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10 | <strong>Energiewende</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Ujerumani</strong><br />
Nishati endelevu<br />
Umeme kutokana<br />
na nguvu <strong>ya</strong> jua na upepo<br />
Ubunifu wa nishati endelevu pamoja na ufanisi wa nishati ni nguzo <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Energiewende</strong>.<br />
Nishati za upepo, miale <strong>ya</strong> jua, maji, mimea na mvuke ni v<strong>ya</strong>nzo asili v<strong>ya</strong> nishati ambazo<br />
hazidhuru tabianchi na ambazo zinasaidia <strong>Ujerumani</strong> kutotegemea sana mafuta <strong>ya</strong> ardhini na<br />
zinatekeleza wajibu muhimu katika utunzaji wa tabianchi.<br />
© aleo solar AG/Flo Hagena<br />
Matumizi <strong>ya</strong> nishati endelevu <strong>ya</strong>meendelea sana katika sekta <strong>ya</strong> umeme. Tangu mwaka wa<br />
2014 nishati endelevu imekuwa chanzo muhimu zaidi cha nishati katika mkusanyiko wa<br />
nishati nchini <strong>Ujerumani</strong>, ikitoa theluthi moja <strong>ya</strong> nishati inayotumiwa nchini. Miaka kumi<br />
awali, nishati endelevu ilichangia asilimia tisa tu <strong>ya</strong> mahitaji <strong>ya</strong> nishati. Ufanisi huu ulitokana<br />
na kutengwa kwa fedha kwa ajili <strong>ya</strong> maendeleo <strong>ya</strong> sekta <strong>ya</strong> nishati. Mchakato huu ulianza<br />
mwaka wa 1991 na upitishaji wa Sheria <strong>ya</strong> Usambazaji Umeme kwenye Gridi, ambayo ilileta<br />
viwango v<strong>ya</strong> bei <strong>ya</strong> stima v<strong>ya</strong> kudumu na ununuzi wa lazima kwa nia <strong>ya</strong> kufungua soko kwa<br />
teknolojia mp<strong>ya</strong>. Hii ilifuatwa na Sheria <strong>ya</strong> V<strong>ya</strong>nzo v<strong>ya</strong> Nishati Endelevu <strong>ya</strong> mwaka wa 2000.<br />
Sheria hii inavipengele vitatu muhimu: viwango v<strong>ya</strong> bei vilivyodhaminiwa v<strong>ya</strong> teknolojia<br />
anuwai, usambazaji wa umeme kwenye gridi unaopewa kipaumbele, na mfumo wa gharama<br />
za ziada unaowezesha gharama za ziada zinazotokea kugawanywa kwa watumiaji wote wa<br />
umeme.<br />
Nishati endelevu ndizo v<strong>ya</strong>nzo muhimu sana<br />
v<strong>ya</strong> nishati katika mkusanyiko wa umeme<br />
Kiwango cha nishati endelevu katika matumizi yote <strong>ya</strong> umeme<br />
Upepo ndiwo unatoa umeme mwingi kutoka<br />
v<strong>ya</strong>nzo endelevu<br />
Kiwango cha nishati endelevu mwaka wa 2015<br />
3.4%<br />
1990<br />
6.2%<br />
2000<br />
17.0%<br />
Nishati <strong>ya</strong> upepo<br />
42.3%<br />
Mimea na samadi<br />
28.8%<br />
2010<br />
31.6%<br />
2015<br />
Fotovolti<br />
20.7%<br />
Umeme wa<br />
nguvu za maji<br />
10.1%<br />
1987<br />
Westküste, shamba la kwanza la kuzalisha umeme kupitia upepo,<br />
lilizunduliwa. Lilikuwa na mitambo 30.