PROBLEMS OF GEOCOSMOS

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Proceedings of the 7th International Conference "Problems of Geocosmos" (St. Petersburg, Russia, 26-30 May 2008) DATA We used hourly geomagnetic data (H-component) for 1-5 September 1859 that were observed by magnetic stations in St. Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Barnaul and Nerchinsk. For St. Petersburg and Ekaterinburg also 5min data for the most disturbed periods were available. In Table 1 coordinates of the magnetic stations are shown. Table 1. Coordinates of the Russian stations Station Geograph. coordinates, deg. Geomag. coordinates, deg. latitude longitude, Е latitude longitude, Е St. Petersburg 59.9 27.9 56.8 115.7 Ekaterinburg 56.8 58.25 49.5 139.8 Barnaul 53.3 81.6 43.9 158.2 Nerchinsk 51.3 117.25 41.15 187.6 All magnetic stations used the same instruments and methods. The data were published in yearly books [1]. RESULTS In Figures 1 and 2 we show variations of H-component of the geomagnetic field measured by Russian stations. In Figure 1 it is shown a detailed view of the magnetic disturbances on 2 September 1859 associated with the famous Carrington flare [2]. It is seen very good agreement between the data measured in St. Petersburg and Ekaterinburg, which prove reliability of these historical data. Figure 2 shows magnetic field variations during the period 1 - 5 September 1859. In Figure 2 it is clearly seen a solar flare event Sfe, or crochet. Sfe is a type of sudden ionospheric disturbance caused by a soft X-ray/EUV-driven enhancement of the ionospheric current vortices responsible for the regular daily variation observed on magnetograms. It has been detected by three Russian stations simultaneously with the Carrington flare. The magnitude of the observed crochet depends on longitude being the highest (60 nT according to 1-hour data) in the most western station St. Petersburg (the smallest zenith angle z). Fig. 1. Variations of 5-min H–component on 2 Sep 1859 (from arbitrary level, as given in original tables). 285
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference "Problems of Geocosmos" (St. Petersburg, Russia, 26-30 May 2008) The presented data demonstrate complex structure of the geomagnetic storm, which comprises several disturbed periods. On 2 September between 4 and 6 UT all stations registered very strong short magnetic disturbance (duration t1=1-2 hours). Magnetometers at all stations, except Nerchinsk, went out of scale. The available 2.5-min data in Ekaterinburg allows to establish exact moment of the storm beginning: at 9:52 LT (5:42 UT). Figure 2. Hourly data for H-component on 1-5 September, 1859 (variations from mean value of the period). For St. Petersburg and Ekaterinburg the three short thick lines are the minimal and maximal H during the Carrington event taken from 5-min data. 286
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