`mg H$aVm
`oVmo. WISC 1949 _Ü`o 11 CnMmMÊ`m hmoË`m d 6 dfm©nmgyZ 16 dfm©n`ªVÀ`m _wcm§Mm Aä`mg
Ë`m_Ü`o H$aÊ`mV `oV Ago. WISC-IV _Ü`o 15 CnMmMÊ`m AgyZ Ë`mVrc 10 CnMmMÊ`m WISC-III
_YyZ KoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. 5 ZdrZ CnMmMÊ`m V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
WISC-IV _Ü`o empãXH$ AmH$cZj_Vm B§S>oŠg_Ü`o AmH$cZj_Vm, gmYå`©, eãX g§J«h `m
CnMmMÊ`m AgyZ _m{hVr MmMUr Am{U eãX `wŠVrdmX ho n`m©`r CnMmMÊ`m AmhoV. `m_Ü`o g§doXZmË_H$
`wŠVrdmX B§S>oŠg_Ü`o dñVyMm AmH$ma, {MÌ g§~moY, _°Q´>rŠg `wŠVrdmX `m§Mm g_mdoe AgyZ {MÌnyVu H$m`©
37

n`m©`r MmMUr Amho.
à{H«$`m JVr B§S>oŠg_Ü`o g§~moY-emoY, g§Ho$V MmMUr `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. eodQ>r
H$m`©aV ñ_¥Vr B§S>oŠg_Ü`o A§H$-H$jm, Aja-A§H$ H«$_ `m§Mm g_mdoe AgyZ `m_Ü`o A§H$J{UV MmMUr
hr n`m©`r MmMUr åhUyZ CncãY Amho.
WISC-IV hr 6 dfm©nmgyZ Vo 16 df} 11 _{hÝ`mn`ªVÀ`m _wcm§À`m ~w{Õ_ÎmoMm Aä`mg H$aVo.
`mV H$m`©aV ñ_¥Vr Am{U ñ\$Q>rH$ gÑí` ~w{Õ_Îmm `m§Mm dmna Ho$ë`m_wio nyduÀ`m Amd¥Î`mnojm `m
Amd¥Îmrcm A{YH$ _hÎd àmßV hmoV Amho. `m{edm` `mMm dmna {M{H$ËgH$ {ZXmZmgmR>r hmoV Amho.
MmMUr ì`dñWmnZm_Ü`o ~è`mM gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m AmhoV. _wcm§Zm MmMUr gmoS>{dVmZm A{YH$ àoaUm
{_iÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo narjH$m§Mr nmÌVm `mda ~aoM g§emoYZ Pmco Amho.
1. H$c_m§_Yrc g§{X½YVm (Item Bias) :-
WISC-IV _Yrc gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo AZw^d{ZîR> _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao H$c_mVrc
g§{X½YVm emoYyZ H$mT>cr. H$c_m§Mm Ame`mMm AMyH$ dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{e{jV, VÁk OÁOm§Mr Zo_UyH$
Ho$cr. H$c_ {dícofU Am{U gm§p»`H$s` à{H«$`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z g§{X½YVm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.
WISC-IV _Yrc H$c_m§Mr g§{X½YVm nyU©nUo Zmhrer Pmcr Zmhr. nU AZw^d{ZîR> V§ÌmMm dmna hm EH$
_hÎdmMm Q>ßnm dmnê$Z H$c_m_Ü`o gwÑT>Vm AmUcr.
2. WISC-IV à_mUrH$aU (Standardization of WISC-IV) :-
`m_Ü`o 2200 {ZdS>H$ _wcm§Mm g_mdoe àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wÝ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Amcm. (A_o[aH$Z
OZJUZm-2000 à_mUo), ñVarV Z_wZm nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m_Ü`o d`, qcJ Am{U OmV
(A{\«$H$Z A_o[aH$Z, {hñn°ZrH$, Jmoao d BVa) `m KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. {edm` ^m¡Jmo{cH$
àXoe, d{S>cm{O©V ì`dgm`, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ {R>H$mU `m n[adV©H$m§Mm dmna Ho$cm Jocm.
3. àmW{_H$ (H$ÀMo) JwUm§H$ d loUr JwUm§H$ (Raw Scores & Scaled Scores) :-
WISC-IV _Ü`o àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$mVyZ loUr JwUm§H$ H$mT>Ê`mV `oVmo. Ë`mgmR>r àË`oH$ d`moJQ>mMm
{dMma hmoVmo.
4. ñnîQ>rH$aU (Interpretation) :-
JwUm§H$mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU WAIS-III à_mUoM {Xco OmVo. _yc^yV Mma B§S>oŠgogMo _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z g§nyU©
MmMUr ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ `WmW©Vm H$mT>cr OmVo.
5. WISC-IV {dídgZr`Vm (Realiability of WISC-IV) :-
2003 _Ü`o `m Amd¥ÎmrMr Á`mdoir nwZ{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Jocr. Ë`mdoir MmMUr coIH$m§Zr `m
MmMUrÀ`m à{H«$`og§X^m©V `mo½` _ZmoJ{VH$ à{H«$`m§Mm dmna Ho$cm. {Û{d^mJr` {dídgZr`Vm nÕVrZo `mMr
38

{dídgZr`Vm 0.88 Vo 0.97 n`ªV (g§nyU© MmMUr) nhmd`mg {_iVo. MmMUr nwZ:MmMUr {dídgZr`Vm
{Û{d^mJr` {dídgZr`Vonojm H$_r nhmd`mg {_iVo.
6. WISC-IV Mr `WmW©Vm :-
MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm _mnÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$cm Jocm. MmMUr _°Ý`yAc_Ü`o MmMUr
`Wm©W©Vog§X^m©V ^anya dU©Z Ho$co Amho. gm{hpË`H$ _m§S>Ur, MmMUrMr A§VJ©V aMZm, Am§Vag§hg§~§YmË_H$
Aä`mgmVrc ì`mnH$Vm, KQ>H$ {dícofU Aä`mg Am{U àË`j KQ>Zoda AmYm[aV BVa MmMÊ`m§er Ho$cocr
VwcZm `m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm AgVm MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm CÀM {XgyZ `oVo.
1.3 gmam§e
ì`ŠVrMr n[apñWVrcm OwidyZ KoÊ`mMr gd©gmYmaU nmÌVm åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`. n{hcr _mZgemñÌr`
MmMUr 1905 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmcr. Ë`mZ§Va 1908 d 1911 _Ü`o Ë`mMr Xþgar d {Vgar Amd¥Îmr
àH$m{eV Pmcr. Z§Va ~rZo d gm`_Z `m§À`m VËdàUmcrZwgma A_o[aHo$V ñQ>°Z\$moS>© {dÚmnrR>mVrc àm. Q>_©Z
d àm. _o[ac `m§Zr 1916 _Ü`o A_o[aHo$Vrc n{hcr _mZgemñÌr` MmMUr àH$m{eV Ho$cr. Ë`m_Ü`o
d`moJQ>mà_mUo àíZm§Mr _m§S>Ur, ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ gyÌmMm dmna, d`{dñVma ho _hÎdmMo ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amco.
Ë`mZ§Va 1937 d 1960 _Ü`o Xþgar d {Vgar Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV Pmcr. 1986 _Ü`o ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZoMr
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV Pmcr.
SB-IV 1986 hr MmMUr 15 CnMmMÊ`m§Zr ~Zcocr Amho. `m CnMmMÊ`m Mma ~moY{ZH$
joÌmVrc AmhoV. `m MmMUr_Ü`o à{V`moOZmË_H$ n[ajU Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio 8 Vo 13 BVŠ`mM MmMÊ`m
eŠ`Vmo gmoS>{dcm OmVmV. hr MmMUr 2 Vo 23 dfm©À`m d`moJQ>mgmR>r Amho. Vr gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r 30
{_{ZQ>o d 90 {_{ZQ>m§EdT>m doi cmJVmo.
SB-IV _Ü`o àW_ eãXg§J«h MmMUr gmoS>dyZ KoD$Z Ë`mdê$Z àdoe nmVir {ZpíMV Ho$cr OmVo.
Z§Va Ë`m CnMmMUr_Ü`o "_wi nmVir' d "gdm}ƒ nmVir' {ZpíMV H$ê$Z JwUm§H$Z Ho$co OmVo. `m
MmMUr_Ü`o SAS H$mT>co OmVmV `m MmMUrÀ`m à_mUrH$aUmda {deof ^a {Xcm Amho. `m MmMUrMr
{dídgZr`Vm d `WmW©Vm AZoH$ nÕVrZr _mncr. Vr CÀM d g_mYmZH$maH$ AmT>icr.
SB-IV _Ü`o H$m§hr Xmof Agë`m_wio `m MmMUr BVŠ`mM _moR>çm à_mUmV dmnacr OmUmar MmMUr
åhUOo doíca MmMÊ`m hmo`. doíca loUr_Ü`o WAIS-R (1991), WASC-III (1989), WPPSI-R. `m
VrZ MmMÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m VrZhr MmMÊ`m§_Ü`o AZoH$ ~m~VrV gmå` Amho.
doíca MmMÊ`m§Mo JwUm§H$Z H$aVmZm àË`oH$ CnMmMUrMm àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$ H$mT>cm OmVmo. gyÌmÀ`m
gmhmæ`mZo àmW{_H$ JwUm§H$m§Mo ê$nm§Va à_m{UV JwUm§H$m_Ü`o Ho$co OmVo. Z§Va DIQ H$mT>cm OmVmo. `m
VrZhr MmMÊ`m§_Ü`o ^m{fH$, A^m{fH$ d g§nyU© MmMUr JwUm§H$ d ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ {_iVmV.
doíca MmMÊ`m§Mr {dídgZr`Vm d `WmW©Vm hr {d{dY nÕVrZr Vnmgcr Amho. `m MmMÊ`m§Mr
{Û-{d^mJr` AË`§V g_mYmZH$maH$ Amho.
39

ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo-IV Am{U doíca MmMÊ`m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMÊ`m§Mo ñdê$n ghO
cjmV `oVo.
5.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1. ~w{Õ_mnZ : ì`pŠVËdmV Agcoë`m ~m¡{ÕH$ j_VoMo _mnZ.
2. {dMcZ ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ : gamgar ~w{ÕJwUm§H$mnmgyZ Xÿa OmUmao ~w{ÕJwUm§H$.
3. A^m{fH$ : ^mfoMm dmna Z H$aVm gmoS>{dÊ`mV `oUmè`m MmMÊ`m.
4. ~w{ÕJwUm§H$ : _mZ{gH$ d em[aarH$ d`mMo JwUmoÎma.
5.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
1. n{hcr ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr .......... gmcr .......... `m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$cr.
2. ~rZo gm`_Z H$gmoQ>rMr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr ............. àH$m{eV Pmcr.
3. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo MmMUr d ............. `mZr {dH${gV Ho$cr.
4. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© ~rZo MmMUrMr Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr .............. gmcr {dH${gV Pmcr.
5. SB-IV _Ü`o .............. Q>oñQ>tJMr ì`dñWm Amho.
6. SB-IV _Ü`o .............. H$mT>co OmVmV.
7. ~w{ÕJwUm§H$mMr g§H$ënZm .............. `mZr gwM{dcr.
8. doíca `m§Mr n{hcr àm¡T> ~w{Õ_mnZ MmMUr ........... gmcr àH$m{eV Pmcr.
9. doíca ~ocoìøy MmMUr_Ü`o ............. CnMmMÊ`m hmoË`m.
10. doíca `m§Mr chmZ _wcm§Mr n{hcr Amd¥Îmr .............. gmcr àH$m{eV Pmcr.
11. doíca `m§À`m chmZ _wcm§Mr MmMUr-4 _Ü`o EHy$U ........... CnMmMÊ`m AmhoV.
5.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. 1905, ~rZo 2. 1908 3. Q>_©Z d _o[ac 4. 1986 5. à{V`moOZ
6. SAS 7. {dë`_ ñQ>Z© 8. 1939 9. 11 10. 1949
11. 15
40

5.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
(A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. ñQ>°Z\$moS>© - ~rZo (IV) MmMUr {dfX H$am.
2. doíca MmMUr (WAIS-III)) Mo dU©Z H$am.
3. doíca `m§Mr chmZ _wcm§Mr MmMUr ñnîQ> H$am.
(~) {Q>nm {chm.
1. SB-IV Mr CËH«$m§Vr.
2. SB-IV dU©Z d JwUm§H$Z.
3. WISC-IV.
4. WAIS-III.
5.8 joÌr` H$m`©
1. AmnU Amnë`m OdiÀ`m _mZgemñÌr` à`moJemioV OmdyZ ~w{Õ_Îmm MmMÊ`m nhmì`mV d
Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm. eŠ` Agoc Va BVamda dmnamdo.
2. A^m{fH$ I.Q. MmMÊ`m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm. Ë`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am. Ë`mVyZ I.Q.
H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$am.
❀❀❀
41

7.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
7.2 àmñVm{dH$
7.3 {df` {ddoMZ
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 7 (OyZm) nona 10 d 15 (Z{dZ)
_mZgemñÌr` _mnZ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 6 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-7 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-3
KQ>H$-7
ì`pŠV_Îd _yë`_mnZ
(Personality Assessment)
7.3.1 {_ZogmoQ>m ~hþKQ>H$s` ì`pŠV_Ëd emo{YH$m (E_.E_.nr.Am`.)
7.3.1.1. E_.E_.nr.Am`. -2
7.3.1.2. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Ama.E\$.
7.3.1.3. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E
7.3.2 n§M _hm KQ>H$ ({ZAmo-nrAm`)
7.4 gmam§e
7.3.2.1. {ZAmo - nrAm`
7.3.2.2. {ZAmo - nrAm`-Ama.
7.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
7.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z dñVw{ZîR> àíZ d CÎmao
7.7 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
7.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W `mXr
42

7.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmcm ••
1. ì`pŠV_ËdmMo _yë`_mnZ H$go Ho$co OmVo? ho g_Ooc.
2. E_.E_.nr.Am`. MmMUrMo ñdê$n cjmV `oB©c.
3. {ZAmo-nrAm` MmMUrMoÛmao ì`pŠV_ËdmMo _mnZ H$go Ho$co OmVo? ho cjmV `oB©c.
7.2 àmñVm{dH$
ì`pŠVMo dV©Z {VÀ`m ì`pŠV_Ëdm_wio {ZYm©[aV hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r ì`pŠV_ËdmMo _mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$
AgVo. ì`pŠV_Îd _mnZmgmR>r _mZgemñÌm_Ü`o eoH$S>mo MmMÊ`m dmnaë`m OmVmV. AZoH$ _mZgemñÌkm§Zr
Ë`m MmMÊ`m OmñVrV OmñV dñVw{ZîR> H$em hmoVrc `mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmVrc
{~KmS>mMr _r_m§gm H$aÊ`mgmR>r, H$_©Mmè`m§À`m {ZdS>rgmR>r, g_m`moOZ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m ì`ŠVtMo
_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`pŠV_Îd MmMÊ`m dmnaë`m OmVmV. ñd {ZdoXZ V§Ìo, àjonU V§Ìo, dV©Z {ZarjU V§Ìo,
d¥Îmo{Vhmg nÜXVr d _wcmIVrÛmao ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo _mnZ Ho$co OmVo. `m_Ü`o ì`pŠV_Îd _mnZmgmR>r ñd-
{ZdoXZ V§ÌmMm _moR>çm à_mUmda Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. H$maU Vr V§Ìo ghOnUmZo H$_r doioV dmnaVm `oVmV.
gr.nr.Am`., E_.E_.nr.Am`., 16 nr.E\$., BnrŠ`y.Ama., d {ZAmo-nrAm` hr ñd {ZdoXZ V§Ìo
ì`pŠV_Ëd _mnZmÀ`m joÌmV Iyn cmoH${à` AmhoV.
7.3 {df` {ddoMZ
7.3.1 {_ZogmoQ>m ~hþKQ>H$s` ì`pŠV_Ëd emo{YH$m (E_.E_.nr.Am`.)
(Minesota Multiphesic Personality Inventory - M.M.P.I.) :-
hmWdo Eg. Ama. Am{U _°H²${H$Zco Oo. gr. `m§Zr 1940 À`m XeH$mV {_ZogmoQ>m {dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o
E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr n{hcr Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV Ho$cr. 14 dfmªÀ`m {H$emoam§nmgyZ Vo àm¡T>m§_Yrc _mZgemñÌr`
Angm_mÝ` dV©ZmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo hr emo{YH$m V`ma Ho$cr. gÜ`m ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m
MmMÊ`m§_Ü`o {M{H$Ëgmc`m_Ü`o {ZXmZmË_H$ MmMUr åhUyZ E_.E_.nr.Am`.OmñV dmnacr OmVo.
E_.E_.nr.Am`._Ü`o _yi 550 {dYmZo/MmMUr àíZ AmhoV. àË`oH$ {dYmZmcm Iao, ImoQ>o d gm§JVm `oV
Zmhr Ago VrZ n`m©` AmhoV. `m emo{YHo$_Ü`o 10 CnMmMÊ`m AmhoV. `m~amo~aM à`wŠVm§Zr àm_m{UH$nUo
à{V{H«$`m {Xë`m AmhoV H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r, AgË` _mnUr, dma§dm[aVm _mnUr d gwYmaUm MmMUr
(L, F & K Scales) Aem VrZ `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m AmhoV.
E_.E_.nr.Am`. da AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$cr. Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr A§er VÏ`hr hmoVo. {_ZogmoQ>m
{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m àogZo `m ~m~r g_moa R>odyZ {XK©H$miÀ`m g§emoYZmVyZ E_.E_.nr.Am`. À`m gwYm[aV
Amd¥Î`m nwT>o AmUë`m. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo :-
43

7.3.1.1. (A) E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 (M.M.P.I. - 2) :-
E_.E_.nr.Am`. nwZà©_m{UV Am{U AÚmdV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m 1982 _Ü`o gwê$ Pmcr. n[aUm_r
1989 _Ü`o E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr gwYm[aV Xþgar Amd¥Îmr E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 `m ZmdmZo nwT>o Amcr. Vr
~wMa Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$cr. H$mc~mø Pmcoco MmMUr àíZ, g_ñ`mË_H$ {H$MH$Q>
MmMUr àíZ dJiyZ Vo AÚ`mdV H$aUo, _mZX§S>m§Mm {dñVma H$aUo, _mZX§S> AÚ`mdV H$aUo `m hoVyZo Xþgar
Amd¥Îmr {dH${gV Ho$cr. _mÌ E_.E_.nr.Am`. Mr _yi d¡{eîQ>ço E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o VerM
R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o 567 MmMUr àíZ/{dYmZo AmhoV.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.À`m MmMUr àíZm§Vrc ì`mH$aUmÀ`m MwH$m, AñnîQ> {dYmZo, d c¢{JH$Voda ^a
XoUmar ^mfm dJiÊ`mgmR>r 14% MmMUràíZ/{dYmZo Zì`mZo {c{hco. åhUOoM 107 ZdrZ MmMUr àíZ,
66 gwYm[aV MmMUr àíZ d 394 _yi E_.E_.nr.Am`. _Yrc MmMUr àíZ Ago EHy$U 567 MmMUr
àíZ E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o AmhoV. MmMUrVrc àË`oH$ {dYmZmcm "Iao' qH$dm "ImoQ>o' `mn¡H$s EH$
à{V{H«$`m Úm`Mr AgVo. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 hr 18 dfmªÀ`m ì`pŠVnmgyZ Vo àm¡T>m§Zm XoVm `oVo. hr
MmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r 6 drÀ`m dJm©Vrc dmMZ nmVir Amdí`H$ Amho. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmVm
Am°ZcmB©Z (g§JUH$s`) ñdê$nmV VgoM nona nopÝgcÀ`m ñdê$nmV Am{U E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr Üd{Z{\$V
EoH$dyZ gwÜXm E_.E_.nr.Am`. gmoS>dyZ KoVm `oVo. E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr Üd{Z{\$V EoH$dyZ A§Ym§gmR>r hr
MmMUr Cn`moJmV AmUÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
1980 À`m A_o[aH$Z OZJUZoÀ`m AmYmao 18 Vo 90 d`moJQ>mVrc EHy$U 2600 ì`ŠVtn¡H$s 1138
nwéf d 1462 ñÌr`m§À`m àm{V{Z{YH$ Z_yÝ`mda E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 à_m{UV Ho$cocr Amho. ^m¡Jmo{cH$
{dVaU, d`, e¡j{UH$ nmVir, d§e, Am{U d¡dm{hH$ XOm© BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mo `mo½` Vo à{V{ZYrËd
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 À`m Z_wÝ`m_Ü`o hmoVo. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 À`m _m{hVr nwpñVHo$_Ü`o E_.E_.nr.Am`.-
2 À`m MmMUrÀ`m _wc^yV MmMÊ`m§darc JwUm§H$mgmR>r MmMUr-nwZMm©MUr {dídgZr`Vm ghg§~§YmMm
{dñVma .58 Vo .82 BVH$m Amho. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Mr aMZm E_.E_.nr.Am`. à_mUoM Amho.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o 10 loÊ`m/CnMmMÊ`m AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo :-
1. Hypochondriasis (Hs) : àH¥$Vr qMVmJ«ñVVm.
2. Depression (D) : AdgmX.
3. Hysteria (Hy) : {hñQ>oar`mOÝ` {dH¥$Vr
4. Psychopathic deviate (Pd) : _Zmo{dH¥$VrVrc {dMcZ.
5. Masculinity - femininity (Mf) : nwéfgwc^Vm-ñÌrgwc^Vm.
6. Paranoi (Pa) : {d^«_ {dH¥$Vr.
7. Psychesthenia (Pt) : _Zmo{jUVm.
44

8. Schizophrenia (Sc) : {N>Þ_ZñH$Vm.
9. Hypomania (Ma) : AënmoÝ_mX.
10. Social introversion (Si) : gm_m{OH$ A§V:_w©IVm.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o AgUmè`m 10 loÊ`m/CnMmMÊ`m§{edm` 3 `WmW© loÊ`m/CnMmMÊ`mhr
AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo :-
1. AgË` JwUm§H$ (Lie Score (L) : ~è`mMXm cmoH$ ñdV:{df`r AZwHy$c ~mOy ZgVmZm qH$dm
Amho Ë`mnojm OmñV XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r AgË` à{V{H«$`m XoVmV. Ë`m AgË` à{V{H«$`m emoYÊ`mgmR>r hr loUr
dmnacr OmVo. `m loUr_Ü`o 15 MmMUràíZ AmhoV. `m MmMUrda Oa CÀM JwUm§H$ Amcm Va Ë`m ì`ŠVr
ImoQ>çm à{V{H«$`m/MwH$sÀ`m à{V{H«$`m XoV AmhoV Ago {XgyZ `oVo. `mCcQ> hm JwUm§H$ Oa H$_r `oV Agoc
Va Ë`m ì`ŠVr Iè`m à{V{H«$`m XoV AmhoV Ago g_Oco OmVo.
2. dma§dm[aVm qH$dm Šd{MV JwUm§H$ (Frequency or Infrequency Score (F) :
E_.E_.nr.Am`. _Yrc 54 MmMUr H$c_m§n¡H$s 60 MmMUr H$c_o E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 À`m F
MmMUr_Ü`o KoVcocr AmhoV. MmMUr gmoS>{dUmar ì`ŠVr {H$Vr H$miOrnyd©H$ MmMUr gmoS>{dVo ho `m E\$
JwUm§H$mdê$Z g_OVo. E\$ JwUm§H$ H$_r Agoc Va ì`ŠVr gm_mÝ` Agmo qH$dm Angm_mÝ` Agmo. MmMUr
àíZm§Zm Vr ì`ŠVr H$miOrnyd©H$ à{V{H«$`m XoV Agë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo. E_.E_.nr.Am`. _Yrc EImÚm
ì`ŠVrMm E\$ JwUm§H$ CÀM Agoc Va AÝ` CnMmMÊ`m§darc JwUm§H$ Ad¡Y R>aVmo.
3. XþéñVr JwUm§H$ (Correction Score / K Score) : E_.E_.nr.Am`. À`m K MmMUr_Ü`o
30 MmMUr àíZ AmhoV. Ë`mÛmao ì`pŠVZo cndyZ R>odcoë`m à{V{H«$`m§Mm emoY KoVm `oVmo. K JwUm§H$ CÀM
Agoc Va Fake good à{V{H«$`m `oVmV. `m_Ü`o à`wŠV g_mO_mÝ` CÎmao XodyZ AmnU H$go Mm§Jco AmhmoV
ho XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. `mCcQ> K JwUm§H$ H$_r `oV Agoc Va Fake bad à{V{H«$`m
`oVmV. `m_Ü`o à`wŠV _r H$gm dmB©Q> Amho. ho XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. åhUyZ F d L MmMUrda
AVr CÀM JwUm§H$ Pmë`mg g§nyU© MmMUr Ad¡Ú R>aVo.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o AmUIr XmoZ OmXm `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m AmhoV.
1) True Response Inconsistancy (TRIC) Iè`m à{V{H«$`m AgmVË`.
2) Variable Response Inconsistancy (VRIN) ~XcUmè`m à{V{H«$`m AgmVË`.
`m CnMmMÊ`m§_Ü`o MmMUràíZm§À`m OmoS>çm AgyZ Ë`mVyZ EH$M g_mZ AW© qH$dm nañna {damoYr
AW© {ZKVmo. Ë`mVyZ A{ZpíMV qH$dm {damoYr à{V{H«$`m Xe©{dUo hm hoVy Amho. F b MmMUr hr
E_.E_.nr.Am`. _Yrc MmMUrMo {dñVm[aV ê$n Amho.
`m{edm` E_.E_.nr.Am`. _Ü`o AmUIr 15 Ame` MmMÊ`m (Content Scales) AmhoV.
`m_Ü`o qMVm (Auxiety / ANX), {^Vr (Fears / FRS), AdgmX (Depression / DEP), Amamo½`
45

OmUrd (Health Concerns / HEA), g_mO{damoYr H¥$Vr (Anti Social Practices / ASP), {ZåZ ñd-
AmXa^md (Low Self-esteem / LSE), H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g_ñ`m (Family Problems / FAM) BË`mXr
CnMmMÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Yrc `WmW©Vm (Validity), {M{H$Ëgm (Clinical) d Ame` (Content)
Aem VrZ àH$maÀ`m MmMÊ`m§_YyZ VrZ àH$maMr _mnHo$ {_iVmV. `WmW©VoÀ`m _mnH$mVyZ MmMUr
gmoS>{dÊ`m~ÔcÀ`m ì`pŠVÀ`m _mZ{gH$Vo~Ôc _m{hVr {_iVo. {M{H$Ëgm _mnH$m_YyZ {Zamem, {N>Þ_ZñH$Vm
d AdgmX BË`mXrgma»`m _mZgemñÌr` {dH¥$VrMr _m{hVr {_iVo. Va Ame` _mnH$mVyZ EImÚm
JwUY_m©cm AZwgê$Z Agcoë`m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§À`m JQ>m~Ôc JwUm§H$ {_iVmV.
7.3.1.2. (~) E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ (Minesota Multiphesic Personality
Inventory - 2 Restructured Form / MMPI-2 RF)
E_.E_.nr.Am`., E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 `m MmMÊ`m§da _moR>çm à_mUmda g§emoYZ hmoV am{hco. Ë`m
g§emoYZmVyZ E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr Vrgar Amd¥Îmr E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ `m ZmdmZo {dH${gV Pmcocr
Amho. Q>ocoJZ (Tellegan) ~oZ-nmoaW (Ben-Porath) Am{U _°H²$ZëQ>r (McNulty) `m§Zr 2008
_Ü`o E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ hr MmMUr àH$m{eV Ho$cr. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Yrc {M{H$Ëgm
MmMÊ`m§_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr JaO Q>ocoJZ Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zm OmUdcr. {M{H$Ëgm
MmMÊ`m§Mr aMZm ~XcUo, MmMUr àíZm§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr Q>miUo, H$mhr MmMUr àíZm§Mm Ame` AÝ` MmMUr
àíZm§_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoV hmoVm. Vmo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo `m ì`mnH$ hoVyZo E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ hr gwYm[aV
Amd¥Îmr nwT>o Amcr. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Yrc {M{H$Ëgm MmMÊ`m§Mr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mMo Ü`o` Q>ocoJZ
Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr g_moa R>odco hmoVo. Ë`mMo H$maU E_.E_.nr.Am`. OmñV AW©nyU© Am{U gwñnîQ>
H$aUo ho hmo`.
Q>ocoJZ Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr E_.E_.nr.Am`.À`m à_mUmZwgma Z_wÝ`m~amo~aM Ë`m§À`m
g§emoYZmgmR>r VrZ AmUIr OmXm {M{H$Ëgmc`rZ Z_yZo dmnaco. `m_wio E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ hr
MmMUr _Zmo_mn{Z`ÑîQ>çm Mm§Jcr Pmcr. Ë`m~amo~aM MmMUrMr g§cjr (Convergent) d ^oXZ
(Discriminant) `WmW©Vm dmT>Ê`mV `e {_imco. {M{H$Ëgm MmMÊ`m§À`m gwYmaUm§~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr OmXm
MmMÊ`mgwÜXm {dH${gV Ho$ë`m. `m gJiçm à`ËZmVyZ V`ma Pmcocr E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ åhUOo nwZa©{MV àmê$n hmo` H$s Oo 2008 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmco.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ `m MmMUr_Ü`o 338 MmMUr àíZ AmhoV. `m~amo~aM {M{H$Ëgm
MmMÊ`m-9, `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m-8, {d{eîQ> g_ñ`m MmMÊ`m-20, A{^ê$Mr MmMÊ`m-2, _mZgemñÌr`
5 MmMÊ`m Aem Odinmg 50 CnMmMÊ`m E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Ama.E\$._Ü`o AmhoV. Q>ocoJZ Am{U
Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr 2003 nmgyZ AZoH$ g§emoYZna coI {chÿZ E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ Am{U {VÀ`m
{M{H$Ëgm-MmMÊ`m§Mr _Zmo_mn{Z` `mo½`Vm {gÜX Ho$cocr Amho. {gåg Am{U BVa (2005), d°cog Am{U
46

{cëOopŠdñQ> (2005) `m g§emoYH$mZr Q>ocoJZ Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m g§emoYZmcm nwîQ>r
{Xcocr Amho.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ Mo MmMUr àemgZ d JwUm§H$Z E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 gmaIoM Amho.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ hr MmMUr AmVm g§JUH$s` àUmcrda CncãY Amho. VrMo àemgZ, JwUm§H$Z
d Ahdmc gmXarH$aU g§JUH$mÛmao H$aVm `oVo. EH$m AWm©Zo g§JUH$s` àUmcrÛmao MmMÊ`m§Mo narjU
_mZgemñÌmÀ`m joÌmV AmVm _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$co OmV Amho.
7.3.1.3. (H$) E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E (Minesota Multiphesic Personality Inventory
- Adoldescent) {H$emoam§gmR>rMr {_ZogmoQ>m ~hþKQ>H$s` ì`pŠV_Ëd àíZmdcr
:-
E_.E_.nr.Am`. MmMUrVrc {M{H$Ëgm MmMÊ`m§da àm¡T>m§nojm {H$emoad`rZ _wcm§Mm JwUm§H$ OmñV
`oV Agë`mMo MmMUrH$Ë`mªZm {XgyZ Amco. gmh{OH$M àm¡T>m§nojm {H$emoam§Zm _Zmo{dH¥$Vr OmñV hmoVo Ago
dmQy> cmJco. `m H$maUm_wio E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mo {H$emoam§gmR>rMo ñdV§Ì _mZX§S> {dH${gV Ho$co. 1980 À`m
XeH$mV E_.E_.nr.Am`._Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© gwê$ hmoVo. Aemdoir E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Ü`o
{H$emoam§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _mZX§S> V`ma H$aUo qH$dm {H$emoam§gmR>r ñdV§Ì MmMUr V`ma H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.
eodQ>r E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Mo N>moQ>o ê$n (Shorter form) H$ê$Z E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E hr MmMUr 1992
_Ü`o V`ma Ho$cr.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E _Ü`o 478 MmMUr àíZ/H$c_o AmhoV. {H$emoam§À`m d¡`pŠVH$, gm_m{OH$
Am{U dV©Z g_ñ`m AmoiIUo Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrc _mZ{gH$ {dH¥$VrMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo "Iao' -
"ImoQ>o' Ago 2 n`m©` R>odyZ MmMUr V`ma Ho$cr. emco` aMZm, g_wnXoeZ d {M{H$Ëgmc`m§_Ü`o hr MmMUr
dmnacr OmVo.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Yrc {M{H$Ëgm d `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m§_YrcM MmMUr àíZ/H$c_o
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E _Ü`o R>odcocr AmhoV. H$mhr MmMUr H$c_o H$mTy>Z Q>mH$cocr AmhoV. H$mhr MmMUr
H$c_m§Mo nwZc}IZ Ho$coco Amho. Va H$mhr MmMUr H$c_o nyU©nUo ZdrZ AmhoV. gmYmaUnUo 6 drÀ`m
dJm©Vrc _wcm§Mr dmMZ j_Vm AgUmè`m d 14 Vo 18 d`moJQ>m§gmR>r hr MmMUr Amho. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-
2 gmaIoM E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E hr MmMUr nona nopÝgc ñdê$nmV, g§JUH$s` ñdê$nmV, Am{U Üd{Z_w{ÐV
ñdê$nmV CncãY Amho. hr MmMUr nyU©nUo gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaUnUo 45 Vo 60 {_{ZQ>m§Mm H$mcmdYr
cmJVmo.
MmMUrMr aMZm :-
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E _Ü`o _yi 16 MmMÊ`m AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 _Yrc 10
{M{H$Ëgm MmMÊ`m Am{U 6 `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m AmhoV. `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m àË`jmV 8 AmhoV. H$maU F
47

MmMUrMo F, F 1
d F 2
MmMÊ`m Ago 3 ^mJ AmhoV. `m~amo~aM E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E MmMUr_Ü`o
{M{H$Ëgm d `WmW©Vm MmMÊ`m§À`m{edm` AmUIr 6 nwadUr MmMÊ`m AmhoV. Ogo _Ú Am{U Ðì`
Cn`moJ, An[anŠdVm, qMVm Am{U X_Z MmMÊ`m BË`mXr. VgoM E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E _Ü`o dV©Z g_ñ`m
d emco` g_ñ`m§Mm g_mdoe Agcoë`m 15 Ame` MmMÊ`m AmhoV. h°arg-qcJmoOÀ`m 28 MmMÊ`m
Am{U gm_m{OH$ A§V_w©IVoÀ`m 3 MmMÊ`m AmhoV.
àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wZm :-
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E gmR>r 805 {H$emoad`rZ _wco d 815 {H$emoad`rZ _wct_YyZ Z_yZm {ZdS>cm.
`m gJiçm _wcr d _wco H°${c\$mo{Z©`m, {_ZogmoQ>m, Ý`y`m°H©$, CÎma H°$amo{cZm, AmohrAmo, nopÝgëdm{Z`m,
ìh{O©{Z`m Am{U dm°qe½Q>Z_Yrc emioVrc hmoVr. ehar/J««m_rU, d§e, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ joÌ Aem n[adË`mªMo
à{V{Z{YËd Z_yÝ`m_Ü`o {dMmamV KoVcoco hmoVo. E_.E_.nr.Am`.À`m 713 {H$emoam§Mm {M{H$Ëgmc`rZ
Z_wZm/`WmW©Vm _mnZmgmR>r {ZdS>cocm hmoVm.
_yë`_mnZ :-
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E Zo AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§H$Sy>Z Mm§Jco àeñVrnÌH$ {_idyZ {H$emoam§_Yrc _Zmo{dH¥$VrÀ`m
_mnZmgmR>r gdm©V OmñV Cn`moJmV AmUcr OmUmar MmMUr Agm cm¡{H$H$ {_i{dcm Amho. `m~amo~aM
AmVm E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E Mr g§JUH$s` Amd¥Îmrhr CncãY Amho. {H$emoam§Mo g_wnXoeZ, d {M{H$Ëgmc`rZ
gamdm_Ü`o E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E OmñV à_mUmV dmnacr OmVo.
E_.E_.nr.Am`.À`m Amd¥Î`m
MmMUr MmMUrMo coIH$ d`moJQ> MmMUr àíZ
E_.E_.nr.Am`. hmWdo Am{U _°H²${H$Zco (1940) 14 Vo àm¡T>m§gmR>r 560
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 ~yMa Am{U gh. (1982) 18 Vo àm¡T>m§gmR>r 567
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Q>ocoJZ, ~oZ nmoaW Am{U 18 Vo àm¡T>m§gmR>r 338
Ama.E\$. _°H$ZëQ>r (2008)
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E Q>ocoJZ, ~oZ nmoaW Am{U 14 Vo 18 À`m 478
_°H$ZëQ>r (1992)
{H$emoam§gmR>r
48

ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo H§$gmV {chm.
1. E_.E_.nr.Am`. hr ì`pŠV_Îd MmMUr Amho. ( )
2. E_.E_.nr.Am`. MmMUr_Ü`o 200 MmMUr H$c_o AmhoV. ( )
3. E_.E_.nr.Am`. ì`pŠV_Ëd MmMUr hr {H$emoad`rZ _wcm§gmR>rM V`ma Ho$cocr Amho. ( )
4. E_.E_.nr.Am`. _Ü`o 3 `WmW© MmMÊ`m AmhoV. ( )
5. E_.E_.nr.Am`.Mr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 AmaE\$ `m ZmdmZo nwT>o Amcr. ( )
6. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Ama E\$ _Ü`o 338 MmMUr àíZ AmhoV. ( )
7. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E hr MmMUr 1992 _Ü`o {dH${gV Pmcr. ( )
8. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E hr MmMUr 14 Vo 18 d`moJQ>m§gmR>r Amho. ( )
7.3.2 n§M _hm KQ>H$ ({ZAmo-nr.Am`.) The Big Five (NEO-PI) :-
ì`pŠV_Îd MmMUr V`ma H$ê$Z ì`pŠV_ËdmMo _mnZ H$aVmZm H$mhr g§emoYH$mZr nmM KQ>H$m§Mm Va
H$mhr g§emoYH$m§Zr 3 KQ>H$m§Mm _wc^yV KQ>H$ åhUyZ {dMma Ho$cocm Amho. Am`P|H$Mr BnrŠ`y hr MmMUr-
3 JwUm§Mo _mnZ H$aVo. Va Om°ZgZ Am{U Am°ñQ>|S>m\©$ (1993), H$moñQ>m Am{U _°H²$H«o$ (1992), ~°ca
Am{U Pmdc (1993), {\«$ñHo$ (1949), H°$Q>oc (1960), JmoëS>~J© (1992) `m§Zr ì`pŠV_ËdmÀ`m
nmM KQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ H$aUmè`m MmMÊ`m V`ma Ho$coë`m AmhoV. Ë`m gd© MmMÊ`m Big 5 `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIë`m OmVmV. Five Factor Model (FFM), Big 5 Personality factors, n§M _hm KQ>H$ d n§M
KQ>H$ àmê$n Agohr Big 5 cm åhUVmV. Ë`mVrc NEO-PI hr _hÎdmMr MmMUr AmnU g_OyZ KoUma
AmhmoV.
7.3.2.1. (A) {ZAmo - nr.Am`. (NEO-PI) :-
nm°c H$moñQ>m Am{U am°~Q>© _°H²$H«o$ `m§Zr 1985 _Ü`o ì`pŠV_Ëd _mnZmgmR>r NEO-PI hr MmMUr
V`ma Ho$cr. Neuroticism (Zg{dH¥$VVm/MoVmnX{eVm), Extraversion (~{h_w©IVm) d Openness to
experiences (AZw^dm§Mm _wŠV ñdrH$ma H$aUmè`m) Aem 3 ì`pŠV_Ëd JwUm§À`m B§J«Or eãXm§À`m
AÚmjamdê$Z NEO hm eãX V`ma Pmcocm Amho. Va Personality Inventory (ì`pŠV_Îd emo{YH$m)
`m XmoZ B§J«Or eãXm§À`m AÚmjam§Zm OmoSy>Z PI hm eãX V`ma Pmcm Amho. `m~amo~aM Agreeableness
(gh_Vr Xe©H$Vm) d Conscientiousness ({dMmanyd©H$Vm) `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§gh NEO-PI ì`pŠV_ËdmÀ`m
EHy$U nmM KQ>H$mMo _mnZ H$aVo. åhUyZ NEO-PI cm Big Five Model åhQ>co OmVo. ho nmMhr KQ>H$
"OCEAN" Model åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mo dU©Z nwT>rcà_mUo.
49

1. MoVmnX{eVm/Zg{dH¥$VVm (Neuroticism - N) : amJ, qMVm, AdgmX, d d¡a^md
`mgma»`m ZH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm§Mm AZw^d KoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr MoVmnX{eVm Xe©{dVo. `mcmM ^md{ZH$ ApñWaVm
åhUVmV. MoVmnX{eVm `m KQ>H$mda Á`m§Mm JwUm§H$ OmñV `oVmo. Ë`m ì`ŠVr VmUmcm ~ir nS>VmV.
gd©gm_mÝ` n[apñWVrVhr Ë`m§Zm ghOnUo Agwa{jV dmQ>Vo. `mCcQ> MoVmnX{eVm JwUm§H$ H$_r AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVtMo _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` ghOmghOr {~KS>V Zmhr. Aem ì`ŠVr em§V, ZH$mamË_H$ ^md^mdZm§nmgyZ
Xÿa, gwa{jV d ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm pñWa AgVmV.
AmH¥$Vr 3.1 : n§M _hmKQ>H$m§Mo {ddaU
KQ>H$
1. MoVmnX{eVm
(Neuroticism)
2. ~§{h_w©IVm
(Extroversion)
3. AZw^dm§Mm _wŠV pñdH$ma
H$aUmè`m (Openness
to experiences)
4. gh_Vr Xe©H$Vm
(Agreeableness)
5. {dMmanyd©H$Vm
(Conscientiousness)
dU©Z
qMVmJ«ñV, Agwa{jV, AdgmXr, AñdñW, amJrQ>, d¡a^md ì`ŠV
H$aUmè`m.
g_mO{ec, ~mocŠ`m, _m¡O_Om H$aUmè`m>, gH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm,
C~XmanUm.
g¥OZerc, ñdmdc§~r, H¥$Vrerc, _yë`m§da {dídmg.
{dídmgy, gaigmoQ>, _XV H$aUmam, {dZ`erc, Z_«, hiydma _ZmMm.
H$îQ>miy, gj_, ñd {eñV, g§nmXZmgmR>r PJS>Umam, {dídgZr`.
2. ~{h_w©IVm (Extroversion - E) : BVam§À`m ghdmgmV amhUo, BVam§Zm _XV H$aUo ~{h_w©I
ì`ŠVr ng§X H$aVmV. Aem ì`ŠVr CËgmhr, g_mO{ec, AmemdmXr d AmZ§Xr AgVmV. `mCcQ> A§V_w©Ir
ì`ŠVr EH$mH$s, A~moc, {_iyZ {_giyZ Z amhUmè`m d {ZéËgmhr AgVmV.
3. AZw^dm§Mm _wŠV pñdH$ma H$aUmè`m/_moH$ionUm (Openness to experiences - O)
: Aem ì`pŠV§_Ü`o gm¢X`m©~m~V g§doXZ{ecVm, A§VJ©V ^mdZm§Mr OmUrd, H$cmÑîQ>r, ZdZdrZ H$ënZm d
Hw$Vyhc OmñV AgVo. ZdrZ {dMma d _yë`m§da Ë`m§Mm {dídmg AgVmo.
4. gh_Vr Xe©H$Vm (Agreeableness - A) : hm KQ>H$ CÀM Agcoë`m ì`ŠVr gwñd^mdr,
ào_i, {dídmgy, _XV H$aUmè`m, g_OyVXma, X`miy d gai ñd^mdmÀ`m AgVmV. `mCcQ> hm KQ>H$ H$_r
50

AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr e§H$mImoa ñd^mdmÀ`m, ñdmWu, XþîQ>, H«y$a, Agä`, AghH$m`©erc, A§h_ H|$ÐrV, hoH$Q>,
ñdmWu d CÜXQ> ñd^mdmÀ`m AgVmV.
5. gX²gX²{ddoH$ercVm/{dMmanyd©H$Vm (Conscientiousness - C) : g§nmXZ àoaUm CÀM,
gwg§K{Q>V, O~m~Xma ñd`§{eñV AgUmè`m ì`ŠVt_Ü`o gX²gX²{ddoH${ecVm CÀM AmT>iVo. `mCcQ> g§nmXZ
àoaUm {ZåZ AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr Amier, ñd-{Z`§ÌUmMm A^md, {ZîH$miOr d H$_Hw$dV _ZmÀ`m
AgVmV.
darc nmM KQ>H$ ho NEO-PI Mo _w»` KQ>H$ AmhoV. àË`oH$ KQ>H$m§_Ü`o AmUIr ghm (6)
CnKQ>H$/N>Q>m AmT>iVmV. Aem EHy$U 5 • 6 = 30 N>Q>m§Mo/CnKQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ NEO-PI H$aVo. Ë`m
N>Q>m/CnKQ>H$ nwT>rcà_mUo :-
1. Neuroticism (N) (MoVmnX{eVm/Zg{dH¥$VVm) :-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Anxiety (N 1
) qMVm.
Angry Hostality (N 2
) amJ d¡a^md.
Depression (N 3
) AdgmX.
(iv) Self Consciousness (N 4
) ñd-~moYmdñWm.
(v)
Impulsiveness (N 5
) AmdoJ{ecVm.
(vi) Vulnerability (N 6
) ^oÚVm.
2. Extraversion (E) (~{h_w©IVm) :-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Warmpth (E 1
) ào_inUm, C~XmanUm.
Gregariousness (E 2
) CÎmo{OVVm emoYUmam.
Assertiveness (E 3
) AmJ«hrnUm.
(iv) Activity (E 4
) H¥$VràdUVm.
(v)
Excitment Seeking (E 5
) CÎmo{OVVm emoYUmam.
(vi) Positive Emotions (E 6
) gH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm.
3. Openness to experiences (O) (AZw^dm§Mm _wŠV pñdH$ma H$aUmam) :-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Fantasy (O 1
) H$ënZmaV.
Aesthetics (O 2
) gm¢X`© ÑîQ>r.
Feelings (O 3
) ^mdZm.
51

(iv) Actions (O 4
) H¥$VràdUVm.
(v)
Ideas (O 5
) H$ënZm, {dMma, `wŠVr.
(vi) Values (O 6
) _yë`o.
4. Agreeableness (A) (gh_VrXe©H$Vm) :-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Trust (A 1
) {dídmgy.
Straight forwardness (A 2
) gaigmoQ> ñd^mdmMm.
Altruism (A 3
) namW© dV©Z, namonH$mar.
(iv) Compliance (A 4
) AZwê$nVm/nyV©Vm/_mÝ`Vm.
(v)
Modesty (A 5
) {dZ`erc/gä`.
(vi) Tender Mindedness (A 6
) _¥XÿöX`r.
5. Conscientiousness (C) (gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÜXr/{dMmanyd©H$Vm) :-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Competence (C 1
) gj_Vm.
Order (C 2
) {ZQ>ZoQ>Š`m/gwg§KQ>rV.
Dutifulness (C 3
) H$V©ì`Xj.
(iv) Achievement striving (C 4
) g§nmXZmgmR>r PJS>Umè`m.
(v)
Self-discipline (C 5
) ñd`§{eñV.
(vi) Deliberation (C 6
) {dMma{d{Z_`, MMm© H$aUmè`m.
NEO-PI hr MmMUr 1796 nwéf Am{U 2565 ñÌr`m§À`m Z_wÝ`mda à_m{UV Ho$cocr Amho. `m
MmMUr_Ü`o 185 MmMUr H$c_o/àíZ AmhoV. àË`oH$ MmMUr H$c_mg "Vrd«nUo Agh_V', "Agh_V',
"A{ZpíMVVm', "gh_V' Am{U "Vrd«nUo gh_V' Ago 5 n`m©` AmhoV.
JwUm§H$Z :-
NEO-PI _Ü`o H$mhr MmMUràíZ gH$mamË_H$ Va H$mhr MmMUr àíZ ZH$mamË_H$ AmhoV.
gH$mamË_H$ MmMUr àíZm§Mo 0, 1, 2, 3 d 4 Ago JwUm§H$Z H$amd`mMo Amho. Va ZH$mamË_H$ àíZm§Mo
JwUm§H$Z `mCcQ> åhUOoM 4, 3, 2, 1 d 0 Ago H$amd`mMo Amho. MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§H$Z Vm{cH$m dmnê$Z
JwUm§H$Z H$amd`mMo Amho. MmMUrÀ`m _m{hVrnwpñVHo$V gH$mamË_H$ d ZH$mamË_H$ {dYmZo {Xcocr AmhoV.
NEO-PI _Yrc 30 KQ>H$m§Mm ñdV§Ì JwUm§H$ H$mT>Vm `oVmo. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m Ë`m _w»` 5 KQ>H$m§Mm JwUm§H$
H$mT>Vm `oVmo. àË`oH$ JwUm§H$mdê$Z ñQ>oZ JwUm§H$ H$mTy>Z eV_H$ JwUm§H$ H$mT>Vm `oVmV. Ë`m AmYmao
52

ì`pŠV_ËdmMo nmíd©{MÌ (Profile) V`ma H$aVm `oVo. NEO-Summary À`m AmYmao ì`pŠV_ÎdmÀ`m 5
hr _w»` KQ>H$m§Mo Vn{ecdma {ddaU XoVm `oVo.
gm_mÝ` ì`pŠV_Ëdm_Yrc \$aH$mMo _mnZ NEO-PI H$aVo. ì`pŠVMo {dMma, ^mdZm Am{U BVam§À`m
~amo~a hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`mg§X^m©V ì`ŠVr {H$Vr EH$g§K AmhoV. `m~m~VMr _m{hVr NEO-PI XoVo. EH$m
AWm©Zo ì`pŠV_ËdmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr MmMUr ì`pŠV_Ëd MmMÊ`m§n¡H$s EH$ Mm§Jcr Am{U OJ^a
_moR>çm à_mUmda dmnacr OmUmar MmMUr Amho.
7.3.2.2. (~) {ZAmo - nr.Am`.-Ama. (NEO-PI - R) :-
nm°c H$moñQ>m Am{U am°~Q>© _°H²$H«o$ `m§Zr 1992 _Ü`o NEO-PI Mr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr NEO-PI -
R >{dH${gV Ho$cr. `m Amd¥Îmr_Ü`ohr NEO-PI _Yrc _w»` nmM KQ>H$ AmhoV. hr MmMUr V`ma H$arV
AgVmZm Am{U MmMUrMo àíZ/H$c_o V`ma H$arV AgVmZm KQ>H$ {dícofU Am{U {gÜXm§VmMm AmYma
MmMUrH$Ë`mªZr KoVcocm Amho. A{^ê$Mr, Amamo½`, AmOmarnUmMo dV©Z, _mZgemñÌr` H$ë`mU/gwpñWVr
Am{U JwUd¡{eîQ>ço AZwH$aUmMr e¡cr BË`mXrMo _mnZ H$ê$Z nyd©H$WZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ NEO-PI-R H$aVo.
1990 À`m XeH$mV NEO-PI-R da Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmda AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr g§emoYZ Ho$coco Amho.
1985 Vo 1992 `m H$mimVrc {d{dY g§emoYZmVyZ hr MmMUr {dH${gV Pmcr. ì`pŠV_Ëd
KQ>H$m§Zm "facets" d "domains" `m g§H$ënZm H$moñQ>m Am{U _°H²$H«o$ `m§Zr dmnaë`m. gwadmVrcm
gm_mÝ` àm¡T> ì`pŠV§da g§emoYZ Ho$co. Z§Va {M{H$Ëgmc`rZ ZmoH$a d _hm{dÚmc`rZ {dÚmWu Agm Z_wZm
KodyZ Ë`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m d`mZwgma hmoUmè`m {dH$mgmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. NEO-PI-R Oar gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVr_ËdmÀ`m
_mnZmgmR>r V`ma Ho$cocr Agcr Varhr hr MmMUr {M{H$Ëgmc`mV Angm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrgmR>r d g§emoYZmgmR>r
_moR>çm à_mUmda dmnaVm `oVo ho g§emoYH$m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xcoco Amho.
NEO-PI-R `m gwYm[aV Amd¥ÎmrV 240 MmMUr H$c_o/àíZ AmhoV. Vr NEO-PI à_mUoM _w»`
nmM KQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ H$aVo. àË`oH$ _w»` KQ>H$mMo àË`oH$s 6 CnKQ>H$ (facets) Ago EHy$U (5 • 6)
= 30 CnKQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ NEO-PI-R H$aVo. NEO-PI-R _Yrc _w»` nmM KQ>H$m§Mo àË`oH$s 48 MmMUr
àíZ AmhoV. Ë`mVrc H$mhr MmMUr àíZ gH$mamË_H$ Va H$mhr àíZ ZH$mamË_H$ AmhoV. àË`oH$ MmMUr
àíZmcm à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r nmM q~XÿMr ("Vrd«nUo Agh_V', "Agh_V', "A{ZpíMV', "gh_V' d
"Vrd«nUo gh_V') loUr dmnacocr Amho.
NEO-PI-R hr MmMUr 17 dfm©À`m ì`pŠV§nmgyZ d`ñH$a ì`ŠVtgmR>r V`ma Ho$cocr Amho. VrMo
àemgZ, JwUm§H$Z d ñnîQ>rH$aU AJXr gmYo Amho. NEO-PI-R Mo g§JUH$s` JwUm§H$Z Am{U {dícofUhr
AmVm CncãY Amho. g_m`moOZ Am{U ^md{ZH$ pñWaVm `m ~mOy MoVmnX{eVm hm KQ>H$ _mnZ H$aVmo.
g_mO{ecVm Am{U AmJ«hrnUmMo _mnZ ~{h_w©IVm hm KQ>H$ H$aVmo. H$ënZm, gm¢X`© g§doXZ{ecVm,
53

Am§V[aH$ ^mdZm§darc AdYmZ H|${ÐVVm, ~m¡pÜXH$ CËgwH$Vm Am{U {ZU©`mVrc ñdV§ÌnUmMo _mnZ _moH$ionUm
hm KQ>H$ H$aVmo. {Z`moOZ à{H«$`oMr H¥$Vr{ecVm, g§KQ>Z Am{U gj_VoMo _mnZ gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wÜXr hm
KQ>H$ H$aVmo.
NEO-PI-R MmMUrVrc ZdrZ gwYmaUm åhUOo ñd {ZdoXZ Z_wZm (Eg-\$m°_©) Am{U {ZarjU
Z_wÝ`mÀ`m 2 Amd¥Î`m (\$m°_©-Eg nwéfm§gmR>r d \$m°_©-Ama-ñÌr`m§gmR>r) CncãY AmhoV. ho XmoÝhr \$m°_©g²²
240 MmMUr H$c_m§Mm Ame` VgmM R>odyZ V`ma Ho$coco AmhoV. `m MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm CÀM
ñdê$nmMr Amho. 1989 _Ü`o `m MmMUrMr NEO-FFI hr cKy MmMUrhr (Shorter form) CncãY
Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o 60 MmMUr H$c_m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. ì`pŠV_Ëd _mnZmgmR>r 2004 gmcr NEO-FFI-R
{dH${gV Ho$cr. ì`pŠV_ËdmÀ`m _mnZmgmR>r OJ^a NEO-FFI d NEO-FFI-R `m cKy MmMÊ`m
(Shorter form) AmVm _moR>çm à_mUmda dmnaë`m OmV AmhoV.
H$moñQ>m Am{U _°H«$H«o$ `m§À`m ì`ŠVr_Ëd àíZmdcr
Amd¥Îmr df© MmMUr àíZ/H$c_o
NEO-PI 1985 185
NEO-PI-R 1992 240
NEO-FFI 1989 60 (cKw MmMUr)
NEO-FFIR 2004 60 (cKw MmMUr)
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {dYmZmg_moa H§$gmV {chm.
1. {ZAmo-nrAm` MmMUr H$moñQ>m Am{U _°H$H«o$ `m§Zr 1985 _Ü`o V`ma Ho$cr. ( )
2. {ZAmo-nrAm` ì`pŠV_ËdmÀ`m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ H$aVo. ( )
3. {ZAmo-nrAm` À`m àË`oH$ _w»` KQ>H$mV àË`oH$s 6 CnKQ>H$ AmhoV. ( )
4. {ZAmo-nrAm`-Ama _Ü`o 240 MmMUr àíZ AmhoV. ( )
5. {ZAmo-nrAm`-Ama H$moñQ>m Am{U _°H²$H«o$ `m§Zr 1990 _Ü`o {dH${gV Ho$cr. ( )
6. {ZAmo-nrAm`-Ama gm_mÝ` ì`pŠV_Ëdm_Yrc \$aH$mMo _mnZ H$arV Zmhr. ( )
54

7.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1. MMPI = Minesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - {_ZogmoQ>m
{dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o hmWdo Am{U _°H$ {H$Zco `m§Zr ì`pŠV_ËdmÀ`m ~hþ{dY
KQ>H$mgmR>rÀ`m _mnZmgmR>r V`ma Ho$cocr emo{YH$m.
2. NEO-PI = nm°c H$moñQ>m Am{U am°~Q>© _°H²$H«o$ `m§Zr V`ma Ho$cocr ì`pŠV_Ëd
_mnZmMr n§M KQ>H$ emo{YH$m.
3. NEO-PI-R = NEO-PI Mr gwYm[aV (Revised) Amd¥Îmr.
4. NEO-FFI = NEO-FFI Mr cKw MmMUr (Five Factors Inventory)
5. NEO-FFI R = NEO-FFI Mr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr.
7.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
7.5.1 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
1. ~amo~a 2. MyH$ 3. MyH$ 4. ~amo~a
5. MyH$ 6. ~amo~a.
7.5.2 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
1. ~amo~a 2. MyH$ 3. ~amo~a 4. ~amo~a
5. MyH$ 6. MyH$.
7.6 gmam§e
ì`pŠV_ËdmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY MmMÊ`m _mZgemñÌkm§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m AmhoV. hmWdo
Am{U _°H${ZH$co `m§Zr {_ZogmoQ>m {dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o E_.E_.nr.Am`. hr MmMUr V`ma Ho$cr. 14 dfm©À`m
{H$emoam§nmgyZ àm¡T>m§_Yrc Angm_mÝ` dV©ZmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo E_.E_.nr.Am`. MmMUr {dH${gV
Ho$cr. E_.E_. nr.Am`.-2 hr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr ~wMa Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$cr. nwT>o
E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Mr nwZa©MrV Amd¥Îmr Q>ocoJZ Am{U ghH$mè`m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$cr. {H$emoam§gmR>r ñdV§Ì
MmMUr H$ê$Z E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E hr Amd¥Îmr 1992 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Ho$cr. `m gd© MmMÊ`m ì`pŠV_Ëd
55

_mnZmÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmda dmnaë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m g§JUH$s` Amd¥Î`mhr AmVm CncãY
AmhoV.
ì`pŠV_Ëd JwUm§Mo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r n§M KQ>H$ àmê$n 1980 À`m XeH$m_Ü`o {dH${gV Pmco.
nm°c H$moñQ>m Am{U am°~Q>© _°H²$H«o$ `m§Zr 1982 _Ü`o NEO-PI MmMUr n§MKQ>H$ (Big 5) `m ZmdmZo
{dH${gV Ho$cr. MoVmnX{eVm, ~{h_w©IVm, _moH$ionUm>, gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÜXr d gh_VrXe©H$Vm Aem nmM
JwUm§Mo _mnZ NEO-PI H$aVo. gm_mÝ` ì`pŠV_ËdmVrc \$aH$mMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr MmMUr V`ma
Ho$cocr Amho. NEO-PI Mr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr 1992 _Ü`o {dH${gV Pmcr. NEO-FFI hr NEO-PI Mr
cKw MmMUr Amho. `m~amo~aM NEO-PI Zo AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zm g§emoYZmgmR>r àoarV Ho$coco Amho. NEO
- PI - R d NEO - FFI `m MmMÊ`m AmVm g§JUH$s` àUmcrda CncãY AmhoV. àemgZ, JwUm§H$Z d
ñnîQ>rH$aU hr g§JUH$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$aVm `oVo. `m MmMÊ`m OJ^a _moR>çm à_mUmda dmnaë`m OmVmV.
7.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
àíZ 1 : XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. E_.E_.nr.Am`. E MmMUrMo dU©Z H$am.
2. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 `m MmMUrMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.
3. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2 Ama.E\$.MmMUrMo dU©Z H$am.
4. {ZAmo - nr Am` MmMUrMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.
5. {ZAmo nr-Am`-Ama MmMUrMo dU©Z H$am.
àíZ 2 : Q>r>nm {chm.
1. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-2
2. E_.E_.nr.Am`.-E
3. {ZAmo-nrAm`.
4. {ZAmo-nrAm`-Ama.
56

7.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W `mXr
1. Psychological Testing : Anastasi, Anne and Urbina,
Susana (1997). 7th Edition,
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
2. Psychological Testing and Assessment : Aiken, L. R. (2009). 12th Edition,
Peasson Education Society,
Singapore.
3. Psychological Testing Principles, : Kaplan, R. M. and
Applications & Issues Saccuzzo, D. R. (2005).
Wadsworth Cengage Learing.
4. Psychological Testing & Assessment : Cohen, R. J. and Swerdlik, M. E.
(2010). 7th Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. _mZgemñÌ ñnoec nona-7 gmR>rMo : Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð (2002).
_mZgemñÌr` _mnZ
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
6. _mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m : nmQ>rc, A{ZVm (2008).
S>m`_§S> ~wH$ S>onmo, nwUo.
❑◆❑
57

~r. E. ^mJ-3 : _mZgemñÌ nona 7 (OyZm) nona 10 d 15 (Z{dZ)
_mZgemñÌr` _mnZ
`m {df`mÀ`m gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo A{YH$Mm ^mJ go{_ñQ>a 6 H$[aVm
OwÝ`m nwñVH$mVrc KQ>H$-8 Z{dZ Aä`mgH«$_mà_mUo KQ>H$-4
KQ>H$-8
emB©Mo S>mJ, V§Ì
(Ink-bolt Technique)
hmoëQ>P²_Z emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr (The Holtzman Ink-blot Test)
àñVmdZm :-
ì`pŠV_Îd MmMÊ`m `m gdm©V C{eam {dH${gV Pmcoë`m _mZgemñÌr` MmMÊ`m AmhoV. ì`pŠV_Îd
MmMÊ`m_Ü`o nwÝhm: C{eam {dH${gV Pmë`m Ë`m àjonU MmMÊ`m hmoV. àjonU MmMÊ`m§_Ü`o gdm©V àW_
amoem©H²$ `mZr emB©Mo S>mJ MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr.
emB©À`m S>mJmZr Or g§{X½Y, aMZm{hZ, AñnîQ> C{ÔnH$-pñWVr V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m S>mJmZm _ZmVrc
à{V{H«$`m Úmd`mg gm§{JVë`m OmVmV- Ë`m§Zm emB©Mo S>mJ MmMÊ`m Ago åhUVmV.
1960 À`m Xaå`mZ amoem©H²$ emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr OmñVM dmXmÀ`m ^modè`mV AS>H$cr. amoem©H$
MmMUr_Yrc àË`oH$ S>mJmcm EH$mhÿZ A{YH$ à{V{H«$`m XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Amho. Ë`m_wio Zo_H$s H$moUVr
à{V{H«$`m {H$Vr _hÎdmMr? ho R>a{dUo AdKS> R>ê$ cmJco. VgoM `m MmMUrda n[ajH$m§Mm à^md \$maM
OmUdy cmJcm. n[ajH$-{dídgZr`Vm \$maM H$_r hmoVr. MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§H$Z g§X^m©V g§^«_ hmoVm.
EdT>oM Zìho Va AW© {ddaUm_Ü`oXoIrc ì`pŠV{ZîR>Vm AmT>iy cmJcr.
A_o[aHo$_Ü`o amoem©H²$ MmMUrÀ`m-ì`dñWmnZ, JwUm§H$Z d AW©-{ddaU g§X^m©V nmM, _w»`
ì`dñWm hmoË`m. Ë`m nmM ì`dñWm cjmV KodyZ EŠP²Za `mZr 1969 _Ü`o EH$M gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`dñWm
{dH${gV Ho$cr.
EŠP²Za gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`dñWm gd©Ì _moR>çm à_mUmda pñdH$macr Jocr. VarXoIrc amoem©H$
MmMUrg§X^m©V AZoH$ {damoYr Aem ì`dñWm Ë`mMdoir ApñVËdmV hmoË`m, Ë`m§ZmM n`m©`r ÑpîQ>H$moZ Ago
åhUVmV. AZm©D$ Am{U cZ©a `mZr Ago n`m©`r ÑpîQ>H$moZ (ì`dñWm) gwM{dë`m AmhoV.
amoem©H²$ `m§À`m_Vo, amoem©H²$ emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUrMm J¡admna gdm©V OmñV Pmcm Amho. n[aUm_r
amoem©H²$ MmMUrda _moR>çm à_mUmda g§emoYZ gwé Pmco. Ë`mVyZ hmoëQ>P²_Z `mZr emB©Mr-S>mJ MmMUr
{dH${gV Ho$cr.
58

hmoëQ>P²_Z emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr (V§Ì) (HIT) :-
EŠP²Za `m§À`m amoem©H²$ MmMUrÀ`m gd©g_mdoeH$ ì`dñWoAJmoXa- "emB©Mo-S>mJ', V§ÌmMo _Zmo_mnZ
åhUyZ Cn`moOZ H$go H$aVm `oB©c `m g§X^m©V hmoëQ>P²_Z dJ¡aoZr Jm§^r`m©Zo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co hmoVo. g§emoYZ
gwê$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m g§emoYZm_Ü`o amoem©H²$ MmMUr (RIBT) _Yrc Xmof H$go H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vm `oVrc `mdaM
^a hmoVm.
amoem©H²$ MmMUrVrc Xmof H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z hmoëQ>P²_Z d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`mZr 1961 _Ü`o ZdrZ
emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr. {VcmM hmoëQ>P²_Z emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr Ago åhUVmV. hr MmMUr
HIT `m Zm§dmZo A{YH$ à{gÜX Amho.
`m HIT _Ü`o amoem©H²$nojm doJiçm ñdê$nmMo C{ÔnH$ gm{hË` Am{U nÜXVr Amho, H$s OoUoH$ê$Zamoem©H²$À`m
g§X^m©{edm` `m MmMUrMo ñdV§ÌnUo ì`dñWmnZ, JwUm§H$Z, AW©-{ddaU H$aVm `oB©c.
H$moUVrhr _mZgemñÌr` MmMUr hr à_m{UH$aU à{H«$`oVyZ OodT>çm J§^ranUo OmVo VodT>r {VMr JwUdÎmm
dmT>Vo. åhUyZ hmoëQ>P²_Z `mZr MmMUrMr {dídgZr`Vm, `WmW©Vm B. ~m~tda {deof ^a {Xcm.
MmMUrMo dU©Z :-
`m emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr_Ü`o 45-45 H$mS>m©Mo "A' Am{U "B' Ago XmoZ g_m§Va g§M AmhoV. ho
emB©Mo S>mJ-_moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$coë`m AZw^dm{Y{ð>V gd}jUmda AmYm[aV AgoM R>a{dco. gdm©{YH$
à^m{dV H$aUmè`m S>mJm§MmM `m_Ü`o {dMma Ho$cm. ho emB©Mo S>mJ H$aS>çm d H$miçm a§Jm~amo~aM BVa
a§JmÀ`m emB©Zohr {dH${gV Ho$co AmhoV. amoem©H²$ emB©Mo-S>mJ ho XmoÝhr ~mOyZm g_mZ {d^mJUr AgUmao S>mJ
hmoVo. _mÌ `m MmMUr_Ü`o _wÔm_M H$m§hr emB©Mo-S>mJ ho H$mS>m©da XmoÝhr ~mOyZm Ag_mZ AgUmao Ago
R>odco AmhoV. `m MmMUrMo XmoZ g_m§Va g§M (MmMÊ`m) øm n`m©`r MmMUr {dídgZr`Vm _mnÊ`mgmR>r
_wÔm_M {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
MmMUr ì`dñWmnZ :-
`m MmMUr_Yrc 45 emB©Mo S>mJ AgUmar H$mS>} hr EH$mdoir-EH$ H$mS>© `m nÜXVrZo n[ajUmWvg_moa
gmXa Ho$co OmVo. ""`m H$mS>m©darc S>mJ nmhÿZ Ë`m_Ü`o Vwåhmcm H$m` {XgVo? H$m` Agmdo Ago dmQ>Vo?
`mg§~§Yr _ZmV `oB©c Vr n{hcr EH$M à{V{H«$`m Úmd`mMr Amho. Aer H$m§hr H$mS>} _r Vw_À`m g_moa
gmXa H$aUma Amho. Voìhm `m àË`oH$ S>mJmcm (H$mS>m©cm) EH$M à{V{H«$`m Vwåhr AemàH$mao Úmd`mMr
Amho.'' Aem gyMZm XodyZ 45 S>mJmcm 45 à{V{H«$`m {_i{dë`m OmVmV. hr MmMUr gmoS>{dÊ`mg doioMo
~§YZ Zgco Var n[ajUmWuZo H$_rV-H$_r doioV àË`oH$ H$mS>m©cm à{V{H«$`m Úmd`mMr Amho.
JwUm§H$Z :-
`m MmMUrMo ì`dñWmnZ ho Ogo à_m{UV Ho$coco Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo `m MmMUrÀ`m JwUm§H$Zmdahr
{deof g§§emoYZ H$ê$Z JwUm§H$ZmMr à_m{UV nÜXVr {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho. H$maU amoem©H²$ MmMUrÀ`m
JwUm§H$Zm_Ü`o ~arM ì`pŠV{ZîR>Vm hmoVr. àË`oH$OU AmnAmnë`m AZw^dmdê$Z JwUm§H$Z H$arV Ago. hm
59

Xmof H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË`oH$ S>mJmg EH$M à{V{H«$`m KodyZ Aem 45 à{V{H«$`m§Mo 22 àH$mamV dJuH$aU
Ho$co. åhUOoM amoem©H²$ MmMUrMo JwUm§H$Z Mma JmoîQ>tda CXm. ñWmZ AmH$ma_mZ, a§J B.) AmYm[aV hmoVo.
Va `m MmMUrMo JwUm§H$Z 22 KQ>H$mda (n[adV©H$mda ) AmYm[aV Ho$co. hr dmT>cocr n[adV©Ho$ hr qMVm,
_Ëga B. ñdê$nmMr AmhoV. (A) _wcm§Mm g_yh (~) àm¡T>m§Mm g_yh d (H$) _{V_§X d àkmd§V g_yh `m
àË`oH$ g_yhmMo àË`oH$ n[adV©H$mgmR>r eVH$s` JwUm§H$hr (ng}Q>m§B©c ñH$moAahr) CncãY Ho$co AmhoV.
{dídgZr`Vm :-
amoem©H²$ MmMUrMo à_m{UH$aU ì`dpñWV Ho$coco ZìhVo. n[ajH$m§Mo JwUm§H$ doJdoJio `m`Mo. HIT
_Yrc JwUm§H$ZmVrc hr ì`pŠV{^ÞVm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMo à`ËZ Pmco. n[aUm_r `m MmMUrMr n[ajH$
{dídgZr`Vm AË`§V g_mYmZH$maH$ AmT>iVo.
`m MmMUrÀ`m {dídgZr`Vm _mnZmg§X^m©V Ho$coë`m g§emoYZmV doJdoJio {ZîH$f© `oV Agco Var
`m MmMUrMm (1) {Û-{d^mJr` {dídgZr`Vm (2) n`m©`r MmMUr {dídgZr`Vm d (3) MmMUrnwZMm©MUr
{dídgZr`Vm hr CËgmhdY©H$ AmT>icr. EdT>oM Zìho Va ñcmB©S>g² dmnê$Z Ho$coë`m "gm_y{hH$'
MmMUr ì`dñWmnZ d d¡`pŠVH$ MmMUr ì`dñWmnZ, `mVrc {ZîH$fmªMr VwcZm H$aVm `oVo.
`WmW©Vm :-
HIT MmMUrÀ`m `WmW©Vog§X^m©V ~aoM g§emoYZ Pmco Amho. `m MmMUrMr `WmW©Vm AË`§V CÀM,
g_mYmZH$maH$ AmT>icr. `WmW©Vm VnmgÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m g§emoYZm_Ü`o d¡H$m{gH$ àdmh Aä`mg, {d{dY
g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrc VwcZm, BVa MmMÊ`m§er ghg§~§Y, ì`pŠV_Ëd d¡{eîQ>çmMo dV©Z-{ZX}eH$ Am{U gm_mÝ` d
_ZmoéîU hm {déÜX g_yh KodyZ {d{dY ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ `WmW©Vm Vnmgcr Amho. B. E\²$. {hc `mZr 1972
_Ü`o HIT À`m {M{H$ËgmË_H$ dmnamgmR>r EH$ _m{hVr nwpñVH$mhr V`ma Ho$cr.
WmoS>Š`mV HIT Mr {dídgZr`Vm d `WmW©Vm g_mYmZH$maH$ AmT>iVo Ago `m g§X^m©Vrc
g§emoYZmdê$Z {XgyZ `oVo.
cKw-MmMUr HIT-25 :
hmoëQ>g²_Z emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUrMr cKw-MmMUr 1988 _Ü`o {dH${gV Ho$cr. hr cKw-MmMUr
HIT-25 `m Zm§dmZo AmoiIcr OmVo. `m MmMUrVrc "A' \$m°_©_Yrc 45 H$mS>m©n¡H$s n{hcr 25 H$mS>} KodyZ
hr cKwMmMUr {dH${gV Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio hr MmMUr HIT-25 Zm§dmZo à{gÜX Amho. `m cKwMmMUr_Ü`o
àË`oH$ emB©À`m S>mJmgmR>r (H$mS>m©gmR>r) XmoZ à{V{H«$`m Úmd`mg gm{JVco OmVo. `m {_imcoë`m 50
à{V{H«$`m§Mr {d^mJUr 22 n[adV©H$m_Ü`o (àH$mam_Ü`o) H$ê$Z AW©emoYZ Ho$co OmVo. `m cKwMmMUrMr
ñdV§ÌnUo à_mUrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmcocr Amho.
g_mamon :-
_Zmo_mnZ åhUyZ {dMma Ho$ë`mg amoem©H²$ (RIBT) nojm hmoëQ>P²_Z (HIT) MmMUr gag R>aVo. XmoZ
g_m§Va \$m°_© (MmMÊ`m) _wio AmnUmg `mo½` dmQ>oc Vr MmMUr {ZdSy>Z dmnaVm `oVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va XmoZ
60

g_mZ (A Am{U B) MmMÊ`m CncãY Agë`m_wio HIT Mr n`m©`r {dídgZr`Vm _mnVm `oVo. `m
MmMUr_Ü`o EH$m S>mJmg EH$M à{V{H«$`m Úmd`mMr ì`dñWm Agë`m_wio à{V{H«$`m g§»`oMm (R Mm)
àíZ gwQ>Vmo. Aem àH$mao amoem©H²$ MmMUrVrc ~aoM Xmof `m MmMUr_Ü`o H$_r Ho$coco AmhoV. Varhr EH$
~m~ cjmV ¿`mdr cmJVo Vr åhUOo `m MmMUr_Yrc {d{dY JwUmH$m§Mo {ZXmZmË_H$ _hÎd àñWm{nV
H$aUo, aMZm `WmW©Vm B.g§~§Yr g§emoYZmMr JaO Amho. VarXoIrc emB©À`m-S>mJ MmMÊ`m_Ü`o HIT
(MmMUr) hr A{YH$ ì`dpñWV à_m{UV Ho$cocr d A{YH$ dmnamV Agcocr MmMUr Amho.
ñdmÜ`m`
(A) H§$gmVrc `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1. HIT hr .......... `mZr {dH${gV Ho$cr.
(amoem©H²$ / hmoëQ>P²_Z / AZm©D$)
2. HIT _Ü`o ........... BVH$s H$mS>} AmhoV.
(35 / 45 / 55)
3. HIT-25 hr ............. gmcr {dH${gV Ho$cr.
(1988 / 1989 / 1990)
4. HIT À`m cKwMmMUr_Ü`o ........... H$mS>} AmhoV.
(25 / 35 / 45)
5. HIT _Ü`o EH$m S>mJmg ............ à{V{H«$`m KoVë`m OmVmV.
(~) {Q>nm {chm.
(A) CÎmao
(EH$ / XmoZ / VrZ)
1. hmoëQ>P²_Z emB©Mo-S>mJ MmMUr (HIT)
1. hmoëQ>P²_Z.
2. 45.
3. 1988.
4. 25.
5. EH$.
61
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