2o12/1 - Fakulteta za arhitekturo - Univerza v Ljubljani

Vanja Skalicky, Metka SitarThe Concepts on Quality of Life in the Mariborpost-WW2 Housing EstatesPredstave o kakovosti življenja v mariborskih stanovanjskihnaseljih po 2. svetovni vojni2012/1 ARUDK 711.58COBISS 1.02prejeto 5. 3. 2012izvlečekParadigma kakovosti življenja v stanovanjskem prostoruje odvisna od različnih funkcij z vlogo medsebojnegapovezovanja, ki ne zadovoljujejo le potreb stanovalcev, ampaktudi prebivalcev mesta v celoti. Poleg tega je bistvenegapomena, da stanovanjska območja vsebujejo lahko dostopnein primerno oblikovane javne in zelene površine. Poglavjese osredotoča na vplive, ki jih ima načrtovanje stanovanjskihnaselij na kakovost življenja prav z ozirom na takšne površine.V zdajšnjem času se javne in zelene površine v stanovanjskihnaseljih zgrajenih po 2. svetovni vojni pogosto uporabljajo vdruge namene, predvsem zaradi velikega števila avtomobilov,ki je privedlo do velikanskih problemov s parkiranjem. Dvedesetletji po privatizaciji stanovanj je vprašanje lastništvazelenih površin ter s tem povezanega vzdrževanja pogostovzrok zelo hudih sporov, ki nastajajo zaradi napačne uporabejavnih prostorov. V nadaljevanju bom predstavil posebenfenomen, namreč vpliv visoko kakovostnih skandinavskihstanovanjskih modelov na slovensko urbanistično načrtovanjein oblikovanje stanovanjskih naselij v obdobju po 2. svetovnivojni. Pregled večdružinskih mariborskih stanovanjskih naselijiz tega obdobja oblikuje nov pristop h kakovosti življenja,zlasti z ozirom na odprt javni prostor.abstractThe paradigm of quality of life in housing depends on variousinterconnectedness functions, which satisfy not only the needsof dwellers but also the inhabitants of the city, in general. Inaddition, it is essential that the residential areas incorporatewell accessible and appropriately designed open public spaceand green areas. In regard to that, the chapter focuses onthe impacts of housing estate planning elements on qualityof life. Currently, open public space and green areas in thepost-WW2 housing estates are often used for other purposes,largely as a consequence of number of cars that has led toenormous parking problems. Two decades after the housingprivatization, the question of the ownership of green areasand related maintenance is often the cause of most adverseconflicts, arising from the misuse of open public space.Further, a special phenomenon, the influence of high-qualityScandinavian housing models on Slovenian urban planningand design of housing estates in the post¬-WW2 period willbe presented. The overview of multi-family housing estates inthe city of Maribor from this period raise new approach on thequality of life particularly in regard to open public space.ključne besedekakovost življenja, stanovanjska naselja po 2. svetovni vojni, odprtjavni prostor, zelene površine, Maribor, arhitekt Ljubo HumekCharacteristics and Models of Post-WW2 Housing EstatesDuring post-war renovation in Europe in the 1950s housingdevelopment mainly reflected the view that housing is thefundamental right of the citizens and society. With time,residential complexes became increasingly larger, buildingstaller and the building density higher, in turn spurring populationdensity in urban areas. This issue has been dealt with by manyexpert and research studies and been the subject of manydiscussions, consultations, competitions and exhibitions. As arule, Slovenian urban planners and architects were looking formodels of modern approaches to housing estate planning insocial-welfare Scandinavian countries and mainly found themin the social housing models of housing estate predominantly inSweden. In general, Sweden was an interesting destination forexperts of all nationalities to study since it had not been affectedby WW2 and was able to continue its course of developmentin the post-war period. It also became a model for Slovenia interms of understanding and solving social housing issues as wellas putting them at the centre of societal concern. Similarly as inthe majority of countries of Europe of that time, the most typicalindicator of the population’s needs was the shortage of housingand the resulting dependence on the profit-making sector.As a counterweight, Sweden found the most powerful tool incollective housing organised in the form of non-profit housingco-operatives. A well-known urban planning concept advocatedthe outward directed growth of towns, chiefly along the subwaytransport axis where new suburbs were added. Every suburbkey wordsquality of life, Post-WW2 Housing estates, Open Public Space,Green areas, Maribor, Architect Ljubo Humekwas designed as a complete housing estate linked to publictransport and equipped with its own social programmes, whereasindividual estates were separated by green spaces and parks.This model has become a model for many European countriesand cities, and the Scandinavian housing culture continued toserve as such for Slovenian urban planning and architecturalpractice due to its aesthetically perfected but simple designof close to nature environment determined by modern man’severyday needs. Thus very early on Slovenian architects havebeen enthusiastic about Scandinavian architecture, design andlifestyle, i.e. qualities in which they could draw parallels withSlovenia [Malešič 2008]. As a result of their study trips, livingand working in Sweden they introduced the Swedish housingculture models into Slovenia, as well.The Scandinavian approaches to quality of life gained groundthanks to a broader, interdisciplinary approach, which manifesteditself in a changed attitude to open public space. One of the firstarchitects to transpose the Scandinavian planning principleswas architect Ljubo Humek, who visited Scandinavia alreadyin 1951. Among others, Marta and France Ivanšek introducedthe idea of low-rise, high-density housing and the Scandinaviankitchen design system architects Mitja Jernejec, Niko Bežek,Lučka and Aleš Šarec, Edvard Ravnikar formed a colony ofSlovenian architects in Sweden [Pirkovič 1982]. They generallypublished their considerations, ideas and proposals in theArhitekt magazine, issued between 1951 and 1963, and mainlyedited by France Ivanšek. Inspired by his impressions gained18